1
|
Liu G, Hu L, Tang C, Xu J. Changes in the extractability and fractionation of cadmium and copper in a contaminated soil amended with various sugarcane bagasse-based materials. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2024; 278:116443. [PMID: 38744068 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2024.116443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Revised: 03/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Heavy-metal contamination in soil has long been a persistent challenge and the utilization of agricultural waste for in-situ stabilization remediation presents a promising approach to tackle this problem. Agricultural wastes exhibit promising potential in the remediation of contaminated land and modification could improve the adsorption performance markedly. Citric acid and Fe3O4 treated sugarcane bagasse adsorbed more heavy metals than raw materials in the aqueous system, employing these materials for heavy metal remediation in soil holds significant implications for broadening the raw material source of passivators and enhancing waste utilization efficiency. In this paper, a 120-day soil incubation study was conducted to compare the effects of pristine sugarcane bagasse (SB), citric-acid modified (SSB1, SSB2 and SSB3 with increasing proportion of citric acid) and citric-acid/Fe3O4 modified (MSB1, MSB4 and MSB7 with increasing proportion of Fe3O4) sugarcane bagasse at 1 % addition rate on cadmium (Cd) and copper (Cu) passivation. The SB, SSB1 and MSB1 did not always decrease the content of CaCl2-extractable Cd while all the seven amendments decreased the CaCl2-extractable Cu during the experiment period. Among all materials, SSB3 and MSB7 exhibited the highest efficiency in reducing the concentrations of CaCl2-extractable Cd and Cu. At Day 120, SB, SSB3 and MSB7 reduced the content of CaCl2-extractable Cd by 8 %, 18 % and 24 %, and of CaCl2-extractable Cu by 25 %, 50 % and 61 %, respectively. The efficiency of Cd and Cu immobilization was associated positively with the pH, functional groups and H-bonds of the amendments. The results suggest that the efficiency of sugarcane bagasse in heavy-metal passivation can be largely enhanced through chemical modifications using high proportions of citric acid and Fe3O4.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guofei Liu
- Institute of Soil and Water Resources and Environmental Science, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Fukang Road 31, Nankai District, Tianjin 300191, China
| | - Lingfei Hu
- Institute of Soil and Water Resources and Environmental Science, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Caixian Tang
- Department of Animal, Plant & Soil Sciences/La Trobe Institute for Sustainable Agriculture and Food, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Vic 3086, Australia
| | - Jianming Xu
- Institute of Soil and Water Resources and Environmental Science, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zheng Z, Hu J, He T, Liu C, Zhou X, Yin D. Suppression of mercury methylation in soil and methylmercury accumulation in rice by dissolved organic matter derived from sulfur-rich rape straw. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 346:123657. [PMID: 38428787 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.123657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 02/24/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024]
Abstract
Straw amendment significantly enhances mercury (Hg) methylation and subsequent methylmercury (MeHg) bioaccumulation in Hg-contaminated paddy fields by releasing dissolved organic matter (DOM). This study comprehensively investigates the regulatory mechanisms of DOM and its different molecular weights derived from sulfur-rich rape straw (RaDOM) and composted rape straw (CRaDOM) applied in the rice-filling stage on soil MeHg production and subsequent bioaccumulation in rice grains. The results indicated that the amendment of RaDOM and CRaDOM significantly reduced soil MeHg content by 42.40-62.42%. This reduction can be attributed to several factors, including the suppression of Hg-methylating bacteria in soil, the supply of sulfate from RaDOM and CRaDOM, and the increase in the humification, molecular weight, and humic-like fractions of soil DOM. Additionally, adding RaDOM increased the MeHg bioaccumulation factor in roots by 27.55% while inhibiting MeHg transportation by 12.24% and ultimately reducing MeHg content in grains by 21.24% compared to the control group. Similarly, CRaDOM enhanced MeHg accumulation by 25.19%, suppressed MeHg transportation by 39.65%, and reduced MeHg levels in the grains by 27.94%. The assimilation of sulfate derived from RaDOM and CRaDOM into glutathione may be responsible for the increased retention of MeHg in the roots. Over the three days, there was a significant decrease in soil MeHg content as the molecular weight of RaDOM increased; conversely, altering the molecular weight of CRaDOM demonstrated an inverse trend. However, this pattern was not observed after 12 days. Applying sulfur-rich rape DOM can help mitigate MeHg accumulation in paddy fields by regulating the quality of soil DOM, sulfur cycling, and Hg-methylating bacteria.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhoujuan Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Karst Georesources and Environment (Guizhou University), Ministry of Education, Guiyang, 550025, China; College of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Jie Hu
- Key Laboratory of Karst Georesources and Environment (Guizhou University), Ministry of Education, Guiyang, 550025, China; College of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Tianrong He
- Key Laboratory of Karst Georesources and Environment (Guizhou University), Ministry of Education, Guiyang, 550025, China; College of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Chengbin Liu
- Institute for Agri-food Standards and Testing Technology, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 201403, China
| | - Xian Zhou
- College of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Deliang Yin
- Key Laboratory of Karst Georesources and Environment (Guizhou University), Ministry of Education, Guiyang, 550025, China; Guizhou Karst Environmental Ecosystems Observation and Research Station, Ministry of Education, Guiyang, 550025, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Rizwan M, Murtaza G, Zulfiqar F, Moosa A, Iqbal R, Ahmed Z, Khan I, Siddique KHM, Leng L, Li H. Tuning active sites on biochars for remediation of mercury-contaminated soil: A comprehensive review. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2024; 270:115916. [PMID: 38171108 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.115916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 12/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Mercury (Hg) contamination is acknowledged as a global issue and has generated concerns globally due to its toxicity and persistence. Tunable surface-active sites (SASs) are one of the key features of efficient BCs for Hg remediation, and detailed documentation of their interactions with metal ions in soil medium is essential to support the applications of functionalized BC for Hg remediation. Although a specific active site exhibits identical behavior during the adsorption process, a systematic documentation of their syntheses and interactions with various metal ions in soil medium is crucial to promote the applications of functionalized biochars in Hg remediation. Hence, we summarized the BC's impact on Hg mobility in soils and discussed the potential mechanisms and role of various SASs of BC for Hg remediation, including oxygen-, nitrogen-, sulfur-, and X (chlorine, bromine, iodine)- functional groups (FGs), surface area, pores and pH. The review also categorized synthesis routes to introduce oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur to BC surfaces to enhance their Hg adsorptive properties. Last but not the least, the direct mechanisms (e.g., Hg- BC binding) and indirect mechanisms (i.e., BC has a significant impact on the cycling of sulfur and thus the Hg-soil binding) that can be used to explain the adverse effects of BC on plants and microorganisms, as well as other related consequences and risk reduction strategies were highlighted. The future perspective will focus on functional BC for multiple heavy metal remediation and other potential applications; hence, future work should focus on designing intelligent/artificial BC for multiple purposes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Rizwan
- School of Energy Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410083, China
| | - Ghulam Murtaza
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Faisal Zulfiqar
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture and Environment, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur-63100, Pakistan
| | - Anam Moosa
- Department of Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture and Environment, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur-63100, Pakistan
| | - Rashid Iqbal
- Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture and Environment, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur-63100, Pakistan
| | - Zeeshan Ahmed
- Xinjiang Institute of Ecology & Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China; Cele National Station of Observation and Research for Desert-Grassland Ecosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 848300, China
| | - Imran Khan
- School of Physics and Electronics, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410083, China
| | - Kadambot H M Siddique
- The UWA Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, Perth WA 6001, Australia.
| | - Lijian Leng
- School of Energy Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410083, China; Xiangjiang Laboratory, Changsha 410205, China.
| | - Hailong Li
- School of Energy Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410083, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
He Y, Yang X, Li Z, Wang T, Ma C, Wen X, Chen W, Zhang C. Aging rice straw reduces the bioavailability of mercury and methylmercury in paddy soil. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 339:139711. [PMID: 37536532 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.139711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 07/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
Straw amendment is a prevalent agricultural practice worldwide, which can reduce air pollution and improve soil fertility. However, the impact of aging straw amendment on the bioavailability of mercury (Hg) and methylmercury (MeHg) in paddy soil remains unclear. To investigate this, incubation experiments were conducted using the diffusive gradient in thin-film technique. Results showed that amendments of dry-wet aging (DRS), photochemical aging (LRS), and freeze-thaw aging rice straw (FRS) reduced the bioavailable MeHg in paddy soil by 2.2-27.6%, 13.5-69.8%, and 23.5-86.1%, respectively, compared to fresh rice straw (RS) amendment. This result could be due to changes in soil properties such as soil pH and overlying water Fe and Mn as well as microbial abundance (including Clostridiaceae, Firmicutes, and Actinobacteriota). Simultaneously, The LRS and FRS amendments reduced bioavailable Hg in paddy soil by 20.0-40.8% and 17.1-48.6%, respectively, while DRS increased the bioavailable Hg by 15.8-120.0%. This could be attributed to changes in soil oxidation-reduction potential and overlying water SO42- content. Additionally, the results of sand culture experiments showed that the concentrations of Hg uptake by rice seedlings were 97.1-118.2%, 28.1-35.6%, and 198.0-217.1% higher in dissolved organic matter (DOM) derived from DRS, LRS, and FRS than RS, indicating that aging straw leached DOM may promote the Hg bioavailable when straw amendment. This result could be due to lower molecular weight and higher CO functional group content. These results provide new insight into how aging straw amendment affects the bioavailability of Hg and MeHg in paddy soil under different climates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yubo He
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Xu Yang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Zihao Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Tantan Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Chi Ma
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Xin Wen
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Wenhao Chen
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Chang Zhang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha, 410082, China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Liu E, Xue J, Zhang G, Wang Y, Wang D, Yin D, He T. Distribution and Release of Mercury Regulated by the Decomposition of a Pioneer Habitat-Adapted Plant in the Water-Level-Fluctuating Zone of the Three Gorges Reservoir. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2023; 111:1. [PMID: 37335383 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-023-03760-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
Pioneer habitat-adapted bermudagrass is prevalent in the water-level-fluctuating zone of the Three Gorges Reservoir area. This study was performed to explore the response characteristics of dissolved organic matter (DOM) qualities to bermudagrass decomposition and their regulation in the distribution and release of mercury (Hg) and methylmercury (MeHg) in the soil-water system. Compared to the control, the bermudagrass decomposition resulted in a great increase in the protein-like components in the water in the initial stages (p < 0.01), but it also greatly reduced the humification degree of water DOM (p < 0.01). However, it accelerated the consumption of protein-like components, the humification rate, and the synthesis of humic-like DOM in the water over time. This changing pattern of the DOM qualities resulted in an initial elevation and a subsequent great decrease in the dissolved Hg and MeHg concentrations in the pore water, which ultimately reduced their release levels into the overlying water by 26.50% and 54.42%, respectively, compared to the control. Our results indicate the potential inhibitory effects of short-term bermudagrass decomposition caused by flooding and how decomposition affects the release of total Hg and MeHg by shaping the DOM qualities, and they have implications for similar aquatic systems in which herbaceous plants are frequently decomposed after submergence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Enxin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Karst Georesources and Environment, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
- College of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
- Guizhou Karst Environmental Ecosystems Observation and Research Station, Ministry of Education, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Jinping Xue
- College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Ge Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Karst Georesources and Environment, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
- College of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
- Guizhou Karst Environmental Ecosystems Observation and Research Station, Ministry of Education, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Yongmin Wang
- College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Dingyong Wang
- College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Deliang Yin
- Key Laboratory of Karst Georesources and Environment, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China.
- College of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China.
- Guizhou Karst Environmental Ecosystems Observation and Research Station, Ministry of Education, Guiyang, 550025, China.
| | - Tianrong He
- Key Laboratory of Karst Georesources and Environment, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
- College of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
- Guizhou Karst Environmental Ecosystems Observation and Research Station, Ministry of Education, Guiyang, 550025, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Gao J, Han H, Gao C, Wang Y, Dong B, Xu Z. Organic amendments for in situ immobilization of heavy metals in soil: A review. CHEMOSPHERE 2023:139088. [PMID: 37268229 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.139088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2023] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
There is a growing need for soil remediation due to the increase in heavy metals (HMs) migrating into the soil environment, especially those from man-made sources dominated by industry and agriculture. In situ immobilization technology, because of its lower life cycle environmental footprint, can achieve "green and sustainable remediation" of soil heavy-metal pollution. Among the various in situ immobilization remediation agents, organic amendments (OAs) stand out as they can act as soil conditioners while acting as HMs immobilization agents, and therefore have excellent application prospects. In this paper, the types and remediation effects of OAs for HMs in situ immobilization in soil are summarized. OAs have an important effect on the soil environment and other active substances in soil while interacting with HMs in soil. Based on these factors, the principle and mechanism of HMs in situ immobilization in soil using OAs are summarized. Given the complex differential characteristics of soil itself, it is impossible to determine whether it can remain stable after heavy-metal remediation; therefore, there is still a gap in knowledge regarding the compatibility and long-term effectiveness of OAs with soil. In the future, it is necessary to develop a reasonable HMs contamination remediation program for in situ immobilization and long-term monitoring through interdisciplinary integration techniques. These findings are expected to provide a reference for the development of advanced OAs and their applications in engineering.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China.
| | - Haoxuan Han
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Chang Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Yuhao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Bin Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China; College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, 541006, China.
| | - Zuxin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Yang N, Hu J, Yin D, He T, Tian X, Ran S, Zhou X. Mercury and methylmercury in Hg-contaminated paddy soil and their uptake in rice as regulated by DOM from different agricultural sources. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023:10.1007/s11356-023-27712-9. [PMID: 37249779 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-27712-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
In this study, from the perspectives of structural and compositional variations of soil-dissolved organic matter (DOM), we explored the effects of agricultural DOM inputs on methylmercury (MeHg) accumulation in the soil and mercury (Hg) bioaccumulation in rice grains. Pot experiments with the addition of DOMs from maize straw (MaS), rape straw (RaS), rice straw (RiS), composted rice straw (CRiS), cow dung (CD), and composted cow dung (CCD) were then conducted. Results showed that, relative to the control, the DOM amendment from each agricultural source elevated MeHg concentrations in the soil, with an increase of 18-227%, but only parts of DOMs elevated total dissolved Hg (DHg) and MeHg (DMeHg) concentrations in pore water. Among all DOM species, RiS, CRiS, and CCD significantly increased total Hg (THg) and MeHg contents in rice grains by 34-64% and 32-118%, respectively. Compared with RiS, THg and MeHg contents in rice grains in the CRiS treatment decreased slightly, which was consistent with the distributions of DHg and DMeHg concentrations in pore water and the aromaticity variation of soil DOM. In contrast, the CCD input significantly enhanced the enrichment of THg and MeHg in rice grains relative to CD because it significantly reduced the humification of soil DOM at all rice-growing stages while increasing the low-molecular-weight fractions in soil DOM. The THg and MeHg contents in the rice grains were significantly lower treated by RaS than those by MaS and RiS, which may be related to the higher sulfur-containing compounds such as sulfate and cysteine in rape straw or its DOM solution. Overall, DOM amendment from different agricultural sources resulted in significantly discriminative effects on the MeHg accumulation in soil and Hg enrichment in rice in the Hg-contaminated paddy field by shaping soil DOM properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ningla Yang
- Key Laboratory of Karst Georesources and Environment, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
- College of Resources and Environment, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Jie Hu
- Key Laboratory of Karst Georesources and Environment, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
- College of Resources and Environment, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Deliang Yin
- Key Laboratory of Karst Georesources and Environment, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
- College of Resources and Environment, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Tianrong He
- Key Laboratory of Karst Georesources and Environment, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China.
- College of Resources and Environment, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China.
| | - Xiang Tian
- Key Laboratory of Karst Georesources and Environment, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Shu Ran
- Key Laboratory of Karst Georesources and Environment, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Xian Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Karst Georesources and Environment, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Yang X, Li Z, Wang T, Yang Z, Wen X, Yang K, Huang Y, Chen W, He Y, Shi X, Zhang C, Yu Z. Resupply, diffusion, and bioavailability of Hg in paddy soil-water environment with flood-drain-reflood and straw amendment. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 231:116127. [PMID: 37187308 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.116127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Mercury (Hg) poses a significant risk in paddy fields, particularly when it is converted to methylmercury (MeHg) and accumulates in rice. However, the bioavailability and resupply kinetics of Hg in the paddy soil-water environment are not well understood. In this study, the diffusive gradients in thin films (DGT) and the 'DGT-induced fluxes in sediments' model (DIFS) were first adopted to investigate the Hg resupply kinetics, diffusion fluxes and bioavailability in a paddy environment subjected to flood-drain-reflood treatment and straw amendment. Our results shown that although the straw amendment limited the bioavailability of Hg (38.2%-47.9% lower than control) in porewater by decreasing its resupply capacity, especially with smaller straw particles, the net production of MeHg in paddy fields was significantly increased after straw amendment (73.5%-77.9% higher than control). The results of microbial sequencing indicate that enhanced methylators (e.g., family Geobacter) and non-Hg methylators (e.g., Methanosarcinaceae) played a crucial role in MeHg production following straw amendment. Moreover, Hg-containing paddy soils generally tend to release Hg into the overlying water, while drain-reflood treatment changes the direction of Hg diffusion fluxes in the paddy soil-water interface. The drainage-reflooded treatment decreases the Hg reactive and resupply capacity of the paddy soil, thereby hindering the release of Hg from soil into overlying water during the early stages of reflooding. Overall, this study provides novel insights into the behavior of Hg in paddy soil-water surface microlayers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xu Yang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Zihao Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Tantan Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Zhongzhu Yang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Xin Wen
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Kaihua Yang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Yicai Huang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Wenhao Chen
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Yubo He
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Xiaohong Shi
- College of Water Conservancy and Civil Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, 010018, China
| | - Chang Zhang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha, 410082, China.
| | - Zhigang Yu
- Australian Centre for Water and Environmental Biotechnology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Hu H, Gao Y, Yu H, Xiao H, Chen S, Tan W, Tang J, Xi B. Mechanisms and biological effects of organic amendments on mercury speciation in soil-rice systems: A review. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 251:114516. [PMID: 36628877 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.114516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Mercury (Hg) pollution is a well-recognized global environmental and health issue and exhibits distinctive persistence, neurotoxicity, bioaccumulation, and biomagnification effects. As the largest global Hg reservoir, the Hg cumulatively stored in soils has reached as high as 250-1000 Gg. Even more concerning is that global soil-rice systems distributed in many countries have become central to the global Hg cycle because they are both a major food source for more than 3 billion people worldwide and the central bridge linking atmospheric and soil Hg circulation. In this review, we discuss the form distribution, transformation, and bioavailability of Hg in soil-rice systems by focusing on the Hg methylation and demethylation pathways and distribution, uptake, and accumulation in rice plants and the effects of Hg on the community structure and ecological functions of microorganisms in soil-rice systems. In addition, we clarify the mechanisms through which commonly used humus and biochar organic amendments influence Hg and its environmental effects in soil-rice systems. The review also elaborates on the advantages of sulfur-modified biochars and their critical role in controlling Hg migration and bioavailability in soils. Finally, we provide key information about Hg pollution in soil-rice systems, which is of great significance for developing appropriate strategies and mitigation planning to limit Hg bioconcentration in rice crops and achieving key global sustainable development goals, such as the guarantee of food security and the promotion of sustainable agriculture.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hualing Hu
- Technical Centre for Soil, Agriculture and Rural Ecology and Environment, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Beijing 100012, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Yiman Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Hanxia Yu
- School of Geographical Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China
| | - Haoyan Xiao
- School of Geographical Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China
| | - Shuhe Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Wenbing Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China.
| | - Jun Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China.
| | - Beidou Xi
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Cheng Z, He T, Yin D, Tian X, Ran S, Zhou X. Effects of Composted Agricultural Organic Materials on Mercury Methylation in Paddy Soil and Mercury Enrichment in Rice. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2023; 110:38. [PMID: 36607425 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-022-03671-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Many studies have shown that returning fresh straw to the field can promote mercury accumulation in crops; therefore, it is necessary to find an appropriate way to use agricultural organic materials in mercury-contaminated farmlands. In this study, pot experiments were conducted to study the effects of composted agricultural organic materials on mercury bioaccumulation in the paddy field ecosystem by adding fresh rice straw (RS), composted rice straw (CRS), cow dung (CD) and composted cow dung (CCD) to the soils. Compared with RS and CD, the CRS and CCD amendments reduced dissolved organic matter (DOM) contents in soil, but increased the aromaticity and small molecule proportion of DOM, and also increased the tartaric acid contents in soil, as well as the methylation and release of mercury in soil. However, the increased available mercury and methylmercury in the soils in the CRS and CCD treatments were not effectively absorbed by rice plants. Overall, compared with fresh organic materials, composted organic materials amendments could reduce mercury accumulation in rice to a certain extent.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zongfu Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Karst Georesources and Environment, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, 550025, Guiyang, China
| | - Tianrong He
- Key Laboratory of Karst Georesources and Environment, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, 550025, Guiyang, China.
- College of Resources and Environment, Guizhou University, 550025, Guiyang, China.
| | - Deliang Yin
- Key Laboratory of Karst Georesources and Environment, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, 550025, Guiyang, China
- College of Resources and Environment, Guizhou University, 550025, Guiyang, China
| | - Xiang Tian
- Key Laboratory of Karst Georesources and Environment, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, 550025, Guiyang, China
| | - Shu Ran
- Key Laboratory of Karst Georesources and Environment, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, 550025, Guiyang, China
| | - Xian Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Karst Georesources and Environment, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, 550025, Guiyang, China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Sun T, Xie Q, Li C, Huang J, Yue C, Zhao X, Wang D. Inorganic versus organic fertilizers: How do they lead to methylmercury accumulation in rice grains. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 314:120341. [PMID: 36202265 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 09/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Both inorganic and organic fertilizers are widely used to increase rice yield. However, these fertilizers are also found to aggravate mercury methylation and methylmercury (MeHg) accumulation in paddy fields. The aim of this study was to reveal the mechanisms of inorganic and organic fertilizers on MeHg accumulation in rice grains, which are not yet well understood. Potting cultures were conducted in which different fertilizers were applied to a paddy soil. The results showed that both inorganic and organic fertilizers increased MeHg concentrations rather than biological accumulation factors (BAFs) of MeHg in mature rice grains. Inorganic fertilizers, especially nitrogen fertilizer, enhanced the bioavailability of mercury and the relative amount Hg-methylating microbes and therefore intensified mercury methylation in paddy soil and MeHg accumulation in rice grains. Unlike inorganic fertilizers, organic matter (OM) in organic fertilizers was the main reason for the increase of MeHg concentrations in rice grains, and it also could immobilize Hg in soil when it was deeply degraded. The enhancement of MeHg concentrations in rice grains induced by inorganic fertilizers (5.18-41.69%) was significantly (p < 0.05) lower than that induced by organic fertilizers (80.49-106.86%). Inorganic fertilizers led to a larger increase (50.39-99.28%) in thousand-kernel weight than MeHg concentrations (5.18-41.69%), resulting in a dilution of MeHg concentrations in mature rice grains. Given the improvement of soil properties by organic fertilizer, increasing the proportion of inorganic fertilizer application may be a better option to alleviate MeHg accumulation in rice grains and guarantee the rice yield in the agricultural production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tao Sun
- School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China; Funiu Mountain Forest Ecosystem Observation and Research Station, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Qing Xie
- College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Chuxian Li
- Department of Forest Ecology & Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, 90136, Sweden
| | - Jinyong Huang
- School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China; Funiu Mountain Forest Ecosystem Observation and Research Station, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Caipeng Yue
- School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Xuejie Zhao
- School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Dingyong Wang
- College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Ran S, He T, Zhou X, Yin D. Effects of fulvic acid and humic acid from different sources on Hg methylation in soil and accumulation in rice. J Environ Sci (China) 2022; 119:93-105. [PMID: 35934469 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2022.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Humus is often used as an organic modifier to reduce the bioaccumulation of heavy metals in plants, but the effects of different humus components from different sources on the fate of mercury (Hg) in paddy fields are still unclear. Here, fulvic acid (FA) and humic acid (HA) extracted from composted straw (CS), composted cow dung (CCD), peat soil (PM) and lignite coal (LC) were used to understand their effects on the methylation and bioaccumulation of Hg in paddy soil by pot experiments. Amendments of both FA and HA largely increased the abundance of Hg-methylating microbes and low-molecular-weight organic matters (e.g, cysteine) in paddy soil. They were also found to change the aromaticity, molecular size and Chromophoric DOM concentration of DOM, and resulted in heterogeneous effects on migration and transformation of Hg. All the FA-amended treatments increased the mobility and methylation of Hg in soil and its absorption in roots. Nevertheless, FA from different sources have heterogeneous effects on transport of Hg between rice tissues. FA-CCD and FA-PM promoted the translocation of MeHg from roots to rice grains by 32.95% and 41.12%, while FA-CS and FA-LC significantly inhibited the translocation of inorganic Hg (IHg) by 52.65% and 66.06% and of MeHg by 46.65% and 36.23%, respectively. In contrast, all HA-amended treatments reduced the mobility of soil Hg, but promoted Hg methylation in soil. Among which, HA-CCD and HA-PM promoted the translocation of MeHg in rice tissues by 88.95% and 64.10%, while its accumulation in rice grains by 28.43% and 28.69%, respectively. In general, the application of some FA and HA as organic modifiers to reduce Hg bioaccumulation in rice is not feasible.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shu Ran
- Key Laboratory of Karst Georesources and Environment (Guizhou University), Ministry of Education, Guiyang 550025, China; College of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China; Guizhou Karst Environmental Ecosystems Observation and Research Station, Ministry of Education, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Tianrong He
- Key Laboratory of Karst Georesources and Environment (Guizhou University), Ministry of Education, Guiyang 550025, China.
| | - Xian Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Karst Georesources and Environment (Guizhou University), Ministry of Education, Guiyang 550025, China; College of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China; Guizhou Karst Environmental Ecosystems Observation and Research Station, Ministry of Education, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Deliang Yin
- Key Laboratory of Karst Georesources and Environment (Guizhou University), Ministry of Education, Guiyang 550025, China.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Sun T, Wang Y, Li C, Huang J, Hua Y, Yue C, Chao H, Zhang D, Zhang Y, Wang D. Use smaller size of straw to alleviate mercury methylation and accumulation induced by straw incorporation in paddy field. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 423:127002. [PMID: 34474359 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.127002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2021] [Revised: 08/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Straw sizes were found to affect the methylmercury (MeHg) accumulation in rice grains induced by straw incorporation. The mechanism behind, however, still remains unclear. Here, we incorporated rice straw in different sizes (powder, 2 cm and 5 cm) into a Hg-contaminated paddy soil. Our results showed that straw sizes regulated the release of different fractions of organic matter (OM) in straw residues and further Hg methylation in paddy soil. The easily degradable OM (EDOM) was a key driving factor that facilitated net Hg methylation, though it only occupied a small fraction (1.12-3.12%) of the soil OM. Powdered straw reduced the duration of net Hg methylation by 74.39% compared to 5 cm straw, resulting in a strong and rapid net Hg methylation in paddy soil before the rice flowering. After the release of EDOM, the humified OM dominated in paddy soil and bound to MeHg, leading to less MeHg being transported to rice grains during the grain filling. Powdered straw decreased MeHg accumulation by 25.32% in the mature rice grains compared with 5 cm straw. Our study suggests that straw powdering before incorporation provides a feasible pathway for reducing MeHg accumulation in rice grains induced by straw incorporation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tao Sun
- School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Yongmin Wang
- College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Chuxian Li
- Department of Forest Ecology & Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå 90136, Sweden
| | - Jinyong Huang
- School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
| | - Yingpeng Hua
- School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Caipeng Yue
- School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Hongbo Chao
- School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Dingxi Zhang
- College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yongjiang Zhang
- College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; Department of Environment and Quality Test, Chongqing Chemical Industry Vocational College, Chongqing 401220, China
| | - Dingyong Wang
- College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Lv W, Zhan T, Abdelhafiz MA, Feng X, Meng B. Selenium-amended biochar mitigates inorganic mercury and methylmercury accumulation in rice (Oryza sativa L.). ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 291:118259. [PMID: 34600068 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.118259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Rice, as a dominant crop in China and Asia, can be a major route of methylmercury (MeHg) exposure for humans in inland China, especially in those living in mercury (Hg) polluted areas. Soil is the most prominent MeHg accumulation source for rice grains. The development of management practices to reduce MeHg in rice grains is crucial. This study explored the mitigation effect of biochar (BC) and sodium selenite-amended biochar (BC + Se) on MeHg production in paddy soil and accumulation in rice. Mercury-contaminated soil was treated with 1% and 5% of both BC and BC + Se. Soil MeHg concentration slightly increased under 1% BC/BC + Se compared to control soil but decreased at the rate of 5%. Moreover, soil phytoavailable MeHg (P-MeHg) diminished as the amount of Se-amended BC increased. BC + Se effectively mitigated MeHg accumulation in rice grains. The highest average contents of MeHg and inorganic Hg (IHg) in rice seeds were found in the control samples, followed by the 1%-BC, 5%-BC, 1%-BC + Se, and 5%-BC + Se samples. Under the 5%-BC + Se treatment, rice MeHg levels were reduced significantly (94%) compared to the control, and P-MeHg concentrations in soil were lower than all the other experimental groups throughout the rice-growing season. These results demonstrate the effectiveness of BC + Se in reducing MeHg and IHg accumulation in rice and could be employed for remediation of Hg polluted paddies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenqiang Lv
- School of Geography and Resources, Guizhou Education University, Guiyang, Guizhou, 550018, China
| | - Tianli Zhan
- Institute of Mountain Resources of Guizhou Province, Guiyang, 550001, China
| | - Mahmoud A Abdelhafiz
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang, 550081, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China; Geology Department, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Assiut, 71524, Egypt
| | - Xinbin Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang, 550081, China; Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Bo Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang, 550081, China.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Liu G, Meng J, Zeng L, Liu X, Dai Z, Tang C, Xu J. Novel agricultural waste-based materials decrease the uptake and accumulation of cadmium by rice (Oryza sativa L.) in contaminated paddy soils. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 289:117838. [PMID: 34385132 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Heavy metal pollution in paddy fields has caused widespread concerns due to the threat to food safety. The present study used low-cost sugarcane bagasse (SB) and two sugarcane bagasse materials modified with citric-acid (SSB) and citric-acid/Fe3O4 (MSB) to investigate their effects on the bioavailability of Cd in soil and Cd accumulations in rice in a pot experiment. The three organic amendments significantly decreased the Cd accumulation in plants by limiting its mobilization in soil. The MSB and SSB but not SB increased the soil pH and immobilized the Cd in soil significantly during the 120-day experiment. The amendments decreased Cd bioavailability through transforming to the stable fraction throughout the whole growth stage. The functional groups in the amendments (-OH, -COOH, C-O, -COO- and Fe-O) and precipitates [Cd(NO2)2K(NO2)2, Cd(OH)2 and Cd75Zn25Fe2O4] played active roles in Cd immobilization. Moreover, the three organic materials increased the content of Fe-Mn plaque on rice roots, which prevented its transport from soil to rice roots further. We also found that Fe competed with Cd for transporters and reduced potential Cd uptake and translocation in rice tissues. The addition of MSB and SB but not SSB inhibited the rice growth compared to the unamended control, indicating the potential of SSB in situ remediation. These results provide valuable information to use organic amendments for Cd passivation in soil and food safety.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guofei Liu
- Institute of Soil and Water Resources and Environmental Science, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Jun Meng
- Key Laboratory of Recycling and Eco-treatment of Waste Biomass of Zhejiang Province, School of Environmental and Natural Resources, Zhejiang University of Science & Technology, Hangzhou, 310023, China
| | - Lingzao Zeng
- Institute of Soil and Water Resources and Environmental Science, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Xingmei Liu
- Institute of Soil and Water Resources and Environmental Science, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Zhongmin Dai
- Institute of Soil and Water Resources and Environmental Science, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Caixian Tang
- Department of Animal, Plant and Soil Sciences, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, 3086, Australia
| | - Jianming Xu
- Institute of Soil and Water Resources and Environmental Science, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Hu H, Xi B, Tan W. Effects of sulfur-rich biochar amendment on microbial methylation of mercury in rhizosphere paddy soil and methylmercury accumulation in rice. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 286:117290. [PMID: 33984776 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Biochar amendment has the potential to reduce methylmercury (MeHg) uptake by rice grains in soil-rice ecosystem. Considering that sulfur can strongly bind Hg and thus reduce its bioavailability, S-modified biochar has been used to immobilize Hg in soils. However, whether natural S-enriched biochar can further reduce Hg and MeHg phytoavailability remains unknown. Moreover, the rhizosphere is one of the most important microbial hotspots regulating the pollutant dynamics in terrestrial ecosystems. Therefore, it is of greater practical significance to examine the impact of biochar amendment on MeHg production and phytoavailability in the rhizosphere versus nonrhizosphere. Here, by conducting a pot experiment, we evaluated the efficacy of biochar derived from sulfur-enriched oilseed rape straw to reduce MeHg accumulation in rice. The results demonstrated that: (1) biochar-induced enhancement of chloride ion and sulfate levels in the overlying water and pore water facilitate microbial methylation of Hg and thus MeHg production in rhizosphere soil. (2) biochar amendment increased rhizosphere soil sulfur content and humic acid-like substances, strengthening MeHg binding to soil, and thus reducing grain MeHg levels by 47%-75%. Our results highlight the necessity to applying natural sulfur-rich biochar accompanied with exogenous sulfur to further reduce MeHg phytoavailability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hualing Hu
- School of Environmental Science & Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Beidou Xi
- School of Environmental Science & Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China.
| | - Wenbing Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Muhammad H, Wei T, Cao G, Yu S, Ren X, Jia H, Saleem A, Hua L, Guo J, Li Y. Study of soil microorganisms modified wheat straw and biochar for reducing cadmium leaching potential and bioavailability. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 273:129644. [PMID: 33485131 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.129644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The application of crops straw and biochar in trace metals remediation from the contaminated environment attracted more and more attention during the past decade. Although there has been some review work on the mechanism of trace metals stabilization by crops straw, the effects and mechanisms of interaction among soil indigenous-microbes and crops-straw for trace metal adsorption and stabilization is still unclear. In this study, the dynamic effects along with potential mechanisms of wheat-straw (WS), wheat-straw biochar (WBC) and biologically modified wheat-straw (BMWS) were conducted to investigate the adsorption, leaching behaviour, chemical fractions and bioavailability of cadmium (Cd). The results showed that the biosorption capacity (qe) was most elevated in the BMWS treatment (14.42 mg g-1) as compared to WBC (6.28 mg g-1) and WS (4.20 mg g-1). The application of BMWS, WBC and WS at the rate of 3% significantly reduced Cd concentration in leachate to 53, 45 and 21% respectively, as compared to control. The addition of BMWS reduced the exchangeable Cd fraction resulted an increase in organic matter and carbonate bound Cd fraction in the soil. The DTPA extractable Cd was significantly decreased by 31.2 and 28.6% with the application of BMWS and WBC at 3% w/w respectively as compared to control. The research results may provide a novel perceptive for the development of functional materials and strategies for eco-friendly and sustainable trace metal remediation in contaminated soil and water by combination of straw and soil-indigenous microorganisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haris Muhammad
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an, 710021, PR China
| | - Ting Wei
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an, 710021, PR China
| | - Geng Cao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an, 710021, PR China
| | - ShengHui Yu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an, 710021, PR China
| | - XinHao Ren
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an, 710021, PR China
| | - HongLei Jia
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an, 710021, PR China
| | - Atif Saleem
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an, 710021, PR China
| | - Li Hua
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an, 710021, PR China
| | - JunKang Guo
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an, 710021, PR China.
| | - Yongtao Li
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an, 710021, PR China; College of Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Zhang Q, Zou D, Zeng X, Li L, Wang A, Liu F, Wang H, Zeng Q, Xiao Z. Effect of the direct use of biomass in agricultural soil on heavy metals __ activation or immobilization? ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 272:115989. [PMID: 33190985 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, the biomass was directly used extensively in agriculture due to its low cost and convenience. Increasingly serious soil pollution of heavy metals may pose threats and risks to human health. Directly addition of biomass to soil may affect the bioavailability and content of heavy metals. Here, we reviewed the impact of direct application of oil cake, manure, sewage sludge, straw and municipal waste to soil on the form and concentration of heavy metals in soil, and also emphasized the role of biomass in soil heavy metals remediation. Heavy metals can be activated in a short term by the content of heavy metals in biomass, the production of low-molecular-weight organic acids by biomass application, and the oxidation of sulfides (except for ammoniation). However, heavy metals in soil can be immobilized by humic substances. These can be produced by biomass during a long-term application to soil. Moreover, the degree of immobilization depended on the kind of biomass. Biomass contaminated by heavy metals cannot be returned to the field directly. Therefore, Mitigating the activation of heavy metals in the early stage of biomass application is meaningful, especially for application of these biomass such as straw, sewage sludge and municipal waste. Future researches should focus on the heavy metal control on direct use of biomass in agricultural.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qiuguo Zhang
- College of Resources and Environment, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, 410128, China; Key Laboratory for Rural Ecosystem Health in Dongting Lake Area of Hunan Province, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Dongsheng Zou
- College of Resources and Environment, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, 410128, China; Key Laboratory for Rural Ecosystem Health in Dongting Lake Area of Hunan Province, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Xinyi Zeng
- College of Resources and Environment, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, 410128, China; Key Laboratory for Rural Ecosystem Health in Dongting Lake Area of Hunan Province, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Longcheng Li
- College of Resources and Environment, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, 410128, China; Key Laboratory for Rural Ecosystem Health in Dongting Lake Area of Hunan Province, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Andong Wang
- College of Resources and Environment, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, 410128, China; Key Laboratory for Rural Ecosystem Health in Dongting Lake Area of Hunan Province, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Fen Liu
- College of Resources and Environment, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, 410128, China; Key Laboratory for Rural Ecosystem Health in Dongting Lake Area of Hunan Province, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Hua Wang
- College of Resources and Environment, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, 410128, China; Key Laboratory for Rural Ecosystem Health in Dongting Lake Area of Hunan Province, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Qingru Zeng
- College of Resources and Environment, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, 410128, China; Key Laboratory for Rural Ecosystem Health in Dongting Lake Area of Hunan Province, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Zhihua Xiao
- College of Resources and Environment, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, 410128, China; Key Laboratory for Rural Ecosystem Health in Dongting Lake Area of Hunan Province, Changsha, 410128, China.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Su Y, Kwong RWM, Tang W, Yang Y, Zhong H. Straw return enhances the risks of metals in soil? ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 207:111201. [PMID: 32905933 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.111201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2020] [Revised: 08/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Interactions between organic matter (OM) and metals in soils are important natural mechanisms that can mitigate metal bioaccumulation in terrestrial environments. A primary source of OM in soils is straw return, accounting for more than 65% of OM input. Straw-OM has long been believed to reduce metal bioaccumulation, e.g., by immobilizing metals in soils. However, there is growing evidence that straw return could possibly enhance bioavailability and thus risks (i.e., food safety) of some metals in crops, including Cd, Hg, and As. Poor understanding of straw return-induced increases in metal bioavailability would add uncertainty in assessing or mitigating risks of metals in contaminated farming soils. Here, 863 pieces of literature (2000-2019) that reported the effects of straw return on metal bioavailability and bioaccumulation were reviewed. Mechanisms responsible for the increased metal mobility and bioavailability under straw return are summarized, including the effects of dissolution, complexation, and methylation. Effects of straw return on the physiology and the absorption of metals in plants is also discussed (i.e., physiological effect). These mechanisms are then used to explain the observed increases in the mobility, bioavailability, and bioaccumulation of Cd, Hg, and As under straw amendment. Information summarized in this study highlights the importance to re-consider the current straw return policy, particularly in metal-contaminated farmlands.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yao Su
- School of the Environment, Nanjing University, State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210023, PR China
| | - Raymond W M Kwong
- Department of Biology, York University, Toronto, ON, M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - Wenli Tang
- School of the Environment, Nanjing University, State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210023, PR China
| | - Yanan Yang
- School of the Environment, Nanjing University, State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210023, PR China
| | - Huan Zhong
- School of the Environment, Nanjing University, State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210023, PR China; Environmental and Life Sciences Program (EnLS), Trent University, Peterborough, ON, K9L 0G2, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Wang Y, He T, Yin D, Han Y, Zhou X, Zhang G, Tian X. Modified clay mineral: A method for the remediation of the mercury-polluted paddy soil. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2020; 204:111121. [PMID: 32798754 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.111121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Rice is easy to accumulate mercury (Hg), especially methylmercury (MeHg) with high toxicity, and this leads to a serious health risk for residents in some Hg-polluted areas of Asia. Thus, there is an urgent need to find soil remediation techniques that can both guarantee agricultural production and protect human health in these Hg-contaminated areas. In this study, montmorillonite (Mont) and medical stone (Med) were modified by a thiol-based material (-SH) and by chitosan to obtain modified clay mineral adsorbents. Pot experiments were then performed to explore their ability to reduce the levels of Hg and MeHg in rice and their reduction mechanisms. Compared with unmodified clay minerals, modified clay minerals had better Hg reduction efficiencies in rice. The amendment of SH-modified Med (Med-SH) had the highest THg and MeHg reduction efficiencies in rice, reaching up to 78% and 81%, respectively, and brought the THg concentration in the rice below China's health guidelines for rice (20 ng g-1). Not only did amendment of the SH-modified clay minerals reduce the exchangeable and specially adsorbed Hg in the soil, as did the other amendments, but they also significantly reduced the amount of oxide-bound Hg and MeHg in the soil, and greatly enhanced the retention of Hg and MeHg in soil, thus significantly reduced the concentration of Hg and MeHg in rice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Karst Georesources and Environment, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Tianrong He
- Key Laboratory of Karst Georesources and Environment, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China; College of Resources and Environment, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China; Guizhou Karst Environmental Ecosystems Observation and Research Station, Ministry of Education, Guiyang, 550025, China.
| | - Deliang Yin
- Key Laboratory of Karst Georesources and Environment, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China; College of Resources and Environment, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China; Guizhou Karst Environmental Ecosystems Observation and Research Station, Ministry of Education, Guiyang, 550025, China.
| | - Yixin Han
- Key Laboratory of Karst Georesources and Environment, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Xian Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Karst Georesources and Environment, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Ge Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Karst Georesources and Environment, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Xiang Tian
- Key Laboratory of Karst Georesources and Environment, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Tang Z, Fan F, Deng S, Wang D. Mercury in rice paddy fields and how does some agricultural activities affect the translocation and transformation of mercury - A critical review. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2020; 202:110950. [PMID: 32800226 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.110950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Human exposure to methylmercury (MeHg) through rice consumption is raising health concerns. It has long been recognized that MeHg found in rice grain predominately originated from paddy soil. Anaerobic conditions in paddy fields promote Hg methylation, potentially leading to high MeHg concentrations in rice grain. Understanding the transformation and migration of Hg in the rice paddy system, as well as the effects of farming activities, are keys to assessing risks and developing potential mitigation strategies. Therefore, this review examines the current state of knowledge on: 1) sources of Hg in paddy fields; 2) how MeHg and inorganic Hg (IHg) are transformed (including abiotic and biotic processes); 3) how IHg and MeHg enter and translocate in rice plants; and 4) how regular farming activities (including the application of fertilizer, cultivation methods, choice of cultivar), affect Hg cycling in the paddy field system. Current issues and controversies on Hg transformation and migration in the paddy field system are also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhenya Tang
- Faculty of Environmental Science & Engineering, Kunming University of Science &Technology, Kunming, China; Interdisciplinary Research Center for Agriculture Green Development in Yangtze River Basin, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.
| | - Fangling Fan
- School of Energy and Environment Science, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, China.
| | - Shiping Deng
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA.
| | - Dingyong Wang
- Interdisciplinary Research Center for Agriculture Green Development in Yangtze River Basin, Southwest University, Chongqing, China; State Cultivation Base of Eco-agriculture for Southwest Mountainous Land, College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Kodamatani H, Daiba Y, Morisaki S, Ichitani K, Kanzaki R, Tomiyasu T. Detailed investigation of methylmercury accumulation in rice grain from Hg 2+-spiked non-contaminated paddy field soils. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 247:125827. [PMID: 31955040 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.125827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Total-Hg (T-Hg) and methylmercury (MeHg) concentrations in rice grains were measured to understand the MeHg accumulation process. Rice plants were cultivated in Hg2+-spiked non-contaminated soils in experimental pots at three different places. Although soil MeHg concentrations in the pots changed significantly and individually during the rice-growing season, T-Hg concentration of brown rice grain was high at high soil MeHg concentration. In addition, there was no significant variation in T-Hg concentration in brown rice grains from individual panicles or among panicles obtained from the same pot, although the period of growth for each panicle was different. The highest T-Hg concentration of brown rice grains recorded for a panicle was 1.4 ± 0.1 mg kg-1 (n = 8), and the corresponding MeHg ratio was 76%. In addition, the T-Hg and MeHg concentrations in various parts of the brown rice grain-white rice (endosperm), bran, and embryo-were measured. Among the parts of the brown rice grain, the embryo had the highest Hg concentration. Furthermore, Hg concentration in the grain was constant during grain filling. These findings suggest that MeHg formed in soil accumulates in the rice plant during growth and is supplied to the rice grains continuously for the entire duration of the grain development period.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hitoshi Kodamatani
- Division of Earth and Environmental Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Kagoshima University, 1-21-35 Korimoto, Kagoshima, 890-0065, Japan.
| | - Yuri Daiba
- Division of Earth and Environmental Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Kagoshima University, 1-21-35 Korimoto, Kagoshima, 890-0065, Japan
| | - Shintarou Morisaki
- Division of Earth and Environmental Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Kagoshima University, 1-21-35 Korimoto, Kagoshima, 890-0065, Japan
| | - Katsuyuki Ichitani
- Faculty of Agriculture, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24 Korimoto, Kagoshima, 890-0065, Japan
| | - Ryo Kanzaki
- Division of Earth and Environmental Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Kagoshima University, 1-21-35 Korimoto, Kagoshima, 890-0065, Japan
| | - Takashi Tomiyasu
- Division of Earth and Environmental Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Kagoshima University, 1-21-35 Korimoto, Kagoshima, 890-0065, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Liu S, Yang B, Liang Y, Xiao Y, Fang J. Prospect of phytoremediation combined with other approaches for remediation of heavy metal-polluted soils. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:16069-16085. [PMID: 32173779 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-08282-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 04/16/2023]
Abstract
Accumulation of heavy metals in agricultural soils due to human production activities-mining, fossil fuel combustion, and application of chemical fertilizers/pesticides-results in severe environmental pollution. As the transmission of heavy metals through the food chain and their accumulation pose a serious risk to human health and safety, there has been increasing attention in the investigation of heavy metal pollution and search for effective soil remediation technologies. Here, we summarized and discussed the basic principles, strengths and weaknesses, and limitations of common standalone approaches such as those based on physics, chemistry, and biology, emphasizing their incompatibility with large-scale applications. Moreover, we explained the effects, advantages, and disadvantages of the combinations of common single repair approaches. We highlighted the latest research advances and prospects in phytoremediation-chemical, phytoremediation-microbe, and phytoremediation-genetic engineering combined with remediation approaches by changing metal availability, improving plant tolerance, promoting plant growth, improving phytoextraction and phytostabilization, etc. We then explained the improved safety and applicability of phytoremediation combined with other repair approaches compared to common standalone approaches. Finally, we established a prospective research direction of phytoremediation combined with multi-technology repair strategy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuming Liu
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
- Hunan Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Swine Production, Changsha, 410128, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory for Rural Ecosystem Health in Dongting Lake Area of Hunan Province, Changsha, 410128, People's Republic of China
| | - Bo Yang
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
- Hunan Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Swine Production, Changsha, 410128, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory for Rural Ecosystem Health in Dongting Lake Area of Hunan Province, Changsha, 410128, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunshan Liang
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
- Hunan Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Swine Production, Changsha, 410128, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory for Rural Ecosystem Health in Dongting Lake Area of Hunan Province, Changsha, 410128, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunhua Xiao
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China.
- Hunan Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Swine Production, Changsha, 410128, People's Republic of China.
- Key Laboratory for Rural Ecosystem Health in Dongting Lake Area of Hunan Province, Changsha, 410128, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jun Fang
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China.
- Hunan Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Swine Production, Changsha, 410128, People's Republic of China.
- Key Laboratory for Rural Ecosystem Health in Dongting Lake Area of Hunan Province, Changsha, 410128, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Ali U, Shaaban M, Bashir S, Fu Q, Zhu J, Shoffikul Islam M, Hu H. Effect of rice straw, biochar and calcite on maize plant and Ni bio-availability in acidic Ni contaminated soil. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2020; 259:109674. [PMID: 32072945 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.109674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Revised: 08/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Metals that contaminate soil is one of the major problems seriously affecting sustainable agriculture worldwide. Nickel (Ni) toxicity to agricultural crops is a global problem. Mobility of heavy metals present in contaminated soil can be reduced by the amendment of soil passivators, which will ultimately reduce the risk of them entering the food chain. A greenhouse pot experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of rice straw (RS), biochar derived from rice straw (BI) and calcium carbonate (calcite) on Ni mobility and its up take by maize (Zea maize L.) plant. Maize crop was grown in Ni spiked (100 mg kg-1) soil with three application rates of passivators (equivalent to 0, 1and 2% of each RS, BI and calcite) applied separately to the soil. Results revealed that the post-harvest soil properties (pH, DOC and MBC), plant phenology (plant height, root length, total dry weight) and physiological characteristics were significantly enhanced with passivator application. Additionally, incorporating passivator into the soil reduced Ni mobility (DTPA) by 68%, 88.9% and 79.3%, and leachability (TCLP) by 72.4%, 76.7% and 66.7% for RS, BI and calcite, respectively at 2% application rate. The Ni concentration in the maize shoots reduced by 30%, 95.2% and 95% and in the roots by 56%, 66% and 63.8% with RS, BI and calcite at 2% application rate, respectively. These findings suggest that the application of 2% biochar (BI) is very promising in reducing Ni uptake, and can reduce toxicity to plants, decrease mobility and leachability in the soil.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Umeed Ali
- Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtse River), Ministry of Agriculture; College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Muhammad Shaaban
- Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan
| | - Saqib Bashir
- Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtse River), Ministry of Agriculture; College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China; Department of Soil and Environmental Science, Ghazi University, Dera Ghazi Khan, Pakistan
| | - Qingling Fu
- Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtse River), Ministry of Agriculture; College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Jun Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtse River), Ministry of Agriculture; College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Md Shoffikul Islam
- Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtse River), Ministry of Agriculture; College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China; Department of Soil Science, University of Chittagong, Bangladesh
| | - Hongqing Hu
- Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtse River), Ministry of Agriculture; College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Palansooriya KN, Shaheen SM, Chen SS, Tsang DCW, Hashimoto Y, Hou D, Bolan NS, Rinklebe J, Ok YS. Soil amendments for immobilization of potentially toxic elements in contaminated soils: A critical review. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2020; 134:105046. [PMID: 31731004 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.105046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 426] [Impact Index Per Article: 106.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Revised: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/21/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Soil contamination by potentially toxic elements (PTEs) has led to adverse environmental impacts. In this review, we discussed remediation of PTEs contaminated soils through immobilization techniques using different soil amendments with respect to type of element, soil, and amendment, immobilization efficiency, underlying mechanisms, and field applicability. Soil amendments such as manure, compost, biochar, clay minerals, phosphate compounds, coal fly ash, and liming materials are widely used as immobilizing agents for PTEs. Among these soil amendments, biochar has attracted increased interest over the past few years because of its promising surface properties. Integrated application of appropriate amendments is also recommended to maximize their use efficiency. These amendments can reduce PTE bioavailability in soils through diverse mechanisms such as precipitation, complexation, redox reactions, ion exchange, and electrostatic interaction. However, soil properties such as soil pH, and clay, sesquioxides and organic matter content, and processes, such as sorption/desorption and redox processes, are the key factors governing the amendments' efficacy for PTEs immobilization in soils. Selecting proper immobilizing agents can yield cost-effective remediation techniques and fulfill green and sustainable remediation principles. Furthermore, long-term stability of immobilized PTE compounds and the environmental impacts and cost effectiveness of the amendments should be considered before application.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kumuduni Niroshika Palansooriya
- Korea Biochar Research Center, O-Jeong Eco-Resilience Institute (OJERI), Division of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sabry M Shaheen
- University of Wuppertal, School of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Institute of Foundation Engineering, Water- and Waste-Management, Laboratory of Soil- and Groundwater-Management, Pauluskirchstraße 7, 42285 Wuppertal, Germany; King Abdulaziz University, Faculty of Meteorology, Environment, and Arid Land Agriculture, Department of Arid Land Agriculture, 21589 Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; University of Kafrelsheikh, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Soil and Water Sciences, 33 516 Kafr El-Sheikh, Egypt
| | - Season S Chen
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Daniel C W Tsang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Yohey Hashimoto
- Department of Bioapplications and Systems Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Japan
| | - Deyi Hou
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Nanthi S Bolan
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation (GCER), Advanced Technology Centre, Faculty of Science, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; CRC for High Performance Soil, Callaghan, NSW-2308, Australia
| | - Jörg Rinklebe
- University of Wuppertal, School of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Institute of Foundation Engineering, Water- and Waste-Management, Laboratory of Soil- and Groundwater-Management, Pauluskirchstraße 7, 42285 Wuppertal, Germany; Department of Environment, Energy and Geoinformatics, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Republic of Korea.
| | - Yong Sik Ok
- Korea Biochar Research Center, O-Jeong Eco-Resilience Institute (OJERI), Division of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
He L, Zhong H, Liu G, Dai Z, Brookes PC, Xu J. Remediation of heavy metal contaminated soils by biochar: Mechanisms, potential risks and applications in China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 252:846-855. [PMID: 31202137 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.05.151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 252] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Revised: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
There are global concerns about heavy metal (HM) contamination in soils, which in turn has produced an increased demand for soil remediation. Biochar has been widely documented to effectively immobilize metals in contaminated soils and has received increasing attention for use in soil remediation. Here, we review recent progresses in understanding metal-biochar interactions in soils, potential risks associated with biochar amendment, and application of biochar in soil remediation in China. These recent studies indicate that: (1) the remediation effect depends on the characteristics of both biochar and soil and their interactions; (2) biochar applications could decrease the mobility/bioavailability of HMs in soils and HM accumulation in plants; and (3) despite its advantages, biochar applications could pose ecological and health risks, e.g., by releasing toxic substances into soils or by inhalation of biochar dust. Research gaps still exist in the development of practical methods for preparing and applying different biochars that target specific HMs. In the future, the long term effects and security of biochar applications on soil remediation, soil organisms and plant growth need to be considered.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lizhi He
- Institute of Soil and Water Resources and Environmental Science, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Huan Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, 22 Hankou Road, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Guangxia Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, 22 Hankou Road, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Zhongmin Dai
- Institute of Soil and Water Resources and Environmental Science, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Philip C Brookes
- Institute of Soil and Water Resources and Environmental Science, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Jianming Xu
- Institute of Soil and Water Resources and Environmental Science, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Beckers F, Mothes S, Abrigata J, Zhao J, Gao Y, Rinklebe J. Mobilization of mercury species under dynamic laboratory redox conditions in a contaminated floodplain soil as affected by biochar and sugar beet factory lime. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 672:604-617. [PMID: 30970288 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.03.401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Revised: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Mercury and its species are toxic and therefore strategies to immobilize them or to impede the formation of bioaccumulative MeHg are a hot topic of ongoing research. Biochar (BC) and sugar beet factory lime (SBFL) are suggested to have the potential to meet these goals. However, their ability to restrain the mobilization of total Hg (Hgt), methylmercury (MeHg), and ethylmercury (EtHg) or the formation of MeHg and EtHg has not been examined to date. Moreover, the effect of systematically altered redox conditions on the release dynamics of Hgt, MeHg, and EtHg in a contaminated floodplain soil as affected by these soil amendments has not been studied. Therefore, we investigated the impact of pre-defined redox conditions on the release dynamics of Hgt, MeHg, and EtHg in a contaminated floodplain soil (CS) and the soil amended with either BC (CS+BC) or SBFL (CS+SBFL). The mobilization of Hgt, MeHg, and EtHg was generally higher at low redox potential (EH) and decreased with increasing EH, irrespective of soil treatment. Both BC and SBFL diminished the release of Hgt from soil but not the methylation and ethylation of Hg. In CS+SBFL approximately half of Hgt was found in solution compared to CS. However, higher methylation efficiency (MeHg/Hgt ratio) was found in CS+SBFL counterbalancing this benefit. Abundances of specific phospholipid fatty acids suggest the presence of sulfate-reducing bacteria, which are considered as primary Hg methylators. The results indicate that both BC and SBFL have the potential to curtail the release of Hgt from inundated soils, while SBFL was more efficient. However, these amendments had no marked effect on the MeHg and EtHg concentrations. Therefore, further research should be conducted to identify soil additives that are capable to reduce the release and formation of these Hg species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Felix Beckers
- University of Wuppertal, School of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Institute of Foundation Engineering, Water- and Waste-Management, Soil- and Groundwater-Management, Pauluskirchstraße 7, 42285 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Sibylle Mothes
- UFZ Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jens Abrigata
- University of Wuppertal, School of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Institute of Foundation Engineering, Water- and Waste-Management, Soil- and Groundwater-Management, Pauluskirchstraße 7, 42285 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Jiating Zhao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nuclear Analytical Techniques, Key Lab for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterial and Nanosafety, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yuxi Gao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nuclear Analytical Techniques, Key Lab for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterial and Nanosafety, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jörg Rinklebe
- University of Wuppertal, School of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Institute of Foundation Engineering, Water- and Waste-Management, Soil- and Groundwater-Management, Pauluskirchstraße 7, 42285 Wuppertal, Germany; Department of Environment, Energy & Geoinformatics, Sejong University, 98 Gunja-Dong, Guangjin-Gu, Seoul, South Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Tang W, Hintelmann H, Gu B, Feng X, Liu Y, Gao Y, Zhao J, Zhu H, Lei P, Zhong H. Increased Methylmercury Accumulation in Rice after Straw Amendment. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:6144-6153. [PMID: 30983351 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b07145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Consumption of rice has been shown to be an important route of dietary exposure to methylmercury (MeHg, a neurotoxin) for Asians having a low fish but high rice diet. Therefore, factors that increase MeHg production and bioaccumulation in soil-rice systems, could enhance the risk of MeHg exposure. On the basis of a national-scale survey in China (64 sites in 12 provinces) and rice cultivation experiments, we report that straw amendment, a globally prevalent farming practice, could increase MeHg concentrations in paddy soils (11-1043%) and rice grains (95%). By carrying out a series of batch incubation, seedling uptake and sand culture experiments, we demonstrate that these increases could be attributed to (1) enhanced abundances/activities of microbial methylators and the transformation of refractory HgS to organic matter-complexed Hg, facilitating microbial Hg methylation in soils; (2) enhanced MeHg mobility, and increased root lengths (35-41%) and tip numbers (60-105%), increasing MeHg uptake by rice roots; and (3) enhanced MeHg translocation to rice grains from other tissues. Results of this study emphasize fresh organic matter-enhanced MeHg production and bioaccumulation, and highlight the increased risk of MeHg after straw amendment and thus the need for new policies concerning straw management.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenli Tang
- School of the Environment , Nanjing University, State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse , Nanjing , Jiangsu Province 210023 , P. R. China
| | - Holger Hintelmann
- Department of Chemistry , Trent University , Peterborough , Ontario K9L 0G2 , Canada
| | - Baohua Gu
- Environmental Sciences Division , Oak Ridge National Laboratory , Oak Ridge , Tennessee 37830 , United States
| | - Xinbin Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry , Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Guiyang , Guizhou Province 550081 , P. R. China
| | - Yurong Liu
- College of Resources and Environment , Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan , Hubei Province 430070 , P. R. China
| | - Yuxi Gao
- State Environmental Protection Engineering Center for Mercury Pollution Prevention and Control, and Laboratory of Metallomics and Nanometallomics , Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , P. R. China
| | - Jiating Zhao
- State Environmental Protection Engineering Center for Mercury Pollution Prevention and Control, and Laboratory of Metallomics and Nanometallomics , Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , P. R. China
| | - Huike Zhu
- School of the Environment , Nanjing University, State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse , Nanjing , Jiangsu Province 210023 , P. R. China
| | - Pei Lei
- Institute for Advanced Study , Shenzhen University , Shenzhen , Guangdong Province 518060 , P. R. China
| | - Huan Zhong
- School of the Environment , Nanjing University, State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse , Nanjing , Jiangsu Province 210023 , P. R. China
- Environmental and Life Sciences Program (EnLS) , Trent University , Peterborough , Ontario K9L 0G2 , Canada
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Beckers F, Awad YM, Beiyuan J, Abrigata J, Mothes S, Tsang DCW, Ok YS, Rinklebe J. Impact of biochar on mobilization, methylation, and ethylation of mercury under dynamic redox conditions in a contaminated floodplain soil. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2019; 127:276-290. [PMID: 30951944 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.03.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Revised: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Mercury (Hg) is a highly toxic element, which is frequently enriched in flooded soils due to its anthropogenic release. The mobilization of Hg and its species is of ultimate importance since it controls the transfer into the groundwater and plants and finally ends in the food chain, which has large implications on human health. Therefore, the remediation of those contaminated sites is an urgent need to protect humans and the environment. Often, the stabilization of Hg using amendments is a reliable option and biochar is considered a candidate to fulfill this purpose. We tested two different pine cone biochars pyrolyzed at 200 °C or 500 °C, respectively, with a view to decrease the mobilization of total Hg (Hgt), methylmercury (MeHg), and ethylmercury (EtHg) and/or the formation of MeHg and EtHg in a contaminated floodplain soil (Hgt: 41 mg/kg). We used a highly sophisticated automated biogeochemical microcosm setup to systematically alter the redox conditions from ~-150 to 300 mV. We continuously monitored the redox potential (EH) along with pH and determined dissolved organic carbon (DOC), SUVA254, chloride (Cl-), sulfate (SO42-), iron (Fe), and manganese (Mn) to be able to explain the mobilization of Hg and its species. However, the impact of biochar addition on Hg mobilization was limited. We did not observe a significant decrease of Hgt, MeHg, and EtHg concentrations after treating the soil with the different biochars, presumably because potential binding sites for Hg were occupied by other ions and/or blocked by biofilm. Solubilization of Hg bound to DOC upon flooding of the soils might have occurred which could be an indirect impact of EH on Hg mobilization. Nevertheless, Hgt, MeHg, and EtHg in the slurry fluctuated between 0.9 and 52.0 μg/l, 11.1 to 406.0 ng/l, and 2.3 to 20.8 ng/l, respectively, under dynamic redox conditions. Total Hg concentrations were inversely related to the EH; however, ethylation of Hg was favored at an EH around 0 mV while methylation was enhanced between -50 and 100 mV. Phospholipid fatty acid profiles suggest that sulfate-reducing bacteria may have been the principal methylators in our experiment. In future, various biochars should be tested to evaluate their potential in decreasing the mobilization of Hg and to impede the formation of MeHg and EtHg under dynamic redox conditions in frequently flooded soils.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Felix Beckers
- University of Wuppertal, Institute of Foundation Engineering, Waste and Water Management, School of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Soil and Groundwater Management, Pauluskirchstraße 7, 42285 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Yasser Mahmoud Awad
- University of Wuppertal, Institute of Foundation Engineering, Waste and Water Management, School of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Soil and Groundwater Management, Pauluskirchstraße 7, 42285 Wuppertal, Germany; Korea Biochar Research Center, O-Jeong Eco-Resilience Institute (OJERI) & Division of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea; Faculty of Agriculture, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt
| | - Jingzi Beiyuan
- University of Wuppertal, Institute of Foundation Engineering, Waste and Water Management, School of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Soil and Groundwater Management, Pauluskirchstraße 7, 42285 Wuppertal, Germany; School of Environment and Chemical Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, Guangdong, China; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jens Abrigata
- University of Wuppertal, Institute of Foundation Engineering, Waste and Water Management, School of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Soil and Groundwater Management, Pauluskirchstraße 7, 42285 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Sibylle Mothes
- UFZ Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Daniel C W Tsang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yong Sik Ok
- Korea Biochar Research Center, O-Jeong Eco-Resilience Institute (OJERI) & Division of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jörg Rinklebe
- University of Wuppertal, Institute of Foundation Engineering, Waste and Water Management, School of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Soil and Groundwater Management, Pauluskirchstraße 7, 42285 Wuppertal, Germany; Department of Environment, Energy & Geoinformatics, Sejong University, 98 Gunja-Dong, Guangjin-Gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
He M, Tian L, Braaten HFV, Wu Q, Luo J, Cai LM, Meng JH, Lin Y. Mercury-Organic Matter Interactions in Soils and Sediments: Angel or Devil? BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2019; 102:621-627. [PMID: 30600387 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-018-2523-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Many studies have suggested that organic matter (OM) substantially reduces the bioavailability and risks of mercury (Hg) in soils and sediments; however, recent reports have supported that OM greatly accelerates Hg methylation and increases the risks of Hg exposure. This study aims to summarize the interactions between Hg and OM in soils and sediments and improve our understanding of the effects of OM on Hg methylation. The results show that OM characteristics, promotion of the activity of Hg-methylating microbial communities, and the microbial availability of Hg accounted for the acceleration of Hg methylation which increases the risk of Hg exposure. These three key aspects were driven by multiple factors, including the types and content of OM, Hg speciation, desorption and dissolution kinetics and environmental conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mei He
- School of Resources and Environment, Yangtze University, Wuhan, 430100, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Tian
- School of Petroleum Engineering, Yangtze University, Wuhan, 430100, People's Republic of China
| | | | - Qingru Wu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Luo
- School of Resources and Environment, Yangtze University, Wuhan, 430100, People's Republic of China
| | - Li-Mei Cai
- School of Resources and Environment, Yangtze University, Wuhan, 430100, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiang-Hui Meng
- Hubei Cooperative Innovation Center of Unconventional Oil and Gas, Yangtze University, Wuhan, 430100, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Lin
- School of Resources and Environment, Yangtze University, Wuhan, 430100, People's Republic of China.
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research, 0349, Oslo, Norway.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Liu T, Wang J, Feng X, Zhang H, Zhu Z, Cheng S. Spectral insight into thiosulfate-induced mercury speciation transformation in a historically polluted soil. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 657:938-944. [PMID: 30677959 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Revised: 12/01/2018] [Accepted: 12/02/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We studied the effect of different doses (0.5%, 2% and 5% (w/w)) of ammonium thiosulfate on mercury (Hg) speciation fractionation following its addition to the soil, as well as its accumulation by oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.), corn (Zea mays L.), and sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas L.), and compared them to a non-treated control in a historically polluted soil. The oilseed rape, corn, and sweet potato were planted consecutively in the same soils on days 30, 191, and 276, respectively after the addition of thiosulfate to the soil. The key results showed that bioavailable Hg contents in the rhizosphere soils ranged from 0.18 to 2.54 μg kg-1, 0.28 to 2.77 μg kg-1, and 0.24 to 2.22 μg kg-1, respectively, for the 0.5%, 2% and 5% thiosulfate treatments, which were close to the control soil (0.25 to 1.98 μg kg-1). The Hg L3-edge X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) results showed a tendency of the Hg speciation to transform from the Hg(SR)2 (initial soil, 56%; day-191 soil, 43%; day-276 soil, 46%, and day-356 soil, 16%) to nano particulated HgS (initial soil, 26%; day-191 soil, 42%; day-276 soil, 42%, and day-356 soil, 73%) with time in the soil treated with a 5% dose of thiosulfate. The Hg contents in the tissues of the crops, except for oilseed rape, were slightly affected by the addition of thiosulfate to the soil at all dosages, compared to the control. The addition of thiosulfate did not induce the movement of bioavailable Hg to the lower layer of the soil profile. We conclude a promotion of Hg immobilization by thiosulfate in the soil for over one year, offering a promising method for in-situ Hg remediation at Hg mining regions in China.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ting Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550081, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Jianxu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550081, PR China.
| | - Xinbin Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550081, PR China.
| | - Hua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550081, PR China
| | - Zongqiang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550081, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Chen J, Dong J, Chang J, Guo T, Yang Q, Jia W, Shen S. Characterization of an Hg(II)-volatilizing Pseudomonas sp. strain, DC-B1, and its potential for soil remediation when combined with biochar amendment. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2018; 163:172-179. [PMID: 30053587 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.07.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Revised: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Hg contamination is a critical environmental problem, and its remediation using cost-effective and environmentally friendly methods is highly desirable. In this study, a multi-metal-resistant bacterium showing strong Hg(II) volatilization ability, Pseudomonas sp. DC-B1, was isolated from heavy metal-contaminated soils. DC-B1 volatilized 81.1%, 79.2% and 74.3% of the initial Hg2+ from culture solutions with initial Hg2+ concentrations of 5.1, 10.4, and 15.7 mg/L, respectively, within 24 h. Microcosm experiments were performed to investigate the remediation of Hg(II)-spiked soils inoculated with DC-B1 coupled with sawdust biochar amendment. The efficiency of Hg removal from two types of soil samples with different properties and an initial Hg(II) content of approximately 100 mg/kg was enhanced 5.7-13.1% by bio-augmentation with inoculation of the bacterial strain DC-B1, 5.4-10.7% by amendment of 4% (w/w) biochar, and 10.7-23.2% by the combination of DC-B1 and biochar amendments over an incubation period of 24 d over the efficiency in the control treatment under flooded conditions. Longer root lengths were observed in lettuce grown in the treated soils than in lettuce from the control soil, confirming the bioremediation efficacy of the two bioagents for soil Hg contamination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinquan Chen
- School of Ecology and Environmental Science & Yunnan Key Laboratory for Plateau Mountain Ecology and Restoration of Degraded Environments, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China
| | - Jia Dong
- School of Ecology and Environmental Science & Yunnan Key Laboratory for Plateau Mountain Ecology and Restoration of Degraded Environments, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China
| | - Junjun Chang
- School of Ecology and Environmental Science & Yunnan Key Laboratory for Plateau Mountain Ecology and Restoration of Degraded Environments, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China.
| | - Tongtong Guo
- Institute of International Rivers and Eco-security, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan 650091, China
| | - Qingchen Yang
- Institute of International Rivers and Eco-security, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan 650091, China
| | - Wei Jia
- School of Architecture and Planning, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China
| | - Shili Shen
- School of Ecology and Environmental Science & Yunnan Key Laboratory for Plateau Mountain Ecology and Restoration of Degraded Environments, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China.
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Zhang Y, Liu YR, Lei P, Wang YJ, Zhong H. Biochar and nitrate reduce risk of methylmercury in soils under straw amendment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 619-620:384-390. [PMID: 29156259 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.11.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2017] [Revised: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 11/09/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
There is growing evidence that incorporating crop straw into soils, which is being widely encouraged in many parts of the world, could increase net methylmercury (MeHg) production in soils and MeHg accumulation in crops. We explored the possibility of mitigating the risk of increased MeHg levels under straw amendment by transforming straw into biochar (BC). Greenhouse and batch experiments were conducted, in which soil MeHg concentrations, MeHg phytoavailability and accumulation in rice, dynamics of sulfate, nitrate and abundances of sulfate reducing bacteria (SRB) were compared in 'Control' (Hg contaminated soil), 'Straw' (soil with 1% rice straw), 'Straw+BC' (soil with 1% straw and 1% biochar), and 'Straw+BC+N' (soil with 1% straw, 1% biochar and 0.12% nitrate). Our results indicate that straw amendment increased MeHg concentrations in soils (28-136% higher) and rice plants (26% higher in grains, 'Straw' versus 'Control'), while co-application of biochar with straw reduced grain MeHg levels (60% lower, 'Straw+BC' versus 'Straw'). This could be mainly attributed to the reduced MeHg availability to rice plants (phytoavailability, extraction rates of MeHg by ammonium thiosulfate) under biochar amendment (64-99% lower, 'Straw+BC' versus 'Straw'). However, biochar amendment enhanced soil MeHg levels (5-75% higher, 'Straw+BC' versus 'Control'). Interestingly, nitrate addition helped reduce soil MeHg concentrations (11-41% lower, 'Straw+BC+N' versus 'Straw+BC') by facilitating nitrate reduction while inhibiting SRB activities. Subsequently, addition of nitrate with biochar, compared with biochar alone, further reduced grain MeHg levels by 34%. Therefore, straw biochar together with nitrate could possibly be effective in mitigating the risk of MeHg under straw amendment. Furthermore, the results evidence the impacts of straw management on the risk posed by MeHg in soils and emphasize the necessity to carefully consider the straw management policy in Hg-contaminated areas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yue Zhang
- School of the Environment, Nanjing University, State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yu-Rong Liu
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.
| | - Pei Lei
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Yong-Jie Wang
- School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Huan Zhong
- School of the Environment, Nanjing University, State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China; Environmental and Life Science Program (EnLS), Trent University, Peterborough, Ontario, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Huang M, Li Z, Huang B, Luo N, Zhang Q, Zhai X, Zeng G. Investigating binding characteristics of cadmium and copper to DOM derived from compost and rice straw using EEM-PARAFAC combined with two-dimensional FTIR correlation analyses. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2018; 344:539-548. [PMID: 29101883 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2017.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Revised: 10/08/2017] [Accepted: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The binding of Cd and Cu to dissolved organic matter (DOM) derived from compost (CP) and rice straw (ST) was studied through an approach combining parallel factor (PARAFAC) analysis and two-dimensional correlation spectroscopy (2DCOS). Both humic-like and protein-like substances have been observed in CP and ST. Comparing with the Cu, Cd exhibited a lower affinity to DOM, and the quenching curve of Cd failed to be fitted by the Ryan and Weber Model, indicating that the environmental risk caused by applying CP or ST to Cd-polluted soil should be considered. The stability constants (log KM) of Cu ranged from 3.87 to 5.03, and a larger value was found in CP than those in ST. Protein-like component also showed obvious fluorescence quenching with heavy metals addition. Besides, in CP, phenol-OH and carboxyl showed the fastest response to Cd and Cu, respectively; however, in ST, amide group and phenol-OH displayed the fastest response to Cd and Cu, respectively. These results provide a more detailed knowledge of the interaction mechanism of heavy metals with DOM at the molecular level, which is of great significance for reasonable application of compost and rice straw and efficient control of heavy metal in farmland soil.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mei Huang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, PR China
| | - Zhongwu Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, PR China.
| | - Bin Huang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Integrated Agro-environmental Pollution Control and Management, Guangdong Institute of Eco-environment Science & Technology, Guangzhou 510650, PR China
| | - Ninglin Luo
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, PR China
| | - Qiu Zhang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, PR China
| | - Xiuqing Zhai
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, PR China
| | - Guangming Zeng
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Tang W, Zhong H, Xiao L, Tan Q, Zeng Q, Wei Z. Inhibitory effects of rice residues amendment on Cd phytoavailability: A matter of Cd-organic matter interactions? CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 186:227-234. [PMID: 28780450 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.07.152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Revised: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 07/28/2017] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Incorporating crop residues into soils, a most common way of organic input into farmland soils, is being encouraged in many parts of the world, while its potential impacts on Cd phytoavailability are not well understood. Here, a Cd-contaminated soil was amended with rice residues (RR, i.e., straw + root mixture) or not (Control) and incubated for 81 days under laboratory-controlled conditions. During the incubation, key soil parameters (e.g., dissolved organic carbon and pH), Cd geochemical fractionation (by BCR sequential extraction), and CaCl2 extracted Cd in soils (by 0.01 M CaCl2 extraction) were quantified to explain the effects of RR amendment on Cd phytoavailability (assessed by 7 day-cultivation of rice seedling in soils). Besides, hydroponic experiments were designed to explore the effects of D-RR-OM (dissolved-RR-organic matter) on the uptake of Cd by rice seedlings (quantified by uptake constant rate, ku, using stable isotope tracing technique). Our results demonstrated that RR amendment reduced Cd phytoavailability by 17-92% compared with Control during incubation, which might be explained by the interactions between Cd and RR-OM (RR-organic matter) in soil or porewater: (1) Cd immobilization due to its association with solid-RR-OM in soils, (2) Cd mobilization by D-RR-OM, and (3) Cd complexation with D-RR-OM in porewater, and thus reduced ku of Cd. Our results suggested that dynamics of RR-OM (e.g., dissolution, decomposition and transformation) in soils, and thus interactions between Cd and solid/dissolved-RR-OM may control Cd phytoavailability under RR amendment. Information gained in this study would further our understanding about Cd phytoavailability in farming soils.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenli Tang
- School of the Environment, Nanjing University, State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China.
| | - Huan Zhong
- School of the Environment, Nanjing University, State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China; Environmental and Life Sciences Program (EnLS), Trent University, Peterborough, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Lin Xiao
- School of the Environment, Nanjing University, State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China.
| | - Qiaoguo Tan
- College of Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Key Laboratory of the Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, Ministry of Education, Xiamen, Fujian Province, People's Republic of China.
| | - Qilong Zeng
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zhongbo Wei
- School of the Environment, Nanjing University, State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Shu R, Wang Y, Zhong H. Biochar amendment reduced methylmercury accumulation in rice plants. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2016; 313:1-8. [PMID: 27045620 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2016.03.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2016] [Revised: 03/25/2016] [Accepted: 03/28/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
There is growing concern about methylmercury (MeHg) accumulation in rice grains and thus enhanced dietary exposure to MeHg in Asian countries. Here, we explored the possibility of reducing grain MeHg levels by biochar amendment, and the underlying mechanisms. Pot (i.e., rice cultivation in biochar amended soils) and batch experiments (i.e., incubation of amended soils under laboratory conditions) were carried out, to investigate MeHg dynamics (i.e., MeHg production, partitioning and phytoavailability in paddy soils, and MeHg uptake by rice) under biochar amendment (1-4% of soil mass). We demonstrate for the first time that biochar amendment could evidently reduce grain MeHg levels (49-92%). The declines could be attributed to the combined effects of: (1) increased soil MeHg concentrations, probably explained by the release of sulfate from biochar and thus enhanced microbial production of MeHg (e.g., by sulfate-reducing bacteria), (2) MeHg immobilization in soils, facilitated by the large surface areas and high organosulfur content of biochar, and (3) biodilution of MeHg in rice grains, due to the increased grain biomass under biochar amendment (35-79%). These observations together with mechanistic explanations improve understanding of MeHg dynamics in soil-rice systems, and support the possibility of reducing MeHg phytoaccumulation under biochar amendment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rui Shu
- School of Environment, Nanjing University, State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongjie Wang
- School of Environment, Nanjing University, State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China, People's Republic of China
| | - Huan Zhong
- School of Environment, Nanjing University, State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China, People's Republic of China; Environmental and Life Sciences Program (EnLS), Trent University, Peterborough, Ontario, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|