1
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Zhang L, Wang Q, Xu F, Wang Z. Insights into the evolution of chemical structure and pyrolysis reactivity of PVC-derived hydrochar during hydrothermal carbonization. RSC Adv 2023; 13:27212-27224. [PMID: 37701272 PMCID: PMC10494789 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra04986h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) is emerging as an effective technology to convert PVC into highly valuable materials via the removal of chlorine. This means that an in-depth understanding of HTC requires the hydrochar structure, thermal degradation behavior, and relationship between structure and thermal reactivity to be understood. In this work, two typical PVC waste materials were selected for HTC experiments at different temperatures. The structure of the hydrochar was characterized in detail by compositional analysis, FTIR spectroscopy, and 13C NMR analysis. Furthermore, the thermal degradation behavior of the hydrochar was analyzed. The changes after thermal degradation were used to establish a correlation with pyrolysis reactivity. The results showed that the C content and chemical structure of the hydrochar approached that of bituminous coal with increasing HTC temperature. Compared with the untreated PVC feedstock, the hydrochar exhibited higher levels of oxygen-containing functional groups on its surface, and its carbon skeleton structure changed from polymeric straight chains to short-chain paraffins, cycloalkanes, and aromatics. A negative correlation was observed between the CPI value of the hydrochar derived from SPVC and the HTC temperature. The structural evolution path of the hydrochar was altered by additives, which improved its thermal reactivity. These findings are expected to play a significant role in bridging the gap from the creation of a theoretical potential energy source to the development of a sustainable alternative renewable fuel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Zhang
- Engineering Research Centre of Oil Shale Comprehensive Utilization, Ministry of Education, Northeast Electric Power University Jilin City Jilin 132012 PR China
- Jilin Institute of Chemical Technology Jilin City Jilin 132022 PR China
| | - Qing Wang
- Engineering Research Centre of Oil Shale Comprehensive Utilization, Ministry of Education, Northeast Electric Power University Jilin City Jilin 132012 PR China
| | - Faxing Xu
- Jilin Feite Environmental Protection Co. Ltd, Jilin Key Laboratory of Subcritical Hydrolysis Technology Jilin 132200 PR China
| | - Zhenye Wang
- Jilin Feite Environmental Protection Co. Ltd, Jilin Key Laboratory of Subcritical Hydrolysis Technology Jilin 132200 PR China
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2
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Ghalandari V, Volpe M, Codignole Lùz F, Messineo A, Reza T. Role of acidic hydrochar on dechlorination of waste PVC in high temperature hydrothermal treatment and fuel properties enhancement of solid residues. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2023; 169:125-136. [PMID: 37423054 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2023.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the chlorine mitigation from waste polyvinyl chloride (WPVC) during high temperature co-hydrothermal treatment (co-HTT) and the properties of the generated solid products were assessed. WPVC was co-fed with acidic hydrochar (AHC), which was produced via hydrothermal carbonization of pineapple waste in the presence of citric acid water solution. High temperature co-HTT experiments were performed at 300-350 °C, 0.25-4 h of reaction time, and 0-20 wt% AHC loading. Co-HTT solid products (co-HTT_SP) were characterized via proximate analysis, ultimate analyses, combustion analysis, and ash analysis. The results show that the addition of 5% AHC enhances the dechlorination efficiency (DE) of WPVC from 89.35% to 97.66% at 325 °C and 0.5 h. The highest DE, reaching 99.46%, was achieved at 350 °C and 1 h in the presence of 5 wt% AHC. Furthermore, loading 5% AHC improved the higher heat value (HHV) of the solid products from 23.09 to 31.25 MJ/kg at 325 °C and 0.5 h. The maximum HHV (34.77 MJ/kg) of a solid product was achieved at 350 °C, 4 h, in the presence of 5 wt% of AHC. The co-HTT solids shown low slagging indices, fouling indices, alkali indices, and medium chlorine contents. These findings support the viability of WPVC conversion into clean solid fuel via co-HTT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vahab Ghalandari
- Department of Biomedical and Chemical Engineering and Sciences, Florida Institute of Technology, 150 West University Boulevard, Melbourne, FL 32901, USA
| | - Maurizio Volpe
- Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, University of Enna, Kore, viale delle Olimpiadi snc, 94100 Enna, Italy
| | - Fabio Codignole Lùz
- Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, University of Enna, Kore, viale delle Olimpiadi snc, 94100 Enna, Italy
| | - Antonio Messineo
- Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, University of Enna, Kore, viale delle Olimpiadi snc, 94100 Enna, Italy
| | - Toufiq Reza
- Department of Biomedical and Chemical Engineering and Sciences, Florida Institute of Technology, 150 West University Boulevard, Melbourne, FL 32901, USA.
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3
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Zhang L, Wang Q, Xu F, Wang Z. Migration Mechanism of Chlorine during Hydrothermal Treatment of Rigid PVC Plastics. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:5840. [PMID: 37687533 PMCID: PMC10488432 DOI: 10.3390/ma16175840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
Rigid PVC plastics (R-PVC) contain large amounts of chlorine, and improper disposal can adversely affect the environment. Nevertheless, there is still a lack of sufficient studies on hydrothermal treatment (HTT) for the efficient dechlorination of R-PVC. To investigate the migration mechanism of chlorine during the HTT of R-PVC, R-PVC is treated with HTT at temperatures ranging from 220 °C to 300 °C for 30 min to 90 min. Hydrochar is characterized via Fourier transform infrared spectrometry and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The results revealed that the hydrothermal temperature is the key factor that affects the dechlorination of R-PVC. Dramatic dechlorination occurs at temperatures ranging from 240 °C to 260 °C, and the dechlorination efficiency increases with the increase in the hydrothermal temperature. The main mechanism for the dechlorination of R-PVC involves the nucleophilic substitution of chlorine by -OH. CaCO3 can absorb HCl released by R-PVC and hinder the autocatalytic degradation of R-PVC; hence, the dechlorination behavior of R-PVC is different from that of pure PVC resins. Based on these results, a possible degradation process for R-PVC is proposed. This study suggests that HTT technology can be utilized to convert organochlorines in R-PVC to calcium chloride, achieving the simultaneous dechlorination of R-PVC and utilization of products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Zhang
- Engineering Research Centre of Oil Shale Comprehensive Utilization, Ministry of Education, Northeast Electric Power University, Jilin City 132012, China
- Jilin Institute of Chemical Technology, Jilin City 132022, China
| | - Qing Wang
- Engineering Research Centre of Oil Shale Comprehensive Utilization, Ministry of Education, Northeast Electric Power University, Jilin City 132012, China
| | - Faxing Xu
- Jilin Feite Environmental Protection Co., Ltd., Jilin City 132200, China
| | - Zhenye Wang
- Jilin Feite Environmental Protection Co., Ltd., Jilin City 132200, China
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4
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Lu L, Li W, Cheng Y, Liu M. Chemical recycling technologies for PVC waste and PVC-containing plastic waste: A review. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2023; 166:245-258. [PMID: 37196390 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2023.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 04/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The extensive production and consumption of plastics has resulted in significant plastic waste and plastic pollution. Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) waste has a high chlorine content and is the primary source of chlorine in the plastic waste stream, potentially generating hazardous chlorinated organic pollutants if treated improperly. This review discusses PVC synthesis, applications, and the current types and challenges of PVC waste management. Dechlorination is vital for the chemical recycling of PVC waste and PVC-containing plastic waste. We review dehydrochlorination and dechlorination mechanisms of PVC using thermal degradation and wet treatments, and summarize the recent progress in chemical treatments and dechlorination principles. This review provides readers with a comprehensive analysis of chemical recycling technologies for PVC waste and PVC-containing plastic waste to transform them into chemicals, fuels, feedstock, and value-added polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihui Lu
- School of Environmental Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education), Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, Liaoning, China
| | - Weiming Li
- School of Environmental Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education), Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, Liaoning, China
| | - Ying Cheng
- School of Environmental Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education), Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, Liaoning, China
| | - Meng Liu
- School of Environmental Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education), Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, Liaoning, China.
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5
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Ling M, Ma D, Hu X, Liu Z, Wang D, Feng Q. Hydrothermal treatment of polyvinyl chloride: Reactors, dechlorination chemistry, application, and challenges. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 316:137718. [PMID: 36592841 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.137718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) plastic wastes can bring a series of problems during pyrolysis or incineration such as the emission of dioxins, corrosion, slagging in the reactors, etc. Hydrothermal treatment of PVC plastics has been intensively studied as it can efficiently remove chlorine from PVC plastics under relatively mild reaction conditions (220-300 °C) to provide value-added products. Meanwhile, the research progress, knowledge gaps, and challenges in this field have not been well addressed yet. This paper gives a comprehensive review of hydrothermal dechlorination of PVC plastics regarding reactors, process variables and fundamentals, possible applications, and challenges. The main pathways of hydrothermal dechlorination of PVC plastics are elimination and -OH nucleophilic substitution. Catalytic hydrothermal and co-hydrothermal optimize the chemical reactions and transportation, boosting the dechlorination of PVC plastics. Hydrochar derived from PVC plastics, on the one hand, is coalified close to sub-bituminous and bituminous coal and can be used as low-chlorine solid fuel. On the other hand, it is also a porous material with aromatic structure and oxygen-containing functional groups, with good potential as adsorbent or energy storage materials. Further studies are expected to focus on waste liquid treatment, revealing the energy and economic balance, reducing the dechlorination temperature and pressure, expanding the application of products, etc. for promoting the implementation of the hydrothermal treatment of PVC plastic wastes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengxue Ling
- School of Resources, Environment and Materials, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Dachao Ma
- School of Resources, Environment and Materials, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China.
| | - Xuan Hu
- School of Resources, Environment and Materials, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Zheng Liu
- School of Resources, Environment and Materials, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Dongbo Wang
- School of Resources, Environment and Materials, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Qingge Feng
- School of Resources, Environment and Materials, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
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6
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Zhang CC, Zhang FS, Zhu NM, Yue XH. A carbothermic hybrid synthesized using waste halogenated plastic in sub/supercritical CO 2 and its application for lithium recovery. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 216:114777. [PMID: 36370818 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.114777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 10/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Facile fabrication of porous carbon materials from waste halogenated plastic is highly attractive but frequently hampered due to potential release of halogenated organic pollutants. In this study, a novel type of carbon hybrid was tentatively synthesized from a real-world halogenated plastic as an inexpensive carbon source by sub/supercritical carbon dioxide carbonization technique. It was found that halogen-free carbon carrier was advantageously synthesized through carbonization of halogenated plastic without using catalysts due to zip depolymerization, random chain cracking and free radical reactions induced by sub/supercritical carbon dioxide technique. Exhibiting with more abundant functional groups including C-O, CO groups than pyrolytic carbon carrier, the derived carbon carrier demonstrated excellent performance in selective recovery of lithium from cathode powder with highest recovery efficiency of 93.6%. Mechanism study indicated that cathode powder was transformed into low-valence states of transition metals/metal oxides and released lithium as lithium carbonate due to collapse of oxygen framework via carbothermic reduction. This work provides an applicable and green process for synthesis of alternative carbon carrier from waste halogenated plastic and its application as carbothermic reductant in lithium recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong-Cong Zhang
- Department of Solid Waste Treatment and Recycling, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 18 Shuangqing Road, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
| | - Fu-Shen Zhang
- Department of Solid Waste Treatment and Recycling, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 18 Shuangqing Road, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Neng-Min Zhu
- Biogas Institute of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Development and Application of Rural Renewable Energy, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chengdu, 610041, China.
| | - Xiao-Hui Yue
- Department of Solid Waste Treatment and Recycling, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 18 Shuangqing Road, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
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7
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Li Z, Niu S, Liu J, Wang Y. Solid fuel production from co-hydrothermal carbonization of polyvinyl chloride and corncob: Higher dechlorination efficiency and process water recycling. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 843:157082. [PMID: 35780902 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and wet herbal agricultural wastes for solid fuel production remains bleak economics and sustainability because of high chloride residual, wastewater burden and low production capacity. In this study, the HTC dechlorination was investigated using the first-order reaction kinetic analysis. We found that the co-hydrothermal carbonization (co-HTC) of PVC and the typical biomass (corncob) achieved a staggering drop of dechlorination activation energy from 189.95 kJ/mol to 110.04 kJ/mol. The co-HTC process achieved rapid dechlorination and carbonization due to synergistic effect, to suppress the chlorine content in bituminous-coal-like hydrochar less than 0.05 %. The process wastewater (process water) from co-HTC was recycled four times to evaluate the reusability and chemical evolution. The organics in co-HTC environment enhanced the carbonization which was confirmed by the improved heating value (30.06 to 32.42 MJ·kg-1), hydrochar yield (33.33 % to 36.47 %) and energy recovery efficiency (57.73 % to 68.13 %). The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) evidenced the process water recirculation maintained high chloride removal. Moreover, the possible formation pathways of two kinds of hydrochars were discussed through the chemical composition of the aqueous phase and the characteristic structures of hydrochar. The co-HTC and process water recycling strategies provide a more promising prospect to convert PVC and biomass wastes into solid fuels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoyang Li
- School of Energy and Power Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, Shandong, China
| | - Shengli Niu
- School of Energy and Power Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, Shandong, China.
| | - Jiangwei Liu
- School of Energy and Power Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, Shandong, China
| | - Yongzheng Wang
- School of Energy and Power Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, Shandong, China
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8
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Zheng Q, Li Z, Watanabe M. Production of Solid Fuels by Hydrothermal Treatment of Wastes of Biomass, Plastic, and Biomass/Plastic Mixtures: A Review. JOURNAL OF BIORESOURCES AND BIOPRODUCTS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jobab.2022.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/07/2022] Open
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9
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A Brief Review of Poly(Vinyl Chloride) (PVC) Recycling. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14153035. [PMID: 35893999 PMCID: PMC9332854 DOI: 10.3390/polym14153035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Bearing in mind the aspiration of the world economy to create as complete a closed loop of raw materials and energy as possible, it is important to know the individual links in such a system and to systematise the knowledge. Polymer materials, especially poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC), are considered harmful to the environment by a large part of society. The work presents a literature review on mechanical and feedstock recycling. The advantages and disadvantages of various recycling methods and their development perspectives are presented. The general characteristics of PVC are also described. In conclusion, it is stated that there are currently high recycling possibilities for PVC material and that intensive work is underway on the development of feedstock recycling. Based on the literature review, it was found that PVC certainly meets the requirements for materials involved in the circular economy.
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10
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Pyrolysis Characteristics of Hailar Lignite in the Presence of Polyvinyl Chloride: Products Distribution and Chlorine Migration. ENERGIES 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/en15093377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) addition on low-rank coal’s pyrolysis characteristics, especially the products distribution and chlorine migration. Hailar lignite (HLE) with different industrial, pure, PVC-content additions were prepared (the mass percentage of PVC addition was from 5% to 25%), and the co-pyrolysis characteristics of HLE and PVC were performed on a fixed-bed reactor and thermogravimetric analyzer. The chars were characterized with X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), and Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy analysis. The gas and tar compositions were analyzed by using gas chromatography (GC) and a gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) system, respectively. The results indicate that the addition of PVC can increase the release amounts of CH4, C2H4, and C2H6, simultaneously reducing the release amount of CO2 and CO; the quality of pyrolysis tar was also improved, especially the alkane content in tar, which increased by 6.9%. The migration of chlorine in PVC was analyzed with the different PVC additions and terminal pyrolysis temperatures. It showed that the content of chlorine in the gas phase first increased with the increasing pyrolysis temperature, but at the terminal temperature of 600 °C, the chlorine in the gas phase began to decrease. The results of the co-pyrolysis char characterization show that the content of the alkali metal oxide gradually decreases in the char, and metal chloride appears during the pyrolysis process. In the co-pyrolysis reaction of coal and PVC, chlorine was fixed in the char, thereby reducing the distribution of chlorine in the gas phase. This also proves that the PVC pyrolysis process, with the participation of low-rank coal, can enrich chlorine into the solid phase, thus reducing the emission of chlorine in the gas phase.
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11
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Liberatori G, Mazzoli C, Ferraro F, Sturba L, Vannuccini ML, Baroni D, Behnisch PA, Puccini M, Vitolo S, Corsi I. Aryl hydrocarbon reporter gene bioassay for screening polyhalogenated dibenzo-p-dioxins/furans and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls in hydrochar and sewage sludge. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 428:128256. [PMID: 35038666 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.128256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The suitability of the AhR reporter gene bioassays to screen the presence of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins/furans (PCDD/Fs) and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (dl-PCBs) in sewage sludge (SL) and related hydrochar (HC) was here investigated. Samples of SL obtained from six WWTPs were processed by hydrothermal carbonization to obtain the resultant HCs and both tested with DR-CALUX® bioassay. Levels of PCDD/Fs and dl-PCBs were also determined analytically in the same samples by GC-MS/MS. Bioanalytical Toxicity Equivalent values (BEQ) resulted in one order of magnitude higher in HC compared to SL samples and those obtained from the dl-PCBs fraction higher than those from PCDD/Fs. BEQ and TEQWHO values, the latter obtained by GC-MS/MS analysis on the same matrices, were highly correlated showing also a similar trend in the six WWTPs (RS= 0.8252, p < 0.001; Pearson's R RP =0.8029, p < 0.01). The suitability of AhR bioassays and in particular of the DR-CALUX® to screen the presence and biological activity of legacy organohalogen compounds in both SL and HC matrices was demonstrated for the first time which support their usage for the assessment of potential risks associated with their further environmental applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Liberatori
- Department of Physical, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy.
| | - Carola Mazzoli
- Department of Physical, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Ferraro
- pH TÜV Italia srl, Loc. Sambuca Tavarnelle Val di Pesa, Florence, Italy
| | - Lucrezia Sturba
- Department of Physical, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Maria Luisa Vannuccini
- Department of Physical, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Davide Baroni
- Department of Physical, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | | | - Monica Puccini
- Department of Civil and Industrial Engineering, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Sandra Vitolo
- Department of Civil and Industrial Engineering, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Ilaria Corsi
- Department of Physical, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
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12
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Xu X, Zhu D, Wang X, Deng L, Fan X, Ding Z, Zhang A, Xue G, Liu Y, Xuan W, Li X, Makinia J. Transformation of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) into a versatile and efficient adsorbent of Cu(II) cations and Cr(VI) anions through hydrothermal treatment and sulfonation. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 423:126973. [PMID: 34461533 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.126973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2021] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The reuse of waste polyvinyl chloride (PVC) has drawn much attention as it can reduce plastic waste and associated pollution, and provide valuable raw materials and products. In this study, sulfonated PVC-derived hydrochar (HS-PVC) was synthesized by two-stage hydrothermal treatment (HT) and sulfonation, and shown to be a versatile adsorbent. The removal of Cu(II) cations and Cr(VI) anions using HS-PVC reached 81.2 ± 1.6% and 60.3 ± 3.8%, respectively. The first stage of HT was crucial for the dichlorination of PVC and the formation of an aromatic structure. This stage guaranteed the introduction of -SO3H onto PVC-derived hydrochar through subsequent sulfonation. HT intensities (i.e., temperature and time) and sulfonation intensity strongly determined the adsorption capacity of HS-PVC. Competitive adsorption between Cu(II) and Cr(VI) onto HS-PVC was demonstrated by binary and preloading adsorption. The proposed Cu(II) cations adsorption mechanism was electrostatic adsorption, while Cr(VI) were possibly complexed by the phenolic -OH and reduced to Cr(III) cations by CC groups in HS-PVC. In addition, HS-PVC derived from PVC waste pipes performed better than PVC powder for Cu(II) and Cr(VI) removal (>90%). This study provides an efficient method for recycling waste PVC and production of efficient adsorbents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianbao Xu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, State Environmental Protection Engineering Centre for Pollution Treatment and Control in Textile Industry, Donghua University, 2999 North Renmin Road, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Daan Zhu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, State Environmental Protection Engineering Centre for Pollution Treatment and Control in Textile Industry, Donghua University, 2999 North Renmin Road, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Xiaonuan Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, State Environmental Protection Engineering Centre for Pollution Treatment and Control in Textile Industry, Donghua University, 2999 North Renmin Road, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Liling Deng
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, State Environmental Protection Engineering Centre for Pollution Treatment and Control in Textile Industry, Donghua University, 2999 North Renmin Road, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Xinyun Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Zizhen Ding
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, State Environmental Protection Engineering Centre for Pollution Treatment and Control in Textile Industry, Donghua University, 2999 North Renmin Road, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Ai Zhang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, State Environmental Protection Engineering Centre for Pollution Treatment and Control in Textile Industry, Donghua University, 2999 North Renmin Road, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Gang Xue
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, State Environmental Protection Engineering Centre for Pollution Treatment and Control in Textile Industry, Donghua University, 2999 North Renmin Road, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Yanbiao Liu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, State Environmental Protection Engineering Centre for Pollution Treatment and Control in Textile Industry, Donghua University, 2999 North Renmin Road, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Weimin Xuan
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University, 2999 North Renmin Road, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Xiang Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, State Environmental Protection Engineering Centre for Pollution Treatment and Control in Textile Industry, Donghua University, 2999 North Renmin Road, Shanghai 201620, China.
| | - Jacek Makinia
- Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Gdansk University of Technology, ul. Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdansk, Poland
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13
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Xie L, Gou L, Wang Y, Dai L. Co-hydrothermal carbonization of sewage sludge and polyvinyl chloride for the production of high-quality solid fuel with low nitrogen content. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 804:150094. [PMID: 34508936 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Sewage sludge (SS) and polyvinyl chloride (PVC) are typical solid wastes. Their co-hydrothermal carbonization behavior was investigated in this study. The low-nitrogen solid fuel (0.94 wt%) with high heating value (9.84 MJ·Kg-1) was prepared through parameter optimization at 240 °C for 1.5 h under water loading amount of 0.84 g·cm-3. In an acidic environment, the stubborn protein in SS could be converted into free amino acids, which were generated by the decomposition of PVC under hydrothermal conditions. The stubborn N could be translated into easy-to-remove N, such as nitrile-N and inorganic N, and the dehydration reaction was evidently promoted. The acidic environment at high temperatures caused the dissolution of ash in SS and improved the combustion performance of hydrochar. FT-IR results showed that, with increased PVC loading proportion, -C=N- was converted into -C=O-. Co-hydrothermal carbonization could effectively improve the combustion performance of hydrochar. The addition of PVC could lead to the generation of increased volatile matter, fixed carbon, and unsaturated CC, and the combustion temperature range shifted to a high range. However, the generation of graphite-like carbon was caused by further increasing the PVC loading proportion, which hindered the improvement of its combustion performance. In the parameter optimization study, the increased water loading amount (from 0.54 g·cm-3 to 0.84 g·cm-3) had the most evident effect on the N content in the hydrochar (from 1.50 wt% to 0.94 wt%), which promoted the denitrification efficiency (from 60.11% to 75.00%) and the conversion of -C=N- components, and prevented further polymerization of solid products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longfei Xie
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, No. 500 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200241, PR China
| | - Le Gou
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, No. 500 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200241, PR China
| | - Yuanyuan Wang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, No. 500 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200241, PR China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, PR China.
| | - Liyi Dai
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, No. 500 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200241, PR China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, PR China.
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14
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Gebre SH, Sendeku MG, Bahri M. Recent Trends in the Pyrolysis of Non-Degradable Waste Plastics. ChemistryOpen 2021; 10:1202-1226. [PMID: 34873881 PMCID: PMC8649616 DOI: 10.1002/open.202100184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 10/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Waste plastics are non-degradable constituents that can stay in the environment for centuries. Their large land space consumption is unsafe to humans and animals. Concomitantly, the continuous engineering of plastics, which causes depletion of petroleum, poses another problem since they are petroleum-based materials. Therefore, energy recovering trough pyrolysis is an innovative and sustainable solution since it can be practiced without liberating toxic gases into the atmosphere. The most commonly used plastics, such as HDPE, LDPE (high- and low-density polyethylene), PP (polypropylene), PS (polystyrene), and, to some extent, PC (polycarbonate), PVC (polyvinyl chloride), and PET (polyethylene terephthalate), are used for fuel oil recovery through this process. The oils which are generated from the wastes showed caloric values almost comparable with conventional fuels. The main aim of the present review is to highlight and summarize the trends of thermal and catalytic pyrolysis of waste plastic into valuable fuel products through manipulating the operational parameters that influence the quality or quantity of the recovered results. The properties and product distribution of the pyrolytic fuels and the depolymerization reaction mechanisms of each plastic and their byproduct composition are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marshet Getaye Sendeku
- CAS Center for Excellence in NanoscienceCAS Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical FabricationNational Center for Nanoscience and TechnologyBeijing100190P.R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of ScienceBeijing100190P.R. China
| | - Mohamed Bahri
- University of Chinese Academy of ScienceBeijing100190P.R. China
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15
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Characteristics of Hydrochar and Liquid Products Obtained by Hydrothermal Carbonization and Wet Torrefaction of Poultry Litter in Mixture with Wood Sawdust. Processes (Basel) 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/pr9112082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Poultry farms with floor-standing poultry generate large amounts of poultry litter waste. The direct application of this waste as an organic fertilizer does not ensure sustainable and cost-efficient utilization of all waste fractions, and can also be linked to environmental hazards. Therefore, the development of new technologies is required for processing poultry litter into a safe product with higher added value. In this work, the characteristics of activated carbon derived from hydrochar, along with the liquid products obtained from hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) and the wet torrefaction (WT) of poultry litter, were investigated. Poultry litter (PL) was applied in a mixture with sawdust (SD) in the following ratios: 1:0 (PL/SD 1:0), 1:1 (PL/SD 1:1), 1:2 (PL/SD 1:2), and 2:1 (PL/SD 2:1). WT processing took place in an innovative fluidized bed system in a superheated steam medium with low overpressure (less than 0.07 MPa) at 300 °C and 350 °C for 30–45 min. Conventional HTC processing was performed in a water medium at 220 °C for 1–4 h. The hydrochar produced in the experiments was activated with steam for 1 h at 450–750 °C. The porosity characteristics of activated hydrochar were measured, including pore size, pore volume, and specific surface area, in view of potential industrial applications as an adsorbent. Additionally, the contents of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF), as high-value product, were determined in the liquid products obtained from HTC processing, as well as in the condensate obtained after WT processing. Specific surface areas of the activated hydrochars may still be too low for application as adsorbent material. Hence, its use as a biofertilizer and soil improver should be preferred. Interestingly, the liquid fraction obtained from the innovative WT process displayed a significantly higher 5-HMF content compared to the conventional HTC process.
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16
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Roy PS, Garnier G, Allais F, Saito K. Strategic Approach Towards Plastic Waste Valorization: Challenges and Promising Chemical Upcycling Possibilities. CHEMSUSCHEM 2021; 14:4007-4027. [PMID: 34132056 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202100904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 06/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Plastic waste, which is one of the major sources of pollution in the landfills and oceans, has raised global concern, primarily due to the huge production rate, high durability, and the lack of utilization of the available waste management techniques. Recycling methods are preferable to reduce the impact of plastic pollution to some extent. However, most of the recycling techniques are associated with different drawbacks, high cost and downgrading of product quality being among the notable ones. The sustainable option here is to upcycle the plastic waste to create high-value materials to compensate for the cost of production. Several upcycling techniques are constantly being investigated and explored, which is currently the only economical option to resolve the plastic waste issue. This Review provides a comprehensive insight on the promising chemical routes available for upcycling of the most widely used plastic and mixed plastic wastes. The challenges inherent to these processes, the recent advances, and the significant role of the science and research community in resolving these issues are further emphasized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pallabi Sinha Roy
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, 3800, VIC, Australia
- BioPRIA, Department of Chemical Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, 3800, VIC, Australia
| | - Gil Garnier
- BioPRIA, Department of Chemical Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, 3800, VIC, Australia
- URD Agro-Biotechnologies Industrielles (ABI), CEBB, AgroParisTech, 51110, Pomacle, France
| | - Florent Allais
- BioPRIA, Department of Chemical Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, 3800, VIC, Australia
- URD Agro-Biotechnologies Industrielles (ABI), CEBB, AgroParisTech, 51110, Pomacle, France
| | - Kei Saito
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, 3800, VIC, Australia
- BioPRIA, Department of Chemical Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, 3800, VIC, Australia
- Graduate School of Advanced Integrated Studies in Human Survivability, Kyoto University, Higashi-Ichijo-Kan, Yoshida-nakaadachicho 1, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8306, Japan
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17
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Li HZ, Zhang YN, Guo JZ, Lv JQ, Huan WW, Li B. Preparation of hydrochar with high adsorption performance for methylene blue by co-hydrothermal carbonization of polyvinyl chloride and bamboo. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2021; 337:125442. [PMID: 34175769 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2021.125442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) was blended into bamboo powder during co-hydrothermal carbonization (Co-HTC) to understand the effects on the physicochemical properties and adsorbing ability of hydrochar. The properties of hydrochar were characterized by Zeta potential, elemental analyses, BET, FTIR, XPS, Boehm titration and SEM. The addition of PVC into bamboo in Co-HTC decreased the BET area, and pore volume and radius of hydrochar, but increased the contents of surface hydroxyl and carboxyl groups. The adsorption ability of hydrochar produced by addition of PVC at 473 K over methylene blue (MB) increased significantly. The main adsorption mechanism was electrostatic attraction by -N(CH3)2+ of MB and carboxylate of hydrochar, and hydrogen-bonding interaction through N atom of phenothiazine in MB and C-OH of hydrochar. Thus, Co-HTC offers a facile, green and economical alternative for conversion of waste into high-value adsorbents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao-Zhe Li
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Utilization of Forestry Biomass, College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311300, PR China
| | - Yu-Nan Zhang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Utilization of Forestry Biomass, College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311300, PR China
| | - Jian-Zhong Guo
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Utilization of Forestry Biomass, College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311300, PR China
| | - Jian-Quan Lv
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Utilization of Forestry Biomass, College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311300, PR China
| | - Wei-Wei Huan
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Utilization of Forestry Biomass, College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311300, PR China
| | - Bing Li
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Utilization of Forestry Biomass, College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311300, PR China.
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18
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Das KP, Sharma D, Saha S, Satapathy BK. From outbreak of COVID-19 to launching of vaccination drive: invigorating single-use plastics, mitigation strategies, and way forward. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:55811-55845. [PMID: 34480299 PMCID: PMC8415439 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-16025-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/14/2021] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The unforeseen outbreak of the COVID-19 epidemic has significantly stipulated the use of plastics to minimize the exposure and spread of the novel coronavirus. With the onset of the vaccination drive, the issue draws even more attention due to additional demand for vaccine packaging, transport, disposable syringes, and other allied devices scaling up to many million tonnes of plastic. Plastic materials in personal protective equipment (PPE), disposable pharmaceutical devices, and packaging for e-commerce facilities are perceived to be a lifesaver for the frontline healthcare personnel and the general public amidst recurring waves of the pandemic. However, the same material poses a threat as an evil environmental polluter when attributed to its indiscriminate and improper littering as well as mismanagement. The review not only highlights the environmental consequences due to the excessive use of disposable plastics amidst COVID-19 but also recommends mixed approaches to its management by adopting the combined and step-by-step methodology of adequate segregation, sterilization, sanitization activities, technological intervention, and process optimization measures. The overview finally concludes with some crucial way-forward measures and recommendations like the development of bioplastics and focusing on biodegradable/bio-compostable material alternatives to holistically deal with future pandemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishna Priyadarshini Das
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, 110016, India
| | - Deepika Sharma
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, 110016, India
| | - Sampa Saha
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, 110016, India
| | - Bhabani K Satapathy
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, 110016, India.
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19
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Zhang Y, Zhan L, Xu Z. Recycling Ag, As, Ga of waste light-emitting diodes via subcritical water treatment. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 408:124409. [PMID: 33168315 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.124409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 10/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
From environmental security and resource recovery viewpoint, hydrothermal technology was adopted to recycle Ag, As, and Ga from waste LEDs in present study. Waste LEDs packaging materials (Polyphthalamide (PPA), epoxy resin, and brominated flame retardant (BFR)), which are difficult to degrade under normal conditions, can be effectively decomposed through two steps of hydrothermal treatment. As and Ga were leached and silver was successfully recovered. Under the optimal process parameters (300 ℃, 300r/min, 3% volume ratio of H2O2,400 min), the leaching rates of As and Ga are 98.4% and 80.5%, respectively. Ag and sapphire substrate were left and obtained together. Ag remains in the form of original metal, and almost no Ag ion was detected in the hydrothermal solution. In addition, As species in aqueous systems were simulated and inferred. The simulation results showed that As compounds that exist in the leaching solution is in liquid form and mainly exist as H2AsO4-. Under optimum processing conditions, almost 100% epoxy resin was decomposed. The degradation mechanism may be illuminated through the free radical reaction, and the possible decomposition pathways were speculated. The study proposed a process to recycle Ag, As, and Ga from scrapped LEDs and information could be useful for recycling other e-wastes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongliang Zhang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Lu Zhan
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China.
| | - Zhenming Xu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
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20
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Purnomo CW, Kurniawan W, Aziz M. Technological review on thermochemical conversion of COVID-19-related medical wastes. RESOURCES, CONSERVATION, AND RECYCLING 2021; 167:105429. [PMID: 33519084 PMCID: PMC7832489 DOI: 10.1016/j.resconrec.2021.105429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
COVID-19 pandemic has brought tremendous environmental burden due to huge amount of medical wastes (about 54,000 t/d as of November 22, 2020), including face mask, gloves, clothes, goggles, and sanitizer/disinfectant containers. A proper waste management is urgently required to mitigate the spread of the disease, minimize the environmental impacts, and take their potential advantages for further utilization. This work provides a prospective review on the possible thermochemical treatments for those COVID-19 related medical wastes (CMW), as well as their possible conversion to fuels. The characteristics of each waste are initially analyzed and described, especially their potential as energy source. It is clear that most of CMWs are dominated by plastic polymers. Thermochemical processes, including incineration, torrefaction, pyrolysis, and gasification, are reviewed in terms of applicability for CMW. In addition, the mechanical treatment of CMW into sanitized refuse-derived fuel (SRDF) is also discussed as the preliminary stage before thermochemical conversion. In terms of material flexibility, incineration is practically applicable for all types of CMW, although it has the highest potential to emit the largest amount of CO2 and other harmful gasses. Furthermore, gasification and pyrolysis are considered promising in terms of energy conversion efficiency and environmental impacts. On the other hand, carbonization faces several technical problems following thermal degradation due to insufficient operating temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandra Wahyu Purnomo
- Chemical Engineering Department, Engineering Faculty, Gadjah Mada University, Jl. Grafika no 2, Bulaksumur,Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia
- Agrotechnology Innovation Center PIAT UGM, Berbah Sleman Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Winarto Kurniawan
- Department of Transdisciplinary Science and Engineering, School of Environment and Society, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Oookayama Meguro-ku Tokyo 152-8550, Japan
| | - Muhammad Aziz
- Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8505, Japan
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21
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Kusakabe K, Steven T, Nagai A, Uemura Y, Ikenaga K. Solvothermal Carbonization of Wood Chips via the Dechlorination of PVC in Glycerol. JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING OF JAPAN 2021. [DOI: 10.1252/jcej.20we148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Thamisha Steven
- Department of Applied Science, Universiti Teknologi of PETRONAS
| | - Anna Nagai
- Department of Nanoscience, Sojo University
| | - Yoshimitsu Uemura
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi of PETRONAS
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22
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Edraki M, Sheydaei M, Alinia-Ahandani E, Nezhadghaffar-Borhani E. Polyvinyl chloride: chemical modification and investigation of structural and thermal properties. J Sulphur Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/17415993.2021.1895996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Milad Edraki
- Polymer Department, Technical Faculty, South Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Milad Sheydaei
- Faculty of Polymer Engineering, Sahand University of Technology, Tabriz, Iran
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23
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Lin Y, Ge Y, He Q, Chen B, Xiao H. Chemical structure analysis and fast micro-pyrolysis study of hydrochar derived from hydrothermal treatment of municipal solid waste. WASTE MANAGEMENT & RESEARCH : THE JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOLID WASTES AND PUBLIC CLEANSING ASSOCIATION, ISWA 2021; 39:270-278. [PMID: 32672106 DOI: 10.1177/0734242x20939635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Hydrothermal treatment (HTT) experiments were conducted at 210○C and 230○C with 30, 60 and 90 min residence times. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and 13C solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) were employed to elucidate the effect of HTT on the chemical structure of municipal solid waste. FT-IR results clearly demonstrate that decarboxylation and aromatization reactions occurred during HTT. Fewer types of carbon skeleton structures were observed in the 13C solid-state NMR of hydrochars. The aliphaticity yield increased from 74.84% to 91.57% with increasing experiment parameters. In addition, the aromatization reaction was more dramatic in the early stage time, while carbonyl compounds decomposed during the HTT process. Pyrolysis gas chromatography mass spectrometry analysis showed that HTT had positive effects on the simplification of the pyrolytic gas component. In addition, all hydrochars were significantly inhibited to the formation of aromatic compounds with a minor relative peak area of 19.89%. Moreover, hydrochars obtained at a relatively low temperature could achieve a higher yield of hydrocarbons, and hydrocarbons could be partly purified after the HTT process. Overall, the available values of fast pyrolysis products were upgraded by the HTT process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yousheng Lin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Distributed Energy Systems, School of Chemical Engineering and Energy Technology, Dongguan University of Technology, China
| | - Ya Ge
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Distributed Energy Systems, School of Chemical Engineering and Energy Technology, Dongguan University of Technology, China
| | - Qing He
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Distributed Energy Systems, School of Chemical Engineering and Energy Technology, Dongguan University of Technology, China
| | - Baiman Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Distributed Energy Systems, School of Chemical Engineering and Energy Technology, Dongguan University of Technology, China
| | - Hanmin Xiao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Distributed Energy Systems, School of Chemical Engineering and Energy Technology, Dongguan University of Technology, China
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24
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Nobre C, Alves O, Durão L, Şen A, Vilarinho C, Gonçalves M. Characterization of hydrochar and process water from the hydrothermal carbonization of Refuse Derived Fuel. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2021; 120:303-313. [PMID: 33333468 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2020.11.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In this study, hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) was used as a thermochemical conversion process to upgrade Refuse Derived Fuel (RDF). The effect of process temperature (250 °C, 275 °C and 300 °C), residence time (30 min and 120 min), and RDF-to-water ratio (1:15 and 1:5) on the main characteristics of the produced hydrochars and process waters was assessed. The HTC process yielded hydrochars with enhanced fuel properties when compared to the original feedstock, namely higher carbon content and heating value. The hydrochars also presented reduced oxygen and ash contents. The hydrochar produced at 300 °C for 120 min presented the lowest ash content (3.3 wt%, db) whereas the highest heating value was found for the hydrochar obtained at 275 °C for 120 min (28.1 MJ/kg, db). The HTC process was also responsible for a significant reduction in chlorine concentration, showing dechlorination efficiencies between 69.2 and 77.9%. However, the HTC process generated acidic process waters with high COD values (maximum 27.2 gO2/L), which need to be further managed or valorized. Energy calculations were also performed, revealing that lower water amounts, lower temperatures, and longer residence times, represent optimal conditions for higher hydrochar yields and consequently good process efficiencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catarina Nobre
- MEtRICs, Mechanical Engineering and Resource Sustainability Center, Department of Science and Technology of Biomass, FCT- NOVA University of Lisbon, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal.
| | - Octávio Alves
- MEtRICs, Mechanical Engineering and Resource Sustainability Center, Department of Science and Technology of Biomass, FCT- NOVA University of Lisbon, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal; VALORIZA, Research Centre for Endogenous Resource Valorization, Polytechnic Institute of Portalegre, 7300-555 Portalegre, Portugal
| | - Luís Durão
- MEtRICs, Mechanical Engineering and Resource Sustainability Center, Department of Science and Technology of Biomass, FCT- NOVA University of Lisbon, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal; VALORIZA, Research Centre for Endogenous Resource Valorization, Polytechnic Institute of Portalegre, 7300-555 Portalegre, Portugal
| | - Ali Şen
- Forest Research Centre, School of Agriculture, University of Lisbon, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Cândida Vilarinho
- MEtRICs, Mechanical Engineering and Resource Sustainability Center, Mechanical Engineering Department, School of Engineering, University of Minho, 4804-533 Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Margarida Gonçalves
- MEtRICs, Mechanical Engineering and Resource Sustainability Center, Department of Science and Technology of Biomass, FCT- NOVA University of Lisbon, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal; VALORIZA, Research Centre for Endogenous Resource Valorization, Polytechnic Institute of Portalegre, 7300-555 Portalegre, Portugal
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25
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Zakharyan EM, Petrukhina NN, Dzhabarov EG, Maksimov AL. Pathways of Chemical Recycling of Polyvinyl Chloride. Part 2. RUSS J APPL CHEM+ 2020. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070427220100018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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26
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Zhang C, Ma X, Huang T, Zhou Y, Tian Y. Co-hydrothermal carbonization of water hyacinth and polyvinyl chloride: Optimization of process parameters and characterization of hydrochar. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2020; 314:123676. [PMID: 32599525 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2020.123676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The co-hydrothermal carbonization (co-HTC) of water hyacinth (WH) and polyvinyl chloride (PVC) was investigated and the response surface methodology, which could deduce the interactions among process parameters and establish reliable mathematical models forecasting the behavior of output variables, was implemented to optimize process parameters, including reaction temperature (200-260 °C), residence time (30-90 min) and WH/PVC mixing ratios (0.5-2). Statistical analysis revealed that reaction temperature was the predominant parameter affecting hydrochar dechlorination efficiency, yield, calorific value, energetic recovery efficiency and electricity consumption. The predicted condition of 200-30-0.5 could simultaneously acquire the optimal energetic recovery efficiency and electricity consumption for producing unit HHV, corresponding to 94.96% and 13.81. The characterization results identified that hydrochar could harvest lower H/C and O/C ratios as well as superior inorganics removal ability. Overall, the co-HTC of WH and PVC could definitely be a promising alternative to bridge the gap from solid wastes to renewable fuels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaoyue Zhang
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Efficient and Clean Energy Utilization, School of Electric Power, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China; School of Electric Power, South China University of Technology, No. 381, Wushan Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Xiaoqian Ma
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Efficient and Clean Energy Utilization, School of Electric Power, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China; School of Electric Power, South China University of Technology, No. 381, Wushan Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Tao Huang
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Efficient and Clean Energy Utilization, School of Electric Power, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China; School of Electric Power, South China University of Technology, No. 381, Wushan Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Yi Zhou
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Efficient and Clean Energy Utilization, School of Electric Power, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China; School of Electric Power, South China University of Technology, No. 381, Wushan Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Yunlong Tian
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Efficient and Clean Energy Utilization, School of Electric Power, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China; School of Electric Power, South China University of Technology, No. 381, Wushan Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510640, China
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Lu X, Ma X, Chen X, Yao Z, Zhang C. Co-hydrothermal carbonization of polyvinyl chloride and corncob for clean solid fuel production. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2020; 301:122763. [PMID: 31972403 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2020.122763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Revised: 01/04/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The improvement of dechlorination efficiency remains an important challenge during co-hydrothermal carbonization (co-HTC) of polyvinyl chloride (PVC). In this work, co-HTC of biomass and PVC at different mixing ratios (30%-70%) and feed-water pH (3-11) was proposed to further improve the dechlorination efficiency. In terms of water solvent, the dechlorination efficiency of co-HTC process (87.83%-93.63%) was higher than that of individual HTC of polyvinyl chloride (87.44%). In case of organic acid/alkali solvents, the dechlorination efficiency further increased to 95.20% at pH = 5. Particularly, the hydrochars derived from co-HTC showed high fuel ratio (0.71-0.99) and their higher heating value reached approximately 29.16-32.83 MJ/kg. The TGA results showed that the combustion behaviors of hydrochars derived from co-HTC got better compared with that of hydrochar derived from PVC. Therefore, co-HTC can realize sustainable utilization of PVC towards clean solid fuels. This work also sheds light on the potential of organic acid in dechlorination treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoluan Lu
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Efficient and Clean Energy Utilization, School of Electric Power, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Xiaoqian Ma
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Efficient and Clean Energy Utilization, School of Electric Power, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Xinfei Chen
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Efficient and Clean Energy Utilization, School of Electric Power, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Zhongliang Yao
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Efficient and Clean Energy Utilization, School of Electric Power, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Chaoyue Zhang
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Efficient and Clean Energy Utilization, School of Electric Power, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
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28
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Chen S, Liu Z, Jiang S, Hou H. Carbonization: A feasible route for reutilization of plastic wastes. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 710:136250. [PMID: 31918188 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.136250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Revised: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Plastics not only bring convenience and color to human life, but also bring endless troubles and disaster to our environment. Reutilization of plastic wastes is in favor of energy conservation and emission reduction, thereby is a significant pathway of plastic wastes disposal. Carbonization is an effective way of converting polymer precursors to valuable carbon materials for use in fields of energy conversion and storage, environmental protection and restoration. Here, we present a systematic multi-perspective overview of carbonization as a feasible route of reutilization of plastic wastes. A brief summary of conventional routes for plastic wastes is followed by a brief introduction of carbonization for converting plastics to carbon materials. Special emphasis is paid on the carbonization pathways and mechanisms of common plastics. Finally, the feasibility, application prospect and challenge of carbonization as one method of reutilization of plastic wastes are proposed. By presenting a consolidated information source on different carbonization mechanisms, this review provides a valuable guideline for reutilization of plastic wastes by carbonization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuiliang Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and Nanofiber Engineering Center of Jiangxi Province, Jiangxi Normal University, 330022 Nanchang, China.
| | - Zheng Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and Nanofiber Engineering Center of Jiangxi Province, Jiangxi Normal University, 330022 Nanchang, China
| | - Shaohua Jiang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, 210037 Nanjing, China
| | - Haoqing Hou
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and Nanofiber Engineering Center of Jiangxi Province, Jiangxi Normal University, 330022 Nanchang, China
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29
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Gandon-Ros G, Soler A, Aracil I, Gómez-Rico MF. Dechlorination of polyvinyl chloride electric wires by hydrothermal treatment using K 2CO 3 in subcritical water. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2020; 102:204-211. [PMID: 31683076 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2019.10.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Revised: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/27/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) waste generation has significantly increased in recent years and their disposal is considered a major environmental concern. Removal techniques of chlorine from PVC waste are being studied to minimize a negative environmental impact. In this work, the use of K2CO3 as an alkaline additive to improve the dechlorination efficiency (DE) in the hydrothermal degradation of PVC wires was studied. Different experiments were carried out varying both temperature (175, 200, 225, 235 and 250 °C) and K2CO3 concentration (0.025, 0.050 and 0.125 M), using a solid/liquid ratio of 1:5 in order to determine the evolution of the dechlorination efficiency with time. About 4.66, 21.1, 24.4, 45.7 and 92.6 wt% of chlorine in PVC wire was removed during hydrothermal dechlorination (HTD) with an additive/chlorine ratio of 1:25 (K2CO3 solution of 0.050 M) at 175, 200, 225, 235 and 250 °C, respectively. Optimal additive/chlorine ratio decreased to 1:50 (K2CO3 solution of 0.025 M) at 250 °C, obtaining a dechlorination degree of 99.1% after 4 h without the need of metallic catalysts. Concerning the solid phase behavior during dechlorination, a linear correlation between the DE reached and the weight loss of PVC was found.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerard Gandon-Ros
- Institute of Chemical Process Engineering, University of Alicante, P.O. Box 99, E-03080 Alicante, Spain.
| | - Aurora Soler
- Institute of Chemical Process Engineering, University of Alicante, P.O. Box 99, E-03080 Alicante, Spain
| | - Ignacio Aracil
- Institute of Chemical Process Engineering, University of Alicante, P.O. Box 99, E-03080 Alicante, Spain
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30
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Ma D, Feng Q, Chen B, Cheng X, Chen K, Li J. Insight into chlorine evolution during hydrothermal carbonization of medical waste model. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2019; 380:120847. [PMID: 31326836 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.120847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2019] [Revised: 04/27/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
In order to reveal the chlorine behavior during hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) of medical waste, polyvinyl chloride and medical waste model (MW) were respectively treated by HTC at temperature ranging from 220 °C to 300 °C for 30 min. HTC products were characterized by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometer, X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy, etc. It is found that HTC can efficiently remove chlorine from both polyvinyl chloride and MW. The most dramatical dechlorination can be induced by HTC at around 240 °C. With HTC temperature increased, organic chlorine in HT-MW and solid product from polyvinyl chloride HTC (HT-PVC) is decreased. Interestingly, with 240 °C HTC, the organic chlorine of HT-MW was 15.30%, much lower than that of HT-PVC of 86.84%, indicating the cellulosic materials in MW can significantly boost the conversion of organic chlorine into inorganic form in HTC at 240 °C. While spherical particles assigned to HTC of cellulosic materials aggregate at the pores of polyvinyl chloride particle, trapping the release of chlorine into the liquid, consequently to lower dechlorination efficiency compared to that of polyvinyl chloride. Since the chlorine retain in the solid product was mainly in form of inorganic, further dechlorination is potential for MW by combining HTC with leaching/extracting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dachao Ma
- School of Resources, Environment and Materials, Guangxi University, No. 100, Daxue East Road, Nanning, 530004, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection, Guangxi University, No. 100, Daxue East Road, Nanning, 530004, PR China
| | - Qingge Feng
- School of Resources, Environment and Materials, Guangxi University, No. 100, Daxue East Road, Nanning, 530004, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection, Guangxi University, No. 100, Daxue East Road, Nanning, 530004, PR China.
| | - Boqing Chen
- School of Resources, Environment and Materials, Guangxi University, No. 100, Daxue East Road, Nanning, 530004, PR China
| | - Xi Cheng
- School of Resources, Environment and Materials, Guangxi University, No. 100, Daxue East Road, Nanning, 530004, PR China
| | - Kao Chen
- School of Resources, Environment and Materials, Guangxi University, No. 100, Daxue East Road, Nanning, 530004, PR China
| | - Jiao Li
- School of Resources, Environment and Materials, Guangxi University, No. 100, Daxue East Road, Nanning, 530004, PR China
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31
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Zhang X, Zhang L, Li A. Co-hydrothermal carbonization of lignocellulosic biomass and waste polyvinyl chloride for high-quality solid fuel production: Hydrochar properties and its combustion and pyrolysis behaviors. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2019; 294:122113. [PMID: 31542495 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2019.122113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Revised: 08/31/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The rigid polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and pinewood sawdust (PS) were selected for co-hydrothermal carbonization (Co-HTC) process. The effects of hydrothermal reaction temperatures and the mixing ratios of raw materials were fully investigated. The results showed that hydrothermal reaction temperature increased could significantly promote the dechlorination efficiency at the mixing ratio of 1:1, which was 92.98% at 280 °C. The experimental HHV were higher than theoretical value and increased by 4.04%, 8.21% and 2.81% at the mixing ratios of 3:1, 1:1 and 1:3. The combustion behavior and the thermodynamic parameters of hydrochar were determined, and the activation energy tended to decrease. The Py-GC/MS analysis showed the changes of the distribution for the pyrolysis product. Aliphatic and aliphatic cyclic hydrocarbons were the main products of hydrochar pyrolysis, and the yield could be promoted by Co-HTC process. According to the FTIR spectrum, elimination and substitution were the primary mechanisms of dechlorination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojuan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering, School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Linggong Road 2, Dalian 116024, PR China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering, School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Linggong Road 2, Dalian 116024, PR China.
| | - Aimin Li
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering, School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Linggong Road 2, Dalian 116024, PR China
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Triyono B, Prawisudha P, Aziz M, Pasek AD, Yoshikawa K. Utilization of mixed organic-plastic municipal solid waste as renewable solid fuel employing wet torrefaction. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2019; 95:1-9. [PMID: 31351594 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2019.05.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Revised: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The largest obstacles in the utilization of municipal solid waste (MSW) as solid fuel in developing countries such as Indonesia are its high water content, irregular size and shape, and difficulty-to-sort due to the mix of plastic and organic waste. Based on literature study, wet torrefaction could be an appropriate pre-treatment process for mixed MSW because it requires no initial drying and mixed organic-plastic MSW can be processed without initial sorting. In this research, experiments were conducted to investigate the effect of wet torrefaction on increasing the fuel properties of mixed MSW. Based on field survey, the composition of the analyzed sample was: leaf litter (34.67%), food waste (23.33%), vegetable waste (14.33%), fruit waste (11.00%), and non-recycled plastic (16.67%). The experiments were conducted in a 2.5-L stirring reactor temperature variation (150, 175, 200 and 225 °C) with several holding times and solid loads. The result showed that wet torrefaction at a temperature of 200 °C with holding time of 30 min and solid load of 1:2.5 was the optimum condition, producing solid product with uniform physical shape, small particles and homogeneous particle size distribution, HHV of 33.01 MJ/kg and energy yield of 89%. The wet torrefaction process is not only suitable to convert the mixed MSW into renewable high energy density solid fuel, but it can also be used to produce separate organic product that can be used as solid fuel and plastic product that can be prepared for other treatments, such as pyrolysis to produce liquid fuel or recycling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Budi Triyono
- Faculty of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Bandung, Indonesia; Mechanical Engineering Department, Politeknik Negeri Bandung, Bandung, Indonesia.
| | - Pandji Prawisudha
- Faculty of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Bandung, Indonesia.
| | - Muhammad Aziz
- Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ari Darmawan Pasek
- Faculty of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Bandung, Indonesia
| | - Kunio Yoshikawa
- Department of Transdiciplinary Science and Engineering, School of Environment and Society, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Japan
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33
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Baláž M, Bujňáková Z, Achimovičová M, Tešinský M, Baláž P. Simultaneous valorization of polyvinyl chloride and eggshell wastes by a semi-industrial mechanochemical approach. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2019; 170:332-336. [PMID: 30616090 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2018.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2018] [Revised: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
A semi-industrial approach for simultaneous treatment of eggshell and industrial polyvinyl chloride waste utilizing tools of ball milling is reported therein. On a hundred-gram scale, it is possible to transfer more than 55% of chlorine present in the polyvinyl chloride representing an environmental burden, into harmless soluble form. On a laboratory scale, a complete dechlorination was achieved. The ratio of eggshell-to-polyvinyl chloride plays a significant role for the effective dechlorination and the kinetics of semi-industrial process follows zero-order kinetics with the rate constant 1.23 × 10-5 s-1. Chlorine is mainly in the form of calcium chloride. This study is an example of efficient simultaneous valorization of two waste materials on a semi-industrial scale, as the products can be utilized again.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matej Baláž
- Department of Mechanochemistry, Institute of Geotechnics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Watsonova 45, 04001 Košice, Slovakia.
| | - Zdenka Bujňáková
- Department of Mechanochemistry, Institute of Geotechnics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Watsonova 45, 04001 Košice, Slovakia
| | - Marcela Achimovičová
- Department of Mechanochemistry, Institute of Geotechnics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Watsonova 45, 04001 Košice, Slovakia; Institute of Mineral and Waste Processing, Waste Disposal and Geomechanics, University of Technology Clausthal, Walther-Nernst-Strasse 9, 38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany
| | - Matej Tešinský
- Department of Mechanochemistry, Institute of Geotechnics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Watsonova 45, 04001 Košice, Slovakia
| | - Peter Baláž
- Department of Mechanochemistry, Institute of Geotechnics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Watsonova 45, 04001 Košice, Slovakia
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34
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Fan F, Yang Z, Li H, Shi Z, Kan H. Preparation and properties of hydrochars from macadamia nut shell via hydrothermal carbonization. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2018; 5:181126. [PMID: 30473856 PMCID: PMC6227982 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.181126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Macadamia nut shell (MNS) is a type of waste lignocellulose obtained from macadamia nut production processing. Large MNS wastes caused serious resource waste and environmental pollution. So, preparation of hydrochars from MNS via hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) is of great significance. HTC of MNS was conducted to study the effect of process parameters, including HTC temperature (180-260°C) and residence time (60-180 min) on the properties of hydrochars. Results showed that the increase in HTC temperature and residence time decreased the mass yield of hydrochars and increased the high heating value of hydrochars. Furthermore, the C content of hydrochars increased, whereas the H and O contents decreased. Mass yield of hydrochar is 46.59%, energy yield is 64.55% and the higher heating value is 26.02 MJ kg-1 at a temperature of 260°C and time of 120 min. The surface structure of hydrochars was rougher compared with that of MNS as observed via scanning electron microscopy. The chemical and combustion behaviour of MNS and hydrochars was analysed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and thermogravimetric analysis indicated that decarboxylation and dehydration reactions were the predominant pathways during the HTC process. Results showed that HTC can facilitate the transformation of MNS into solid fuel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangyu Fan
- Author for correspondence: Fangyu Fan e-mail:
| | | | | | | | - Huan Kan
- Author for correspondence: Huan Kan e-mail:
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35
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Application of Subcritical Water to Dechlorinate Polyvinyl Chloride Electric Wires. ENERGIES 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/en11102612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) electric wires were subjected to dechlorination in subcritical water at three different temperatures in a high-pressure reactor. About 2.09, 73.08, and 95.96 wt % of chlorine in PVC wires was removed during dechlorination at 200 °C, 250 °C, and 300 °C, respectively. The solid residues were analyzed and characterized by thermogravimetry, at three different heating rates (5 °C, 10 °C, and 20 °C/min) in inert and oxidizing atmosphere. With the purpose of studying the emission of chlorinated pollutants, pyrolysis experiments at 850 °C were also performed in a laboratory-scale reactor with the dechlorinated materials, as well as with the original PVC electric wire. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) formation increased, but chlorobenzenes (ClBz) and chlorophenols (ClPh) formation decreased as the temperature of dechlorination increased; naphthalene was the most abundant PAH and monochlorobenzene and monochlorinated phenols (3-+4-) were the most abundant chlorinated compounds.
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36
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Influence of Hydrothermal Carbonization on Composition, Formation and Elimination of Biphenyls, Dioxins and Furans in Sewage Sludge. ENERGIES 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/en11061582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In many areas of application, the influence of hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) on the composition of organic pollutants is still unexplored. In this study, sewage sludge (SS) was carbonized and the input as well as the hydrochar were examined for the organic pollutants: polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB), polychlorinated dibenzo-dioxins (PCDDs), and polychlorinated dibenzo-furans (PCDFs). The process temperatures of carbonization were 200 °C, 220 °C, and 240 °C and the holding time was 5 h for all tests. The total concentration of PCBs was relatively stable for all temperatures, whereas the toxicity equivalent (WHO-TEQ) at 200 °C and 220 °C increases compared to the input material. The strongest impact on toxicity was observed for PCDDs where concentrations were reduced for higher temperatures, whereas the toxicity increases by more than 16 times for temperatures of 240 °C. The concentrations and toxicity of PCDFs were reduced for all carbonization temperatures. In hydrochar from HTC at 240 °C, the limit values for the application of SS in German agriculture have been exceeded. The results indicate that the process conditions for HTC should be controlled also for SS with average contamination if the hydrochar is to be used as material, especially in agriculture.
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37
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Mechanical Properties and Chemical Resistance of New Composites for Oil Pump Impellers. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/app8050750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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38
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Iñiguez ME, Conesa JA, Soler A. Effect of marine ambient in the production of pollutants from the pyrolysis and combustion of a mixture of plastic materials. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2018; 130:249-257. [PMID: 29866554 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2018.03.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Revised: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/24/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
A mixture of polyethylene (PE), polyethylene-terephtalate (PET), polypropylene (PP) and Nylon was submerged in marine water during 12 moths. The chlorine content of these plastics was measured through the passing time. Thermobalance was used to look for differences in the thermal decomposition of the plastics during in that time interval. Degradation of PET, PP and Nylon produced changes in the weight loss curve, but behaviour of PE is confusing. Pyrolysis and combustion at 850 °C was finally performed to get knowledge of the possible differences in the emission of main gases, volatiles and semivolatiles including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polychlorinated benzenes (ClBzs), polychlorinated phenols (ClPhs), polybrominated phenols (BrPhs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs). Results show that the emission of chlorinated species is somewhat not affected by the chlorine content of the plastics mix. The production of PCBs and PCDD/Fs was very low, under 4 pg WHO-TEQ/g.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Iñiguez
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Alicante, P.O. Box 99, E-03080 Alicante, Spain.
| | - J A Conesa
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Alicante, P.O. Box 99, E-03080 Alicante, Spain
| | - A Soler
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Alicante, P.O. Box 99, E-03080 Alicante, Spain
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39
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Zhao P, Li T, Yan W, Yuan L. Dechlorination of PVC wastes by hydrothermal treatment using alkaline additives. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2018; 39:977-985. [PMID: 28394198 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2017.1317841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Some chemicals were usually utilized in the hydrothermal dechlorination (HTD) of chlorine-containing wastes without revealing their roles. This work intends to investigate the role of chemical additives in the HTD of PVC (polyvinyl chloride). Several chemicals, including Na2CO3, KOH, NaOH, NH3·H2O, CaO and NaHCO3, were added into the PVC HTD process, which was conducted in subcritical Ni2+-containing water at 220°C for 30 min. The results show the alkalinity of additives had notable effects on the dechlorination efficiency (DE) of PVC due to the neutralization between HCl and additives. The most effective additive is Na2CO3, with the maximum DE of 65.12% at a Na2CO3 concentration of 0.025 M in this study. According to SEM, the hydrochar obtained from the HTD with Na2CO3 become more porous and looser than the others did, which contributed to the acceleration of PVC dechlorination. The DE vibration with the concentration of additives was different. For Na2CO3, it was firstly increased and then decreased with Na2CO3 concentration increasing from 0.01 to 0.04 M. For KOH and NaOH, it kept reducing with the concentration increasing from 0.02 to 0.08 M. The drop in DE was ascribed to surface poisoning and a loss in the supported active phase resulting from the formation of metal chloride species. FTIR analysis shows that the elimination of hydrogen chloride was the main route for HTD of PVC. All the results provide some fundamental data to find some cheap but efficient chemicals with aim to recycle the chlorinated organic wastes effectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peitao Zhao
- a School of Electrical and Power Engineering , China University of Mining and Technology , Xuzhou , People's Republic of China
- b National Engineering Research Center for Coal Preparation and Purification , China University of Mining and Technology , Xuzhou , People's Republic of China
| | - Tian Li
- a School of Electrical and Power Engineering , China University of Mining and Technology , Xuzhou , People's Republic of China
| | - Weijie Yan
- a School of Electrical and Power Engineering , China University of Mining and Technology , Xuzhou , People's Republic of China
| | - Longji Yuan
- a School of Electrical and Power Engineering , China University of Mining and Technology , Xuzhou , People's Republic of China
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40
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Marceneiro S, Alves R, Lobo I, Dias I, de Pinho E, Dias AMA, Rasteiro MG, C. de Sousa H. Effects of Poly(vinyl chloride) Morphological Properties on the Rheology/Aging of Plastisols and on the Thermal/Leaching Properties of Films Formulated Using Nonconventional Plasticizers. Ind Eng Chem Res 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.7b03097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Marceneiro
- CIEPQPF,
Chemical Engineering Department, FCTUC, University of Coimbra, Rua Sílvio Lima, Pólo II − Pinhal de Marrocos, 3030-790 Coimbra, Portugal
- TMG Automotive, S. Cosme
do Vale, Apartado 14, 4761-912 Vila Nova de Famalicão, Portugal
| | - Rafael Alves
- CIEPQPF,
Chemical Engineering Department, FCTUC, University of Coimbra, Rua Sílvio Lima, Pólo II − Pinhal de Marrocos, 3030-790 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Irene Lobo
- TMG Automotive, S. Cosme
do Vale, Apartado 14, 4761-912 Vila Nova de Famalicão, Portugal
| | - Isabel Dias
- TMG Automotive, S. Cosme
do Vale, Apartado 14, 4761-912 Vila Nova de Famalicão, Portugal
| | - Elizabete de Pinho
- TMG Automotive, S. Cosme
do Vale, Apartado 14, 4761-912 Vila Nova de Famalicão, Portugal
| | - Ana M. A. Dias
- CIEPQPF,
Chemical Engineering Department, FCTUC, University of Coimbra, Rua Sílvio Lima, Pólo II − Pinhal de Marrocos, 3030-790 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - M. Graça Rasteiro
- CIEPQPF,
Chemical Engineering Department, FCTUC, University of Coimbra, Rua Sílvio Lima, Pólo II − Pinhal de Marrocos, 3030-790 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Hermínio C. de Sousa
- CIEPQPF,
Chemical Engineering Department, FCTUC, University of Coimbra, Rua Sílvio Lima, Pólo II − Pinhal de Marrocos, 3030-790 Coimbra, Portugal
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Yao Z, Ma X. Characteristics of co-hydrothermal carbonization on polyvinyl chloride wastes with bamboo. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2018; 247:302-309. [PMID: 28950139 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2017.09.098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Revised: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 09/15/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The PVC waste and bamboo were treated by co-hydrothermal carbonization (co-HTC) at three different temperatures. The inorganic-Cl could be removed from the carbon rich solid products (hydrochar) in the form of HCl via hydrolysis, elimination, substitution and aromatization. Due to the high carbon content, the hydrochar could be applied as premium fuel. Bamboo had a synergistic effect on dechlorination with PVC in the HTC process. The bamboo could accelerate the HTC dechlorination of PVC at 200°C because it strengthened the substitution of Cl with OH. While at 230 and 260°C, the existence of bamboo hindered the dechlorination of PVC in HTC. Thermogravimetric analysis showed the combustion performance of hydrochar was better than the raw samples at 200°C. Owing to the low chlorine content, low ignition temperature and the superior combustion performance, the M-260 can be adopted as alternative fuels for coal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongliang Yao
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Efficient and Clean Energy Utilization Institutes, School of Electric Power, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoqian Ma
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Efficient and Clean Energy Utilization Institutes, School of Electric Power, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, People's Republic of China.
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Lin Y, Ma X, Peng X, Yu Z. Hydrothermal carbonization of typical components of municipal solid waste for deriving hydrochars and their combustion behavior. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2017; 243:539-547. [PMID: 28697456 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2017.06.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2017] [Revised: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 06/21/2017] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
In this work, five typical components were employed as representative pseudo-components to indirectly complete previous established simulation system during hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) of municipal solid waste. The fuel characteristics and combustion behavior of HTC-derived hydrochars were evaluated. Results clearly illustrated that the energy ranks of hydrochars were upgraded after HTC. For paper and wood, superior combustion performances of their hydrochars could achieve under suitable conditions. While for food, none positive enrichments on combustion loss rate were observed for hydrochars due to its high solubilization and decomposition under hot compressed water. It was noteworthy that a new weight loss peak was detected for paper and food, suggesting that new compounds were formed. For rubber, the HTC process made the properties of styrene butadiene rubber more close to natural rubber. Therefore, the first peak of hydrochars became significantly intense. While for plastic, only physical changes of polypropylene and polyethylene were observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yousheng Lin
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Efficient and Clean Energy Utilization Institutes, School of Electric Power, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoqian Ma
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Efficient and Clean Energy Utilization Institutes, School of Electric Power, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xiaowei Peng
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Efficient and Clean Energy Utilization Institutes, School of Electric Power, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhaosheng Yu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Efficient and Clean Energy Utilization Institutes, School of Electric Power, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, People's Republic of China
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43
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Understanding Hydrothermal Dechlorination of PVC by Focusing on the Operating Conditions and Hydrochar Characteristics. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/app7030256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Shen Y. Dechlorination of Poly(vinyl chloride) Wastes via Hydrothermal Carbonization with Lignin for Clean Solid Fuel Production. Ind Eng Chem Res 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.6b03365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yafei Shen
- Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Center of Environmental Cleaning Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, and School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology (NUIST), Nanjing 210044, China
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Liu K, Zhang FS. Innovative leaching of cobalt and lithium from spent lithium-ion batteries and simultaneous dechlorination of polyvinyl chloride in subcritical water. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2016; 316:19-25. [PMID: 27209515 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2016.04.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Revised: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
In this work, an effective and environmentally friendly process for the recovery of cobalt (Co) and lithium (Li) from spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) and simultaneously detoxification of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) in subcritical water was developed. Lithium cobalt oxide (LiCoO2) power from spent LIBs and PVC were co-treated by subcritical water oxidation, in which PVC served as a hydrochloric acid source to promote metal leaching. The dechlorination of PVC and metal leaching was achieved simultaneously under subcritical water oxidation. More than 95% Co and nearly 98% Li were recovered under the optimum conditions: temperature 350°C, PVC/LiCoO2 ratio 3:1, time 30min, and a solid/liquid ratio 16:1 (g/L), respectively. Moreover, PVC was completely dechlorinated at temperatures above 350°C without any release of toxic chlorinated organic compounds. Assessment on economical and environmental impacts revealed that the PVC and LiCoO2 subcritical co-treatment process had significant technical, economic and environmental benefits over the traditional hydrometallurgy and pyrometallurgy processes. This innovative co-treatment process is efficient, environmentally friendly and adequate for Co and Li recovery from spent LIBs and simultaneous dechlorination of PVC in subcritical water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang Liu
- Department of Solid Waste Treatment and Recycling, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 18 Shuangqing Road, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Fu-Shen Zhang
- Department of Solid Waste Treatment and Recycling, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 18 Shuangqing Road, Beijing 100085, China.
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Ghanim BM, Pandey DS, Kwapinski W, Leahy JJ. Hydrothermal carbonisation of poultry litter: Effects of treatment temperature and residence time on yields and chemical properties of hydrochars. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2016; 216:373-380. [PMID: 27262091 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2016.05.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Revised: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 05/21/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
In this study, hydrochars were prepared by hydrothermal carbonisation (HTC) of poultry litter (PL) at temperatures between 150-300°C with residence times of 30, 120 and 480min. The effects of treatment temperature and residence time on the yield and composition of hydrochar were investigated. Both treatment temperature and residence time effects were observed however, the effect of residence time was lower. The results indicated that the HHV was improved by up to 25.17% and the overall ash in hydrochar was significantly lower compared to PL, however this coincided with a lower hydrochar yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bashir M Ghanim
- Carbolea Research Group, Department of Chemical and Environmental Science, University of Limerick, Ireland
| | - Daya Shankar Pandey
- Carbolea Research Group, Department of Chemical and Environmental Science, University of Limerick, Ireland
| | - Witold Kwapinski
- Carbolea Research Group, Department of Chemical and Environmental Science, University of Limerick, Ireland; Materials and Surface Science Institute, University of Limerick, Ireland
| | - James J Leahy
- Carbolea Research Group, Department of Chemical and Environmental Science, University of Limerick, Ireland; Materials and Surface Science Institute, University of Limerick, Ireland.
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Shen Y, Zhao R, Wang J, Chen X, Ge X, Chen M. Waste-to-energy: Dehalogenation of plastic-containing wastes. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2016; 49:287-303. [PMID: 26764134 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2015.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2015] [Revised: 11/08/2015] [Accepted: 12/27/2015] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The dehalogenation measurements could be carried out with the decomposition of plastic wastes simultaneously or successively. This paper reviewed the progresses in dehalogenation followed by thermochemical conversion of plastic-containing wastes for clean energy production. The pre-treatment method of MCT or HTT can eliminate the halogen in plastic wastes. The additives such as alkali-based metal oxides (e.g., CaO, NaOH), iron powders and minerals (e.g., quartz) can work as reaction mediums and accelerators with the objective of enhancing the mechanochemical reaction. The dehalogenation of waste plastics could be achieved by co-grinding with sustainable additives such as bio-wastes (e.g., rice husk), recyclable minerals (e.g., red mud) via MCT for solid fuels production. Interestingly, the solid fuel properties (e.g., particle size) could be significantly improved by HTT in addition with lignocellulosic biomass. Furthermore, the halogenated compounds in downstream thermal process could be eliminated by using catalysts and adsorbents. Most dehalogenation of plastic wastes primarily focuses on the transformation of organic halogen into inorganic halogen in terms of halogen hydrides or salts. The integrated process of MCT or HTT with the catalytic thermal decomposition is a promising way for clean energy production. The low-cost additives (e.g., red mud) used in the pre-treatment by MCT or HTT lead to a considerable synergistic effects including catalytic effect contributing to the follow-up thermal decomposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yafei Shen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Center of Environmental Cleaning Materials (ECM), Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology (AEET), School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, 219 Ningliu Road, Nanjing 210044, China.
| | - Rong Zhao
- College of Hunanities and Social Science, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautic, Nanjing 210016, China
| | - Junfeng Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Center of Environmental Cleaning Materials (ECM), Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology (AEET), School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, 219 Ningliu Road, Nanjing 210044, China; Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California at Davis, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, United States
| | - Xingming Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Center of Environmental Cleaning Materials (ECM), Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology (AEET), School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, 219 Ningliu Road, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Xinlei Ge
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Center of Environmental Cleaning Materials (ECM), Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology (AEET), School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, 219 Ningliu Road, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Mindong Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Center of Environmental Cleaning Materials (ECM), Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology (AEET), School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, 219 Ningliu Road, Nanjing 210044, China
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49
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Chemical modification of poly(vinyl chloride) using sodium trisulfide. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-015-0718-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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