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Odali EW, Iwegbue CMA, Egobueze FE, Nwajei GE, Martincigh BS. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in dust from rural communities around gas flaring points in the Niger Delta of Nigeria: an exploration of spatial patterns, sources and possible risk. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2024; 26:177-191. [PMID: 38044820 DOI: 10.1039/d3em00048f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
Indoor and outdoor dust from three rural communities (Emu-Ebendo, EME, Otu-Jeremi, OTJ, and Ebedei, EBD) around gas flaring points, and a rural community (Ugono Abraka, UGA) without gas flare points, in the Niger Delta of Nigeria, was analysed for the concentrations and distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), their sources, and possible health risk resulting from human exposure to PAHs in dust from these rural communities. The PAHs were extracted from the dust with a mixture of dichloromethane/n-hexane by ultrasonication, and purified on a silica gel/alumina packed column. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was employed to determine the identity and concentrations of PAHs in the cleaned extracts. The Σ16PAH concentrations in the indoor dust ranged from 558 to 167 000, 6580 to 413 000, and 2350-37 500 μg kg-1 for EME, OTJ and EBD respectively, while those of their outdoor counterparts varied from 347 to 19 700, 15 000 to 130 000, and 1780 to 46 300 μg kg-1 for EME, OTJ and EBD respectively. On the other hand, the UGA community without gas flare points had Σ16PAH concentrations in the range of 444-5260 μg kg-1 for indoor dust, and 154-7000 μg kg-1 for outdoor dust. The lifetime cancer risk values for PAHs in these matrices surpassed the acceptable limit of 10-6 suggesting a potential carcinogenic risk resulting from human exposure to PAHs in indoor and outdoor dust from these rural communities. Principal component analysis suggested that PAH contamination of dust from these communities arises principally from gas flaring, combustion of wood/biomass, and vehicular emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eze W Odali
- Department of Chemistry, Delta State University, P.M.B. 1, Abraka, Nigeria.
| | | | | | - Godwin E Nwajei
- Department of Chemistry, Delta State University, P.M.B. 1, Abraka, Nigeria.
| | - Bice S Martincigh
- School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Private Bag X54001, Durban 4000, South Africa
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Castel R, Bertoldo R, Lebarillier S, Noack Y, Orsière T, Malleret L. Toward an interdisciplinary approach to assess the adverse health effects of dust-containing polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and metal(loid)s on preschool children. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 336:122372. [PMID: 37598934 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
Settled dust can function as a pollutant sink for compounds, such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and metal(loid)s (MMs), which may lead to health issues. Thus, dust represents a hazard specifically for young children, because of their vulnerability and hand-to-mouth behavior favoring dust ingestion. The aim of the present study was to explore the influence of the season and the microenvironment on the concentrations of 15 PAHs and 17 MMs in indoor and outdoor settled dust in three preschools (suburban, urban, and industrial). Second, the potential sources and health risks among children associated with dust PAHs and MMs were assessed. Third, domestic factors (risk perception, knowledge and parental style) were described to explore protective parental behaviors toward dust hazards. The suburban preschool had the lowest concentrations of dust PAHs and MMs, while the industrial and urban preschools had higher but similar concentrations. Seasonal tendencies were not clearly observed. Indoor dusts reflected the outdoor environment, even if specific indoor sources were noted. Source analysis indicated mainly vehicular emissions, material release, and pyrogenic or industrial sources. The non-cancer health risks were non-existent, but potential cancer health risks (between 1.10-6 and 1.10-4) occurred at all sampling locations. Notably, the highest cancer risk was observed in a playground area (>1.10-4) and material release should be further addressed. Whereas we assessed higher risk indoors, parents perceived a higher risk in the open-air environment and at the preschool than at home. They also perceived a lower risk for their own children, revealing an optimism bias, which reduces parental anxiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Castel
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, LCE, Laboratoire Chimie Environnement, FR ECCOREV, ITEM, Aix-en-Provence, France; Aix Marseille Univ, Avignon Univ, CNRS, IRD, IMBE, Institut Méditerranéen de Biodiversité et Ecologie, FR ECCOREV, ITEM, Marseille, France
| | - Raquel Bertoldo
- Aix Marseille Univ, LPS, Laboratoire de Psychologie Sociale, FR ECCOREV, ITEM, Aix-en-Provence, France
| | - Stéphanie Lebarillier
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, LCE, Laboratoire Chimie Environnement, FR ECCOREV, ITEM, Aix-en-Provence, France
| | - Yves Noack
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, IRD, INRAE, CEREGE, Centre Européen de Recherche et d'Enseignement des Géosciences de l'Environnement, FR ECCOREV, ITEM, Aix-en-Provence, France
| | - Thierry Orsière
- Aix Marseille Univ, Avignon Univ, CNRS, IRD, IMBE, Institut Méditerranéen de Biodiversité et Ecologie, FR ECCOREV, ITEM, Marseille, France
| | - Laure Malleret
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, LCE, Laboratoire Chimie Environnement, FR ECCOREV, ITEM, Aix-en-Provence, France.
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Said TO, Ragab S, El Sikaily A, Hassaan MA, El Nemr A. Distribution, composition and risk assessment of hydrocarbon residue in surficial sediments of El-Dakhla, El-Kharga and El-Farafra oases, Egypt. Sci Rep 2023; 13:18871. [PMID: 37914771 PMCID: PMC10620400 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-46133-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
This work examined the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and n-alkanes quantities, sources, and hazards in sediments collected from the Egyptian Western Desert Oases namely: Dakhla, Kharga and Farafra oases. The n-alkane (C9-C20) residue concentrations have ranged from 0.66 to 2417.91 µg/g recorded for the three Oases. On the other hand, the total n-alkane ranged from 448.54 µg/g to 8442.60 µg/g. Higher carbon preference index (CPI) values (> 1.0) proposed that the natural sources could be the main contributor to n-alkanes in the Oases sediment. GC-MS/MS (selected reaction monitoring (SRM) method) was used for the determination of the ΣPAHs concentrations in the studied sediments. The ΣPAHs concentrations (ng/g, dry weight) in the studied three Oases varied from 10.18 to 790.14, 10.55 to 667.72, and from 38.27 to 362.77 for the Kharga, Dakhla and Farafra Oases, respectively. The higher molecular weight PAHs were the most abundant compounds in the collected samples. Assessing potential ecological and human health issues highlighted serious dangers for living things and people. All the investigated PAHs had cancer risk values between 1.43 × 10-4 and 1.64 × 10-1, this finding suggests that PAHs in the samples under study pose a moderate risk of cancer. The main sources of PAHs in this study are biomass, natural gas, and gasoline/diesel burning emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarek O Said
- Environment Division, National Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries (NIOF), Kayet Bey, El-Anfoushy, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Safaa Ragab
- Environment Division, National Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries (NIOF), Kayet Bey, El-Anfoushy, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Amany El Sikaily
- Environment Division, National Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries (NIOF), Kayet Bey, El-Anfoushy, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Mohamed A Hassaan
- Environment Division, National Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries (NIOF), Kayet Bey, El-Anfoushy, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Ahmed El Nemr
- Environment Division, National Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries (NIOF), Kayet Bey, El-Anfoushy, Alexandria, Egypt.
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Sadouni F, Asgari HM, Amanipoor H, Heidari M, Mojiri-Forushani H. Integrative assessment of urban dust polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons using ground and satellite data in Iran. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2023; 195:1052. [PMID: 37589823 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-023-11602-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
Recently, for quick urbanization and industrialization, pollutants, especially urban dust, have posed many threats to the human environment. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are regarded as the main dangerous pollutants that are widespread, persistent, and carcinogenic. The present work aimed to investigate the contamination and sources of PAHs, as well as to assess the risk of cancer for 16 priority PAHs, in urban dust samples in Ahvaz, Isfahan, and Shiraz cities in Iran. We measured PAH concentrations by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The average concentrations of the 16 PAHs in Ahvaz, Isfahan, and Shiraz were 6215.11, 7611.03, and 7810.37 μg kg-1, respectively. The domination of low-molecular-weight (LMW) PAHs was observed in Ahvaz, while maximum contribution was observed for high-molecular-weight (HMW) PAHs in Esfahan and Shiraz. For PAHs' source identification, diagnostic ratio, correlation analysis, clustering, and positive matrix factorization (PMF) model were used. PAHs had a combustion (coal and wood, oil, fossil fuels) and gasoline/diesel engine emissions in all cities. Comparative studies suggest that the PAH compounds' level is higher in the research area than in other countries, except for China and India. Also, the pollution of urban dust PAHs has increased over time compared to previous studies in the same cities. The cancer risk from exposure to dust contaminated with PAHs was assessed using the Incremental Lifetime Cancer Risk (ILCR) model. According to the findings, a high risk of exposure to cancer was observed in Ahvaz, Isfahan, and Shiraz. However, compared to adults, children are at higher risk of cancer in their daily lives via dermal contact and unconscious ingestion. Based on the ILCR values, the risk of cancer is in the order of Shiraz > Isfahan > Ahvaz. To assess air pollutants and their effects on urban dust, TROPOMI onboard the Sentinel-5P data were used in the studied cities during 2018-2021. The results show that Ahvaz has different high levels of CO compared to the other 2 cities. Also, Isfahan has different high levels of NO2 compared to the other 2 cities, but Shiraz has different low levels of O3. According to satellite time series data, the trend of the Aerosol Absorbing Index (AAI) has been increasing, while there was a decreasing trend in AAI from the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic until 12 months later. Therefore, the natural and anthropogenic sources of urban dust PAHs have been increasing in all studied cities. Our findings show that PAH compounds in urban dust pose a significant threat to human health. Therefore, strategic management and planning are vital in reducing urban dust pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Sadouni
- Department of Environment, College of Marine Natural Resources, Khorramshahr University of Marine Science and Technology, Khorramshahr, Iran
| | - Hossien Mohammad Asgari
- Department of Environment, College of Marine Natural Resources, Khorramshahr University of Marine Science and Technology, Khorramshahr, Iran.
| | - Hakimeh Amanipoor
- Department of Geology, College of Marine Natural Resources, Khorramshahr University of Marine Science and Technology, Khorramshahr, Iran
| | - Majid Heidari
- Department of Geology, College of Marine Natural Resources, Khorramshahr University of Marine Science and Technology, Khorramshahr, Iran
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Li JN, Zhang Y, Wang JX, Xiao H, Nikolaev A, Li YF, Zhang ZF, Tang ZH. Occurrence, Sources, and Health Risks of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Road Environments from Harbin, a Megacity of China. TOXICS 2023; 11:695. [PMID: 37624200 PMCID: PMC10458957 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11080695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
To obtain a comprehensive understanding about that occurrence, sources, and effects on human health of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in road environmental samples from Harbin, concentrations of 32 PAHs in road dust, green belt soil, and parking lot dust samples were quantified. The total PAH concentrations ranged from 0.95 to 40.7 μg/g and 0.39 to 43.9 μg/g in road dust and green belt soil, respectively, and were dominated by high molecular weight PAHs (HMW-PAHs). Despite the content of PAHs in arterial roads being higher, the composition profile of PAHs was hardly influenced by road types. For parking lot dust, the range of total PAH concentrations was 0.81-190 μg/g, and three-ring to five-ring PAHs produced the maximum contribution. Compared with surface parking lots (mean: 6.12 μg/g), higher total PAH concentrations were detected in underground parking lots (mean: 33.1 μg/g). The diagnostic ratios of PAHs showed that petroleum, petroleum combustion, and biomass/coal combustion were major sources of PAHs in the samples. Furthermore, according to the Incremental Lifetime Cancer Risk model, the cancer risks of three kinds of samples for adults and children were above the threshold (10-6). Overall, this study demonstrated that PAHs in the road environment of Harbin have a certain health impact on local citizens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Nong Li
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Resource Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China; (J.-N.L.); (Y.Z.); (J.-X.W.)
- Key Laboratory of Plant Ecology, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Ye Zhang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Resource Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China; (J.-N.L.); (Y.Z.); (J.-X.W.)
- Key Laboratory of Plant Ecology, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Jian-Xin Wang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Resource Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China; (J.-N.L.); (Y.Z.); (J.-X.W.)
- Key Laboratory of Plant Ecology, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Hang Xiao
- Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China;
| | - Anatoly Nikolaev
- Institute of Natural Sciences, North-Eastern Federal University, 677000 Yakutsk, Russia;
| | - Yi-Fan Li
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China;
- International Joint Research Center for Arctic Environment and Ecosystem (IJRC-AEE), Polar Academy, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Ecosystem (HPKL-PEE), Harbin Institute of Technology (HIT), Harbin 150090, China
- IJRC-PTS-NA, Toronto, ON M2N 6X9, Canada
| | - Zi-Feng Zhang
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China;
- International Joint Research Center for Arctic Environment and Ecosystem (IJRC-AEE), Polar Academy, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Ecosystem (HPKL-PEE), Harbin Institute of Technology (HIT), Harbin 150090, China
| | - Zhong-Hua Tang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Resource Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China; (J.-N.L.); (Y.Z.); (J.-X.W.)
- Key Laboratory of Plant Ecology, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
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Xu Z, Qian Y, Hong X, Luo Z, Gao X, Liang H. Contamination characteristics of polycyclic aromatic compounds from coal sources in typical coal mining areas in Huaibei area, China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 873:162311. [PMID: 36804974 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The Huaibei area is rich in coal resources and serves as the main energy production base in East China. However, serious environmental consequences are associated with coal mining and utilization. With increasing reports on distribution and risks by polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs), the potential pollution of coal sources must be addressed. Here, the PAC concentrations in the topsoil, coal, and coal gangue of a typical coal mining area in Huaibei were evaluated. The mean ΣPACs in topsoil, coal, and coal gangue were 1528.3, 274,815.8, and 10,908.3 μg·kg-1, respectively. Alkyl polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (aPAHs) were identified as primary contributors to PACs, and the concentrations of oxygenated PAHs (oPAHs) were significantly higher in coal and coal gangue than in topsoil. PAC pollution was mainly concentrated in the coal mine area and near the coal gangue landfill road. Not only sixteen high priority pollutant PAHs (16PAHs), but PAH derivatives also contributed to the organic pollution from coal sources. Principal components analysis, multiple linear regression, characteristic ratios, and positive matrix factor analysis were used to trace PAC sources. The characteristic ratios for organic pollution from coal and gangue particles involving 16PAHs, aPAHs, and oPAHs were proposed. Further, the high-ring 16PAH ratio was also found suitable for coal mining areas. The Monte-Carlo risk assessment showed that coal particles were highly carcinogenic, and despite the low carcinogenicity of coal gangue and topsoil, they might also serve as potential carcinogens. This study aimed to disseminate knowledge on PACs from coal and coal gangue, provide a useful background for efficient resource utilization of coal gangue, and a reference for tracing PAC sources in coal mine environment media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenpeng Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Resources and Safe Mining, Beijing 100083, China; College of Geoscience and Surveying Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yahui Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Resources and Safe Mining, Beijing 100083, China; College of Geoscience and Surveying Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Xiuping Hong
- College of Life Sciences, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei 230500, China
| | - Zhonggeng Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Resources and Safe Mining, Beijing 100083, China; College of Geoscience and Surveying Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Xiulong Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Resources and Safe Mining, Beijing 100083, China; College of Geoscience and Surveying Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Handong Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Resources and Safe Mining, Beijing 100083, China; College of Geoscience and Surveying Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Beijing 100083, China.
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Gondwal TK, Mandal P. Characterization of organic contaminants associated with road dust of Delhi NCR, India. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:51906-51919. [PMID: 36820981 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-25762-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Hydrophobic organic contaminated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and CHNS (carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen and sulphur species) are explosively associated with road dust particles. A few organic contaminants are toxic in nature and have an unpleasant effect on human health. The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), the US Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the United States-Environmental Protection Agency has considered several PAHs and PCBs as carcinogens for human beings. In the proposed study, the anthropogenic contaminants present in road dust were assessed in six representative diversified sites i.e. industrial, commercial, office, residential, construction and traffic intersection in Delhi NCR, India. Roadside dust samples were gathered in premonsoon, monsoon and postmonsoon seasons and characterized for PAHs, PCBs and CHNS. The concentration of total PAHs (16 Nos) and PCBs (6 Nos) of the selected sites ranged from 0.27 µg/kg to 605.80 µg/kg and 0.01 µg/kg to 41.26 µg/kg, respectively. The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy-attenuated total reflectance study suggested that the presence of O = C = O, Si-O, carbonyl, acidic or aliphatic esters group were associated with road dust particles. Hydrogen and sulphur concentrations were not detected in the selected road dust samples. Carbon and nitrogen concentrations varied from 2.24% to 16.82% and 0.69% to 14.5%, respectively, seasonally. In the premonsoon season, road dust was distinguishably contaminated as compared to monsoon and postmonsoon season, which might be due to movement of contaminated road dust from adjacent locations. It was perceived that Delhi NCR organic contamination in road dust was much below as compared to other countries. It may be concluded that due to the presence of significant amounts of carbon and nitrogen concentrations in the road dust, to a greater extent, road dust can be fertile and might be advantageous for green belt development to mitigate air pollution. The utilization of road dust will further bring down the burden of landfill sites and may lead towards sustainability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarang Kumar Gondwal
- Widmans Laboratory, IMT Manesar, Gurugram, Haryana, 122050, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, UP, 201002, India
- CSIR-NEERI, Zonal Centre, New Delhi, 110 028, India
| | - Papiya Mandal
- CSIR-NEERI, Zonal Centre, New Delhi, 110 028, India.
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Jin S, Cao S, Li R, Gao H, Na G. Trophic transfer of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons through the food web of the Fildes Peninsula, Antarctica. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:55057-55066. [PMID: 36884168 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-26049-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The Antarctic ecosystem is characterized by few consumer species and simple trophic levels (TLs), rendering it an ideal setting to investigate the environmental behavior of contaminants. The paper aims to assess the presence, sources and biomagnification behavior of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) of the Antarctic food web and is the first study of biomagnifications of PAHs in the Fildes Peninsula in Antarctica. Nine representative species from the Fildes Peninsula in Antarctica were sampled and evaluated for PAH presence. PAH concentrations ranged from 477.41 to 1237.54 ng/g lipid weight (lw) in the sampled Antarctic biota, with low molecular weight PAHs (naphthalene, acenaphthylene, acenaphthene, and fluorene) comprising the majority of the PAHs. PAHs concentrations were negatively correlated with TLs. Further, the food web magnification factor (FWMF) of ∑PAHs was 0.63, suggesting biodilution of PAHs along the TLs. Source analyses revealed that the PAHs mainly originated from petroleum contamination and the combustion of fossil fuels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuaichen Jin
- Key Laboratory for Ecological Environment in Coastal Areas (SOA), National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Shengkai Cao
- School of Marine Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Ruijing Li
- Key Laboratory for Ecological Environment in Coastal Areas (SOA), National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Hui Gao
- Key Laboratory for Ecological Environment in Coastal Areas (SOA), National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Guangshui Na
- Laboratory for Coastal Marine Eco-Environment Process and Carbon, Sink of Hainan Province/Yazhou Bay Innovation Institute/College of Ecology and Environment, Hainan Tropical Ocean University, Sanya, 572022, China.
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Pollution Characteristics, Source Apportionment, and Health Risk of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) of Fine Street Dust during and after COVID-19 Lockdown in Bangladesh. Processes (Basel) 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/pr10122575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 period has had a significant impact on both the global environment and daily living. The COVID-19 lockdown may provide an opportunity to enhance environmental quality. This study has evaluated the effect of the COVID-19 lockdown on the distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the street dust (diameter < 20 µm) of different land use areas in Dhaka city, Bangladesh, using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). The maximum (2114 ng g−1) concentration of ∑16 PAHs was found in the industrial area during without lockdown conditions and the minimum (932 ng g−1) concentration was found in the public facilities area during the complete lockdown. Meanwhile, due to the partial lockdown, a maximum of 30% of the ∑16 PAH concentration decreased from the situation of without lockdown in the industrial area. The highest result of 53% of the ∑16 PAH concentration decreased from the situation without lockdown to the complete lockdown in the commercial area. The 4-ring PAHs had the highest contribution, both during and after the lockdown conditions. PAH ratios, correlation, principal component analysis (PCA), and hierarchical clustering analysis (HCA) were applied in order to evaluate the possible sources. Two major origins of PAHs in the street dust were identified as petroleum and petrogenic sources, as well as biomass and coal combustion. Ingestion and dermal pathways were identified as the major exposure routes to PAHs in the dust. The total incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) due to exposure for adults and children ranged from 8.38 × 10−8 to 1.16 × 10−7 and from 5.11 × 10−8 to 1.70 × 10−7, respectively. These values were lower than the baseline value of acceptable risk (10–6), indicating no potential carcinogenic risk. This study found that the COVID-19 lockdown reduced the distribution of PAHs in the different sites of Dhaka city, thus providing a unique opportunity for the remarkable improvement of degraded environmental resources.
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Živančev J, Antić I, Buljovčić M, Đurišić-Mladenović N. A case study on the occurrence of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in indoor dust of Serbian households: Distribution, source apportionment and health risk assessment. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 295:133856. [PMID: 35122819 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.133856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
This study was conducted in order to obtain the first insight into the occurrence, potential sources, and health risks of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in indoor dust. Samples (n = 47) were collected from households in four settlements in the northern Serbian province of Vojvodina. Total concentrations of 16 EPA priority PAHs in the dust samples varied from 140 to 8265 μg kg-1. Mean and median values for all samples were 1825 and 1404 μg kg-1, respectively. According to the international guidelines for indoor environment, PAH content can be regarded as normal (<500 μg kg-1) for ∼6% of the samples, high (500-5000 μg kg-1) for ∼87% of the samples, and very high (5000-50000 μg kg1) for ∼6% of the samples. In all settlements, PAHs with 4 rings were the most prevalent (accounting for 40-53% of the total PAHs). They were followed by 3-ringed PAHs (29-40%), which indicates rather uniform PAH profiles in the analyzed dust. Based on diagnostic ratios, principal component analysis (PCA), and positive matrix factorization (PMF), pyrogenic sources, such as vehicle emissions and wood combustion were the dominant sources of PAHs in analyzed samples. Health risk assessment, which included incidental ingesting, inhaling and skin contact with PAHs in the analyzed dust, was evaluated by using the incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) model. Median total ILCR was 3.88E-04 for children, and 3.73E-04 for adults. Results revealed that major contribution to quite high total ILCRs was brought by dermal contact and ingestion. Total cancer risk for indoor dust indicated that 85% of the studied locations exceeded 10-4. This implies risk of high concern, with potential adverse health effects. The results are valuable for future observation of PAHs in indoor environment. They are also useful for regional authorities who can use them to create policies which control sources of pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelena Živančev
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Technology Novi Sad, Bulevar Cara Lazara 1, 21000, Novi Sad, Serbia.
| | - Igor Antić
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Technology Novi Sad, Bulevar Cara Lazara 1, 21000, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Maja Buljovčić
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Technology Novi Sad, Bulevar Cara Lazara 1, 21000, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Nataša Đurišić-Mladenović
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Technology Novi Sad, Bulevar Cara Lazara 1, 21000, Novi Sad, Serbia
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11
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Mahdad F, Bakhtiari AR, Moeinaddini M, Charlesworth S. Seasonal occurrence, source apportionment, and cancer risk assessment of PAHs in the second largest international holy metropolitan: Mashhad, Iran. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:13279-13291. [PMID: 34585348 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-16336-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Street dust resuspension is one of the main sources of particulate matter with impacts on air quality, health, and climate. This research was aimed to determine the concentration, source, and health risk of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in street dust of Mashhad city. To this end, USEPA-regulated 16 PAHs were measured in 84 dust samples using gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The source of Σ16PAHs was identified using diagnostic ratios (DRs), positive matrix factorization (PMF), and principal component analysis (PCA). The measured Σ16PAHs demonstrated different spatial concentrations (from 1,005 to 9,138.96 μg kg-1) and showed higher levels in summer (1,206.21-9,138.96 μg kg-1), although 4-ring PAHs exhibited maximum levels in both summer and winter. The findings revealed that the dust-deposited PAHs are predominantly emitted through combustion of fossil fuels (such as diesel and gasoline) and natural gas. The total incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) was assessed by considering three possible exposure routes separately for children and adults and calculated carcinogenic risk values of 2.24E-06 and 2.14E-06, respectively. ILCR is above the baseline value (1.0E-06) for children and adults in both seasons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faezeh Mahdad
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Natural Resources and Marine Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Noor, Mazandaran, Iran
| | - Alireza Riyahi Bakhtiari
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Natural Resources and Marine Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Noor, Mazandaran, Iran.
- Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mazaher Moeinaddini
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran
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12
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Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) Sample Preparation and Analysis in Beverages: A Review. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-021-02178-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe monitoring of food contaminants is of interests to both food regulatory bodies and the consumers. This literature review covers polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) with regard to their background, sources of exposures, and occurrence in food and environment as well as health hazards. Furthermore, analytical methods focusing on the analysis of PAHs in tea, coffee, milk, and alcoholic samples for the last 16 years are presented. Numerous experimental methods have been developed aiming to obtain better limits of detections (LODs) and percent recoveries as well as to reduce solvent consumption and laborious work. These include information such as the selected PAHs analyzed, food matrix of PAHs, methods of extraction, cleanup procedure, LOD, limits of quantitation (LOQ), and percent recovery. For the analysis of tea, coffee, milk, and alcoholic samples, a majority of the research papers focused on the 16 US Environmental Protection Agency PAHs, while PAH4, PAH8, and methylated PAHs were also of interests. Extraction methods range from the classic Soxhlet extraction and liquid–liquid extraction to newer methods such as QuEChERS, dispersive solid-phase microextraction, and magnetic solid-phase extraction. The cleanup methods involved mainly the use of column chromatography and SPE filled with either silica or Florisil adsorbents. Gas chromatography and liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry or fluorescence detectors are the main analytical instruments used. A majority of the selected combined methods used are able to achieve LODs and percent recoveries in the ranges of 0.01–5 ug/kg and 70–110%, respectively, for the analysis of tea, coffee, milk, and alcoholic samples.
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13
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Ossai CJ, Iwegbue CMA, Tesi GO, Olisah C, Egobueze FE, Nwajei GE, Martincigh BS. Distribution, sources and exposure risk of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soils, and indoor and outdoor dust from Port Harcourt city, Nigeria. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2021; 23:1328-1350. [PMID: 34318837 DOI: 10.1039/d1em00094b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we evaluated the concentrations, composition, sources, and potential risks of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in soils, and indoor and outdoor dust from Port Harcourt city in Nigeria. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was used for the detection and quantification of PAH species in the samples. The concentrations of the US EPA 16 PAHs plus 2-methyl-naphthalene (∑17 PAHs) in soils, and indoor and outdoor dust from Port Harcourt city ranged from 240 to 38 400, 276 to 9130 and 44 to 13 200 μg kg-1 (dry weight, d.w.) respectively. The PAH concentrations in these matrices followed the sequence: soil > indoor dust > outdoor dust. The composition of PAHs in soils and dust (indoor and outdoor) showed remarkable differences with prominence of 3- and 5-ring PAHs. The estimated carcinogenic risk to the residents arising from exposure to these concentrations of PAHs in soils, and indoor and outdoor dust from Port Harcourt was above the acceptable target cancer risk value of 10-6. We concluded that these sites require clean-up, remedial actions and implementation of stringent pollution control measures with the intention of reducing the undesirable impacts of PAHs on both the ecosystem and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chinedu J Ossai
- Department of Chemistry, Delta State University, P.M.B. 1, Abraka, Nigeria.
| | | | - Godswill O Tesi
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Africa, Toru-Orua, Bayelsa State, Nigeria
| | - Chijioke Olisah
- Institute for Coastal and Marine Research, Department of Botany, Nelson Mandela University, Port Elizabeth 6031, South Africa
| | - Francis E Egobueze
- Environment and Quality Control Department, Nigerian Agip Oil Company, Rumueme, Port Harcourt, Nigeria
| | - Godwin E Nwajei
- Department of Chemistry, Delta State University, P.M.B. 1, Abraka, Nigeria.
| | - Bice S Martincigh
- School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Private Bag X54001, Durban 4000, South Africa
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14
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Iwegbue CMA, Kekeke EF, Tesi GO, Olisah C, Egobueze FE, Chukwu-Madu E, Martincigh BS. Impact of Land-Use Types on the Distribution and Exposure Risk of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Dusts from Benin City, Nigeria. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2021; 81:210-226. [PMID: 34254149 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-021-00861-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The concentrations of the sixteen United States Environmental Protection Agency polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were determined in dusts from different land-use types in Benin City by means of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The results obtained were used to assess the ecological and human health risk and to determine the source apportionment. The Ʃ16 PAH concentrations in dusts from Benin City ranged from 230 to 2300 µg kg-1 for industrial areas, 211-1330 µg kg-1 for commercial areas, 153-1170 µg kg-1 for residential areas, and from 216 to 1970 µg kg-1 for school playgrounds/parks. The ecological risk assessment suggested that the levels of PAHs in dusts from these land-use types are of low-to-moderate risk to organisms. The benzo(a)pyrene carcinogenic potency [BaPTEQ] (70.5-131 µg kg-1) and benzo(a)pyrene mutagenic potency [BaPMEQ] (62.9-122 µg kg-1) concentrations were below the Canadian soil quality guideline value of 600 µg kg-1. The incremental lifetime carcinogenic risk (ILCR) arising from exposure of adults and children to PAHs in dusts from Benin City were in the magnitude of 10-4-10-2, which exceeded the safe target levels of 10-6, implying a considerable cancer risk for residents of this city. The PAH source apportionment derived from isomeric ratios and multivariate statistics indicated that burning of biomass, wood, and charcoal, and vehicular traffic were the predominant sources of PAHs in dusts from Benin City.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ejiroghene F Kekeke
- Department of Chemistry, Delta State University, P.M.B. 1, Abraka, Delta State, Nigeria
| | - Godswill O Tesi
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Africa, Toru-Orua, Bayelsa State, Nigeria
| | - Chijioke Olisah
- Department of Botany & Institute for Coastal and Marine Research, Nelson Mandela University, Port Elizabeth, 6031, South Africa
| | - Francis E Egobueze
- Environment and Quality Control Department, Nigerian Agip Oil Company, Rumueme, Port Harcourt, Nigeria
| | - Etanuro Chukwu-Madu
- Department of Chemistry, Enugu State University of Science and Technology, Enugu, Enugu State, Nigeria
| | - Bice S Martincigh
- School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Private Bag X5400l, Durban, 4000, South Africa
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15
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Ishtiaq J, Syed JH, Jadoon WA, Hamid N, Iqbal Chaudhry MJ, Shahnawaz M, Nasir J, Haider Rizvi SH, Chakraborty P, Li J, Zhang G. Atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) at urban settings in Pakistan: Spatial variations, sources and health risks. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 274:129811. [PMID: 33561720 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.129811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
For the first time, this study presents gaseous and particulate-bound (PM2.5) polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in ambient air samples collected from eight major cities of Pakistan. Diurnal air samples (gaseous and PM2.5) were collected in summer 2014 on polyurethane foam and quartz fiber filters using high volume-active air sampler. The US-EPA enlisted 16 priority PAHs in particulate and gaseous phase were measured on gas chromatograph equipped with mass spectrometer detector. The total PAHs concentrations ranged between 188 pg m-3 (in Gilgit), and 2340 pg m-3 (in Lahore). The decreasing order of PAHs concentrations in various cities was in the following order: Lahore > Rawalpindi > Multan > Faisalabad > Karachgi > Peshawar > Quetta > Gilgit. Phenanthrene showed the highest concentration, accounted 18% of total PAHs followed by fluoranthene (12% of total PAHs). This study showed that the gaseous fractions were predominant in the ambient air. Source apportionment analysis revealed that biomass combustion, vehicular emissions and diesel combustion in power generators were the potential PAHs emissions sources. The lifetime lungs cancer risk (LLCR) was in the range of 8.28 × 10-7 to 2.09 × 10-5 depicting mild cancer risk to the residents on exposure to atmospheric PAHs. Therefore, it is recommended to monitor atmospheric PAHs throughout the year and also adopt environmentally friendly fuels to reduce PAHs pollution and health risks in the country.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaziba Ishtiaq
- Department of Meteorology, COMSATS University Islamabad (CUI), Park Road, Tarlai Kalan, Islamabad, 45550, Pakistan
| | - Jabir Hussain Syed
- Department of Meteorology, COMSATS University Islamabad (CUI), Park Road, Tarlai Kalan, Islamabad, 45550, Pakistan.
| | - Waqar Azeem Jadoon
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Hazara University, Mansehra, 21130, Pakistan
| | - Naima Hamid
- Key Laboratory of Reservoir Aquatic Environment, Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, 400714, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | | | - Muhammad Shahnawaz
- Department of Agriculture & Food Technology, Karakoram International University Main Campus University Road Gilgit (15100), Pakistan
| | - Jawad Nasir
- Earth Sciences Directorate, Pakistan Space and Upper Atmosphere Research Commission (SUPARCO), P.O. Box 8402, Karachi, 75270, Pakistan
| | - Syed Hussain Haider Rizvi
- Earth Sciences Directorate, Pakistan Space and Upper Atmosphere Research Commission (SUPARCO), P.O. Box 8402, Karachi, 75270, Pakistan
| | - Paromita Chakraborty
- Department of Civil Engineering & SRM Research Institute, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kancheepuram District, Tamil Nadu, 603203, India
| | - Jun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Gan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
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16
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Martins M, Lawrence J, Ferguson S, Wolfson JM, Koutrakis P. Development and evaluation of a mobile laboratory for collecting short-duration near-road fine and coarse ambient particle and road dust samples. JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION (1995) 2021; 71:118-128. [PMID: 33216704 DOI: 10.1080/10962247.2020.1853626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
This study used fine and coarse PM concentrator technology in a Mobile Particle Concentrator Platform (MPCP) designed and built to allow the collection of large amounts of ambient PM, enabling time-resolved speciation analysis, which would not be feasible using conventional methods. One hour of sampling yielded sufficient sample loading for trace elemental analysis using X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF). In addition, we developed a novel Road Dust Aerosolizer (RDA) sampler in order to collect PM2.5 and PM10 surface road dust in situ. This sampler aerosolizes dust from the road surface, simulating ambient road dust resuspension, resulting in measured PM composition and size more appropriately (and less labor-intensive) than those obtained from studies using bulk road dust sieved and re-suspended in the laboratory. Overall, our modified fine and coarse particle concentrators yielded good reproducibility between co-located samples and sufficient loading for trace elemental analysis. For particle mass concentration, we observed a relative error of 3% and 4% among pairs of filters for fine and coarse concentrators, respectively; confirming that the mass collected on an unweighted quartz filter in parallel with a Teflon filter will have the same PM mass as the weighed Teflon filter. For samples with elements that are well above the LOD, relative uncertainty values were between 5% and 10% for the fine and 3% and 10% for the coarse. Our results show that the RDA system has an excellent precision for mass and elements as well. The relative error for mass is 7% for PM10 and 3% for PM2.5 within pairs and ranged from 2 to10% for elements. In conclusion, we developed a method for collecting PM10 and PM2.5 near-road air and surface road dust for short durations, which allows investigation of the composition of direct (airborne) and indirect (re-suspended road dust) non-tailpipe vehicular emissions. Implications: The methods we developed in this study allow the collection of one-hour PM10-2.5 and PM2.5-0.2 samples from near-road ambient air at several distances from the same roadway in 1 day, and collection of road dust directly from the road surface, with sufficient loading for trace elemental analysis. This will allow investigation of the composition of direct (airborne) and indirect (re-suspended road dust) vehicular emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Martins
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health , Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Joy Lawrence
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health , Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Stephen Ferguson
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health , Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jack M Wolfson
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health , Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Petros Koutrakis
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health , Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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17
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Nematollahi MJ, Dehdaran S, Moore F, Keshavarzi B. Potentially toxic elements and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in street dust of Yazd, a central capital city in Iran: contamination level, source identification, and ecological-health risk assessment. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2021; 43:485-519. [PMID: 33033901 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-020-00682-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Contamination level, source, and ecological-health risk of potentially toxic elements (PTEs) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the street dust of Yazd, a central capital city in Iran, were investigated for the first time regarding samples collected from 21 sites. Geochemical indices pointed out an enrichment trend of [Formula: see text] and an ecological risk trend of [Formula: see text]. The ecological risk indices of PAHs reflected high ecological risk for pyrene (Pyr). The statistical approach along with the isomeric ratios of PAHs suggested that the traffic-related sources, such as wearing of tires and brake pads, and the vehicular exhaust emissions were greatly responsible for the elevated concentrations of Pb, Cu, Sb, and PAHs, while Al, Ni, Co, V, Mn, As, and, to a lesser extent, Fe, Zn, Mo, and Cr were mainly influenced by geogenic sources. The human health risk assessment of PTEs and PAHs reflected that As, Cr, and Pb pose the highest non-carcinogenic risk in adults and children, compared with other PTEs and also PAHs. The carcinogenic health risk of Pb in the children and PAHs in both subpopulations was high for cancer development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sara Dehdaran
- Department of Earth Sciences, College of Sciences, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Farid Moore
- Department of Earth Sciences, College of Sciences, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran.
| | - Behnam Keshavarzi
- Department of Earth Sciences, College of Sciences, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
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18
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Jadoon WA, Abdel-Dayem SMMA, Saqib Z, Takeda K, Sakugawa H, Hussain M, Shah GM, Rehman W, Syed JH. Heavy metals in urban dusts from Alexandria and Kafr El-Sheikh, Egypt: implications for human health. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:2007-2018. [PMID: 32862349 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-08786-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 04/15/2023]
Abstract
A total of 23 road-dust and 9 house-dust samples were collected from Alexandria and Kafr El-Sheikh cities, Egypt in 2016 to investigate heavy metal (Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn) contamination, spatial distribution, sources, and health risks. The mean concentrations (mg kg-1) of Cd (road-dust (RD) = 0.33, house-dust (HD) = 0.77), Cu (RD = 80, HD = 141), Pb (RD = 70, HD = 260), and Zn (RD = 169, HD = 771) in Alexandria and Zn (RD = 192, HD = 257) in Kafr El-Sheikh were higher than corresponding background (background refers to generic earth crust shale values given in the literature) levels. Whereas average concentrations (mg kg-1) of Co, Cr, Mn, and Ni (Alexandria: RD = 2.7, 24.3, 251, 14.4; HD = 3.2, 29.2, 237, 25.1 and Kafr El-Sheikh: RD = 6.6, 31.9, 343, 20.2; HD = 8.6, 33.4, 438, 23.2) in both cities were much lower than their background values. Spatially, for most heavy metals, the high concentrations were observed in areas characterized with increased anthropogenic activities, heavy traffic, and high population density. Contamination indices revealed moderate contamination (Cd and Cu) to high contamination (Pb: only house-dust from Alexandria), which posed low (most metals) to moderate ecological risk (Cd and Pb). Correlation analysis and factor analysis classified the studied metals in two groups as: natural input (Co, Cr, Mn, Ni, and Fe) and anthropogenic sources (Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn). The noncancerous risks posed by studied metals ranged from 0.0001 (Cd) to 0.15 (Pb) and were insignificant. The cancerous risk of Pb (1.4 × 10-4) for children on exposure to house-dust form Alexandria exceeded the guideline values and was considered unacceptable, whereas the cancerous risks of other studied metals were acceptable for both subpopulations. The results of health risk revealed that children are facing higher risk than adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waqar Azeem Jadoon
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Hazara University, Mansehra, 21130, Pakistan
- Graduate School of Biosphere Science, Hiroshima University, Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, 739-8521, Japan
| | - Sherif Mohamed Mohamed Ali Abdel-Dayem
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Hazara University, Mansehra, 21130, Pakistan
- Department of Pesticides Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, Egypt
| | - Zafeer Saqib
- Department of Environmental Sciences, International Islamic University Islamabad, Islamabad, 44000, Pakistan
| | - Kazuhiko Takeda
- Graduate School of Biosphere Science, Hiroshima University, Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, 739-8521, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Sakugawa
- Graduate School of Biosphere Science, Hiroshima University, Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, 739-8521, Japan
| | - Manzoor Hussain
- Department of Botany, Hazara University, Mansehra, 21130, Pakistan
| | - Ghulam Mujtaba Shah
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Hazara University, Mansehra, 21130, Pakistan
- Department of Botany, Hazara University, Mansehra, 21130, Pakistan
| | - Wajid Rehman
- Department of Chemistry, Hazara University, Mansehra, 21130, Pakistan
| | - Jabir Hussain Syed
- Department of Meteorology, COMSATS University, Tarlai Kalan Park Road, Islamabad, 45550, Pakistan.
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Bianco F, Race M, Papirio S, Oleszczuk P, Esposito G. The addition of biochar as a sustainable strategy for the remediation of PAH-contaminated sediments. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 263:128274. [PMID: 33297218 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.128274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The contamination of sediments by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) has been widely spread for years due to human activities, imposing the research and development of effective remediation technologies for achieving efficient treatment and reuse of sediments. In this context, the amendment of biochar in PAH-contaminated sediments has been lately proposed as an innovative and sustainable technology. This review provides detailed information about the mechanisms and impacts associated with the supplementation of biochar to sediments polluted by PAHs. The properties of biochar employed in these applications have been thoroughly examined. Sorption onto biochar is the main mechanism involved in PAH removal from sediments. Sorption efficiency can be significantly improved even in the presence of a low remediation time (i.e. 30 d) when a multi-PAH system is used and biochar is provided with a high dosage (i.e. by 5% in a mass ratio with the sediment) and a specific surface area of approximately 360 m2 g-1. The use of biochar results in a decrease (i.e. up to 20%) of the PAH degradation during bioaugmentation and phytoremediation of sediments, as a consequence of the reduction of PAH bioavailability and an increase of water and nutrient retention. In contrast, PAH degradation has been reported to increase up to 54% when nitrate is used as electron acceptor in low-temperature biochar-amended sediments. Finally, biochar is effective in co-application with Fe2+ for the persulfate degradation of PAHs (i.e. up to 80%), mainly when a high catalyst dose and an acidic pH are used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Bianco
- Department of Civil and Mechanical Engineering, University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, Via Di Biasio 43, 03043, Cassino, Italy.
| | - Marco Race
- Department of Civil and Mechanical Engineering, University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, Via Di Biasio 43, 03043, Cassino, Italy
| | - Stefano Papirio
- Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering, University of Napoli Federico II, Via Claudio 21, 80125, Napoli, Italy
| | - Patryk Oleszczuk
- Department of Radiochemistry and Environmental Chemistry, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, 3 Maria Curie-Skłodowska Square, 20-031, Lublin, Poland
| | - Giovanni Esposito
- Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering, University of Napoli Federico II, Via Claudio 21, 80125, Napoli, Italy
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20
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Wu Y, Zhang N, Wang Y, Ren Y, Yuan Z, Li N. Concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in street dust from bus stops in Qingyang city: Estimates of lifetime cancer risk and sources of exposure for daily commuters in Northwest China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 266:115222. [PMID: 32822923 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2020] [Revised: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Lifetime cancer risk and exposure of daily commuters to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in cities of Northwest China were determined from a study of street dust samples obtained from bus stops in Qingyang city. The sum of 16 priority PAHs (Σ16 PAHs) concentrations in the dust samples ranged from 0.8 to 18.3 mg kg-1 (mean 3.0 mg kg-1) and the distribution of individual, carcinogenic, combustion specific, low (2-3 rings) and high molecular weight (4-6 rings) PAHs was determined. The benzo[a]pyrene toxic equivalents of Σ16 PAHs ranged from 0.01 to 12.2 mg kg-1 (mean 0.8 mg kg-1). Incremental lifetime cancer risk from exposure to PAHs in dust at bus stops in Qingyang city was estimated at 1.9 × 10-6 for adults and 3.5 × 10-6 for children (confidence limit ≥ 95%). Emission source analysis of PAHs in bus stop dust showed that they were mainly derived from residential coal, oil and biomass combustion, e.g. from boilers, traffic vehicles, and Kang heaters. Higher concentrations of PAHs were obtained at bus stops near transport hubs, commercial districts, and administrative institutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongfu Wu
- College of Agriculture and Forestry Science and Technology, Longdong University, Qingyang, PR China.
| | - Ning Zhang
- College of Agriculture and Forestry Science and Technology, Longdong University, Qingyang, PR China
| | - Yingqiang Wang
- College of Agriculture and Forestry Science and Technology, Longdong University, Qingyang, PR China
| | - Yibin Ren
- College of Agriculture and Forestry Science and Technology, Longdong University, Qingyang, PR China
| | - Zhongyu Yuan
- College of Agriculture and Forestry Science and Technology, Longdong University, Qingyang, PR China
| | - Ni Li
- College of Agriculture and Forestry Science and Technology, Longdong University, Qingyang, PR China
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21
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Chenery SRN, Sarkar SK, Chatterjee M, Marriott AL, Watts MJ. Heavy metals in urban road dusts from Kolkata and Bengaluru, India: implications for human health. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2020; 42:2627-2643. [PMID: 32065314 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-019-00467-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Air pollution and dust pollution are major urban environmental issues, with road dust being a potential source and a pathway for human exposure. The developing megacities of India, where the population may spend a significant portion of their working lives close to the roadside, including consuming street food, have obvious source-pathway-receptor linkages. The aim of this study in Kolkata and Bengaluru, India, was to evaluate the risk to human health from inorganic components of road dust. Samples were collected and analysed from a cross section of urban environments for a wide range of anthropogenic and geogenic elements, some such as antimony showing an increase in response to vehicle activity. Calculated enrichment factors relative to crustal abundance demonstrated significant enrichment in common heavy metals and less commonly reported elements, e.g. molybdenum, antimony, that may be used as contaminant markers. Factor analysis gave multielement signatures associated with geography, vehicle traffic and local industry. The bio-accessibility of road dusts in terms of ingestion was determined using the BARGE method with more than 50% of zinc and lead being available in some cases. A formal human health risk assessment using the US EPA framework showed that lead in Kolkata and chromium in Bengaluru were the elements of most concern amongst chromium, nickel, copper, zinc and lead. However, the only risk combination (hazard index) shown to be significant was lead exposure to children in Kolkata. Ingestion dominated the risk pathways, being significantly greater than dermal and inhalation routes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon R N Chenery
- Inorganic Geochemistry, Centre for Environmental Geochemistry, British Geological Survey, Keyworth, Nottingham, NG12 5GG, UK.
| | - Santosh K Sarkar
- Department of Marine Science, University of Calcutta, 35 Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata, 700 019, India
| | - Mousumi Chatterjee
- Department of Marine Science, University of Calcutta, 35 Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata, 700 019, India
| | - Andrew L Marriott
- Inorganic Geochemistry, Centre for Environmental Geochemistry, British Geological Survey, Keyworth, Nottingham, NG12 5GG, UK
| | - Michael J Watts
- Inorganic Geochemistry, Centre for Environmental Geochemistry, British Geological Survey, Keyworth, Nottingham, NG12 5GG, UK
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Iwegbue CMA, Ehigbor MJ, Tesi GO, Eguavoen OI, Martincigh BS. Occurrence, Sources and Exposure Risk of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Street Dusts from the Nigerian Megacity, Lagos. Polycycl Aromat Compd 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/10406638.2020.1716027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Monday J. Ehigbor
- Department of Chemistry, Ambrose Alli University, Ekpoma, Edo State, Nigeria
| | - Godswill O. Tesi
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Africa, Toru-Orua, Bayelsa State, Nigeria
| | | | - Bice S. Martincigh
- School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
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23
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A combined microextraction procedure for isolation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in ambient fine air particulate matter with determination by gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1612:460646. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.460646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Revised: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Polukarova M, Markiewicz A, Björklund K, Strömvall AM, Galfi H, Andersson Sköld Y, Gustafsson M, Järlskog I, Aronsson M. Organic pollutants, nano- and microparticles in street sweeping road dust and washwater. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2020; 135:105337. [PMID: 31794938 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.105337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Revised: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Road areas are pollution hotspots where many metals, organic pollutants (OPs) and nano/microparticles accumulate before being transported to receiving waters. Particles on roads originate from e.g. road, tyre and vehicle wear, winter road maintenance, soil erosion, and deposition. Street sweeping has the potential to be an effective and affordable practice to reduce the occurrence of road dust, and thereby the subsequent spreading of pollutants, but there is currently little knowledge regarding its effectiveness. In this paper we investigate the potential of street sweeping to reduce the amounts of OPs and nano/microparticles reaching stormwater, in a case study sampling road dust and washwater from a street sweeping machine, road dust before and after sweeping, and stormwater. The compound groups generally found in the highest concentrations in all matrices were aliphatics C5-C35 > phthalates > aromatics C8-C35 > PAH-16. The concentrations of aliphatics C16-C35 and PAHs in washwater were extremely high at ≤ 53,000 µg/L and ≤ 120 µg/L, respectively, and the highest concentrations were found after a 3-month winter break in sweeping. In general, fewer aliphatic and aromatic petroleum hydrocarbons and PAHs were detected in road dust samples than in washwater. The relative composition of the specific PAH-16 suggests tyre wear, vehicle exhausts, brake linings, motor oils and road surface wear as possible sources. The study indicates that many of the hydrophobic compounds quantified in washwater are attached to small particles or truly dissolved. The washwater contains a wide range of small particles, including nanoparticles in sizes from just below 1 nm up to 300 nm, with nanoparticles in the size range 25-300 nm present in the highest concentrations. The results also indicated agglomeration of nanoparticles in the washwater. The street sweeping collected a large amount of fine particles and associated pollutants, leading to the conclusion that washwater from street sweeping needs to be treated before disposal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Polukarova
- Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute (VTI), Sweden
| | - Anna Markiewicz
- Water Environment Technology, Department of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Karin Björklund
- Water Environment Technology, Department of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ann-Margret Strömvall
- Water Environment Technology, Department of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Helen Galfi
- Kretslopp och vatten, City of Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | - Mats Gustafsson
- Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute (VTI), Sweden
| | - Ida Järlskog
- Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute (VTI), Sweden
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Mihankhah T, Saeedi M, Karbassi A. Contamination and cancer risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in urban dust from different land-uses in the most populated city of Iran. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2020; 187:109838. [PMID: 31677564 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.109838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2019] [Revised: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Due to population growth and the considerable increase in usage of the resources, Human environment quality has been highly threatened by pollutants in recent decades. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are widespread, persistent organic pollutants which are of great concern due to their carcinogenicity. The present study is the first investigation that assesses contamination, sources and cancer risk of 16 priority PAHs proposed by US EPA in urban dust samples (n = 80) taken in different land-uses of Tehran metropolis, the capital of Iran. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) is used to measure PAHs concentrations. The results showed that the average concentration of the total 16 PAHs and the average Benzo[a]pyrene total potency equivalency were 566 μg kg-1 dry weight and 36.4 μg kg-1, respectively. In the commercial and residential land-uses high molecular weight (HMW) PAHs were dominated, whereas in green lands, light molecular weight (LMW) PAHs showed maximum contribution. The highest concentration of total PAHs were observed in the commercial areas due to limited air circulation and heavy traffic loads. Incremental Lifetime Cancer Risk (ILCR) model was applied to evaluate the cancer risk of exposure to PAHs contaminated dust. Based on the results, Tehran's residents (children and adults) in various land-uses except for green lands, are in high potential cancer risk of PAHs via ingestion and dermal contact exposure routs. Ace, Chr, Pyr, and BghiP which are indicators of traffic emissions, were found to be predominant PAH contributors in urban dust of commercial areas. Also, Ace, Fl, Phe, and BghiP which are derived from fossil fuel combustion, were mainly observed in the industrial land-use. Based on the results of factor analysis and diagnostic ratios, Diesel/gasoline engine vehicular emissions and combustion were found to be the main sources of PAHs in urban dust of Tehran.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taraneh Mihankhah
- Environmental Research Laboratory, School of Civil Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology, Narmak, Tehran, 16846, Iran
| | - Mohsen Saeedi
- Environmental Research Laboratory, School of Civil Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology, Narmak, Tehran, 16846, Iran
| | - Abdolreza Karbassi
- School of Environment, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
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Zhen XL, Liu G, Li JH, Xu H, Wu D. PAHs in road dust of Nanjing Chemical Industry Park, China: chemical composition, sources, and risk assessment. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART A, TOXIC/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 2019; 55:33-43. [PMID: 31852379 DOI: 10.1080/10934529.2019.1667166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Revised: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The objectives of the present study were to research the chemical composition of PAHs in PM2.5 of road dust, explore potential sources of PAHs, and assess their carcinogenic risk. Fifty-six road dust samples were collected on the arterial and sub-arterial roads at Nanjing Chemical Industry Park during the sampling periods of autumn and winter. A resuspension system in the laboratory was used to simulate the naturally suspended road dust in the environment and collect PM2.5. Ace was not detected, but other PAHs were found. The pollution level of PAHs was 43.66 ± 15.79 mg kg-1; and 4-ring PAHs, which accounted for 35.14% of PAHs, were the main pollutants. The contents of BeP and BghiP were the highest, accounting for 12.23% and 12.06% of PAHs, respectively. The PAHs concentrations were found to be higher in winter due to the physicochemical characteristics of PAHs and the meteorological conditions. The sequence of PAHs concentrations was: sub-arterial road in winter > arterial road in winter > arterial road in autumn > sub-arterial road in autumn. Traffic emission and industrial sources led to higher PAHs concentrations on the arterial roads in autumn. Meteorological conditions and road characteristics, such as vehicular speed, frequency of road dust sweeping, and road width, led to higher PAHs concentrations on the sub-arterial roads in winter. Principal component analysis (PCA) and the ratios of Ant/(Ant + Phe), Flu/(Flu + Pyr), InP/(InP + BP), and BaA/(BaA + Chr) were used to distinguish the PAHs sources, which indicated fossil fuel combustion, traffic emissions, and petroleum exhaust as the main PAHs sources. The application of the ILCR model for PAHs in road dust showed a higher carcinogenic risk for children and adults (6.01 × 10-5 and 5.80 × 10-5, respectively) on the sub-arterial roads in winter, indicating a high potential carcinogenic risk at the Chemical Industrial Park.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Long Zhen
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Gang Liu
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jiu Hai Li
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hui Xu
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Dan Wu
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
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27
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Qishlaqi A, Beiramali F. Potential sources and health risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in street dusts of Karaj urban area, northern Iran. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCE & ENGINEERING 2019; 17:1029-1044. [PMID: 32030172 PMCID: PMC6985303 DOI: 10.1007/s40201-019-00417-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
In the present study chemical fingerprinting approach (isomeric ratios), a receptor-oriented model (principal component analysis with multiple linear regression, PCA/MLR) and a probabilistic health risk framework were employed to characterization, source appointment and carcinogenic risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in street dusts of Karaj urban area (northern Iran). Thirty street dusts samples were collected from the different functional areas in the city of Karaj and analyzed for PAHs by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GS/MS). The results obtained showed that ∑16PAHs concentrations varied widely from 16.2 to 1236.2 with a mean of 624 μg/kg and decreased in the following order of functional areas; traffic> residential > green/park areas. PAHs profile in the majority of dust samples were dominated by 5-6 rings PAHs, accounting for 25%-95% of the total PAHs. Qualitative source apportionment using the molecular isomeric ratios indicated mixed sources of PAHs in street dusts while PCA/MLR receptor model quantitatively identified three major sources with following relative contributions to the total dust PAH burden; 51% for pyrogenic-traffic sources, 32% for traffic-stationary sources and, 16% for petrogenic sources. The results of health risk assessment based on probabilistic model indicated that at the 95% percentiles, total cancer risks for children and adults are 8.43 × 10-4 and 3.34 × 10-5, respectively which both are higher than the acceptable baseline (10-6) indicating potential carcinogenic risk for local residents. It was also revealed that dust ingestion pathway is the most important contributor to the total carcinogenic risks of PAHs for both children and adults although the cancer risk level for adults through dermal and inhalation was 10 times greater than that for children. Based on the sensitivity analysis using the Monte Carlo simulation, benzo[a]pyrene equivalent concentration, exposure duration, dermal exposure area and ingestion rate were found to be the most sensitive exposure parameters which could introduce uncertainties into the cancer risk estimated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afshin Qishlaqi
- Faculty of Earth Sciences, Shahrood University of Technology, Shahrood, Iran
| | - Fahimeh Beiramali
- Faculty of Earth Sciences, Shahrood University of Technology, Shahrood, Iran
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28
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Alsbou E, Zaitoun MA, Alasoufi AM, Al Shra'ah A. Concentration and Source Assessment of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in the Street Soil of Ma'an City, Jordan. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2019; 77:619-630. [PMID: 31493017 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-019-00665-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were determined in the street soil of Ma'an City, Jordan. The probable sources of PAHs in the soils were estimated by using diagnostic ratios. PAHs were extracted from soil samples via the ultrasonic extraction method using three portions of 20 mL of n-hexane/acetone mixture. The most priority environmental protection agency 13 PAHs were determined in the extract using gas chromatography-mass spectrometer. The results showed that average concentrations of ∑13PAHs ranged from 77.0 to 917.4 ng/g, and the 3- and 4-rings PAHs were the most abundant PAHs detected in the soil samples (~ 60% of the PAH total concentrations). The ratios showed that the PAHs in Ma'an's street soil have both petrogenic and pyrogenic sources. Pearson's correlation coefficient analysis showed that the content of ∑13PAHs is directly correlated to the total organic matter (TOM) in the soil. Analysis of variance indicated that Ma'an city mostly had the same sources for ∑13PAHs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eid Alsbou
- Department of Chemistry, Al-Hussein Bin Talal University, Ma'an, Jordan.
| | | | - Ali M Alasoufi
- Department of Chemistry, Al-Hussein Bin Talal University, Ma'an, Jordan
| | - Ahmad Al Shra'ah
- Department of Chemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada
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29
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Khpalwak W, Jadoon WA, Abdel-Dayem SM, Sakugawa H. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in urban road dust, Afghanistan: Implications for human health. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 218:517-526. [PMID: 30500712 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.11.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Revised: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were analyzed in road and aerial dust to assess their concentration, composition profile, distribution, emission sources, and potential human health risks. Sixteen priority PAHs and Benzo [e]pyrene (BeP) were analyzed in 13 aerial dust samples from Jalalabad, and 78 road dust samples from Kabul and Jalalabad cities, Afghanistan. The mean concentration of ∑17PAHs in road dust from Kabul and Jalalabad were 427 μg kg-1 and 288 μg kg-1, respectively whereas ∑17PAHs in aerial dust from Jalalabad averaged 200 μg kg-1. Fluoranthene (Flu), Chrysene (Chr), Benzo [b]fluoranthene (BbF), Benzo [k]fluoranthene (BkF) and BeP were major individual PAH species. The composition patterns of the PAHs were dominated by 5-6-ring PAHs (51% in road dust from Kabul; 44% in road dust from Jalalabad; and 44% in aerial dust) followed by 4-ring and 2-3-ring PAHs. Source apportionment of the road dust PAHs by the molecular diagnostic ratios (MDR) and principal component analysis (PCA), indicated signatures of PAHs sources (including vehicular exhaust, coal/wood combustion and oil spill). The Benzo [a]pyrene (BaP) toxicity equivalent values (BaPeq17PAHs) for road dust were 75 μg kg-1 (Kabul) and 36 μg kg-1 (Jalalabad); and 35 μg kg-1 for aerial dust (Jalalabad). BaP and Dibenz [a,h]anthracene (DahA) together contributed > 50% of the BaPeq associated cancer risk. All incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) due to human exposure to road and aerial dust PAHs were in the order of 10-7, which is one-fold lower than the threshold (10-6). The noncancerous risk (Hazard Index < 1) on exposure to dust was also negligible for both subpopulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wahdatullah Khpalwak
- Graduate School of Biosphere Science, Hiroshima University, Japan; Faculty of Agriculture, Nangarhar University, Afghanistan
| | | | - Sherif M Abdel-Dayem
- Graduate School of Biosphere Science, Hiroshima University, Japan; Department of Pesticides, Faculty of Agriculture, Kafrelsheikh University, Egypt
| | - Hiroshi Sakugawa
- Graduate School of Biosphere Science, Hiroshima University, Japan.
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Song W, Vidonish JE, Yu P, Chu C, Moorthy B, Gao B, Zygourakis K, Alvarez PJ. Pilot-Scale Pyrolytic Remediation of Crude-Oil-Contaminated Soil in a Continuously-Fed Reactor: Treatment Intensity Trade-Offs. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:2045-2053. [PMID: 30681845 PMCID: PMC8037193 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b05825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Pyrolytic treatment offers the potential for the rapid remediation of contaminated soils. However, soil fertility restoration can be highly variable, underscoring the need to understand how treatment conditions affect soil detoxification and the ability to support plant growth. We report here the first pilot-scale study of pyrolytic remediation of crude-oil-contaminated soil using a continuously fed rotary kiln reactor. Treatment at 420 °C with only 15 min of residence time resulted in high removal efficiencies for both total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) (99.9%) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) (94.5%) and restored fertility to clean soil levels (i.e., Lactuca sativa biomass dry weight yield after 21 days increased from 3.0 ± 0.3 mg for contaminated soil to 8.8 ± 1.1 mg for treated soil, which is similar to 9.0 ± 0.7 mg for uncontaminated soil). Viability assays with a human bronchial epithelial cell line showed that pyrolytic treatment effectively achieved detoxification of contaminated soil extracts. As expected, TPH and PAH removal efficiencies increased with increasing treatment intensity (i.e., higher temperatures and longer residence times). However, higher treatment intensities decreased soil fertility, suggesting that there is an optimal system-specific intensity for fertility restoration. Overall, this study highlights trade-offs between pyrolytic treatment intensity, hydrocarbon removal efficiency, and fertility restoration while informing the design, optimization, and operation of large-scale pyrolytic systems to efficiently remediate crude-oil-contaminated soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Song
- current address: Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Recycling (Shandong), School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250100, PR China
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas, 77005, United States
- School of Water Conservancy and Environment, University of Jinan, Jinan, Shandong, 250022, PR China
| | - Julia E. Vidonish
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas, 77005, United States
- current address: Arcadis, U.S., Inc., Seattle, Washington 98101, United States
| | - Pingfeng Yu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas, 77005, United States
| | - Chun Chu
- Nenatology Research Program, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, 77030, United States
| | - Bhagavatula Moorthy
- Nenatology Research Program, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, 77030, United States
| | - Baoyu Gao
- current address: Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Recycling (Shandong), School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250100, PR China
| | - Kyriacos Zygourakis
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas, 77005, United States
| | - Pedro J.J. Alvarez
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas, 77005, United States
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31
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McDonough A, Baker S, Grimm E, Todd A, Luciani M, Terry D. Accumulation of metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in agricultural soil after additions of street sediment in southern Ontario. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2019; 232:545-553. [PMID: 30503901 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.11.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Revised: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Prior to 2012 street sediment from the Greater Toronto Area was being managed by a local authority and provided to rural landowners under the assumption it was clean fill. The aim of this study was to characterise the chemical and physical composition of that street sediment applied to an agricultural field in southwestern Ontario, Canada and determine if contaminants had migrated to native soil. Soil was sampled from an impact and a background location during the fall of 2016 at four soil depths (0-10, 10-20, 20-30 and 30-40 cm below the surface) to characterise texture, pH, organic content, recoverable metals and total polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Textural analysis revealed street sediment was dominated by very coarse and coarse sand which differed from the native silty clay loam and extended to 30 cm below the surface. Some PAHs, including benzo(a)pyrene (1.29 μg g-1) exceeded the typical regional background concentrations. A distinct pattern of high molecular mass PAHs in the native soil below street sediments suggests that PAHs have migrated to native soil. To our knowledge this is the first study to report PAH concentrations in street sediment in Ontario and to show their potential movement and introduction to native soil. Future studies should focus on transport mechanisms and understanding movement of PAHs in native coarse textured soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew McDonough
- Ontario Ministry of the Environment Conservation and Parks, Terrestrial Assessment and Field Services Unit, Canada.
| | - Scott Baker
- Ontario Ministry of the Environment Conservation and Parks, Terrestrial Assessment and Field Services Unit, Canada
| | - Eric Grimm
- Ontario Ministry of the Environment Conservation and Parks, Terrestrial Assessment and Field Services Unit, Canada
| | - Aaron Todd
- Ontario Ministry of the Environment Conservation and Parks, Terrestrial Assessment and Field Services Unit, Canada
| | - Michael Luciani
- Ontario Ministry of the Environment Conservation and Parks, Terrestrial Assessment and Field Services Unit, Canada
| | - Debbie Terry
- Ontario Ministry of the Environment Conservation and Parks, Terrestrial Assessment and Field Services Unit, Canada
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Škrbić B, Đurišić-Mladenović N, Živančev J, Tadić Đ. Seasonal occurrence and cancer risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in street dust from the Novi Sad city, Serbia. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 647:191-203. [PMID: 30077848 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.07.442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Revised: 07/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
This is the first investigation that identified seasonal occurrence, distribution and sources of 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in 60 street dust samples collected within urban zone of Novi Sad, the second largest city in Serbia. The obtained results were further used for comprehensive assessment of carcinogenic risk of Serbian inhabitants exposed to PAHs present in street dust by the incremental lifetime cancer risk method. The total level of 16 PAHs ranged between 35 μg kg-1 and 2422 μg kg-1 in samples taken in summer and between 35 μg kg-1 and 587 μg kg-1 in samples taken in winter. In both seasons, 4-ring PAHs were the most dominant compounds and high molecular weight (HMW) PAHs had similar contribution (55% in summer and 65% in winter). The highest content was determined for fluoranthene (Fly) in both seasons (597 μg kg-1 in winter, 301 μg kg-1 in summer). The PAHs source apportionment was analyzed by principal component analysis (PCA) and diagnostic ratios, and combustion of petroleum seemed to be the main sources of the PAHs in street dust. The cancer risk level for children and adult were comparable for dermal contact and by ingestion, and ranged from 10-6 to 10-4 indicating a potential risk. Additionally, the total incremental life time cancer risk (ILCR) was assessed for children and adult population taking into account three possible exposure routs and the median total cancer risk was ˃10-5, with 7% of the samples having the risk ˃10-4 that should be considered of high concern with potential health problem. These results are the first of this kind for the whole Serbia and the Western Balkan region and can be considered as the base line for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biljana Škrbić
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Technology Novi Sad, Laboratory for Chemical Contaminants and Sustainable Development, Bulevar cara Lazara 1, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia.
| | - Nataša Đurišić-Mladenović
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Technology Novi Sad, Laboratory for Chemical Contaminants and Sustainable Development, Bulevar cara Lazara 1, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Jelena Živančev
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Technology Novi Sad, Laboratory for Chemical Contaminants and Sustainable Development, Bulevar cara Lazara 1, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Đorđe Tadić
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Barcelona, Spain
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33
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Shabbaj II, Alghamdi MA, Khoder MI. Street Dust-Bound Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in a Saudi Coastal City: Status, Profile, Sources, and Human Health Risk Assessment. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2018; 15:E2397. [PMID: 30380645 PMCID: PMC6266921 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15112397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Revised: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in street dust pose a serious problem threatening both the environment and human health. Street dust samples were collected from five different land use patterns (traffic areas TRA, urban area URA, residential areas REA, mixed residential commercial areas MCRA and suburban areas SUA) in Jeddah, a Saudi coastal city, and one in in Hada Al Sham, a rural area (RUA). This study aimed to investigate the status, profile, sources of PAHs and estimate their human health risk. The results revealed an average concentration of total PAHs of 3320 ng/g in street dust of Jeddah and 223 ng/g in RUA dust. PAHs with high molecular weight represented 83.38% of total PAHs in street dust of Jeddah, while the carcinogenic PAH compounds accounted 57.84%. The highest average concentration of total PAHs in street dust of Jeddah was found in TRA (4980 ng/g) and the lowest in REA (1660 ng/g). PAHs ratios indicated that the principal source of PAHs in street dust of Jeddah is pyrogenic, mainly traffic emission. Benzo(a)anthracene/chrysene (BaA/CHR) ratio suggests that PAHs in street dusts of Jeddah come mainly from emission of local sources, while PAHs in RUA might be transported from the surrounding urban areas. The estimated Incremental Lifetime Cancer Risk (ILCR) associated with exposure to PAHs in street dusts indicated that both dermal contact and ingestion pathways are major contributed to cancer risk for both children and adults. Based on BaPequivalence concentrations of total PAHs, ILCRIngestion, ILCRdermal and cancer risk values for children and adults exposed to PAHs in street dust of different areas in Jeddah were found between 10-6 and 10-4, indicating potential risk. The sequence of cancer risk was TRA > URA > MCRA > SUA > REA. Only exposure to BaP and DBA compounds had potential risk for both children and adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim I Shabbaj
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Meteorology, Environment and Arid Land Agriculture, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80208, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Mansour A Alghamdi
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Meteorology, Environment and Arid Land Agriculture, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80208, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Mamdouh I Khoder
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Meteorology, Environment and Arid Land Agriculture, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80208, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia.
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34
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Wang L, Zhang P, Wang L, Zhang W, Shi X, Lu X, Li X, Li X. Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Urban Soil in the Semi-arid City of Xi'an, Northwest China: Composition, Distribution, Sources, and Relationships with Soil Properties. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2018; 75:351-366. [PMID: 29589045 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-018-0522-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are ubiquitous in the environment. This study collected a total of 62 urban soil samples from the typical semi-arid city of Xi'an in Northwest. They were analyzed for the composition, distribution, and sources of PAHs as well as the relationships with soil properties. The sum of 16 individual PAHs (∑16PAHs) ranged from 390.6 to 10,652.8 μg/kg with a mean of 2052.6 μg/kg. The average ∑16PAHs decreased in the order of the third ring road (2321.1 μg/kg) > the first ring road (1893.7 μg/kg) > the second ring road (1610.0 μg/kg), and in the order of industrial areas (3125.6 μg/kg) > traffic areas (2551.6 μg/kg) > educational areas (2414.4 μg/kg) > parks (1649.5 μg/kg) > mixed commercial and traffic areas (1332.8 μg/kg) > residential areas (1031.0 μg/kg). The most abundant PAHs in the urban soil were 3- to 5-ring PAHs. Elevated levels of PAHs were found in industrial and traffic areas from the east and west suburbs and the northwest corner of Xi'an as well as the northeast corner in the urban district of Xi'an. PAHs in the urban soil were mainly related to the combustion of fossil fuel (i.e., coal, gasoline, diesel, and natural gas) and biomass (i.e., grass and wood) (variance contribution 57.2%) as well as the emissions of petroleum and its products (variance contribution 29.9%). Soil texture and magnetic susceptibility were the main factors affecting the concentration of PAHs in urban soil. Meanwhile, this study suggested that the single, rapid, and nondeductive magnetic measurements can be an indicator of soil pollution by PAHs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijun Wang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, School of Geography and Tourism, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, People's Republic of China.
- International Joint Research Center of Shaanxi Province for Pollutant Exposure and Eco-environmental Health, Xi'an, 710062, People's Republic of China.
| | - Panqing Zhang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, School of Geography and Tourism, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, School of Geography and Tourism, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenjuan Zhang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, School of Geography and Tourism, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, People's Republic of China
| | - Xingmin Shi
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, School of Geography and Tourism, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinwei Lu
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, School of Geography and Tourism, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoping Li
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, School of Geography and Tourism, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, People's Republic of China
- International Joint Research Center of Shaanxi Province for Pollutant Exposure and Eco-environmental Health, Xi'an, 710062, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyun Li
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, School of Geography and Tourism, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, People's Republic of China
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35
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Liu R, He R, Cui X, Ma LQ. Impact of particle size on distribution, bioaccessibility, and cytotoxicity of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in indoor dust. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2018; 357:341-347. [PMID: 29906641 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2018.05.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Revised: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Contaminants, such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), can be absorbed on the particles of indoor dust, which may pose potential health risks. In this study, indoor dust samples were collected and sieved into 6 size fractions (i.e., <43 μm, 43-63 μm, 63-100 μm, 100-150 μm, 150-200 μm, and 200-2000 μm). Ingestion bioaccessibility of PAHs was measured by physiologically based extraction test. Bioaccessibility in fractions of 200-2000 μm was generally higher than those in other particle sizes. Daily uptake doses based on benzo(a)pyrene toxic equivalency quantity were 1.09-15.0 ng/d/kg, and peaked at fractions of <43 μm, while doses considering bioaccessibility ranged from 0.02 to 0.21 ng/d/kg, and peaked at fractions with relatively larger particle size. Cell toxicity was also investigated by human normal liver cell line viability through exposure to organic extracts of indoor dust fractions with various particle sizes. Our results indicated that it is crucial to consider dust particle size and bioaccessibility during risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongyan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Ruiwen He
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Xinyi Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Lena Q Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China; Soil and Water Science Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
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36
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Li Y, Jia Z, Wijesiri B, Song N, Goonetilleke A. Influence of traffic on build-up of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons on urban road surfaces: A Bayesian network modelling approach. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 237:767-774. [PMID: 29217392 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.10.125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Revised: 10/29/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Due to their carcinogenic effects, Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) deposited on urban surfaces are a major concern in the context of stormwater pollution. However, the design of effective pollution mitigation strategies is challenging due to the lack of reliability in stormwater quality modelling outcomes. Current modelling approaches do not adequately replicate the interdependencies between pollutant processes and their influential factors. Using Bayesian Network modelling, this research study characterised the influence of vehicular traffic on the build-up of the sixteen US EPA classified priority PAHs. The predictive analysis was conditional on the structure of the proposed BN, which can be further improved by including more variables. This novel modelling approach facilitated the characterisation of the influence of traffic as a source of origin and also as a key factor that influences the re-distribution of PAHs, with positive or negative relationship between traffic volume and PAH build-up. It was evident that the re-distribution of particle-bound PAHs is determined by the particle size rather than the chemical characteristics such as volatility. Moreover, compared to commercial and residential land uses, mostly industrial land use contributes to the PAHs load released to the environment. Carcinogenic PAHs in industrial areas are likely to be associated with finer particles, while PAHs, which are not classified as human carcinogens, are likely to be found in the coarser particle fraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingxia Li
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
| | - Ziliang Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
| | - Buddhi Wijesiri
- Science and Engineering Faculty, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), GPO Box 2434, Brisbane, 4001, Queensland, Australia.
| | - Ningning Song
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
| | - Ashantha Goonetilleke
- Science and Engineering Faculty, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), GPO Box 2434, Brisbane, 4001, Queensland, Australia.
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37
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Khan RK, Strand MA. Road dust and its effect on human health: a literature review. Epidemiol Health 2018. [PMID: 29642653 DOI: 10.4178/epih.e2018013.] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of road dust on human health. A PubMed search was used to extract references that included the words "road dust" and "health" or "fugitive dust" and "health" in the title or abstract. A total of 46 references were extracted and selected for review after the primary screening of 949 articles. The respiratory system was found to be the most affected system in the human body. Lead, platinum-group elements (platinum, rhodium, and bohrium), aluminum, zinc, vanadium, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons were the components of road dust that were most frequently referenced in the articles reviewed. Road dust was found to have harmful effects on the human body, especially on the respiratory system. To determine the complex mechanism of action of various components of road dust on the human body and the results thereof, the authors recommend a further meta-analysis and extensive risk-assessment research into the health impacts of dust exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raihan K Khan
- Department of Social and Behavioral Health Sciences, School of Public Health, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Mark A Strand
- Department of Public Health, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, USA
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38
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Khan RK, Strand MA. Road dust and its effect on human health: a literature review. Epidemiol Health 2018; 40:e2018013. [PMID: 29642653 PMCID: PMC5968206 DOI: 10.4178/epih.e2018013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of road dust on human health. A PubMed search was used to extract references that included the words “road dust” and “health” or “fugitive dust” and “health” in the title or abstract. A total of 46 references were extracted and selected for review after the primary screening of 949 articles. The respiratory system was found to be the most affected system in the human body. Lead, platinum-group elements (platinum, rhodium, and bohrium), aluminum, zinc, vanadium, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons were the components of road dust that were most frequently referenced in the articles reviewed. Road dust was found to have harmful effects on the human body, especially on the respiratory system. To determine the complex mechanism of action of various components of road dust on the human body and the results thereof, the authors recommend a further meta-analysis and extensive risk-assessment research into the health impacts of dust exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raihan K Khan
- Department of Social and Behavioral Health Sciences, School of Public Health, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Mark A Strand
- Department of Public Health, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, USA
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39
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Park CG, Cho HK, Shin HJ, Park KH, Lim HB. Comparison of Mutagenic Activities of Various Ultra-Fine Particles. Toxicol Res 2018; 34:163-172. [PMID: 29686778 PMCID: PMC5903137 DOI: 10.5487/tr.2018.34.2.163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Revised: 03/18/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Air pollution is increasing, along with consumption of fossil fuels such as coal and diesel gas. Air pollutants are known to be a major cause of respiratory-related illness and death, however, there are few reports on the genotoxic characterization of diverse air pollutants in Korea. In this study, we investigated the mutagenic activity of various particles such as diesel exhaust particles (DEP), combustion of rice straw (RSC), pine stem (PSC), and coal (CC), tunnel dust (TD), and road side dust (RD). Ultra-fine particles (UFPs) were collected by the glass fiber filter pad. Then, we performed a chemical analysis to see each of the component features of each particulate matter. The mutagenicity of various UFPs was determined by the Ames test with four Salmonella typhimurium strains with or without metabolic activation. The optimal concentrations of UFPs were selected based on result of a concentration decision test. Moreover, in order to compare relative mutagenicity among UFPs, we selected and tested DEP as mutation reference. DEP, RSC, and PSC induced concentration-dependent increases in revertant colony numbers with TA98, TA100, and TA1537 strains in the absence and presence of metabolic activation. DEP showed the highest specific activity among the particulate matters. In this study, we conclude that DEP, RSC, PSC, and TD displayed varying degrees of mutagenicity, and these results suggest that the mutagenicity of these air pollutants is associated with the presence of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in these particulate matters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Gyun Park
- College of Agriculture, Life & Environment Sciences, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju,
Korea
| | - Hyun Ki Cho
- College of Agriculture, Life & Environment Sciences, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju,
Korea
| | | | - Ki Hong Park
- National Leading Research Laboratory (Aerosol Technology and Monitoring Laboratory), School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju,
Korea
| | - Heung Bin Lim
- College of Agriculture, Life & Environment Sciences, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju,
Korea
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40
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Concentration and Risk Evaluation of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Urban Soil in the Typical Semi-Arid City of Xi'an in Northwest China. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2018; 15:ijerph15040607. [PMID: 29584654 PMCID: PMC5923649 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15040607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2018] [Revised: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are ubiquitous environmental pollutants, presenting potential threats to the ecological environment and human health. Sixty-two urban soil samples were collected in the typical semi-arid city of Xi’an in Northwest China. They were analyzed for concentration, pollution, and ecological and health risk of sixteen U.S. Environmental Protection Agency priority PAHs. The total concentrations of the sixteen PAHs (Σ16PAHs) in the urban soil ranged from 390.6 to 10,652.8 µg/kg with an average of 2052.6 µg/kg. The concentrations of some individual PAHs in the urban soil exceeded Dutch Target Values of Soil Quality and the Σ16PAHs represented heavy pollution. Pyrene and dibenz[a,h]anthracene had high ecological risk to aquatic/soil organisms, while other individual PAHs showed low ecological risk. The total ecological risk of PAHs to aquatic/soil organisms is classified as moderate. Toxic equivalency quantities (TEQs) of the sixteen PAHs varied between 21.16 and 1625.78 µg/kg, with an average of 423.86 µg/kg, indicating a relatively high toxicity potential. Ingestion and dermal adsorption of soil dust were major pathways of human exposure to PAHs from urban soil. Incremental lifetime cancer risks (ILCRs) of human exposure to PAHs were 2.86 × 10−5 for children and 2.53 × 10−5 for adults, suggesting that the cancer risk of human exposure to PAHs from urban soil is acceptable.
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41
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Wang XS. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in urban street dust: sources and health risk assessment. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2018; 40:383-393. [PMID: 28185219 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-017-9918-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Urban street dust samples from 49 sampling sites in Xuzhou (China) were collected and analyzed for 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. The organic matter and total carbon contents were also determined. The results showed that total PAHs concentrations varied from 2174 to 24,499 ng/g with a mean value of 6616 ng/g, organic matter content varied from 3.1 to 8.7% with a mean value of 5.8%, total carbon content varied from 13.2 to 24.2%, with a mean value of 19.9%. Total carbon content was found to show a significant correlation with total PAHs concentration, but such a relationship with total PAHs concentration was only weakly identified for organic matter content. Source Apportionment Techniques indicated pyrogenic sources were the main source of PAHs in urban street dust. The total incremental lifetime cancer risk, including dermal contact, ingestion and inhalation exposure pathways, was estimated to be 4.12 × 10-6 and 3.98 × 10-6 for children and adults, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Song Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Huaihai Institute of Technology, Lianyungang, 222005, Jiangsu, China.
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Jadoon WA, Khpalwak W, Chidya RCG, Abdel-Dayem SMMA, Takeda K, Makhdoom MA, Sakugawa H. Evaluation of Levels, Sources and Health Hazards of Road-Dust Associated Toxic Metals in Jalalabad and Kabul Cities, Afghanistan. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2018; 74:32-45. [PMID: 29159702 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-017-0475-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Accepted: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
This study was designed to investigate selected road-dust associated heavy metals, their relations with natural and anthropogenic sources, and potential human and environmental health risks. For this purpose, 42 and 36 road-dusts samples were collected from Jalalabad and Kabul cities (Afghanistan), respectively. The following elements were found in descending concentrations: Mn, Zn, Pb, Ni, Cu, Cr, Co, and Cd in Jalalabad; and Mn, Zn, Ni, Cu, Cr, Pb, Co, and Cd in Kabul. Except for Ni, all the elemental contents were less than the Canadian permissible limits in residential/parkland soils. Principle Component Analysis and enrichment of Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn pointed to anthropogenic sources, whereas Co, Cr, and Mn indicated crustal inputs. Broadly, Cd monomial risk index ([Formula: see text]) was considerable; however, one site each in both cities showed high risk ([Formula: see text] ≥ 350). The potential ecological risk (RI) is mostly low; however, at some sites, the risk was considerable. Ingestion appeared to be the main exposure route (99%) for heavy metals and contributed > 90% to noncancerous (all residents), as well as 92% (children) and 75-89% (adults) cancerous risks. The noncancerous risks of all metals and their integrated risks for all residents were within acceptable levels. Moreover, potential cancer risks in children from Ni and Cr were slightly higher than the US-EPA safe levels but were within acceptable levels for adults. This study found higher risks to children and therefore recommends proper management and ways to control metals pollution load in these areas to decrease human health and RIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waqar Azeem Jadoon
- Graduate School of Biosphere Science, Hiroshima University, 1-7-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, 739-8521, Japan
- Research Center for Inland Seas, Kobe University, 5-1-1 Fukaeminami, Higashinada, Kobe, 658-0022, Japan
| | - Wahdatullah Khpalwak
- Graduate School of Biosphere Science, Hiroshima University, 1-7-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, 739-8521, Japan
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Nangarhar University, Jalalabad, Afghanistan
| | - Russel Chrispine Garven Chidya
- Graduate School of Biosphere Science, Hiroshima University, 1-7-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, 739-8521, Japan
- Department of Water Resources Management, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Mzuzu University, Mzuzu, Malawi
| | - Sherif Mohamed Mohamed Ali Abdel-Dayem
- Graduate School of Biosphere Science, Hiroshima University, 1-7-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, 739-8521, Japan
- Department of Pesticides Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, 33516, Egypt
| | - Kazuhiko Takeda
- Graduate School of Biosphere Science, Hiroshima University, 1-7-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, 739-8521, Japan
| | | | - Hiroshi Sakugawa
- Graduate School of Biosphere Science, Hiroshima University, 1-7-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, 739-8521, Japan.
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Franco CFJ, de Resende MF, de Almeida Furtado L, Brasil TF, Eberlin MN, Netto ADP. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in street dust of Rio de Janeiro and Niterói, Brazil: Particle size distribution, sources and cancer risk assessment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 599-600:305-313. [PMID: 28477488 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.04.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2016] [Revised: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Fifteen polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were analyzed in two fractions (<63μm and 63-850μm) of street dust samples collected in different urban areas of Rio de Janeiro and Niterói cities, Brazil. Individual PAH concentrations and total PAH concentrations (∑PAH) were evaluated considering geographic and particle size distributions, PAH source and cancer risk. In 53% of the samples, ∑PAH values were higher in the smallest particles than in the largest ones, whereas the inverse was true for 23.5% of the samples. In 23.5% of the samples, both classes of particles showed comparable ∑PAH. The highest ∑PAH concentrations were found in areas of limited air dispersion, resulting in PAH accumulation in street dust. The diagnostic ratios and principal component analysis (PCA) indicated a strong influence of pyrogenic sources on PAH concentration, mainly of vehicular emissions. The cancer risk levels for children and adults, for both particulate size fractions (<63μm and 63μm-850μm), were comparable for dermal contact and by ingestion, and ranged from 10-8 to 10-6, whereas in certain cases the cancer risk level for adults by dermal contact was 2 to 3 times larger than for children. The cancer risk levels via inhalation always ranged from 10-13 to 10-10, so this exposure pathway was almost 104 less severe than through ingestion and dermal contact, and thus negligible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Fernandes Jaegger Franco
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Química - Instituto de Química - Universidade Federal Fluminense - Outeiro de São João Batista, s/n, 24020-141, Valonguinho, Centro, Niterói, RJ, Brazil; Laboratório de Química Analítica Fundamental e Aplicada - Departamento de Química Analítica - Instituto de Química - Universidade Federal Fluminense - Outeiro de São João Batista, s/n, 24020-141, Valonguinho, Centro, Niterói, RJ, Brazil; ThoMSon Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), 13083-970 Campinas, São Paulo, (SP), Brazil
| | - Michele Fabri de Resende
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Química - Instituto de Química - Universidade Federal Fluminense - Outeiro de São João Batista, s/n, 24020-141, Valonguinho, Centro, Niterói, RJ, Brazil; Laboratório de Química Analítica Fundamental e Aplicada - Departamento de Química Analítica - Instituto de Química - Universidade Federal Fluminense - Outeiro de São João Batista, s/n, 24020-141, Valonguinho, Centro, Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | - Leonardo de Almeida Furtado
- Laboratório de Química Analítica Fundamental e Aplicada - Departamento de Química Analítica - Instituto de Química - Universidade Federal Fluminense - Outeiro de São João Batista, s/n, 24020-141, Valonguinho, Centro, Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | - Taila Figueredo Brasil
- Laboratório de Química Analítica Fundamental e Aplicada - Departamento de Química Analítica - Instituto de Química - Universidade Federal Fluminense - Outeiro de São João Batista, s/n, 24020-141, Valonguinho, Centro, Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | - Marcos N Eberlin
- ThoMSon Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), 13083-970 Campinas, São Paulo, (SP), Brazil
| | - Annibal Duarte Pereira Netto
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Química - Instituto de Química - Universidade Federal Fluminense - Outeiro de São João Batista, s/n, 24020-141, Valonguinho, Centro, Niterói, RJ, Brazil; Laboratório de Química Analítica Fundamental e Aplicada - Departamento de Química Analítica - Instituto de Química - Universidade Federal Fluminense - Outeiro de São João Batista, s/n, 24020-141, Valonguinho, Centro, Niterói, RJ, Brazil.
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Zhang J, Wu J, Hua P, Zhao Z, Wu L, Fan G, Bai Y, Kaeseberg T, Krebs P. The influence of land use on source apportionment and risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in road-deposited sediment. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2017; 229:705-714. [PMID: 28711569 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Revised: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The pollution load of urban runoff is boosted due to the washing away of road-deposited sediment (RDS). Therefore, a source-oriented mitigation strategy is essential to integrated stormwater management. This study showcases the influence of land use dependent source apportionment and risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in RDS. Samples were collected from areas of different land uses, including commercial city centre, highway, residential rural and campus areas. According to the positive matrix factorisation (PMF) receptor model, different primary sources were identified at different land use areas. Generally, potential sources of gasoline- and diesel-powered engine emissions and other pyrogenic sources of biomass, coal, and wood combustions were identified as main sources of PAH content in RDS. The source specific risks posed by PAHs at different land uses were further estimated by the incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR). This shows that the mean ILCRs of the total cancer risk for children and adults at the given land uses were lower than the baseline value of an acceptable risk. However, the potential exposure risk to RDS adsorbed PAHs for children was considerably higher than that for adults. Vehicular emissions and wood combustion were the major contributors to the cancer risk with average contributions of 57 and 29%, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Zhang
- Institute of Urban Water Management, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Junwei Wu
- Institute of Urban Water Management, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Pei Hua
- Chair of Water Supply Engineering, Institute of Urban Water Management, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany.
| | - Zhonghua Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210008 Nanjing, PR China.
| | - Lei Wu
- College of Water Resources and Architectural Engineering, Northwest A&F University, 712100 Yangling, PR China
| | - Gongduan Fan
- College of Civil Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, PR China
| | - Yun Bai
- National Research Base of Intelligent Manufacturing Service, Chongqing Technology and Business University, 400067 Chongqing, PR China
| | - Thomas Kaeseberg
- Institute of Urban Water Management, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Peter Krebs
- Institute of Urban Water Management, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
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45
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Jiao H, Bian G, Chen X, Wang S, Zhuang X, Bai Z. Distribution, sources, and potential risk of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soils from an industrial district in Shanxi, China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:12243-12260. [PMID: 28357788 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-8553-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2016] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Concentration, composition profile, orientation distribution, sources, and potential risks of 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were analyzed in 76 surface (0-25 cm) soil samples collected from the Changzhi industrial district in July 2014 using a gas chromatography mass spectrometer (GC-MS QP2010 Ultra) system. The composition patterns of the PAHs were dominated by the presence of four-ring PAHs (average 42.9%), followed by three-ring (average 25.9%), five-ring PAHs (average 25.6%), two-ring PAHs (average 5.03%), and lastly, six-ring PAHs (average 0.641%). Source apportionment of the soil PAHs was also performed by the diagnostic ratios, principal component analysis (PCA), and coefficient of divergence (CD) analysis indicated signatures of PAHs sources (including incineration, coal/wood combustion, and vehicular exhaust emission). The total concentration of 16 PAHs (∑16PAHs) found in the roadsides soils (RS) ranged from 2197 to 25,041 μg kg-1, with an arithmetic mean value of 12,245 μg kg-1; followed by the village soils (VS), which ranged from 2059 to 21,240 μg kg-1, with a mean of 8976 μg kg-1; and lastly, the agricultural soils (AS), which ranged from 794 to 16,858 μg kg-1, with a mean of 3456 μg kg-1. According to the numerical effect-based soils quality guidelines of Maliszewska-Kordybach, the levels of PAHs in the sampled industrial areas range from high to heavy contamination. The values of total benzo[a]pyrene toxicity equivalent values (∑Bapeq16PAHs) in the sample areas ranged from 0.087 to 3611 μg kg-1 with an average of 969 μg kg-1. According to the soil quality guidelines of Canada, values found in the highest range (100 μg kg-1), which are equal to those of ∑Bapeq16PAHs found in the industrial area samples, will exert adverse biological effects. The results of this research could potentially be useful for local governments to control toxicity exposure, promote actions to alleviate PAHs contamination, and to manage human health at both work and industrial areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haihua Jiao
- Department of Biological Sciences and Technology, Changzhi University, Changzhi, 046011, China
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Gaopeng Bian
- Department of Biological Sciences and Technology, Changzhi University, Changzhi, 046011, China
| | - Xi Chen
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Suiliang Wang
- Department of Biological Sciences and Technology, Changzhi University, Changzhi, 046011, China
| | - Xuliang Zhuang
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Zhihui Bai
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China.
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China.
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Li Y, Song N, Yu Y, Yang Z, Shen Z. Characteristics of PAHs in street dust of Beijing and the annual wash-off load using an improved load calculation method. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 581-582:328-336. [PMID: 28043705 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.12.133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Revised: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A significant amount of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) adsorbed in street dust ends up in runoff. Accordingly, evaluating the content, possible wash-off load and constituent risks associated with street dust is critical for urban runoff usage. Based on the PAH concentrations examined in this study, different risk assessment methods were applied and the differences among results were analyzed. An improved PAH wash-off calculation method was established and the annual PAH wash-off load was obtained. In addition, emission sources were diagnosed based on isomer ratios and PMF methods. The overall mean ΣPAHs (sum of 16 individual PAHs) concentration in the street dust was 3.70μg/g, with the highest mean concentrations found for main roads (5.18μg/g). Adjacent anthropogenic activities had a greater effect on pollution characteristics of street dust than land use types. The toxic risk order was park (0.64μg/g)>main road (0.57μg/g)>residence (0.32μg/g)>street (0.29μg/g)>commerce (0.23μg/g), while that of the ecological risk index was main road (1278)>street (920)>residence (904)>commerce (713)>park (195). Although the park sites had a high level of toxic risk, they showed low ecological risk because they had less dust mass per unit area, indicating a great difference in the risk evaluation results and the difference methods. Using different values for different magnitudes of the antecedent dry days, rainfall event amounts, and dust mass fraction of different size ranges, the average wash-off load of ΣPAHs from street dust was calculated to be 23kg per year in Beijing from 2000 to 2014 with an improved wash-off load calculation method. The main sources of PAHs in the street dust of Beijing's center were identified as gasoline emissions, diesel emissions, coal combustion and unburned petroleum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingxia Li
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
| | - Ningning Song
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Yang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Zhifeng Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Zhenyao Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
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Wang Z, Wang S, Nie J, Wang Y, Liu Y. Assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in indoor dust from varying categories of rooms in Changchun city, northeast China. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2017; 39:15-27. [PMID: 26821325 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-016-9802-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Accepted: 01/20/2016] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Sixteen polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were isolated from indoor dust from various categories of rooms in Changchun city, northeast China, including dormitory, office, kitchen, and living rooms. PAH concentrations ranged from 33.9 to 196.4 μg g-1 and 21.8 to 329.6 μg g-1 during summer and winter, respectively, indicating that total PAH concentrations in indoor dust are much higher than those in other media from the urban environment, including soils and sediments. The percentage of five- to six-ring PAHs was high, indicating that PAHs found in indoor dust mainly originate from pyrolysis rather than a petrogenic source. Rooms were divided into three groups using cluster analysis on the basis of 16 PAH compositions, namely smoke-free homes, homes exposed to smoke and offices. Results showed that the source of PAHs in smoke-free residential homes is primarily the burning of fossil fuels. In addition to the burning of fossil fuels, biomass combustion and cooking contributed to PAHs in houses exposed to smoke (including kitchens). Motor vehicles are an additional source of PAHs in offices because of greater interactions with the outdoor environment. The results of health risk assessment showed that the cancer risk levels by dermal contact and ingestion are 104- to 105-fold higher than that by inhalation, suggesting that ingestion and dermal contact of carcinogenic PAHs in dust are more important exposure routes than inhalation of PAHs from air. Although the results showed high potential of PAH concentrations in indoor dust in Changchun for human health risk, caution should be taken to evaluate the risk of PAHs calculated by USEPA standard models with default parameters because habitation styles are different in various categories of rooms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zucheng Wang
- Institute for Peat and Mire Research, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Vegetation Restoration, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin, China.
| | - Shengzhong Wang
- Institute for Peat and Mire Research, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Vegetation Restoration, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Jiaqin Nie
- Institute for Peat and Mire Research, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Vegetation Restoration, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Yuanhong Wang
- Faculty of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Yuyan Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Chemistry, Changji University, Changji, Xinjiang, China
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Bulejko P, Adamec V, Schüllerová B, Skeřil R. Levels, sources, and health risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Brno, Czech Republic: a 5-year study. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:20462-20473. [PMID: 27460026 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-7172-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Accepted: 06/30/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
This work aimed to determine the seasonal variations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in airborne PM10 at two background sites (Masná-MS, Líšeň-LN) in Brno over a 5-year period (2009-2013). Samples were collected on quartz filters using a low-volume sampler by continual filtration. Concentrations of PAHs in collected PM10 samples were determined using a gas chromatography with a mass spectrometer as a detector. A different number of PAHs were determined to be at each site, i.e., 11 PAHs at the MS site and six PAHs at the LN site, and similarities between them were identified using non-parametric analysis of variance. Potential sources were identified using principal component analysis (PCA) and PAHs diagnostic ratios. The work also focused on health risk assessment. This was estimated using toxic equivalent factors to calculate individual lifetime cancer risk, which quantifies risk of exposure to PAHs for specific age groups. The average 11-PAH concentrations in M|S site annually ranged from 19.28 ± 19.02 ng m-3 (2011) to 40.37 ± 21.35 ng m-3 (2013). With regard to the LN site, the average six-PAH concentrations annually ranged from 3.64 ± 3.87 ng m-3 (2009) and 5.27 ± 6.19 ng m-3 (2012). PCA and diagnostic ratios indicate the main sources to be traffic emissions and coal combustion. Health risk assessment showed carcinogenic risk under limit value in all cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Bulejko
- Heat Transfer and Fluid Flow Laboratory, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Brno University of Technology, Technická 2, 616 69, Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Vladimír Adamec
- Department of Risk Engineering, Institute of Forensic Engineering, Brno University of Technology, Purkyňova 464/118, 612 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Barbora Schüllerová
- Department of Risk Engineering, Institute of Forensic Engineering, Brno University of Technology, Purkyňova 464/118, 612 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Robert Skeřil
- Czech Hydrometeorological Institute, Brno Regional Office, Kroftova 2578/43, 616 67, Brno, Czech Republic
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49
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Liu L, Liu A, Li Y, Zhang L, Zhang G, Guan Y. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons associated with road deposited solid and their ecological risk: Implications for road stormwater reuse. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 563-564:190-198. [PMID: 27135582 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.04.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2016] [Revised: 04/16/2016] [Accepted: 04/16/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Reusing stormwater is becoming popular worldwide. However, urban road stormwater commonly contains toxic pollutants, such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), which could undermine reuse safety. This study investigated pollution level of PAHs and their composition build-up on urban roads in a typical megacity in South China. The potential ecological risk posed by PAHs associated with road deposited solid (RDS) was also assessed. Results showed that ecological risk levels varied based on different land use types, which could be significantly influenced by the composition of PAHs and characteristics of RDS. A higher percentage of high-ring PAHs, such as more than four rings, could pose higher ecological risk and are more likely to undermine stormwater reuse safety. Additionally, the degree of traffic congestion rather than traffic volume was found to exert a more significant influence on the generation of high-ring PAH generation. Therefore, stormwater from more congested roads might need proper treatment (particularly for removing high-ring PAHs) before reuse or could be suitable for purposes requiring low-water-quality. The findings of this study are expected to contribute to adequate stormwater reuse strategy development and to enhance the safety of urban road stormwater reuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Liu
- Graduate school at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - An Liu
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Yang Li
- Graduate school at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control (MARC), Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, China
| | - Lixun Zhang
- Graduate school at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control (MARC), Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, China
| | - Guijuan Zhang
- Graduate school at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control (MARC), Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, China
| | - Yuntao Guan
- Graduate school at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control (MARC), Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, China.
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50
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Wang L, Wang L, Tao W, Smardon RC, Shi X, Lu X. Characteristics, sources, and health risk of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in urban surface dust: a case study of the city of Xi'an in Northwest China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:13389-13402. [PMID: 27026541 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-6528-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2015] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are ubiquitous environmental pollutants. Urban surface dust is an important carrier of PAHs. To investigate the characteristics, sources, and health risk of PAHs in urban surface dust, this study collected urban surface dust samples from Xi'an, the largest city in Northwest China and one of the cities with severe smog occurrences in China. The total concentration of 16 US EPA priority PAHs (∑16PAHs) ranged from 5.0 to 48 mg/kg, with an average of 14 mg/kg. The seven carcinogenic PAHs accounted for 21 to 65 % of the ∑16PAHs. Higher levels of PAHs were found in its industrial, traffic, and mixed commercial and traffic districts. The PAHs were dominated by four-ring PAHs, and the predominant components were Fla, Phe, Chy, and Pyr. Multivariate statistical analyses showed that the PAHs originated mainly from the combustion of fossil fuel as well as coal and wood, and petroleum emission. The toxic equivalency quantities (TEQs) of urban surface dustborne PAHs ranged from 0.25 to 8.3 mg/kg, with a mean of 1.8 mg/kg. The 95 % upper confidence limit of incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) due to human exposure to urban surface dustborne PAHs was 8.2 × 10(-5) for children and 7.3 × 10(-5) for adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijun Wang
- College of Tourism and Environment, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China.
| | - Li Wang
- College of Tourism and Environment, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Wendong Tao
- College of Environmental Science and Forestry, State University of New York, 1 Forestry Dr., Syracuse, NY, 13201, USA
| | - Richard C Smardon
- College of Environmental Science and Forestry, State University of New York, 1 Forestry Dr., Syracuse, NY, 13201, USA
| | - Xingmin Shi
- College of Tourism and Environment, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Xinwei Lu
- College of Tourism and Environment, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
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