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Hao X, Wang J, Chen Y, Zheng X, Zhou L, Wang Y. Characteristics of Gaseous Elemental Mercury in a Suburban Area of Shanghai, China. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2024; 113:4. [PMID: 38965118 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-024-03912-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024]
Abstract
To clarify gaseous elemental mercury (GEM) in suburban megacities in the Yangtze River Delta region, China, we observed GEM concentrations from December 2019 to November 2020 in Wujing town, a suburban area of Shanghai. The annual mean GEM concentration was 1.44 ± 0.88 ng m-3. Compared with the historical monitoring data of GEM in Shanghai over the past 10 years, the concentration of GEM showed a decreasing trend. The monthly mean concentrations of GEM showed clear seasonal variation, with higher values in the spring and winter. In spring and winter, typical Hg pollution events were observed, which could be mostly associated with increased local anthropogenic activity and temperature inversion. The results of the correlation analysis of the daily mean GEM concentrations with the AQI and backward trajectory calculations indicate that mercury pollution at monitoring sites can be affected by local, regional and interregional influences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyi Hao
- School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, PR China
| | - Ji Wang
- School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, PR China
| | - Yuanyuan Chen
- School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, PR China
| | - Xiangmin Zheng
- School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, PR China
| | - Limin Zhou
- School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science, Ministry of Education, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, PR China
- Institute of Eco-Chongming, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, PR China
| | - Yongjie Wang
- School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, PR China.
- Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science, Ministry of Education, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, PR China.
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2
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Rao MN, Latha R, Nikhil K, Murthy BS. Atmospheric gaseous mercury and associated health risk assessment in the economic capital of India. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2024; 196:519. [PMID: 38713313 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-024-12679-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
Mercury cycling in coastal metropolitan areas on the west coast of India becomes complex due to the combined effects of both intensive domestic anthropogenic emissions and marine air masses. The present study is based on yearlong data of continuous measurements of gaseous elemental mercury (GEM) concentration concurrent with meteorological parameters and some air pollutants at a coastal urban site in Mumbai, on the west coast of India, for the first time. The concentration of GEM was found in a range between 2.2 and 12.3 ng/m3, with a mean of 3.1 ± 1.1 ng/m3, which was significantly higher than the continental background values in the Northern Hemisphere (~ 1.5 ng/m3). Unlike particulates, GEM starts increasing post-winter to peak during the monsoon and decrease towards winter. July had the highest concentration of GEM followed by October, and a minimum in January. GEM exhibited a distinct diurnal cycle, mainly with a broad peak in the early morning, a narrow one by nightfall, and a minimum in the afternoon. The peaks and their timing suggest the origin of urban mobility and the start of local activities. A positive correlation between SO2, PM2.5, temperature, relative humidity, and GEM indicates that emissions from local industrial plants in the Mumbai coastal area. Principal component analysis (PCA) and cluster analysis (CA) confirm this fact. Monthly back trajectory analysis showed that air mass flows are predominantly from the Arabian Sea and local human activities. Assessment of human health risks by USEPA model reveals that the hazardous quotient, HQ < 1, implies negligible carcinogenic risk. GEM observations in Mumbai during the study period are below the World Health Organization's (WHO) safe limit (200 ng/m3) for long-term inhalation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Nageswar Rao
- Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, Dr. Homi Road, Pune, 411008, India
| | - R Latha
- Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, Dr. Homi Road, Pune, 411008, India.
| | - K Nikhil
- Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, Dr. Homi Road, Pune, 411008, India
- University of Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - B S Murthy
- Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, Dr. Homi Road, Pune, 411008, India
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Zhang W, Li J, Qiu H, Guo X, Fei Z, Xing Y, Yin D. Distribution and bioavailability of mercury in size-fractioned atmospheric particles around an ultra-low emission power plant in Southwest China. J Environ Sci (China) 2024; 138:141-152. [PMID: 38135383 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2023.03.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
Ultra-low emission (ULE) technology retrofits significantly impact the particulate-bound mercury (Hg) emissions from coal-fired power plants (CFPPs); however, the distribution and bioavailability of Hg in size-fractioned particulate matter (PM) around the ULE-retrofitted CFPPs are less understood. Here, total Hg and its chemical speciation in TSP (total suspended particles), PM10 (aerodynamic particle diameter ≤ 10 µm) and PM2.5 (aerodynamic particle diameter ≤ 2.5 µm) around a ULE-retrofitted CFPP in Guizhou Province were quantified. Atmospheric PM2.5 concentration was higher around this ULE-retrofitted CFPP than that in the intra-regional urban cities, and it had higher mass Hg concentration than other size-fractioned PM. Total Hg concentrations in PM had multifarious sources including CFPP, vehicle exhaust and biomass combustion, while they were significantly higher in autumn and winter than those in other seasons (P < 0.05). Regardless of particulate size, atmospheric PM-bound Hg had lower residual fractions (< 21%) while higher HCl-soluble fractions (> 40%). Mass concentrations of exchangeable, HCl-soluble, elemental, and residual Hg in PM2.5 were higher than those in other size-fractioned PM, and were markedly elevated in autumn and winter (P < 0.05). In PM2.5, HCl-soluble Hg presented a significantly positive relationship with elemental Hg (P < 0.05), while residual Hg showed the significantly positive relationships with HCl-soluble Hg and elemental Hg (P < 0.01). Overall, these results suggested that atmospheric PM-bound Hg around the ULE-retrofitted CFPP tends to accumulate in finer PM, and has higher bioavailable fractions, while has potential transformation between chemical speciation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhang
- College of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China; College of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Guizhou Institute of Technology, Guiyang 550003, China
| | - Jinjuan Li
- College of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China; Key Laboratory of Karst Georesources and Environment (Guizhou University), Ministry of Education, Guiyang 550025, China.
| | - Hao Qiu
- College of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Xingqiang Guo
- College of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Zhijun Fei
- College of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Yi Xing
- School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science & Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Deliang Yin
- Key Laboratory of Karst Georesources and Environment (Guizhou University), Ministry of Education, Guiyang 550025, China.
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Luo Q, Ren Y, Sun Z, Li Y, Li B, Yang S, Zhang W, Wania F, Hu Y, Cheng H. Characterization of atmospheric mercury from mercury-added product manufacturing using passive air samplers. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 337:122519. [PMID: 37690466 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 09/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
Although alternatives to mercury (Hg) are available in most products and industrial activities, Hg continues to be an ingredient in some products, including fluorescent lamps and electrical and electronic equipment (EEE). In this work, low-cost passive air samplers (PASs) were used to investigate the atmospheric Hg pollution in Zhongshan, a large industrial city and major hub of mercury-added product manufacturing in South China. The GEM concentrations in the atmosphere were measured for two weeks during the summer of 2019 at a total of 144 sites across Zhongshan. Comparison with the results of active sampling confirmed that the PASs yielded accurate and reliable gaseous elemental mercury (GEM) concentrations and were thus well-suited for multi-site field monitoring. The mean GEM concentrations in the areas with mercury-added product manufacturing activities (5.1 ± 0.4 ng m-3) were significantly higher than those in other parts of Zhongshan (1.5 ± 0.4 ng m-3), indicating that local releases, rather than regional transport, were responsible for the atmospheric Hg pollution. Elevated GEM concentrations (up to 11.4 ng m-3) were found in the vicinity of fluorescent lamp and EEE factories and workshops, indicating significant Hg vapor emissions, presumably from the outdated production technologies and non-standard operation by under-trained workers. The Hg emissions from mercury-added product manufacturing were estimated to be 0.06 and 7.8 t yr-1 for Zhongshan and China, respectively, based on the scales of fluorescent lamp and EEE production. The non-carcinogenic health risk of Zhongshan residents from inhalation and ingestion was judged acceptable, whereby the inhalation exposure in Hg-polluted areas exceeded that of dietary ingestion. These findings demonstrate that mercury-added product manufacturing still contributes notably to anthropogenic gaseous Hg releases in the industrial areas with intense mercury-added product manufacturing activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Luo
- MOE Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Yuxuan Ren
- MOE Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Zehang Sun
- School of Land and Tourism, Luoyang Normal University, Luoyang, 471934, Henan, China
| | - Yu Li
- MOE Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Bing Li
- MOE Laboratory of Groundwater Circulation and Evolution, School of Water Resources and Environment, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Sen Yang
- MOE Laboratory of Groundwater Circulation and Evolution, School of Water Resources and Environment, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Wanpeng Zhang
- MOE Laboratory of Groundwater Circulation and Evolution, School of Water Resources and Environment, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Frank Wania
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - Yuanan Hu
- MOE Laboratory of Groundwater Circulation and Evolution, School of Water Resources and Environment, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Hefa Cheng
- MOE Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China.
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Chen C, Qin X, Li H, Li H, Liu C, Fu M, Wang X, Huo J, Duan Y, Fu Q, Huang K, Deng C. Atmospheric mercury in a developed region of eastern China: Interannual variation and gas-particle partitioning. Heliyon 2023; 9:e19786. [PMID: 37771526 PMCID: PMC10522948 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e19786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Atmospheric mercury plays a crucial role in the biogeochemical cycle of mercury. This study conducted an intensive measurement of atmospheric mercury from 2015 to 2018 at a regional site in eastern China. During this period, the concentration of particle-bound mercury (PBM) decreased by 13%, which was much lower than those of gaseous elemenral mercury (GEM, 30%) and reactive gaseous mercury (GOM, 62%). The gradual decrease in the correlation between PBM and CO, K, and Pb indicates that the influence of primary emissions on PBM concentration was weakening. Moreover, the value of the partitioning coefficient (Kp) increased gradually from 0.05 ± 0.076 m3/μg in 2015 to 0.16 ± 0.37 m3/μg in 2018, indicating that GOM was increasingly inclined to adsorb onto particulate matter. Excluding the influence of meteorological conditions and the primary emissions, the change in aerosol composition is designated as the main trigger factor for the increasing gas-particle partitioning of reactive mercury (RM). The increasing ratio of Cl-, NO3-, and organics (Org) in the chemical composition of particle matters (PM2.5), as well as the decrease in the proportion of SO42-, NH4+, and K+, are conducive to the adsorption of GOM onto particles, forming PBM, which led to an increase of Kp and a lag of PBM reduction compared to GEM and GOM under the continuous control measures of anthropogenic mercury emissions. The evolution of aerosol compositions in recent years affects the migration and transformation of atmospheric mercury, which in turn can affect the biogeochemical cycle of mercury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Chen
- Center for Atmospheric Chemistry Study, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Xiaofei Qin
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao, 266520, China
| | - Hao Li
- Center for Atmospheric Chemistry Study, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Haiyan Li
- Center for Atmospheric Chemistry Study, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Chengfeng Liu
- Center for Atmospheric Chemistry Study, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Mengxin Fu
- Center for Atmospheric Chemistry Study, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Xiaohao Wang
- State Ecologic Environmental Scientific Observation and Research Station for Dianshan Lake, Shanghai Environmental Monitoring Center, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Juntao Huo
- State Ecologic Environmental Scientific Observation and Research Station for Dianshan Lake, Shanghai Environmental Monitoring Center, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Yusen Duan
- State Ecologic Environmental Scientific Observation and Research Station for Dianshan Lake, Shanghai Environmental Monitoring Center, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Qingyan Fu
- State Ecologic Environmental Scientific Observation and Research Station for Dianshan Lake, Shanghai Environmental Monitoring Center, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Kan Huang
- Center for Atmospheric Chemistry Study, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Congrui Deng
- Center for Atmospheric Chemistry Study, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
- IRDR ICoE on Risk Interconnectivity and Governance on Weather/Climate Extremes Impact and Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
- Institute of Eco-Chongming (IEC), Shanghai, 202162, China
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Qin X, Dong X, Tao Z, Wei R, Zhang H, Guo Q. Tracing the transboundary transport of atmospheric Particulate Bound Mercury driven by the East Asian monsoon. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 446:130678. [PMID: 36608578 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.130678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Taking Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei (BTH) with severe atmospheric mercury (Hg) and PM2.5 pollution as a typical region, this study clarified the characteristics and transboundary transport of atmospheric Particulate Bound Mercury (PBM2.5) affected by the East Asian monsoon. Five sampling sites were conducted in rural, suburban, urban, industrial, and coastal areas of BTH from northwest to southeast along the East Asian monsoon direction. PBM2.5 showed increasing concentrations from northwest to southeast and negative δ202Hg values, indicating significant contributions from anthropogenic sources. However, the mean Δ199Hg values of PBM2.5 at the five sites were significantly positive, probably triggered by the photoreduction of Hg(II) during long-range transport driven by the East Asian monsoon. Apart from local anthropogenic emissions as the primary sources, the transboundary transport of PBM2.5, driven by west and northwest air masses originating in Central Asia and Russia, contributed significantly to the PBM2.5 pollution of BTH. Moreover, these air masses reaching BTH would carry elevated PBM2.5 concentrations further transported to the ocean by the East Asian monsoon. In contrast, the southeast air masses transported from the ocean by the East Asian monsoon in summer diluted inland PBM2.5 pollution. This study provides insight into the atmospheric Hg circulation affected by the East Asian monsoon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuechao Qin
- Center for Environmental Remediation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Department of Health, Ethics and Society, Care and Public Health Research Institute, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht 6229 HA, the Netherlands
| | - Xinyuan Dong
- Center for Environmental Remediation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhenghua Tao
- Center for Environmental Remediation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Rongfei Wei
- Center for Environmental Remediation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Hua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550081, China
| | - Qingjun Guo
- Center for Environmental Remediation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
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Yuan CS, Chiang KC, Yen PH, Ceng JH, Lee CE, Du IC, Soong KY, Jeng MS. Long-range transport of atmospheric speciated mercury from the eastern waters of Taiwan Island to northern South China Sea. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 318:120899. [PMID: 36565910 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
This study explored the temporospatial distribution, gas-particle partition, and pollution sources of atmospheric speciated mercury (ASM) from the eastern offshore waters of the Taiwan Island (TI) to the northern South China Sea (SCS). Both gaseous and particulate mercury were simultaneously sampled at three remote sites in four seasons. The average concentrations of gaseous elemental mercury (GEM), gaseous oxidized mercury (GOM), and particulate bound mercury (PBM) were 2.05 ± 0.45 ng/m3, 19.17 ± 5.39 pg/m3, and 0.11 ± 0.06 ng/m3, respectively. The concentrations of GEM and PBM in the cold seasons were higher than those in the warm seasons, but those of GOM had an opposite trend. In terms of gas-solid partition, ASM was apportioned as 91.3-97.3% of GEM and 2.7-8.7% of GOM and PBM. The average concentrations of GEM, GOM, and PBM at the Green Island (GI) were 2.21 ± 0.47 ng/m3, 22.31 ± 5.35 pg/m3, and 0.12 ± 0.06 ng/m3; those at the Kenting Peninsula (KT) were 2.11 ± 0.43 ng/m3, 20.57 ± 4.38 pg/m3, and 0.11 ± 0.06 ng/m3; and those at the Dongsha Islands (DS) were 1.84 ± 0.40 ng/m3, 15.19 ± 3.58 pg/m3, and 0.08 ± 0.05 ng/m3, respectively. Overall, the spatial distribution of ASM concentrations showed the order as: GI > KT > DS. Air masses blown mainly from the West Pacific Ocean (WPO) and SCS in summer showed the lowest ASM concentrations. Oppositely, high ASM concentrations were commonly observed in spring and winter when polluted air masses were blown by Asian Northeastern Monsoons (ANMs). The transport routes of polluted air masses were originated mainly from North China, Central China, Northeast China, Korea and Japan, and mostly passed through the urban and industrial regions in the northeastern Asian countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chung-Shin Yuan
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Sun Yat-sen University, Taiwan, ROC; Aerosol Science Research Center, National Sun Yat-sen University, Taiwan, ROC.
| | - Kuan-Chen Chiang
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Sun Yat-sen University, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Po-Hsuan Yen
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Sun Yat-sen University, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Jun-Hao Ceng
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Sun Yat-sen University, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Cheng-En Lee
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Sun Yat-sen University, Taiwan, ROC
| | - I-Chieh Du
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Sun Yat-sen University, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Ker-Yea Soong
- Institute of Marine Biology, National Sun Yat-sen University, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Ming-Shiou Jeng
- Biodiversity Research Center, Academia Sinica, Nangang, Taipei City, Taiwan, ROC; Green Island Marine Research Station, Biodiversity Research Center, Academia. Sinica, Green Island, Taitung County, Taiwan, ROC
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Wang X, Zhong W, Wang B, Quan M, Li T, Lin D, Shang S, Zhu C, Zhang C, Liao Y. Spatial-temporal variations and pollution risks of mercury in water and sediments of urban lakes in Guangzhou City, South China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:80817-80830. [PMID: 35729385 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-21424-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
This study aims to investigate the spatial and temporal characteristics, pollution degrees, and potential ecological risks of mercury (Hg) in urban lake waters and sediments in Guangzhou, where is a typical area of Hg emission and population-economic-industrial concentration in South China. In different districts of this city, the water from 15 lakes were collected continuously from June 2020 to May 2021, and the sediments from 9 lakes were collected in 2015 and 2021. The seasonal changes of Hg concentration (Hg-C) in the water were found to be high in winter and low in summer. The spatial distribution of Hg-C in sediments showed that it was high in urban central areas and low in suburbs. The Nemero index and geological accumulation index showed that there were uncontaminated of Hg in the collected lake water, and above moderately contaminated in the lake sediments in urban center, respectively. The Hg pollution potential ecological risk index showed that there was low risk in the collected water, high and extremely high risk in the lake sediments in urban center, respectively. The principal component analysis (PCA) and correlation analysis (CA) of Hg and meteorological factors showed that precipitation, temperature, and vapor pressure had negative effects on the seasonal changes of Hg-C in water, and air pressure and wind direction had positive effects. The PCA and CA of Hg and other geochemical elements showed that anthropogenic emissions may be the main sources of Hg in sediments, which was also supported by the data of population density, road density, and motor vehicles per 1000 people. This study provided a reference for urban lake pollution treatment, resident health, and ecological environment protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojun Wang
- School of Geography Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China
| | - Wei Zhong
- School of Geography Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China.
| | - Bingxiang Wang
- School of Geography Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China
| | - Mingying Quan
- School of Geography Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China
| | - Tianhang Li
- School of Geography Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China
| | - Durui Lin
- School of Geography Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China
| | - Shengtan Shang
- School of Earth Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Zhuhai, 519082, China
| | - Chan Zhu
- Guangdong Center for Marine Development Research, Guangzhou, 510220, China
| | - Churan Zhang
- School of Geography Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China
| | - Yiling Liao
- School of Geography Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China
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9
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Wang C, Wang Z, Zhang Y, Zhang X. Sustained high atmospheric Hg level in Beijing during wet seasons suggests that anthropogenic pollution is continuing: Identification of potential sources. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 214:113814. [PMID: 35820652 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.113814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Gaseous elemental Hg (GEM), particulate bound Hg (PBM), and gaseous oxidized Hg (GOM) were monitored at an urban site in Beijing, China during wet seasons (July-November) of 2021. The mean (± standard deviation) GEM, PBM, and GOM concentrations were 3.45 ± 1.27 ng m-3, 48.2 ± 88.6 pg m-3, and 13.7 ± 55.0 pg m-3, respectively. GEM level was stable (generally 3.0-4.0 ng m-3) and the average concentration was about twice that of the background level in Beijing, while the occasionally very high PBM and GOM concentrations (>1000 pg m-3) suggest pollution events. Moreover, GEM, CO, and NO2 exhibit a conspicuous similar diurnal trend with lower values during daytime compared to nighttime under the combined influence of anthropogenic emissions and meteorological factors, and the significantly positive relationship between them indicates that they had similar or common sources. However, the diurnal pattern of reactive Hg (i.e., RM = PBM + GOM) was not pronounced. Both cluster and potential source contribution function analyses show that southern Beijing, Tianjin, as well as central and east Hebei provinces were the dominant source regions for elevated GEM at this monitoring site. The dominant reason for the elevated GEM level (generally >3.5 ng m-3) during pollution event is that majority of air masses originated from the southern polluted regions of this sampling site and traveled at low heights, while the long-range transport of upper clean air masses and continuous high traveling heights were attributed to the low GEM level (<2.0 ng m-3) during clean event. Positive matrix factorization results reveal that regional transport of coal fired air pollutants and local vehicle emissions were the dominant contributors to elevated GEM level, while RM mainly originated from local sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunjie Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 18 Shuangqing Road, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Zhangwei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 18 Shuangqing Road, Beijing, 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 18 Shuangqing Road, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Xiaoshan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 18 Shuangqing Road, Beijing, 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
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Yuan CS, Lee CE, Ie IR, Chiang KC, Tseng YL, Wong KW. Seasonal variation and source identification of atmospheric speciated mercury in an industrial harbor area in East Asia. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 815:152785. [PMID: 34990687 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.152785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the pollution characteristics, spatiotemporal variation, and potential sources of atmospheric speciated mercury (ASM) in an industrial harbor area were explored. Gaseous elemental mercury (GEM), gaseous oxidized mercury (GOM), and particle-bound mercury (PBM) were sampled by a self-designed manual system at three harbor sites in four seasons. The yearly average concentrations of GEM, GOM, and PBM were 6.7 ± 2.0 ng/m3, 244 ± 70 pg/m3, and 410 ± 105 pg/m3, respectively. The seasonal average ASM concentration was in the order of: winter > fall > spring > summer. In terms of species, GEM dominated ASM, while reactive mercury (RM = GOM + PBM) accounted for 6.0-15.7%of ASM, implying that ASM was governed by anthropogenic sources in the harbor area. The highest ASM concentrations were observed at Site Zhonghe (ZH), which is mainly influenced by both ship exhausts and industrial emissions, and positively correlated with CO, NOx, and SO2. In particular, GOM was positively correlated with O3, and negatively correlated with air temperature and relative humidity, showing high impact from atmospheric photochemical reactions. Air masses transporting westerly in spring were mainly from ship exhausts. In summer, air masses transporting from the south were from utility power plants and machinery exhausts. In fall and winter, air masses were transported mainly from the north, blowing by the long-range transport of polluted air masses originated from the north. Both principal component analysis and positive matrix factorization results indicate that coal burning, industrial emissions, and vehicular exhausts are the main contributors to ASM. Site Zhongdao (ZD) was close to the bulk carrier loading and unloading zones and was highly influenced by mobile sources, while Site ZH was mainly influenced by the neighboring industrial complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chung-Shin Yuan
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Sun Yat-Sen University, 70, Lian-Hai Road, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan, ROC.
| | - Cheng-En Lee
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Sun Yat-Sen University, 70, Lian-Hai Road, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Iau-Ren Ie
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Sun Yat-Sen University, 70, Lian-Hai Road, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Kuan-Chen Chiang
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Sun Yat-Sen University, 70, Lian-Hai Road, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yu-Lun Tseng
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Sun Yat-Sen University, 70, Lian-Hai Road, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Kwok-Wai Wong
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Sun Yat-Sen University, 70, Lian-Hai Road, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan, ROC
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11
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Muresan B, Liu Y, Le Gac Q, Lumière L, Cerezo V. In-line measurement of exhaust mercury emissions by an instrumented light-duty vehicle using both on-road and test track experiments. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 805:150265. [PMID: 34536878 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The initial purpose of this study has been to develop an instrumental platform for monitoring mercury (Hg) emissions from vehicle exhausts under actual traffic conditions. The platform was then mounted onto a fully-instrumented passenger car to identify emission proxies and factors governing the emissions of gaseous elemental Hg (GeM) and its complementary fraction (GdPM). Data obtained from the road were complemented by data acquired on a test track at either stabilized speeds or well-characterized speed variations. GeM emissions increased overall with both driving speed and fuel consumption; nonetheless, they were influenced by the sequence of accelerations and duration associated with the preceding idling or low-speed driving situations. GdPM emissions varied considerably over the course of trips or track tests, with medians ranging from 7% to 70% of the total Hg emissions stemming from fuel. Such high percentages could be explained by a series of redox reactions, whose kinetics and yield were influenced as much by exhaust gas temperature as by driving conditions or the exhaust system structural configuration. Lastly, an analysis of the GeM and GdPM signals showed that urban cores constitute emission hotspots during rush hour when handling low-speed driving and stop-and-go traffic.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Muresan
- Environmental Planning, Safety and Eco-design (EASE-AME) Laboratory, Gustave Eiffel University, 77454 Marne-la-Vallée, France.
| | - Y Liu
- Environmental Planning, Safety and Eco-design (EASE-AME) Laboratory, Gustave Eiffel University, 77454 Marne-la-Vallée, France
| | - Q Le Gac
- Environmental Planning, Safety and Eco-design (EASE-AME) Laboratory, Gustave Eiffel University, 77454 Marne-la-Vallée, France
| | - L Lumière
- Environmental Planning, Safety and Eco-design (EASE-AME) Laboratory, Gustave Eiffel University, 77454 Marne-la-Vallée, France
| | - V Cerezo
- Environmental Planning, Safety and Eco-design (EASE-AME) Laboratory, Gustave Eiffel University, 77454 Marne-la-Vallée, France
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12
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Angot H, Rutkowski E, Sargent M, Wofsy SC, Hutyra LR, Howard D, Obrist D, Selin NE. Atmospheric mercury sources in a coastal-urban environment: a case study in Boston, Massachusetts, USA. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2021; 23:1914-1929. [PMID: 34739015 DOI: 10.1039/d1em00253h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Mercury (Hg) is an environmental toxicant dangerous to human health and the environment. Its anthropogenic emissions are regulated by global, regional, and local policies. Here, we investigate Hg sources in the coastal city of Boston, the third largest metropolitan area in the Northeastern United States. With a median of 1.37 ng m-3, atmospheric Hg concentrations measured from August 2017 to April 2019 were at the low end of the range reported in the Northern Hemisphere and in the range reported at North American rural sites. Despite relatively low ambient Hg concentrations, we estimate anthropogenic emissions to be 3-7 times higher than in current emission inventories using a measurement-model framework, suggesting an underestimation of small point and/or nonpoint emissions. We also test the hypothesis that a legacy Hg source from the ocean contributes to atmospheric Hg concentrations in the study area; legacy emissions (recycling of previously deposited Hg) account for ∼60% of Hg emitted annually worldwide (and much of this recycling takes place through the oceans). We find that elevated concentrations observed during easterly oceanic winds can be fully explained by low wind speeds and recirculating air allowing for accumulation of land-based emissions. This study suggests that the influence of nonpoint land-based emissions may be comparable in size to point sources in some regions and highlights the benefits of further top-down studies in other areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélène Angot
- Institute for Data, Systems, and Society, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Extreme Environments Research Laboratory, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) Valais, Wallis, Sion, Switzerland
| | - Emma Rutkowski
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Maryann Sargent
- School of Engineering and Applied Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Steven C Wofsy
- School of Engineering and Applied Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Lucy R Hutyra
- Department of Earth and Environment, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Dean Howard
- Department of Environmental, Earth, and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Massachusetts-Lowell, MA, USA
- Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Daniel Obrist
- Department of Environmental, Earth, and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Massachusetts-Lowell, MA, USA
| | - Noelle E Selin
- Institute for Data, Systems, and Society, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
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13
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Guo J, Sharma CM, Tripathee L, Kang S, Fu X, Huang J, Shrestha KL, Chen P. Source identification of atmospheric particle-bound mercury in the Himalayan foothills through non-isotopic and isotope analyses. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 286:117317. [PMID: 33990047 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This study reports on the sources of atmospheric particle-bound mercury (HgP) in less studied regions of Nepal based on the analysis of stable mercury (Hg) isotopes in aerosol samples from two neighboring areas with high and low anthropogenic emissions (Kathmandu and Dhulikhel, respectively) during 2018. Although the Indian monsoon and westerlies are generally regarded as the primary carriers of pollutants to this region via the heavily industrialized Indo-Gangetic Plain, the concentrations of total suspended particles (TSP) and HgP in Kathmandu were higher than those in Dhulikhel, thus suggesting a substantial contribution from local sources. Both isotopic (δ200Hg and Δ199Hg) and non-isotopic evidence indicated that dust, waste burning, and industrial byproducts (without Hg amalgamation) were the major sources of Hg in Kathmandu during the study period. Mercury may have been transported via air masses from Kathmandu to Dhulikhel, as indicated by the similar organic carbon/elemental carbon ratios and seasonal trends of TSP and HgP in these two locations. Local anthropogenic sources were found to contribute significantly to atmospheric Hg pollution through dust resuspension. Therefore, dust resuspension should be considered when evaluating the long-range transport of air pollutants such as Hg, particularly in anthropogenically stressed areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junming Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Chhatra Mani Sharma
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Lanzhou, 730000, China; Central Department of Environmental Science, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Lekhendra Tripathee
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Lanzhou, 730000, China; Himalayan Environment Research Institute (HERI), Kathmandu, Nepal.
| | - Shichang Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Lanzhou, 730000, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xuewu Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 99 Lincheng West Road, Guiyang, 550081, China
| | - Jie Huang
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese, Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Kundan Lal Shrestha
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kathmandu University, Dhulikhel, Nepal
| | - Pengfei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Lanzhou, 730000, China
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14
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Fang GC, Kao CL, Zhuang YJ, Huang PW. Ambient air particulates and Hg(p) concentrations and dry depositions estimations, distributions for various particles sizes ranges. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART A, TOXIC/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 2021; 56:705-712. [PMID: 34038315 DOI: 10.1080/10934529.2021.1918976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Ambient air TSP concentrations, dry deposition fluxes and particulate-bound mercury (Hg(p)) concentrations were measured and analyzed at a complex (traffic, residential and commercial) site. Zhang and He's model[1] was used to predict the dry deposition fluxes of ambient air particulates and Hg(p) at this complex site. The results revealed that October had the highest mean particulate concentration and lowest Hp(p) concentration and dry deposition flux. The mean calculated dry deposition fluxes of PM2.5 and PM2.5-10 accounted for 1%-2% and 0.06%-5% of the average total calculated dry deposition particle flux, respectively. The average calculated particle dry depositions flux of PM10+, accounted for 93%-99% of the average total calculated dry depositions particle flux. Finally, the model of Zhang and He underestimated the ambient air dry depositions fluxes of both particulates and Hg(p) for all particles sizes (PM2.5, PM2.5-10, PM10+) at the mixed site in this study. Better results concerning the dry deposition fluxes of pollutants were obtained as the particles size increased.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guor-Cheng Fang
- Department of Safety, Health, and Environmental Engineering, HungKuang University, Taichung City, Taiwan
| | - Chao-Lang Kao
- National Chin-Yi University of Technology, Taichung City, Taiwan
| | - Yuan-Jie Zhuang
- Department of Safety, Health, and Environmental Engineering, HungKuang University, Taichung City, Taiwan
| | - Pin-Wen Huang
- Department of Safety, Health, and Environmental Engineering, HungKuang University, Taichung City, Taiwan
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15
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Gačnik J, Živković I, Ribeiro Guevara S, Jaćimović R, Kotnik J, Horvat M. Validating an Evaporative Calibrator for Gaseous Oxidized Mercury. SENSORS 2021; 21:s21072501. [PMID: 33916694 PMCID: PMC8038396 DOI: 10.3390/s21072501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Understanding atmospheric mercury chemistry is the key for explaining the biogeochemical cycle of mercury and for improving the predictive capability of computational models. Increased efforts are being made to ensure comparable Hg speciation measurements in the air through establishing metrological traceability. While traceability for elemental mercury has been recently set, this is by no means the case for gaseous oxidized mercury (GOM). Since a calibration unit suitable for traceable GOM calibrations based on evaporation of HgCl2 solution was recently developed, the purpose of our work was to extensively evaluate its performance. A highly specific and sensitive 197Hg radiotracer was used for validation over a wide range of concentrations. By comparing experimental and calculated values, we obtained recoveries for the calibration unit. The average recoveries ranged from 88.5% for 1178 ng m−3 HgCl2 gas concentration to 39.4% for 5.90 ng m−3 HgCl2 gas concentration. The losses were due to the adsorption of oxidized Hg on the inner walls of the calibrator and tubing. An adsorption isotherm was applied to estimate adsorption enthalpy (ΔHads); a ΔHads value of −12.33 kJ mol−1 was obtained, suggesting exothermal adsorption. The results of the calibrator performance evaluation suggest that a newly developed calibration unit is only suitable for concentrations of HgCl2 higher than 1 µg m−3. The concentration dependence of recoveries prevents the system from being used for calibration of instruments for ambient GOM measurements. Moreover, the previously assessed uncertainty of this unit at µg m−3 level (2.0%, k = 2) was re-evaluated by including uncertainty related to recovery and was found to be 4.1%, k = 2. Calibrator performance was also evaluated for HgBr2 gas calibration; the recoveries were much lower for HgBr2 gas than for HgCl2 gas even at a high HgBr2 gas concentration (>1 µg m−3). As HgBr2 is often used as a proxy for various atmospheric HgBr species, the suitability of the unit for such calibration must be further developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Gačnik
- Jožef Stefan International Postgraduate School, Jamova Cesta 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova Cesta 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (I.Ž.); (R.J.); (J.K.)
| | - Igor Živković
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova Cesta 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (I.Ž.); (R.J.); (J.K.)
| | - Sergio Ribeiro Guevara
- Laboratorio de Análisis por Activación Neutrónica, Centro Atómico Bariloche, Av. Bustillo km 9.5, Bariloche 8400, Argentina;
| | - Radojko Jaćimović
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova Cesta 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (I.Ž.); (R.J.); (J.K.)
| | - Jože Kotnik
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova Cesta 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (I.Ž.); (R.J.); (J.K.)
| | - Milena Horvat
- Jožef Stefan International Postgraduate School, Jamova Cesta 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova Cesta 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (I.Ž.); (R.J.); (J.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +386-1-588-53-55
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16
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Temporal variation and potential origins of atmospheric speciated mercury at a remote island in South China Sea based on two-year field measurement data. Sci Rep 2021; 11:5678. [PMID: 33707484 PMCID: PMC7952567 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-84434-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
This study explored the temporal variation, gas-particle partition, and potential origins of atmospheric speciated mercury at a remote island in the South China Sea. Two-year data of three mercury species was measured at the Taiping Island. Air masses were clustered into five transport routes (A-E) to resolve the potential origins of atmospheric mercury. Field measurement showed that the concentration of gaseous elemental mercury (GEM) (1.33 ± 0.52 ng/m3) was close to the GEM background level of Northern Hemisphere, while those of GOM and PHg were 13.39 ± 3.58 and 94.33 ± 30.25 pg/m3, respectively. Both regular and intensive samplings concluded a consistent trend of higher mercury level in winter and spring than that in summer and fall. GEM dominated atmospheric mercury in all seasons (86.2–98.5%), while the highest partition of particle-bound mercury (PHg) was observed in winter (13.8%). The highest GEM concentrations were observed for Route A originating from central China and western Taiwan Island, and followed by Routes D and E from the Philippines, Malaysia, and Indonesia, while the lowest concentrations of GEM were observed for Routes B and C originating from North China, Korea, and Japan. Most importantly, high correlation of GEM versus levoglucosan and K+ in PM2.5 (r = 0.764 and 0.758, p < 0.01) confirmed that GEM was mainly emitted from biomass burning sources at the surrounding countries.
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17
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Luo Q, Ren Y, Sun Z, Li Y, Li B, Yang S, Zhang W, Hu Y, Cheng H. Atmospheric mercury pollution caused by fluorescent lamp manufacturing and the associated human health risk in a large industrial and commercial city. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 269:116146. [PMID: 33316504 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.116146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Although already eliminated in most industrial processes, mercury, as an essential ingredient in all energy-efficient lighting technologies, is still used in fluorescent lamp manufacturing. This study was conducted to investigate the atmospheric pollution caused by fluorescent lamp production and assess the associated public health risk in a large industrial and commercial city of south China, Zhongshan, which is a major production hub of lighting products. Concentrations of total gaseous mercury (TGM) in the atmosphere were measured over a total of 342 sites in the industrial, commercial, and residential areas. The average levels of TGM in the industrial, commercial, and residential areas prior to the landing of a typhoon were 12 ± 11, 3.6 ± 2.1, and 2.7 ± 1.3 ng⋅m-3, respectively. TGM concentrations in the industrial areas exhibited significant diurnal variation, with levels in the working hours being much higher than those in the non-working hours, which indicates that the high atmospheric mercury concentrations were contributed by local emissions, instead of regional transport. Most fluorescent lamp manufacturing activities in the city were shut down during a typhoon event, which resulted in a significant reduction in the average TGM level (down to 1.6 ± 1.8 ng⋅m-3) and rendered the difference in the average TGM levels in the industrial areas no longer significant between the working and non-working hours. Elevated TGM levels (up to 49 ng⋅m-3) were found near clusters of small-scale fluorescent lamp workshops in both industrial and commercial areas, which is indicative of significant emissions of mercury vapor resulting from obsolete equipment and production technologies. No significant non-carcinogenic risk was found for the general residents in the sampling area over the study period, while the risk for the workers in the fluorescent lamp manufacturing facilities and workshops could be higher. These findings indicate that fluorescent lamp manufacturing in the developing countries is a major source of atmospheric mercury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Luo
- MOE Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Yuxuan Ren
- MOE Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Zehang Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Yu Li
- MOE Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Bing Li
- MOE Laboratory of Groundwater Circulation and Evolution, School of Water Resources and Environment, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Sen Yang
- MOE Laboratory of Groundwater Circulation and Evolution, School of Water Resources and Environment, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Wanpeng Zhang
- MOE Laboratory of Groundwater Circulation and Evolution, School of Water Resources and Environment, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Yuanan Hu
- MOE Laboratory of Groundwater Circulation and Evolution, School of Water Resources and Environment, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Hefa Cheng
- MOE Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China.
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18
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Spatial Distribution and Biomonitoring of Atmospheric Mercury Concentrations over a Contaminated Coastal Lagoon (Northern Adriatic, Italy). ATMOSPHERE 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos11121280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The Marano and Grado Lagoon (Northern Adriatic Sea) has been affected by mercury (Hg) contamination coming from two sources, mining activity and discharges from a chlor-alkali plant (CAP). Sediments and water contamination have been previously well characterised, but little is known about the atmospheric compartment, where Hg is easily emitted and can persist for a long time as gaseous elemental mercury (GEM). In this work, atmospheric GEM levels and its spatial distribution over the lagoon were monitored at several sites by means of both continuous discrete instrumental measurements over several months and the determination of Hg bioaccumulated in lichens (Xanthoria parietina L.). Average GEM levels varied from 1.80 ± 0.74 to 3.04 ± 0.66 ng m−3, whereas Hg in lichens ranged between 0.06 to 0.40 mg kg−1. In both cases, the highest values were found downwind of the CAP, but excluding this point, spatial patterns of Hg in the atmosphere and lichens reflected the concentration of this metal in the sediments of the lagoon, showing a decrease moving westward. These results could indicate that the lagoon acts as a secondary source of Hg into the atmosphere: future work is needed to characterise the quantity of releases and depositions at different environments inside the lagoon.
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19
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Pyta H, Widziewicz-Rzońca K, Słaby K. Inhalation Exposure to Gaseous and Particulate Bound Mercury Present in the Ambient Air over the Polluted Area of Southern Poland. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17144999. [PMID: 32664556 PMCID: PMC7399863 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17144999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This study concerns the concentrations of gaseous and particle-bound mercury present in ambient air of two Polish sites, differing in terms of emission structure, and the estimation of inhalation risks related to those Hg species. The measurements of total gaseous mercury (TGM) and PM2.5-bound mercury (PBM) were performed at an urban station in Zabrze and a rural station in Złoty Potok, in 2014–2015. Both sites are located in Silesia, considered one of the European air pollution hot-spots. TGM was measured on-line (Tekran 2537). PM2.5 samples were taken with the use of low volume samplers. Hg contents in PM were determined by the CVAAS method following thermal decomposition. The median concentrations of TGM and PBM in Zabrze were 2.48 ng m−3 and 37.87 pg m−3, respectively; meanwhile in Zloty Potok, these were 1.69 ng m−3 and 27.82 pg m−3, respectively. Clearly, seasonal variability of TGM and PBM concentrations were observed, reflecting the importance of Hg and PM emissions from coal combustion for power and heating purposes. Health risk assessment was performed using a deterministic approach by the most conservative exposure scenario. The obtained HQ ratios and the cumulative HI indexes were below the limit value (<1). This means an unlikely health hazard due mercury inhalation.
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Nie X, Wang Y, Mao H, Wang T, Li T, Wu Y, Li Y, Hou C, Qie G, Feng X, Shang Z, He H. Atmospheric mercury in an eastern Chinese metropolis (Jinan). ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2020; 196:110541. [PMID: 32247960 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.110541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Revised: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Urban emissions are a major contributor to atmospheric Hg budgets. Continuous measurements of total gaseous mercury (TGM) and particulate-bound mercury (PHg) in PM2.5 were conducted from October 2015 to July 2016 in a metropolis, Jinan, in eastern China. Average TGM and PHg concentrations were 4.91 ± 3.66 ng m-3 and 451.9 ± 433.4 pg m-3, respectively, in the entire study period. During the winter heating period (HP), mean concentrations of TGM and PHg were 5.79 ng m-3 and 598.7 pg m-3, respectively, twice higher than those during the non-heating periods (NHPs). During the HP, TGM exhibited a distinct diurnal pattern with a peak in the morning and a minimum in the afternoon on less polluted days but a singular peak at midday on heavily polluted days. The diurnal variation of TGM during the NHPs was predominantly influenced by the variation in boundary layer height while during the HP by anthropogenic emissions. The ratio of PHg/PM2.5 in Jinan was one to two orders of magnitude larger than those elsewhere worldwide and those in soil and coal, which suggested the high enrichment of PHg in PM2.5 in Jinan. Correlation and principle component analysis results suggested that PHg and TGM had common combustion sources during the HP, whereas PHg resulted mainly from biomass burning and meteorological variations during the NHPs. High Hg concentrations in Jinan were mostly caused by emissions from coal-fired power plants, especially for those situated east of the sampling site. In addition, TGM and PHg concentrations significantly increased during haze and fog episodes, but decreased during a dust episode due possibly to strong ventilation conditions combined with partitioning of Hg between adsorption to PM2.5 and coarse dust particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoling Nie
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Yan Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China.
| | - Huiting Mao
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry, Syracuse, NY, 13210, USA.
| | - Tijian Wang
- School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Tao Li
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Yan Wu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Yaxin Li
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Chenxiao Hou
- Environmental Monitoring Central Station of Shandong Province, Jinan, 250101, China
| | - Guanghao Qie
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Xin Feng
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Zhaohui Shang
- Gudong Petroleum Production Factory, Shengli Oilfield of Sinopec, Dongying, 257237, China
| | - Haifeng He
- Gudong Petroleum Production Factory, Shengli Oilfield of Sinopec, Dongying, 257237, China
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21
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Yin X, Zhou W, Kang S, de Foy B, Yu Y, Xie J, Sun S, Wu K, Zhang Q. Latest observations of total gaseous mercury in a megacity (Lanzhou) in northwest China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 720:137494. [PMID: 32325570 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Revised: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
One year of online total gaseous mercury (TGM) measurements were carried out for the first time in Lanzhou, a city in northwest China that was once seriously polluted. Measurements were made from October 2016 to October 2017 using the Tekran 2537B instrument, and the annual mean concentration of TGM in Lanzhou was 4.48 ± 2.32 ng m-3 (mean ± standard deviation). TGM concentrations decreased during the measurement period, with autumn 2017 average concentrations 2.87 ng m-3 lower than autumn 2016 average concentrations. Similar diurnal variations of TGM were obtained in different seasons with low concentrations observed in the afternoon and high concentrations at night. The principal component analysis and conditional probability function results revealed that the sources of mercury were similar to the other atmospheric pollutants such as SO2, CO, NO2 and PM2.5, and were mainly from industrial combustion plants in urban districts. Concentration weighted trajectory analysis using backward trajectories demonstrated that higher mercury concentrations were related to air masses from adjacent regions, indicating the importance of influences from local-to-regional scale sources. A synthesis of multi-decadal atmospheric mercury measurements in Lanzhou and other Chinese megacities revealed that atmospheric mercury concentrations were either generally stable or experienced a slight decrease, during a time when China implemented control measures on atmospheric pollution. Long-term atmospheric mercury observations in urban and background sites in China are warranted to assess mercury pollution and the effectiveness of China's mercury control policies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiufeng Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Science, Lanzhou 730000, China; Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Wenting Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Science, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Shichang Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Science, Lanzhou 730000, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.
| | - Benjamin de Foy
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO 63108, USA
| | - Ye Yu
- Key Laboratory of Land Surface Process and Climate Change in Cold and Arid Regions, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Science, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Jin Xie
- China Meteorological Administration, National Meteorological Center, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Shiwei Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Science, Lanzhou 730000, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Kunpeng Wu
- Institute of International Rivers and Eco-Security, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China
| | - Qianggong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.
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22
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Fang GC, Kao CL, Huang PW, Chen HM, Wu YL, Liang GR. Particulates and particulates-bound mercury (Hg(p)) sizes (PM 18, PM 10, PM 2.5, PM 1, PM <1) distributions study by using MOUDI sampler at a complex sampling site. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2020; 42:365-375. [PMID: 31286341 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-019-00360-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The objectives of this study were to measure ambient air particles concentrations of different particulates sizes ranges (PM18, PM10, PM2.5, PM1, PM<1) at a complex (traffic, residential and commercial) site. Besides, particulates-bound mercury (Hg(p)) concentrations for various particulates sizes (PM18, PM10, PM2.5, PM1, PM<1) at mixed site were also studied. Finally, ambient air particulates and Hg(p) size distributions were also described at this complex sampling site. The results showed that the average PM18, PM10, PM2.5, PM1, PM<1 concentrations were 48.83, 41.78, 35.41, 19.89, and 11.86 μg/m3, respectively. And the average ambient air particulates-bound mercury (Hg(p)) which attached on PM18, PM10, PM2.5, PM1, PM<1 particles concentrations were 0.0838, 0.0867, 0.0790, 0.0546, and 0.0373 ng/m3, respectively, in the summer season. In addition, the average ambient air Hg(p) which attached on PM18, PM10, PM2.5, PM1, PM<1 particles concentrations were 0.0175, 0.0144, 0.0120, 0.0092, and 0.0057 ng/m3, respectively, in the autumn season. Finally, the average ambient air Hg(p) which attached on PM18, PM10, PM2.5, PM1, PM<1 particles concentrations were 0.0070, 0.0053, 0.0038, 0.0026, and 0.0014 ng/m3, respectively, in the winter season. And July has the average highest PM18 and PM10 concentrations. As for PM2.5, PM1 and PM<1 particulates, the average highest particulates concentrations all occurred in November. In addition, the highest average Hg(p) in PM18, PM10, PM2.5, PM1, and PM<1 concentrations all occurred in July. Moreover, the average particles and particulates-bound mercury m.m.d. values were ranged from 1.0 to 1.8 and 0.7 to 2.0 μm from July to December of 2018, respectively, at this mixed sampling site. As for monthly ambient air particles sizes distributions, the results further showed that the main peaks for July, September, and December all occurred in the sizes of 10-18 μm. The main peaks for October and November all occurred in the sizes of 2.5-10 μm. As for monthly Hg(p) sizes distributions, the results further showed that the main peaks for July occurred in the size of 0.3-1 μm. The main peak for September occurred in the size of 1-2.5 μm. The main peaks for October to December all occurred in the size of 10-18 μm. The above finding further concluded that the particulates-bound mercury (Hg(p)) was tended to be associated with the large particles sizes mode during the winter season. Finally, this study further shows that the Taichung Thermal Power Plant was responsible for the main emission source of Hg(p) especially in summer season of Central Taiwan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guor-Cheng Fang
- Department of Safety, Health, and Environmental Engineering, Hungkuang University, No. 1018, Sec. 6, Taiwan Boulevard, Shalu District, Taichung City, 43302, Taiwan, ROC.
| | - Chao-Lang Kao
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National Chin-Yi University of Technology, Taichung City, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Pin-Wen Huang
- Department of Safety, Health, and Environmental Engineering, Hungkuang University, No. 1018, Sec. 6, Taiwan Boulevard, Shalu District, Taichung City, 43302, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Huang-Min Chen
- Department of Safety, Health, and Environmental Engineering, Hungkuang University, No. 1018, Sec. 6, Taiwan Boulevard, Shalu District, Taichung City, 43302, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yu-Lun Wu
- Department of Safety, Health, and Environmental Engineering, Hungkuang University, No. 1018, Sec. 6, Taiwan Boulevard, Shalu District, Taichung City, 43302, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Gui-Ren Liang
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National Chin-Yi University of Technology, Taichung City, Taiwan, ROC
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23
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Levels and Sources of Atmospheric Particle-Bound Mercury in Atmospheric Particulate Matter (PM10) at Several Sites of an Atlantic Coastal European Region. ATMOSPHERE 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos11010033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Atmospheric particle-bound mercury (PHg) quantification, at a pg m−3 level, has been assessed in particulate matter samples (PM10) at several sites (industrial, urban and sub-urban sites) of Atlantic coastal European region during 13 months by using a direct thermo-desorption method. Analytical method validation was assessed using 1648a and ERM CZ120 reference materials. The limits of detection and quantification were 0.25 pg m−3 and 0.43 pg m−3, respectively. Repeatability of the method was generally below 12.6%. PHg concentrations varied between 1.5–30.8, 1.5–75.3 and 2.27–33.7 pg m−3 at urban, sub-urban and industrial sites, respectively. PHg concentration varied from 7.2 pg m−3 (urban site) to 16.3 pg m−3 (suburban site) during winter season, while PHg concentrations varied from 9.9 pg m−3 (urban site) to 19.3 pg m−3 (suburban site) during the summer. Other trace elements, major ions, black carbon (BC) and UV-absorbing particulate matter (UV PM) was also assessed at several sites. Average concentrations for trace metals (Al, As, Bi, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, Sb, Si, Sr, V and Zn) ranged from 0.08 ng m−3 (Bi) at suburban site to 1.11 µg m−3 (Fe) at industrial site. Average concentrations for major ions (including Na+, K+, Ca2+, NH4+, Mg2+, Cl−, NO3− and SO42−) ranged from 200 ng m−3 (K+) to 5332 ng m−3 (SO42−) at urban site, 166 ng m−3 (Mg2+) to 4425 ng m−3 (SO42−) at suburban site and 592 ng m−3 (K+) to 5853 ng m−3 (Cl−) at industrial site. Results of univariate analysis and principal component analysis (PCA) suggested crustal, marine and anthropogenic sources of PHg in PM10 at several sites studied. Toxicity prediction of PHg, by using hazard quotient, suggested no non-carcinogenic risk for adults.
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24
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Chong X, Wang Y, Liu R, Zhang Y, Zhang Y, Zheng W. Pollution characteristics and source difference of gaseous elemental mercury between haze and non-haze days in winter. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 678:671-680. [PMID: 31078858 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.04.338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2018] [Revised: 04/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The distribution characteristics and sources of gaseous elemental mercury (GEM) on haze and non-haze days are still not clear. During the winter heating period in 2017, the GEM concentrations in Qingdao were studied for their differences, sources, and pollution characteristics on haze and non-haze days. The GEM concentration on haze days (2.81 ± 2.23 ng/m3) was higher than that on non-haze days (1.90 ± 1.21 ng/m3) and the difference was significant (p < 0.01) during the period of artificial heating. The average concentration of GEM was 2.27 ng/m3 in the heating period, but lower than that before heating (3.30 ng/m3). However, the mercury to carbon monoxide ratio (GEM/CO) on haze days was lower than that on non-haze days. The ratio of GEM/CO in this study was lower than that in other studies reported from China. There was a positive correlation between the GEM/CO ratio and the air temperature (p < 0.01), suggesting that the mercury released from the Earth's surface was important. The environmental policies of China also contributed to decrease of the GEM/CO ratio. Similar diurnal patterns appeared on both haze and non-haze days, with one GEM peak at 14:00-15:00. This pattern was different from the bimodal pattern of other atmospheric pollutants in the morning and evening rush hours and was controlled by GEM from the Earth's surface (mostly re-emission of legacy Hg) whether on haze or non-haze days. Principal component analysis showed that the contribution of GEM directly from anthropogenic sources was relatively small. The main influencing factor on haze days was air temperature. GEM concentrations showed large spatial differences in air masses from different places. The GEM concentration in air masses from southern and the western Shandong Province was higher than from the north on haze days.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xixi Chong
- Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China; College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China; College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Ruhai Liu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China; College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China.
| | - Yanyan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China; College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Yuqing Zhang
- Qingdao Environmental Monitoring Center, Qingdao 266000, China
| | - Wen Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China; College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
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25
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Xie H, Liu M, He Y, Lin H, Yu C, Deng C, Wang X. An experimental study of the impacts of solar radiation and temperature on mercury emission from different natural soils across China. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2019; 191:545. [PMID: 31392424 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-019-7717-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Mercury (Hg) emission from natural soil is one of the most important contributors to global Hg cycles. Research on Hg emission from soil to air has been carried out in China. Currently, most of the research focuses on contaminated sites in China, while research in other regions is rare. To provide more accurate information on Hg emissions from soil to air in China and obtain additional laboratory data to verify the role of solar radiation and temperature in this process, we sampled and measured Hg emission fluxes from various natural soils (range, 48-240 ng/g) across mainland China under different solar radiation (0-900 W·m-2) and temperature (15-45 °C) conditions in a laboratory. We found that in different places in China, Hg emissions from natural soils occurred more easily when the soil Hg concentration, temperature, and solar radiation were high, but the impacts were different among the regions due to different soil types. Hg emissions from natural soils (0.071-24 ng·m2·h-1) were typically lower than those from contaminated sites, suggesting that additional measurements in natural soils are desirable. The results of this study could provide more accurate information on Hg emission from natural soil to air and help establish a nationwide natural soil Hg emission inventory in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Xie
- Ministry of Education Laboratory of Earth Surface Process, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Maodian Liu
- Ministry of Education Laboratory of Earth Surface Process, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China.
| | - Yipeng He
- Ministry of Education Laboratory of Earth Surface Process, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Huiming Lin
- Ministry of Education Laboratory of Earth Surface Process, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Chenghao Yu
- Ministry of Education Laboratory of Earth Surface Process, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Chunyan Deng
- Ministry of Education Laboratory of Earth Surface Process, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Xuejun Wang
- Ministry of Education Laboratory of Earth Surface Process, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China.
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26
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Zhang H, Wang Z, Wang C, Zhang X. Concentrations and gas-particle partitioning of atmospheric reactive mercury at an urban site in Beijing, China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 249:13-23. [PMID: 30877965 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.02.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Revised: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Measurements of speciated atmospheric mercury play a key role in identifying mercury behavior in the atmosphere. In this study, we measured speciated atmospheric mercury, including gaseous elemental mercury (GEM), reactive gaseous mercury (RGM), and particulate bound mercury (PBM) (<2.5 μm), in 2015 and 2016 at an urban site in Beijing, China. The mean concentrations of GEM, RGM, and PBM were 4.70 ± 3.53 ng m-3, 18.47 ± 22.27 pg m-3, and 85.18 ± 95.34 pg m-3, respectively. The concentration of PM2.5 significantly affected the distribution of reactive mercury between the gaseous and particulate phases. With the raising of PM2.5 levels, PBM concentrations increased, on the contrary, the concentrations of RGM decreased gradually. The mean concentration of PBM during air-pollution events was more than three times that during clear days. During days with air pollution, the relative humidity significantly affected the gas-particle partitioning of reactive mercury. The linear relationships between gas-particle partitioning coefficient and meteorological factors (air temperature and relative humidity) were obtained over the four seasons. The data also showed that the gas-particle partitioning coefficient of reactive mercury was related to particle composition (e.g., Cl-, BC). The data present in this paper suggested the influence of anthropogenic emissions on reactive mercury in Beijing urban. And the findings will contribute to understand the gas-particle partitioning of reactive mercury and its influencing factors with complex urban pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Zhang
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Zhangwei Wang
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Chunjie Wang
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Xiaoshan Zhang
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
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27
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Liu C, Fu X, Zhang H, Ming L, Xu H, Zhang L, Feng X. Sources and outflows of atmospheric mercury at Mt. Changbai, northeastern China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 663:275-284. [PMID: 30711594 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.01.332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Revised: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric gaseous elemental mercury (GEM), particulate bound mercury (PBM), and gaseous oxidized mercury (GOM) were continuously measured at a remote site in northeastern China from July 2013 to July 2014. Mean (±1SD) concentrations of the hourly data of GEM, PBM, and GOM were 1.68 ± 0.47 ng m-3, 16.6 ± 15.2 pg m-3, and 5.4 ± 6.4 pg m-3, respectively. Concentration-weighted trajectory (CWT) analysis suggested that the potential source regions of GEM and GOM observed at this site were northern and eastern China. GEM and GOM CWT values significantly correlated with anthropogenic Hg emissions, suggesting that long-range transport of anthropogenic Hg emissions played an important role in GEM and GOM pollutions in remote areas of northeastern China. On the other hand, long-range transport of anthropogenic PBM emissions from eastern and northeastern China combined with large-scale biomass burning in Northeast Asia likely dominated PBM pollution. Principal component analysis (PCA) results, making use of the combined data sets of speciated atmospheric Hg, trace elements, and meteorological parameters, suggested that coal combustion and non-ferrous metal smelting contributed significantly to all the Hg species at this site, while the other anthropogenic sources in China also had a major impact on GEM. Forward air mass trajectory analysis revealed that outflows of GEM from northeastern China may have a potential impact on GEM pollutions in remote and oceanic areas in Northeast Asia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550002, China
| | - Xuewu Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550002, China.
| | - Hui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550002, China
| | - Lili Ming
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Hao Xu
- Open Research Station of Changbai Mountain Forest Ecosystems, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yanbian 133613, China
| | - Leiming Zhang
- Air Quality Research Division, Science and Technology Branch, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Xinbin Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550002, China
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28
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Han D, Fu Q, Gao S, Hu Z, Zhang X, Chen X, Feng J, Cheng J, Wang W. Two-year monitoring of gaseous elementary mercury in a typical iron-steel plant in Yangtze River Delta, China: Characterization and estimation of its dynamic oxidation. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 657:1217-1226. [PMID: 30677888 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.12.133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Revised: 12/09/2018] [Accepted: 12/09/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
A two-year gaseous elementary mercury (GEM) measurement was implemented at an iron-steel plant in Yangtze River Delta, China, which provided an excellent opportunity to investigate their dynamic cycling. The hourly GEM concentrations ranged between 0.78 and 113.8 ng m-3, with a mean value of 3.83 ± 2.53 ng m-3. Temporally, seasonal GEM contents decreased as winter ≈ spring > summer > autumn, while diurnal cycling was observed with a steady decrease at 14:00-17:00. GEM variations were found to be related to source emissions, meteorology and regional transportation. Three major oxidants (O3, Br and OH radicals) were used to evaluate GEM oxidation in the daytime, and the estimated GEM depletion rate was 70.8 ± 52.5 molecule cm-3 s-1 (0.09 ± 0.06 ng m-3 h-1). The GEM oxidized by Br radicals accounted for 83.4% of the total GEM oxidation rate, followed by O3 (13.8%). The estimated atmospheric lifetime of GEM was 22.9 to 345.2 days, which implies a major contribution of Br radicals to the GEM sink. These findings highlight the ability of iron-steel industry emissions and in-situ oxidation to affect daily local GEM cycling significantly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deming Han
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Qingyan Fu
- Shanghai Environmental Monitor Center, Shanghai 200235, China
| | - Song Gao
- Shanghai Environmental Monitor Center, Shanghai 200235, China; Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Zihao Hu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
| | - Xufeng Zhang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Xiaolin Chen
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Jingjing Feng
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Jinping Cheng
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
| | - Wenhua Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
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29
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Han D, Fu Q, Gao S, Zhang X, Feng J, Chen X, Huang X, Liao H, Cheng J, Wang W. Investigate the impact of local iron-steel industrial emission on atmospheric mercury concentration in Yangtze River Delta, China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:5862-5872. [PMID: 30612373 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-3978-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Mercury is a global neurotoxic pollutant, which can be globally transported and bioaccumulated in the food chain. Iron-steel production is one of the most significant sources of anthropogenic atmospheric mercury emission, while information on this source is scarce. Hourly gaseous elemental mercury (GEM) and particle bound mercury (PBM) were studied inside (IP) and at the boundary (BP) of a typical iron-steel plant in the Yangtze River Delta (YRD), China from September 2016 to August 2017. The GEM concentrations were 0.97-503.1 and 0.05-112.6 ng/m3 at the IP and BP sites, respectively, while PBM concentrations were one to four orders of magnitude higher than urban and suburban ambient levels. Several lines of evidences indicated that PBM was mainly originated from the iron-steel manufacturing process, especially from sintering and coke-making processes in this iron-steel plant. However, a combined emission effect contributed to GEM variation. The receptor model of positive matrix factorization (PMF) showed that local direct emissions (coal combustion, industrial activity, vehicle exhaust, and secondary evaporation from polluted soil) contributed 51.3% of the total GEM concentration variation. Potential source contribution function (PSCF) and concentration weighted trajectory (CWT) models clearly showed that air masses moving from areas surrounding YRD had the highest concentrations of atmospheric mercury. These results provided evidence that iron-steel manufacturing emissions have a considerable effect on regional atmospheric mercury concentrations, especially PBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deming Han
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Minhang District, Shanghai, China
| | - Qingyan Fu
- Shanghai Environmental Monitor Center, 55 Sanjiang Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai, China
| | - Song Gao
- Shanghai Environmental Monitor Center, 55 Sanjiang Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai, China
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, 220 Handan Road, Yangpu District, Shanghai, China
| | - Xufeng Zhang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Minhang District, Shanghai, China
| | - Jingjing Feng
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Minhang District, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaolin Chen
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Minhang District, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiqian Huang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Minhang District, Shanghai, China
| | - Haoxiang Liao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Minhang District, Shanghai, China
| | - Jinping Cheng
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Minhang District, Shanghai, China.
| | - Wenhua Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Minhang District, Shanghai, China
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30
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Yu G, Qin X, Xu J, Zhou Q, Wang B, Huang K, Deng C. Characteristics of particulate-bound mercury at typical sites situated on dust transport paths in China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 648:1151-1160. [PMID: 30340261 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.08.137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Revised: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The concentrations and seasonal variations of PBM (particulate-bound mercury) were observed at four dust source sites (Duolun, Yulin, Hetian, and Tazhong), two megacities (Shanghai and Beijing), and an island site (Huaniao Island) to obtain the spatiotemporal characteristics of PBM in dust transport path from desert area in China to the East China Sea. The highest annual mean concentrations of PBM in TSP (PBMTSP) were observed at megacity sites, reaching 146.7 pg/m3 and 274.7 pg/m3 in Shanghai and Beijing attributed primarily to anthropogenic emissions, while 39.7 pg/m3, 67.3 pg/m3, 61.0 pg/m3, 23.5 pg/m3 and 43.6 pg/m3 over Duolun, Yulin, Hetian, Tazhong, and Huaniao Island, respectively. PBM concentrations were higher in winter and autumn, while lower in spring and summer due to the variation of meteorological conditions (especially temperature and wind speed) together with the emission sources. Enrichment factors (EFs) of PBMTSP and PBM2.5 reached 158 and 1452 in Beijing, showing the serious anthropogenic emissions impacted on PBM pollution in megacities, and the profound high level of EFs of mercury in sand dust source sites (17-64 for TSP and 38-252 for PM2.5), suggesting the obvious mixing effect of dust and anthropogenic aerosols in dust source areas. Human activities played a major role in the increase of PBM concentrations and the enrichment factors during the long-range transport of air mass in China. The significant anthropogenic mercury emissions in the dust source areas and their long-range transport driven by the East Asian Monsoon might impact on the ecological cycle of mercury and should be taken into the mercury inventories. Coal combustion and smelting contributed 52-94% to PBM over all three types of sampling sites, and mining operations were additional sources of PBM in Yulin. In the coastal area, sea salt is an important source of PBM, and shipping could also contribute a certain proportion to PBM pollution which shouldn't be ignored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangyuan Yu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP(3)), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Xiaofei Qin
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP(3)), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Jian Xu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP(3)), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Qi Zhou
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP(3)), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Bo Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP(3)), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Kan Huang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP(3)), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Congrui Deng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP(3)), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China.
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Han D, Zhang J, Hu Z, Ma Y, Duan Y, Han Y, Chen X, Zhou Y, Cheng J, Wang W. Particulate mercury in ambient air in Shanghai, China: Size-specific distribution, gas-particle partitioning, and association with carbonaceous composition. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 238:543-553. [PMID: 29605614 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.03.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Revised: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 03/25/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Mercury (Hg) has a complex atmospheric transformation cycle and acts as a global pollutant. Size-specific particle bound mercury (PBM) was implemented in different functional (industrial, urban and suburban) areas in Shanghai, China. The total concentration of 13-staged PBM (rang of 0.01-18.0 μm) varied of 99.0-611 pg/m3, with an average value of 318 ± 144 pg/m3. The Gaoqiao petrochemical industry (GQPI) site showed the highest concentrations, whereas the suburban Shanghai Jiao Tong University (SJTU) displayed the lowest. The PBM in nucleation, accumulation and coarse modes were 7.63-96.7, 69.5-455, and 9.43-176 pg/m3, respectively, and the fractions of 0.56-1.00 and 0.32-0.56 μm were the two most abundant. Both OC and EC displayed unimodal distribution patterns (peak of 0.56-1.00 μm) at GQPI, while bimodal distributions were observed at urban and suburban sites. Statistically positive correlations between the overall PBM and the corresponding PM and carbonaceous compounds (r = 0.38-0.54, p < 0.01), indicating their similar origins and OC/EC enhanced gaseous mercury forming PBM. The gas-particle partition model predicted gaseous oxidized mercury (GOM) were 253 ± 133, 237 ± 122, and 257 ± 144 pg/m3 for GQPI, SAES and SJTU, respectively. The particle proportions of divalent mercury in the fraction of 0.32-1.00 μm were substantial (>80%), but smaller (<50%) for nucleation and coarse modes. The fraction of 9.90-18.00 μm occupied nearly 50% of the overall dry deposition fluxes of mercury. These finding highlight the emissions from different mercury and OC/EC origins, caused different size-specific distributions of PBM, which further affect their gas-particle partitioning and dry deposition of mercury species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deming Han
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Jiaqi Zhang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Zihao Hu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China
| | - Yingge Ma
- Shanghai Academy of Environmental Science, Shanghai, 200233, China
| | - Yusen Duan
- Shanghai Environmental Monitor Center, Shanghai, 200235, China
| | - Yan Han
- School of Environmental and Safety Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou, 213164, China
| | - Xiaojia Chen
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Yong Zhou
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Jinping Cheng
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China.
| | - Wenhua Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
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Qie G, Wang Y, Wu C, Mao H, Zhang P, Li T, Li Y, Talbot R, Hou C, Yue T. Distribution and sources of particulate mercury and other trace elements in PM 2.5 and PM 10 atop Mount Tai, China. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2018; 215:195-205. [PMID: 29571100 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.03.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Revised: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/11/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The concentrations of particulate mercury (PHg) and other trace elements in PM2.5 and PM10 in the atmosphere were measured at the summit of Mount Tai during the time period of 15 June - 11 August 2015. The average PHg concentrations were 83.33 ± 119.1 pg/m3 for PM2.5 and 174.92 ± 210.5 pg/m3 for PM10. Average concentrations for other trace elements, including Al, Ca, Fe, K, Mg, Na, Pb, As, Se, Cu, Cd, Cr, V, Mo, Co, Ag, Ba, Mn, Zn and Ni ranged from 0.06 ng/m3 (Ag) to 354.33 ng/m3 (Ca) in PM2.5 and 0.11 ng/m3 (Co) to 592.66 ng/m3 (Ca) in PM10. The average concentrations of PHg were higher than those at other domestic mountain sites and cities in other counties, lower than those at domestic city sites. Other trace elements showed concentrations lower than those at the domestic mountain sites. Due possibly to increased control of emissions and the proportion of new energy, the PHg and trace element concentrations decreased, but the PHg showed concentrations higher than those at the Mountain sites, this showed that the reasons was not only severely affected by anthropogenic emissions, but also associated with other sources. The concentration changed trend of the main trace elements indicated that PHg, trace elements and particle matters present positive correlation and fine particulate matter has a greater surface area which was conductive to adsorption of Hg and trace elements to particles. On June 19, June 27 and July 6, according to the peak of mercury and trace elements, we can predict the potential sources of these three days. The results of principal component analysis (PCA) suggested that, crustal dust, coal combustion, and vehicle emissions were the main emission sources of PHg and other trace elements in Mount Tai. The 24-h backward trajectories and potential source contribution function (PSCF) analysis revealed that air masses arriving at Mount Tai were mainly affected by Shandong province. Mount Tai was subjected to five main airflow trajectories. Clusters 1, 2, 3, and 5 represented four pathways for local and regional sources and cluster 4 originated long-distance transportation. Central Shandong was the main source regions of PHg, Pb, Se, As, Cu and Cd. Southeastern and northwestern Shandong province and northern Jiangsu province were the most polluted source regions of Mn, Zn, and Ni. The crustal elements Fe and Ca had similar distributions of potential source regions, suggested by the highest PSCF values in southeastern Shandong and northern Jiangsu.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanghao Qie
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, PR China
| | - Yan Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, PR China.
| | - Chen Wu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, PR China
| | - Huiting Mao
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York, College of Environmental Science and Forestry, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
| | - Ping Zhang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, PR China
| | - Tao Li
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, PR China
| | - Yaxin Li
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, PR China
| | - Robert Talbot
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Science, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA
| | - Chenxiao Hou
- Environmental Monitoring Central Station of Shandong Province, Jinan 250101, China
| | - Taixing Yue
- Environmental Monitoring Central Station of Shandong Province, Jinan 250101, China
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Kalinchuk V, Lopatnikov E, Astakhov A. Gradient measurements of gaseous elemental mercury (Hg 0) in the marine boundary layer of the northwest Sea of Japan (East Sea). ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 237:1124-1136. [PMID: 29223293 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.11.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2017] [Revised: 11/15/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Gaseous elemental mercury (Hg0) is a prolific and persistent contaminant in the atmosphere. Atmospheric concentrations of Hg0 were determined from 17 September to 7 October 2015 in the northwest Sea of Japan aboard the Russian research vessel Professor Gagarinsky. Simultaneous measurements of Hg0 concentrations were performed 2 m and 20 m above the sea surface using automatic Hg0 analysers RA-915M and RA-915+, respectively. Concentrations ranged from 0.3 to 25.9 ng/m3 (n = 5207) and from 0.3 to 27.8 ng/m3 (n = 4415), with medians of 1.7 and 1.6 ng/m3, respectively. Elevated Hg0 was observed during three episodes from 19 to 22 September, likely caused by one or more of the following factors: 1) atmospheric transport of Hg0 from the west and south-west (from N. Korea, China, and the Yellow Sea region); 2) Hg0 emission from the sea due to pollution by water from the Tumannaya River; or 3) underwater geological activities. Increased Hg0 concentration was observed during periods when air masses flowed from the south, and low concentrations were observed when air masses came from the north. A daytime increase of Hg0 concentrations at a height of 2 m occurred simultaneously with decreasing Hg0 at a height of 20 m. These diurnal variations suggest that two contrasting processes occur during the daytime in the marine boundary layer (MBL): Hg0 emission from the sea surface and Hg0 oxidation in the MBL by active halogens formed by photolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktor Kalinchuk
- V.I.Il'ichev Pacific Oceanological Institute of Far Eastern Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 43, Baltiyskaya Street, Vladivostok, 690041, Russia.
| | - Evgeny Lopatnikov
- V.I.Il'ichev Pacific Oceanological Institute of Far Eastern Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 43, Baltiyskaya Street, Vladivostok, 690041, Russia
| | - Anatoly Astakhov
- V.I.Il'ichev Pacific Oceanological Institute of Far Eastern Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 43, Baltiyskaya Street, Vladivostok, 690041, Russia
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Fang GC, Lo CT, Cho MH, Zhuang YJ, Tsai KH, Huang CY, Xiao YF. Annual ambient atmospheric mercury speciation measurement from Longjing, a rural site in Taiwan. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2017; 39:901-911. [PMID: 27495251 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-016-9861-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 07/30/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The main purpose of this study was to monitor ambient air particulates and mercury species [RGM, Hg(p), GEM and total mercury] concentrations and dry depositions over rural area at Longjing in central Taiwan during October 2014 to September 2015. In addition, passive air sampler and knife-edge surrogate surface samplers were used to collect the ambient air mercury species concentrations and dry depositions, respectively, in this study. Moreover, direct mercury analyzer was directly used to detect the mercury Hg(p) and RGM concentrations. The result indicated that: (1) The average highest RGM, Hg(p), GEM and total mercury concentrations, and dry depositions were observed in January, prevailing dust storm occurred in winter season was the possible major reason responsible for the above findings. (2) The highest average RGM, Hg(p), GEM and total mercury concentrations, dry depositions and velocities were occurred in winter. This is because that China is the largest atmospheric mercury (Hg) emitter in the world. Its Hg emissions and environmental impacts need to be evaluated. (3) The results indicated that the total mercury ratios of Kaohsiung to that of this study were 5.61. This is because that Kaohsiung has the largest industry density (~60 %) in Taiwan. (4) the USA showed average lower mercury species concentrations when compared to those of the other world countries. The average ratios of China/USA values were 89, 76 and 160 for total mercury, RGM and Hg(p), respectively, during the years of 2000-2012.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guor-Cheng Fang
- Department of Safety, Health and Environmental Engineering, Hung Kuang University, Sha-Lu, Taichung, 433, Taiwan, ROC.
| | - Chaur-Tsuen Lo
- Department of Biotechnology, National Formosa University, Yunlin, 63208, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Meng-Hsien Cho
- Department of Safety, Health and Environmental Engineering, Hung Kuang University, Sha-Lu, Taichung, 433, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yuan-Jie Zhuang
- Department of Safety, Health and Environmental Engineering, Hung Kuang University, Sha-Lu, Taichung, 433, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Kai-Hsiang Tsai
- Department of Safety, Health and Environmental Engineering, Hung Kuang University, Sha-Lu, Taichung, 433, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chao-Yang Huang
- Department of Safety, Health and Environmental Engineering, Hung Kuang University, Sha-Lu, Taichung, 433, Taiwan, ROC
| | - You-Fu Xiao
- Department of Safety, Health and Environmental Engineering, Hung Kuang University, Sha-Lu, Taichung, 433, Taiwan, ROC
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35
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Duan L, Cheng N, Xiu G, Wang F, Chen Y. Characteristics and source appointment of atmospheric particulate mercury over East China Sea: Implication on the deposition of atmospheric particulate mercury in marine environment. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2017; 224:26-34. [PMID: 28202264 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.10.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Revised: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 10/12/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Total Suspended Particulate (TSP) samples were collected at Huaniao Island in northern East China Sea (ECS) from March 2012 to January 2013. Chemical analysis were conducted to measure the concentration of total particulate mercury (TPM) and speciated particulate mercury including HCl-soluble particulate mercury (HPM), elemental particulate mercury (EPM) and residual particulate mercury (RPM). The bromine (Br) and iodine (I) on particles were also detected. The mean concentration of TPM during the study period was 0.23 ± 0.15 ng m-3, while the obviously seasonal variation was found that the concentrations of TPM in spring, summer, fall and winter were 0.34 ± 0.20 ng m-3, 0.15 ± 0.03 ng m-3, 0.15 ± 0.05 ng m-3 and 0.27 ± 0.26 ng m-3, respectively. The statistically strong correlation of bromine and iodine to HPM was only found in spring with r = 0.81 and 0.77 (p < 0.01), respectively. While the strongest correlations between EPM and bromine and iodine were found in winter with r = 0.92 (Br) and 0.96 (I) (p < 0.01), respectively. The clustered 72-h backward trajectories of different seasons and the whole sampling period were categorized into 4 groups. In spring, the clusters passed a long distance across the East China Sea and brought about low concentration of mercury due to the deposition of mercury over the sea. The cluster of air mass across the sea had low concentration of HPM in winter, which suggested that the oxidation of mercury in winter might be related to other oxidants. During the whole sampling period, the air mass from the north of China contributed to the higher concentration of TPM in Huaniao Island.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lian Duan
- State Environmental Protection Key Lab of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Processes, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Na Cheng
- State Environmental Protection Key Lab of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Processes, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Guangli Xiu
- State Environmental Protection Key Lab of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Processes, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China.
| | - Fujiang Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution Prevention, Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Ying Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution Prevention, Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
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Duan L, Wang X, Wang D, Duan Y, Cheng N, Xiu G. Atmospheric mercury speciation in Shanghai, China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 578:460-468. [PMID: 27856056 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.10.209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Revised: 10/27/2016] [Accepted: 10/28/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
GEM (Gaseous elemental mercury), fine fraction (<2.5μm) PBM (Particle-bound mercury) and GOM (Gaseous oxidized mercury) were continuously monitored from Jun 1 to Dec 31 2014 at a suburban site in Shanghai. The average concentrations of GEM, PBM and GOM were 4.19±9.13ng·m-3, 197±877pg·m-3, 21±100pg·m-3, respectively, which were all much higher than those at urban sites in Europe and North America and rural areas of China, but lower than those at urban sites of China. The concentrations of the three mercury species were all found with the highest concentration in December than those in summer. Overall, GEM varied little and PBM exhibited higher level during the night, while GOM typically peaked in the noon and afternoon which is consistent with that of ozone, indicating that GOM may depend on the stronger photochemical reactions during the daytime. Despite of the weak correlations of GEM with SO2 (r=0.14, p<0.0001) and NOX (r=0.17, p<0.0001), GEM, PBM, SO2 and NOx exhibited similar diurnal trend, suggesting that coal combustion might be the important sources of mercury in Shanghai because there is no mercury mining companies and few mercuric manufacturers in Shanghai. The strong correlation of PBM with GEM and GOM showed that directly anthropogenic emission was an important source of GEM and PBM, but the gas-particle partitioning of GOM and GEM might be also another source of PBM. The lower GEM/CO ratio of 3.9 (ng·m-3·ppmv-1) in Shanghai than that for mainland China and non-ferrous smelting factories were related to the few non-ferrous smelting factories around Shanghai. The results from the potential source contribution function (PSCF) model furtherly illustrated that in Shanghai the concentration of GEM in summer and autumn might be highly impacted by the local and regional source but wasn't heavily affected by long-range transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lian Duan
- State Environmental Protection Key Lab of Environmental Risk Assessment and control on Chemical Processes, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, PR China
| | - Xiaohao Wang
- Shanghai Environment Monitoring Center, Shanghai 200235, PR China
| | - Dongfang Wang
- Shanghai Environment Monitoring Center, Shanghai 200235, PR China
| | - Yusen Duan
- Shanghai Environment Monitoring Center, Shanghai 200235, PR China
| | - Na Cheng
- State Environmental Protection Key Lab of Environmental Risk Assessment and control on Chemical Processes, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, PR China
| | - Guangli Xiu
- State Environmental Protection Key Lab of Environmental Risk Assessment and control on Chemical Processes, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, PR China.
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Li Y, Wang Y, Li Y, Li T, Mao H, Talbot R, Nie X, Wu C, Zhao Y, Hou C, Wang G, Zhou J, Qie G. Characteristics and potential sources of atmospheric particulate mercury in Jinan, China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 574:1424-1431. [PMID: 27531466 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.08.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Revised: 08/09/2016] [Accepted: 08/10/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Measurements of atmospheric particulate mercury (PHg) were conducted at a suburban site in Jinan, China from June 2014 to December 2015. The average PHg concentration was 508.5±402.7pgm-3, and the average Hg content in PM2.5 (particles with a diameter of 2.5μm or less) was 6.60±5.82μgg-1. Both PHg and Hg content in PM2.5 aerosols were comparable to levels in some cities in China and were much higher than in cities in North America and Europe. Weak correlations were found between PHg and meteorological parameters. The correlations between PHg and other pollutants in ambient air, including SO2, CO and NOχ, together with their wind dependence were used for source analysis, which suggested coal-fired industries, cement plants and traffic emissions as potential local sources for the site. Cluster analysis of 36-h backward trajectories suggested that the regional transport from southwestern Shandong Province also contributed to PHg in Jinan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaxin Li
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Yan Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China.
| | - Yan Li
- Shandong Provincial Environmental Information and Monitoring Centre, Jinan 250101, China.
| | - Tao Li
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Huiting Mao
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York, College of Environmental Science and Forestry, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
| | - Robert Talbot
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Science, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA
| | - Xiaoling Nie
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Chen Wu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Yanfang Zhao
- Environmental Monitoring Central Station of Shandong Province, Jinan 250101, China
| | - Chenxiao Hou
- Environmental Monitoring Central Station of Shandong Province, Jinan 250101, China
| | - Guirong Wang
- Department of Surgery, State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
| | - Jie Zhou
- Shandong Provincial Environmental Information and Monitoring Centre, Jinan 250101, China
| | - Guanghao Qie
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
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Hong Y, Chen J, Deng J, Tong L, Xu L, Niu Z, Yin L, Chen Y, Hong Z. Pattern of atmospheric mercury speciation during episodes of elevated PM2.5 levels in a coastal city in the Yangtze River Delta, China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2016; 218:259-268. [PMID: 27431698 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.06.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2016] [Revised: 06/28/2016] [Accepted: 06/30/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Measurement of atmospheric mercury speciation was conducted in a coastal city of the Yangtze River Delta, China from July 2013 to January 2014, in conjunction with air pollutants and meteorological parameters. The mean concentrations of gaseous elemental mercury (GEM), particulate bound mercury (HgP) and reactive gaseous mercury (RGM) were 3.26 ± 1.63 ng m-3, 659 ± 931 pg m-3, and 197 ± 246 pg m-3, respectively. High percentages of HgP during haze days were found, due to the increase in direct emissions and gas-particle partitioning of RGM. The average gas-particle partitioning coefficients (Kp) during moderate or severe haze days (PM2.5 > 150 μg m-3) were obviously decreased. GEM and HgP were positively correlated with PM2.5, SO2, NO2 and CO, suggesting a significant contribution of anthropogenic sources. Elevated HgP concentrations in cold seasons and in the morning were observed while RGM exhibited different seasonal and diurnal pattern. The ratio of HgP/SO2 and Pearson correlation analysis suggested that coal combustion was the main cause of increasing atmospheric Hg concentrations. The monitoring site was affected by local, regional and interregional sources. The back trajectory analysis suggested that air mass from northwest China and Huabei Plain contributed to elevated atmospheric Hg in winter and autumn, while southeast China with clean air masses were the major contributor in summer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youwei Hong
- Center for Excellence in Urban Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, PR China; Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, PR China; Ningbo Urban Environment Observation and Research Station-NUEORS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315800, PR China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of the Cause and Prevention of Urban Air Pollution Complex, Shanghai, 200233, PR China
| | - Jinsheng Chen
- Center for Excellence in Urban Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, PR China; Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, PR China; Ningbo Urban Environment Observation and Research Station-NUEORS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315800, PR China.
| | - Junjun Deng
- Center for Excellence in Urban Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, PR China; Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, PR China; Ningbo Urban Environment Observation and Research Station-NUEORS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315800, PR China
| | - Lei Tong
- Center for Excellence in Urban Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, PR China; Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, PR China; Ningbo Urban Environment Observation and Research Station-NUEORS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315800, PR China
| | - Lingling Xu
- Center for Excellence in Urban Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, PR China; Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, PR China; Ningbo Urban Environment Observation and Research Station-NUEORS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315800, PR China
| | - Zhenchuan Niu
- Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, PR China
| | - Liqian Yin
- Center for Excellence in Urban Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, PR China; Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, PR China; Ningbo Urban Environment Observation and Research Station-NUEORS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315800, PR China
| | - Yanting Chen
- Center for Excellence in Urban Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, PR China; Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, PR China; Ningbo Urban Environment Observation and Research Station-NUEORS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315800, PR China
| | - Zhenyu Hong
- Center for Excellence in Urban Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, PR China; Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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Removal of mercury (II) from aqueous solution with three commercial raw activated carbons. RESEARCH ON CHEMICAL INTERMEDIATES 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s11164-016-2761-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Sprovieri F, Pirrone N, Bencardino M, D’Amore F, Carbone F, Cinnirella S, Mannarino V, Landis M, Ebinghaus R, Weigelt A, Brunke EG, Labuschagne C, Martin L, Munthe J, Wängberg I, Artaxo P, Morais F, de Melo Jorge Barbosa H, Brito J, Cairns W, Barbante C, del Carmen Diéguez M, Garcia PE, Dommergue A, Angot H, Magand O, Skov H, Horvat M, Kotnik J, Read KA, Neves LM, Gawlik BM, Sena F, Mashyanov N, Obolkin V, Wip D, Feng XB, Zhang H, Fu X, Ramachandran R, Cossa D, Knoery J, Marusczak N, Nerentorp M, Norstrom C. Atmospheric mercury concentrations observed at ground-based monitoring sites globally distributed in the framework of the GMOS network. ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS 2016; 16:11915-11935. [PMID: 30245704 PMCID: PMC6145827 DOI: 10.5194/acp-16-11915-2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Long-term monitoring of data of ambient mercury (Hg) on a global scale to assess its emission, transport, atmospheric chemistry, and deposition processes is vital to understanding the impact of Hg pollution on the environment. The Global Mercury Observation System (GMOS) project was funded by the European Commission (http://www.gmos.eu) and started in November 2010 with the overall goal to develop a coordinated global observing system to monitor Hg on a global scale, including a large network of ground-based monitoring stations, ad hoc periodic oceanographic cruises and measurement flights in the lower and upper troposphere as well as in the lower stratosphere. To date, more than 40 ground-based monitoring sites constitute the global network covering many regions where little to no observational data were available before GMOS. This work presents atmospheric Hg concentrations recorded worldwide in the framework of the GMOS project (2010-2015), analyzing Hg measurement results in terms of temporal trends, seasonality and comparability within the network. Major findings highlighted in this paper include a clear gradient of Hg concentrations between the Northern and Southern hemispheres, confirming that the gradient observed is mostly driven by local and regional sources, which can be anthropogenic, natural or a combination of both.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nicola Pirrone
- CNR Institute of Atmospheric Pollution Research, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Matthew Landis
- Office of Research and Development, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | | | | | - Ernst-Günther Brunke
- Cape Point GAW Station, Climate and Environment Research & Monitoring, South African Weather Service, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Casper Labuschagne
- Cape Point GAW Station, Climate and Environment Research & Monitoring, South African Weather Service, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Lynwill Martin
- Cape Point GAW Station, Climate and Environment Research & Monitoring, South African Weather Service, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - John Munthe
- IVL, Swedish Environmental Research Inst. Ltd., Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Ingvar Wängberg
- IVL, Swedish Environmental Research Inst. Ltd., Göteborg, Sweden
| | | | | | | | - Joel Brito
- University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Carlo Barbante
- University Ca’ Foscari of Venice, Venice, Italy
- CNR Institute for the Dynamics of Environmental Processes, Venice, Italy
| | | | | | - Aurélien Dommergue
- Laboratoire de Glaciologie et Géophysique de l’Environnement, University Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
- Laboratoire de Glaciologie et Géophysique de l’Environnement, CNRS, Grenoble, France
| | - Helene Angot
- Laboratoire de Glaciologie et Géophysique de l’Environnement, University Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
- Laboratoire de Glaciologie et Géophysique de l’Environnement, CNRS, Grenoble, France
| | - Olivier Magand
- Laboratoire de Glaciologie et Géophysique de l’Environnement, University Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
- Laboratoire de Glaciologie et Géophysique de l’Environnement, CNRS, Grenoble, France
| | - Henrik Skov
- Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Dennis Wip
- Department of Physics, University of Suriname, Paramaribo, Suriname
| | - Xin Bin Feng
- Institute of Geochemistry, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Institute of Geochemistry, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang, China
| | - Xuewu Fu
- Institute of Geochemistry, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang, China
| | | | - Daniel Cossa
- LER/PAC, Ifremer,Centre Méditerranée, La Seyne-sur-Mer, France
| | - Joël Knoery
- LBCM, Ifremer, Centre Atlantique, Nantes, France
| | | | | | - Claus Norstrom
- Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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Wang C, Ci Z, Wang Z, Zhang X. Air-sea exchange of gaseous mercury in the East China Sea. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2016; 212:535-543. [PMID: 26975003 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2016] [Revised: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 03/04/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Two oceanographic cruises were carried out in the East China Sea (ECS) during the summer and fall of 2013. The main objectives of this study are to identify the spatial-temporal distributions of gaseous elemental mercury (GEM) in air and dissolved gaseous mercury (DGM) in surface seawater, and then to estimate the Hg(0) flux. The GEM concentration was lower in summer (1.61 ± 0.32 ng m(-3)) than in fall (2.20 ± 0.58 ng m(-3)). The back-trajectory analysis revealed that the air masses with high GEM levels during fall largely originated from the land, while the air masses with low GEM levels during summer primarily originated from ocean. The spatial distribution patterns of total Hg (THg), fluorescence, and turbidity were consistent with the pattern of DGM with high levels in the nearshore area and low levels in the open sea. Additionally, the levels of percentage of DGM to THg (%DGM) were higher in the open sea than in the nearshore area, which was consistent with the previous studies. The THg concentration in fall was higher (1.47 ± 0.51 ng l(-1)) than those of other open oceans. The DGM concentration (60.1 ± 17.6 pg l(-1)) and Hg(0) flux (4.6 ± 3.6 ng m(-2) h(-1)) in summer were higher than those in fall (DGM: 49.6 ± 12.5 pg l(-1) and Hg(0) flux: 3.6 ± 2.8 ng m(-2) h(-1)). The emission flux of Hg(0) from the ECS was estimated to be 27.6 tons yr(-1), accounting for ∼0.98% of the global Hg oceanic evasion though the ECS only accounts for ∼0.21% of global ocean area, indicating that the ECS plays an important role in the oceanic Hg cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunjie Wang
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 18 Shuangqing Road, Beijing 100085, China; Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhijia Ci
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 18 Shuangqing Road, Beijing 100085, China.
| | - Zhangwei Wang
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 18 Shuangqing Road, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Xiaoshan Zhang
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 18 Shuangqing Road, Beijing 100085, China
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Duan L, Xiu G, Feng L, Cheng N, Wang C. The mercury species and their association with carbonaceous compositions, bromine and iodine in PM2.5 in Shanghai. CHEMOSPHERE 2016; 146:263-271. [PMID: 26735726 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.11.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Revised: 10/28/2015] [Accepted: 11/15/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
PM2.5 samples were collected in south Shanghai from November 2013 to October 2014. The species of particulate bounded mercury (PBM), including hydrochloric soluble particle-phase mercury (HPM), element soluble particle-phase mercury (EPM) and residual soluble particle-phase mercury (RPM), were determined in PM2.5. The chemical composition of PM2.5 including organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC), total bromine and iodine were also analyzed. The results showed that the annual average concentration of PBM was 0.30 ± 0.31 ng m(-3) and 0.34 ± 0.32 ng m(-3) in winter, 0.31 ± 0.19 ng m(-3) in spring, 0.30 ± 0.45 ng m(-3) in fall and 0.28 ± 0.17 ng m(-3) in summer. HPM took the highest fraction 51.2% in PBM, followed by RPM 27.7% and EPM 21.1%. EC positively correlated to particle mercury, especially in winter (r = 0.70), the same for OC in winter (r = 0.72), which indicated that the carbonaceous composition may affect the transformation of Hg in the atmosphere. Mercury species showed different correlations with bromine and iodine in the four seasons. The strongest correlation between bromine, iodine and mercury was found in spring and fall, respectively. Bromine showed the stronger correlation with total mercury and speciated particle mercury than iodine. In addition, the days were classified into haze and non-haze days based on the visibility and relative humidity, while the ratio of HPM in haze days was much higher than that in non-haze days. EC strongly correlated with PBM during haze and non-haze days while OC only positively correlated with PBM in non-haze days, this may indicate that the different carbonaceous part may affect PBM differently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lian Duan
- State Environmental Protection Key Lab of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Processes, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, PR China
| | - Guangli Xiu
- State Environmental Protection Key Lab of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Processes, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, PR China.
| | - Ling Feng
- State Environmental Protection Key Lab of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Processes, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, PR China
| | - Na Cheng
- State Environmental Protection Key Lab of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Processes, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, PR China
| | - Chenggang Wang
- State Environmental Protection Key Lab of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Processes, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, PR China
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Siudek P, Frankowski M, Siepak J. Atmospheric particulate mercury at the urban and forest sites in central Poland. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:2341-52. [PMID: 26411447 PMCID: PMC4717177 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-015-5476-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Particulate mercury concentrations were investigated during intensive field campaigns at the urban and forest sites in central Poland, between April 2013 and October 2014. For the first time, quantitative determination of total particulate mercury in coarse (PHg2.2) and fine (PHg0.7) aerosol samples was conducted in Poznań and Jeziory. The concentrations in urban fine and coarse aerosol fractions amounted to < MDL ± 77.1 pg m(-3) and < MDL ± 604.9 pg m(-3), respectively. Aerosol samples collected during the whole study period showed statistically significant differences for particulate mercury concentrations. A strong impact of meteorological conditions (wind velocity, air mass direction, air temperature, and precipitation amount) on particulate mercury concentrations was also observed. In particular, higher variation and concentration range of PHg0.7 and PHg2.2 was reported for wintertime measurements. An increase in atmospheric particulate mercury during the cold season in the study region indicated that coal combustion, i.e., residential and industrial heating, is the main contribution factor for the selected particle size modes. Coarse particulate Hg at the urban site during summer was mainly attributed to anthropogenic sources, with significant contribution from resuspension processes and long-range transport. The highest values of PHg0.7 and PHg2.2 were found during westerly and southerly wind events, reflecting local emission from highly polluted areas. The period from late fall to spring showed that advection from the southern part of Poland was the main factor responsible for elevated Hg concentrations in fine and coarse particles in the investigated region. Moreover, September 2013 could be given as an example of the influence of additional urban activities which occurred approx. 10 m from the sampling site-construction works connected with replacement of the road surface, asphalting, etc. The concentrations of particulate Hg (>600.0 pg m(-3)) were much higher than during the following months when any similar situation did not occur. Our investigations confirmed that Hg in urban aerosol samples was predominantly related to local industrial and commercial emissions, whereas the main source of Hg in particulate matter collected at the forest site was connected with regional anthropogenic processes. This paper provides the results of the first long-term measurements of size-fractionated particulate mercury conducted in central Poland, which could be an important insight into atmospheric Hg processes within such a scarcely investigated part of Europe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrycja Siudek
- Department of Water and Soil Analysis, Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Umultowska 89b Street, 61-614, Poznań, Poland.
| | - Marcin Frankowski
- Department of Water and Soil Analysis, Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Umultowska 89b Street, 61-614, Poznań, Poland
| | - Jerzy Siepak
- Hipolit Cegielski State College of Higher Education in Gniezno, 38 ks. Kard. Stefana Wyszynskiego Street, 62-200, Gniezno, Poland
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Guo Y, Deng J, Zhu J, Zhou X, Bai R. Removal of mercury(ii) and methylene blue from a wastewater environment with magnetic graphene oxide: adsorption kinetics, isotherms and mechanism. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra14651a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The magnetic graphene oxide (MGO) has maximum adsorption capacities of 71.3 and 306.5 mg g−1 for Hg(ii) and methylene blue, respectively. And MGO has a magnetization of 31.5 emu g−1, easily separated from solutions via exterior magnets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongfu Guo
- Center for Separation and Purification Materials & Technologies
- Suzhou University of Science and Technology
- Suzhou 215009
- P. R. China
| | - Juan Deng
- Center for Separation and Purification Materials & Technologies
- Suzhou University of Science and Technology
- Suzhou 215009
- P. R. China
| | - Junyan Zhu
- Center for Separation and Purification Materials & Technologies
- Suzhou University of Science and Technology
- Suzhou 215009
- P. R. China
| | - Xiaoji Zhou
- Center for Separation and Purification Materials & Technologies
- Suzhou University of Science and Technology
- Suzhou 215009
- P. R. China
| | - Renbi Bai
- Center for Separation and Purification Materials & Technologies
- Suzhou University of Science and Technology
- Suzhou 215009
- P. R. China
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