1
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Boniardi G, Close K, Turolla A, Canziani R, Oehmen A. Assessment of three different approaches for integrating phosphorus recovery from sewage sludge and derived products in existing wastewater treatment plants. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2024; 402:130822. [PMID: 38729582 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2024.130822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Revised: 05/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
Three different technological solutions, namely acidogenic fermentation and chemical extraction (alkaline or acidic), followed by precipitation with 1% Ca(OH)2, were investigated in the view of integrating phosphorus recovery into existing wastewater treatment plants. Experiments were conducted at the lab-scale using (i) sludge taken from biologically and chemically promoted phosphorus removal activated sludge processes and (ii) ashes obtained from sludge muffle incineration. Results highlighted the benefits of enhanced biological phosphorus removal (EBPR) systems rather than chemically promoted phosphorus removal in not only phosphorus extraction (up to 40% with EBPR) and recovery directly from secondary sludge (P precipitation between 66 and 92%), but after sludge incineration as well (P extraction up to 96% and precipitation above 96%). Acidogenic fermentation ensured the highest phosphorus release from EBPR sludge (equal to a concentration in solution of 122 mg/L P-PO43-), while the derived ashes had a lower level of metal contamination (particularly Fe and Al content < 2%). The phosphorus-rich product obtained by means of the recovery process showed relevant metal contamination (Cu, Zn, and Ni) under some operating conditions, suggesting the need for further treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaia Boniardi
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering (DICA) - Environmental Section, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Kylie Close
- School of Chemical Engineering, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Andrea Turolla
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering (DICA) - Environmental Section, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy.
| | - Roberto Canziani
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering (DICA) - Environmental Section, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Adrian Oehmen
- School of Chemical Engineering, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
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2
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Zhang R, Liu H, Sariola-Leikas E, Tran KQ, He C. Practical strategies of phosphorus reclamation from sewage sludge after different thermal processing: Insights into phosphorus transformation. WATER RESEARCH 2024; 255:121524. [PMID: 38569360 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2024.121524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/24/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
In the context of circular economy and global shortage of phosphorus (P) fertilizer production, it is crucial to effectively recover P during the treatment and disposal of sewage sludge (SS). Although thermal treatment of SS has been widely applied, a targeted P reclamation route is not yet well established. This study has comprehensively investigated and compared the physicochemical properties of SS and solid residues (hydrochar (HC), biochar (BC), sewage sludge ash (SSA), hydrochar ash (HCA), and biochar ash (BCA)) after application of three typical thermal treatment techniques (i.e., hydrothermal carbonization (180‒240 °C), pyrolysis (400‒600 °C) and combustion (850 ℃). P speciation and transformation during thermal processes were extensively explored followed by a rational proposal of effective P reclamation routes. Specifically, thermal processing decomposed organic P and converted non-apatite P to apatite P. Orthophosphate-P was found to be the main species in all samples. Physicochemical properties of the resulting thermal-derived products were significantly affected by the thermal techniques applied, thereby determining their feasibility for different P reclamation purposes. In particular, ash is not recommended for agricultural use due to higher harmful metals content, while acid leaching can be an alternative solution to synthesize non-Fe-containing P products because of the lower co-dissolved Fe content in the leachate. HC and BC offer the option for synthesis of Fe containing products. Eventually, HC and BC demonstrate great potential for agriculture application, however, a comprehensive risk assessment should be conducted before their real-world applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruichi Zhang
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, Korkeakoulunkatu 8, 33720 Tampere, Finland
| | - Huan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Combustion, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Essi Sariola-Leikas
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, Korkeakoulunkatu 8, 33720 Tampere, Finland
| | - Khanh-Quang Tran
- Department of Energy and Process Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology NTNU, Kolbjørn Hejes Vei 1B, Trondheim, 7491, Norway
| | - Chao He
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, Korkeakoulunkatu 8, 33720 Tampere, Finland.
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3
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Tominc S, Ducman V, Wisniewski W, Luukkonen T, Kirkelund GM, Ottosen LM. Recovery of Phosphorus and Metals from the Ash of Sewage Sludge, Municipal Solid Waste, or Wood Biomass: A Review and Proposals for Further Use. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:6948. [PMID: 37959544 PMCID: PMC10647443 DOI: 10.3390/ma16216948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
This review provides an overview of methods to extract valuable resources from the ash fractions of sewage sludge, municipal solid waste, and wood biomass combustion. The resources addressed here include critical raw materials, such as phosphorus, base and precious metals, and rare earth elements for which it is increasingly important to tap into secondary sources in addition to the mining of primary raw materials. The extraction technologies prioritized in this review are based on recycled acids or excess renewable energy to achieve an optimum environmental profile for the extracted resources and provide benefits in the form of local industrial symbioses. The extraction methods cover all scarce and valuable chemical elements contained in the ashes above certain concentration limits. Another important part of this review is defining potential applications for the mineral residues remaining after extraction. Therefore, the aim of this review is to combine the knowledge of resource extraction technology from ashes with possible applications of mineral residues in construction and related sectors to fully close material cycle loops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Tominc
- Laboratory for Cements, Mortars and Ceramics, The Department of Materials, Slovenian National Building and Civil Engineering Institute (ZAG), Dimičeva ulica 12, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (V.D.); (W.W.)
| | - Vilma Ducman
- Laboratory for Cements, Mortars and Ceramics, The Department of Materials, Slovenian National Building and Civil Engineering Institute (ZAG), Dimičeva ulica 12, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (V.D.); (W.W.)
| | - Wolfgang Wisniewski
- Laboratory for Cements, Mortars and Ceramics, The Department of Materials, Slovenian National Building and Civil Engineering Institute (ZAG), Dimičeva ulica 12, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (V.D.); (W.W.)
| | - Tero Luukkonen
- Faculty of Technology, Fibre and Particle Engineering, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 8000, 90570 Oulu, Finland;
| | - Gunvor M. Kirkelund
- Department of Environmental and Resource Engineering, Technical University of Denmark (DTU), Brovej, 2800 Lyngby, Denmark; (G.M.K.); (L.M.O.)
| | - Lisbeth M. Ottosen
- Department of Environmental and Resource Engineering, Technical University of Denmark (DTU), Brovej, 2800 Lyngby, Denmark; (G.M.K.); (L.M.O.)
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4
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Xu Y, Li N, Yang L, Liu T, Xiao S, Zhou L, Li D, Chen J, Zhang Y, Zhou X. Optimizing directional recovery of high-bioavailable phosphorus from human manure: Molecular-level understanding and assessment of application potential. WATER RESEARCH 2023; 245:120642. [PMID: 37774539 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.120642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2023] [Revised: 08/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023]
Abstract
Phosphorus (P) recovery from human manure (HM) is critical for food production security. For the first time, a one-step hydrothermal carbonation (HTC) treatment of HM was proposed in this study for the targeted high-bioavailable P recovery from P-rich hydrochars (PHCs) for direct soil application. Furthermore, the mechanism for the transformation of P speciation in the derived PHCs was also studied at the molecular level. A high portion of P (80.1∼89.3%) was retained in the solid phase after HTC treatment (120∼240°C) due to high metal contents. The decomposition of organophosphorus (OP) into high-bioavailable orthophosphate (Ortho-P) was accelerated when the HTC temperature was increased, reaching ∼97.1% at 210°C. In addition, due to the high content of Ca (40.45±2.37 g/kg) in HM, the HTC process promoted the conversion of low-bioavailable non-apatite inorganic (NAIP) into high-bioavailable apatite inorganic P (AP). In pot experiments with pea seedling growth, the application of newly obtained PHCs significantly promoted plant growth, including average wet/dry weight and plant height. Producing 1 ton of PHCs (210°C) with the same effective P content as agricultural-type calcium superphosphate could result in a net return of $58.69. More importantly, this pathway for P recovery is predicted to meet ∼38% of the current agricultural demand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Nan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Libin Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China.
| | - Tongcai Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Shaoze Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Liling Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Dapeng Li
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou 215000, China
| | - Jiabin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Yalei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Key Laboratory of Rural Toilet and Sewage Treatment Technology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Xuefei Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
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5
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Xu Y, Zhang L, Chen J, Liu T, Li N, Xu J, Yin W, Li D, Zhang Y, Zhou X. Phosphorus recovery from sewage sludge ash (SSA): An integrated technical, environmental and economic assessment of wet-chemical and thermochemical methods. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2023; 344:118691. [PMID: 37536239 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.118691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
Incineration is a promising disposal method for sewage sludge (SS), enriching more than 90% of phosphorus (P) in the influent into the powdered product, sewage sludge ash (SSA), which is convenient for further P recovery. Due to insufficient bioavailable P and enriched heavy metals (HMs) in SSA, it is limited to be used directly as fertilizer. Hence, this paper provides an overview of P transformation in SS incineration, characterization of SSA components, and wet-chemical and thermochemical processes for P recovery with a comprehensive technical, economic, and environmental assessment. P extraction and purification is an important technical step to achieve P recovery from SSA, where the key to all technologies is how to achieve efficient separation of P and HMs at a low economic and environmental cost. It can be clear seen from the review that the economics of P recovery from SSA are often weak due to many factors. For example, the cost of wet-chemical methods is approximately 5∼6 €/kg P, while the cost of recovering P by thermochemical methods is about 2∼3 €/kg P, which is slightly higher than the current P fertilizer (1 €/kg P). So, for now, legislation is significant for promoting P recovery from SSA. In this regard, the relevant experience in Europe is worth learning from countries that have not yet carried out P recovery from SSA, and to develop appropriate policies and legislation according to their own national conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Longlong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Jiabin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China.
| | - Tongcai Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Nan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Jiao Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Wenjun Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Dapeng Li
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou, 215000, China
| | - Yalei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Xuefei Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China.
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6
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Rodrigues JL, Campêlo JDM, Wisniewski A, Hantao LW, Eberlin MN, Santos JM. Chemical evaluation of pyrolysis oils from domestic and industrial effluent treatment station sludges with perspective to produce value-added products. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2023; 168:202-210. [PMID: 37311387 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2023.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 05/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The use of renewable sources for energy has increased due to the high demand of modern society and the environmental impacts caused by the use of fossil fuels. Environmentally friendly renewable energy production may involve thermal processes, including the application of biomass. We provide a comprehensive chemical characterization of sludges from domestic and industrial effluent treatment stations, as well as the bio-oils produced by fast pyrolysis. A comparative study of the sludges and the corresponding pyrolysis oils was performed, with characterization of the raw materials using thermogravimetric analysis, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, elemental analysis, and inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry. The bio-oils were characterized using comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography/mass spectrometry that identified compounds classified according to their chemical class, mainly related to nitrogenous (62.2%) and ester (18.9%) for domestic sludge bio-oil, and nitrogenous (61.0%) and ester (27.6%) for industrial sludge bio-oil. The Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry revealed a broad distribution of classes with oxygen and/or sulfur (N2O2S, O2, and S2 classes). Nitrogenous compounds (N, N2, N3, and NxOxclasses) were also found to be abundant in both bio-oils, due to the origins of the sludges (with the presence of proteins), making these bio-oils unsuitable for use as renewable fuels, since NOxgases could be released during combustion processes. The presence of functionalized alkyl chains indicated the potential of the bio-oils as sources of high added-value compounds that could be obtained by recovery processes and used for the manufacture of fertilizers, surfactants, and nitrogen solvents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonatas L Rodrigues
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas - UNICAMP, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jacqueline de M Campêlo
- Petroleum, Energy and Mass Spectrometry Research Group (PEM), Department of Chemistry, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco - UFRPE, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Alberto Wisniewski
- Petroleum and Energy from Biomass Research Group (PEB), Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Sergipe - UFS, São Cristóvão, Sergipe, Brazil
| | - Leandro W Hantao
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas - UNICAMP, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcos N Eberlin
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas - UNICAMP, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil; School of Engineering, Mackenzie Presbyterian University. Rua da Consolação, 930. São Paulo - SP. 01302-907, Brazil; MackGraphe - Mackenzie Institute for Research in Graphene and Nanotechnologies, Mackenzie Presbyterian Institute. Rua da Consolação, 896. São Paulo - SP. 01302-907. Brazil
| | - Jandyson M Santos
- Petroleum, Energy and Mass Spectrometry Research Group (PEM), Department of Chemistry, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco - UFRPE, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil.
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7
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Liu H, Lyczko N, Nzihou A, Eskicioglu C. Phosphorus recovery from municipal sludge-derived hydrochar: Insights into leaching mechanisms and hydroxyapatite synthesis. WATER RESEARCH 2023; 241:120138. [PMID: 37267708 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.120138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Hydrothermal liquefaction has the potential to exploit resources from municipal sewage sludge. It converts most organics into a liquid biofuel (biocrude), concentrates P in the solid residue (hydrochar), and consequently enables its efficient recovery. This study thoroughly evaluated the effects of extraction conditions on P and metal release from hydrochar by nitric acid. Among assessed factors, acid normality (0.02-1 N), liquid-to-solid ratio (5-100 mL/g), and contact time (0-24 h) had positive effects while decreasing eluate pH (0.5-4) improved leaching efficiencies of P and metals. Notably, eluate pH played a dominant role in P leaching and pH < 1.5 was crucial for complete extraction. P and metal leaching from hydrochar have strong interactions and their leaching mechanism was identified as product layer diffusion using the shrinking core model. This suggests that the leaching efficiency is susceptible to agitation and particle size but not temperature. Using 10 mL/g of 0.6 N HNO3 for 2 h was considered the best extraction condition for efficient P leaching (nearly 100%) and minimization of cost and contaminants (heavy metals). Following extraction, adding Ca(OH)2 at a Ca:P molar ratio of 1.7-2 precipitated most P (99-100%) at pH 5-6, while a higher pH (13) synthesized hydroxyapatite. The recovered precipitates had high plant availability (61-100%) of P and satisfactory concentrations of heavy metals as fertilizers in Canada and the US. Overall, this study established reproducible procedures for P recovery from hydrochar and advanced one step closer to wastewater biorefinery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Liu
- UBC Bioreactor Technology Group, School of Engineering, The University of British Columbia, Okanagan Campus, 1137 Alumni Avenue, Kelowna, British Columbia V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Nathalie Lyczko
- Université de Toulouse, IMT Mines Albi, RAPSODEE CNRS UMR 5302, Campus Jarlard, F.81013 Albi Cedex 09, France
| | - Ange Nzihou
- Université de Toulouse, IMT Mines Albi, RAPSODEE CNRS UMR 5302, Campus Jarlard, F.81013 Albi Cedex 09, France; Princeton University, School of Engineering and Applied Science, Princeton, NJ 08544, United States; Princeton University, Andlinger Center for Energy and the Environment, Princeton, NJ 08544, United States
| | - Cigdem Eskicioglu
- UBC Bioreactor Technology Group, School of Engineering, The University of British Columbia, Okanagan Campus, 1137 Alumni Avenue, Kelowna, British Columbia V1V 1V7, Canada.
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8
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Hu S, Yi K, Li C, Ma S, Liu J, Yang W. Efficient and selective recovery of iron phosphate from the leachate of incinerated sewage sludge ash by thermally induced precipitation. WATER RESEARCH 2023; 238:120024. [PMID: 37156102 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.120024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 03/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Phosphorus recovery from incinerated sewage sludge ash (ISSA) is important but hindered by low selectivity. Here, a novel strategy of acid leaching followed by thermally induced precipitation was proposed for the efficient and selective recovery of FePO4 from ISSA samples. A high phosphorus leaching efficiency of ∼ 99.6% was achieved with 0.2 mol/L H2SO4 and liquid to solid (L/S) ratio of 50 mL/g. Without removing various co-existing ions (Al3+, Ca2+, SO42-, etc.), high-purity FePO4 of ∼ 92.9% could be facilely produced from this highly acidic H2SO4 leachate (pH = 1.2) by simple addition of Fe(III) at a molar ratio of 1:1 to the phosphorus and reacted at 80 °C for thermally induced precipitation. The remained acid leachate could be further reused for five times to continue leaching phosphorus from the ISSA samples and produce the FePO4 precipitates with a high phosphorus recovery efficiency of 81.1 ± 1.8%. The selective recovery of FePO4 from the acid leachate was demonstrated more thermodynamically favorable compared to other precipitates at this acidic pH of 1.2, and elevated temperature of 80 °C towards thermally induced precipitation. The estimated cost of this strategy was ∼$26.9/kg-P and lower than that of other existing technologies. The recovered FePO4 precipitates could be used as a phosphate fertilizer to promote the growth of ryegrass, and also as a precursor to synthesize high-value LiFePO4 battery material, demonstrating the high-value application potential of the phosphorus from the ISSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaogang Hu
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, PR China
| | - Kexin Yi
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, PR China
| | - Chao Li
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, PR China
| | - Shengqiang Ma
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, PR China
| | - Juan Liu
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, PR China
| | - Wulin Yang
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, PR China.
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Butylskii D, Troitskiy V, Chuprynina D, Kharchenko I, Ryzhkov I, Apel P, Pismenskaya N, Nikonenko V. Selective Separation of Singly Charged Chloride and Dihydrogen Phosphate Anions by Electrobaromembrane Method with Nanoporous Membranes. MEMBRANES 2023; 13:membranes13050455. [PMID: 37233516 DOI: 10.3390/membranes13050455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The entrance of even a small amount of phosphorus compounds into natural waters leads to global problems that require the use of modern purification technologies. This paper presents the results of testing a hybrid electrobaromembrane (EBM) method for the selective separation of Cl- (always present in phosphorus-containing waters) and H2PO4- anions. Separated ions of the same charge sign move in an electric field through the pores of a nanoporous membrane to the corresponding electrode, while a commensurate counter-convective flow in the pores is created by a pressure drop across the membrane. It has been shown that EBM technology provides high fluxes of ions being separated across the membrane as well as a high selectivity coefficient compared to other membrane methods. During the processing of solution containing 0.05 M NaCl and 0.05 M NaH2PO4, the flux of phosphates through a track-etched membrane can reach 0.29 mol/(m2×h). Another possibility for separation is the EBM extraction of chlorides from the solution. Its flux can reach 0.40 mol/(m2×h) through the track-etched membrane and 0.33 mol/(m2×h) through a porous aluminum membrane. The separation efficiency can be very high by using both the porous anodic alumina membrane with positive fixed charges and the track-etched membrane with negative fixed charges due to the possibility of directing the fluxes of separated ions in opposite sides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitrii Butylskii
- Membrane Institute, Kuban State University, 149 Stavropolskaya St., 350040 Krasnodar, Russia
| | - Vasiliy Troitskiy
- Membrane Institute, Kuban State University, 149 Stavropolskaya St., 350040 Krasnodar, Russia
| | - Daria Chuprynina
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Kuban State University, 149 Stavropolskaya St., 350040 Krasnodar, Russia
| | - Ivan Kharchenko
- Institute of Computational Modeling SB RAS, 50-44 Akademgorodok, 660036 Krasnoyarsk, Russia
| | - Ilya Ryzhkov
- Institute of Computational Modeling SB RAS, 50-44 Akademgorodok, 660036 Krasnoyarsk, Russia
- Siberian Federal University, 79 Svobodny, 660041 Krasnoyarsk, Russia
| | - Pavel Apel
- Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, 6 Joliot-Curie St., 141980 Dubna, Russia
| | - Natalia Pismenskaya
- Membrane Institute, Kuban State University, 149 Stavropolskaya St., 350040 Krasnodar, Russia
| | - Victor Nikonenko
- Membrane Institute, Kuban State University, 149 Stavropolskaya St., 350040 Krasnodar, Russia
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10
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Yang L, Guo X, Liang S, Yang F, Wen M, Yuan S, Xiao K, Yu W, Hu J, Hou H, Yang J. A sustainable strategy for recovery of phosphorus as vivianite from sewage sludge via alkali-activated pyrolysis, water leaching and crystallization. WATER RESEARCH 2023; 233:119769. [PMID: 36841170 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.119769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
A sustainable strategy for P recovery from sewage sludge via alkali-activated pyrolysis, water leaching and crystallization was proposed, and a high value-added product of vivianite was recovered. Effects of the type and dose of alkali activator on P transformation during sludge pyrolysis were investigated. 50 wt% dose of KHCO3 was determined as the alkali-activated pyrolysis condition. The content of water-soluble P (referred to as Water-P) in biochar derived from raw sludge (referred to as RS) and ferric sludge (Fenton's reagent conditioned sludge, referred to as FS) by KHCO3-activated pyrolysis at different temperatures was compared. The Fe element in the Fenton's reagent enhanced the content of Fe-bound P in the dewatered sludge, which was readily transformed into potassium phosphate during KHCO3-activated pyrolysis, thus increasing the Water-P content in the biochar derived from FS. The proportions of Water-P to total P in the biochar samples obtained by KHCO3-activated pyrolysis of RS and FS at 600 °C were 72.5% and 96.2%, respectively, which were notably higher than those in the biochar samples obtained by direct pyrolysis of RS and FS (3.5% and 0.5%), respectively. The water leaching solution of biochar obtained by KHCO3-activated pyrolysis of FS at 600 °C was purified to remove impurity elements, and vivianite with high purity was finally recovered by crystallization. A total P recovery efficiency of 88.08% was achieved throughout the process from sewage sludge to the final vivianite product. This study proposes a promising and sustainable approach for realizing the recovery of high value-added product vivianite from sewage sludge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Yang
- School of Environmental Science & Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
| | - Xiao Guo
- School of Environmental Science & Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
| | - Sha Liang
- School of Environmental Science & Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China; Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Solid Waste Treatment Disposal and Recycling, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China.
| | - Fan Yang
- School of Environmental Science & Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
| | - Mingxuan Wen
- School of Environmental Science & Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
| | - Shushan Yuan
- School of Environmental Science & Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China; Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Solid Waste Treatment Disposal and Recycling, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
| | - Keke Xiao
- School of Environmental Science & Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China; Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Solid Waste Treatment Disposal and Recycling, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
| | - Wenbo Yu
- School of Environmental Science & Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China; Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Solid Waste Treatment Disposal and Recycling, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
| | - Jingping Hu
- School of Environmental Science & Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China; Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Solid Waste Treatment Disposal and Recycling, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
| | - Huijie Hou
- School of Environmental Science & Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China; Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Solid Waste Treatment Disposal and Recycling, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
| | - Jiakuan Yang
- School of Environmental Science & Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China; Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Solid Waste Treatment Disposal and Recycling, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China; Hubei Provincial Research Center of Water Quality Safety and Water Pollution Control Engineering Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China; State Key Laboratory of Coal Combustion, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
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11
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Li X, Shen S, Xu Y, Guo T, Dai H, Lu X. Mining phosphorus from waste streams at wastewater treatment plants: a review of enrichment, extraction, and crystallization methods. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:28407-28421. [PMID: 36680723 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-25388-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Two interrelated problems exist: the non-renewability of phosphate rock as a resource and the excess phosphate in the water system lead to eutrophication. Removal and recovery of phosphorus (P) from waste streams at wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) is one of the promising solutions. This paper reviews strategies for P recovery from waste streams in WWTPs are reviewed, and the main P recovery processes were broken down into three parts: enrichment, extraction, and crystallization. On this basis, the present P recovery technology was summarized and compared. The choice of P recovery technology depends on the process of sewage treatment and sludge treatment. Most P recovery processes can meet the financial requirements since the recent surge in phosphate rock prices. The safety requirements of P recovery products add a high cost to toxic substance removal, so it is necessary to control the discharge of toxic substances such as heavy metals and persistent organic pollutants from the source.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Li
- School of Energy & Environment, Southeast University, 2 Sipailou Rd, Nanjing, 210096, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
- ERC Taihu Lake Water Environment Wuxi, 99 Linghu Rd, Wuxi, 214135, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuting Shen
- School of Energy & Environment, Southeast University, 2 Sipailou Rd, Nanjing, 210096, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
- ERC Taihu Lake Water Environment Wuxi, 99 Linghu Rd, Wuxi, 214135, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuye Xu
- School of Energy & Environment, Southeast University, 2 Sipailou Rd, Nanjing, 210096, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
- ERC Taihu Lake Water Environment Wuxi, 99 Linghu Rd, Wuxi, 214135, People's Republic of China
| | - Ting Guo
- School of Energy & Environment, Southeast University, 2 Sipailou Rd, Nanjing, 210096, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
- ERC Taihu Lake Water Environment Wuxi, 99 Linghu Rd, Wuxi, 214135, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongliang Dai
- School of Energy & Environment, Southeast University, 2 Sipailou Rd, Nanjing, 210096, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, No. 2 Mengxi Road, Zhenjiang, 212018, China
| | - Xiwu Lu
- School of Energy & Environment, Southeast University, 2 Sipailou Rd, Nanjing, 210096, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
- ERC Taihu Lake Water Environment Wuxi, 99 Linghu Rd, Wuxi, 214135, People's Republic of China.
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12
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Su L, Hu L, Sui Q, Ding C, Fang D, Zhou L. Improvement of fungal extraction of phosphorus from sewage sludge ash by Aspergillus niger using sludge filtrate as nutrient substrate. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2023; 157:25-35. [PMID: 36516581 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2022.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Fungal extraction is a promising approach for reclaiming phosphorus (P) from sewage sludge ash (SSA). However, this approach faces notable technical and economic challenges, including an unknown P speciation evolution and the addition of expensive chemical organic carbon. In this study, the use of an organic-rich effluent produced in sludge dewatering as nutrient source is proposed to initiate the fungal extraction of SSA-borne P with Aspergillus niger. The changes in P speciation in the ash during fungal treatment was analyzed by combined sequential extraction, solid-state 31P nuclear magnetic resonance, and P X-ray absorption near edge spectroscopy. Results showed that after 5 days of fungal treatment using sludge-derived organics, 85 % of P was leached from SSA. Dominantly, this considerable release of P resulted from the dissolution of Ca3(PO4)2, AlPO4, FePO4, and Mg3(PO4)2 in the ash, and their individual contribution rates to P released accounted for 28.0 %, 24.3 %, 20.6 %, and 18.8 %, respectively. After removal of metal cations (e.g., Mg2+, Al3+, Fe3+, and heavy metals) by cation exchange resin (CER), a hydroxyapatite (HAP) product with a purity of > 85 % was harvested from the extract by precipitation with CaCl2. By contrast, without CER purification, a crude product of Ca/Mg-carbonates and phosphates mixture were obtained from this extract. A total of 73.2 wt% of P was ultimately recovered from SSA through integrated fungal extraction, CER purification, and HAP crystallization. These findings provide a mechanistic basis for the development of waste management strategies for improved P reclamation with minimal chemical organics consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Su
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Resource Utilization, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Lingyu Hu
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Qinghong Sui
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Chengcheng Ding
- Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Nanjing 210042, China
| | - Di Fang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Resource Utilization, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Lixiang Zhou
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Resource Utilization, Nanjing 210095, China
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13
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Morales Arteaga JF, Zupanc M, Dular M, Lestan D, Kaurin A. Removal of Toxic Metals from Sewage Sludge by Acid Hydrolysis Coupled with EDTA Washing in a Closed-Loop Process. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:2544. [PMID: 36767910 PMCID: PMC9916202 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20032544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Contamination with toxic metals prevents the use of sewage sludge (SS) as a soil fertilizer. Hydrodynamic cavitation, thermal microwaving, microwave-assisted alkaline, and acid hydrolysis coupled with ethylenediaminetetraacetate (EDTA) washing were tested as a method to remove toxic metals from SS. Acid hydrolysis coupled with EDTA washing was most effective and was used in a closed-loop process based on ReSoil technology. EDTA and process solutions were recycled at a pH gradient of 12.5-2, which was imposed by the addition of quicklime (CaO) and H2SO4. An average of 78%-Pb, 76%-Zn, 1%-Cu, and 17%-Cr were removed from SS in five consecutive batches. No wastewater was generated, only solid waste (40%). The EDTA lost in the process (42%) was resupplied in each batch. In a series of batches, the process solutions retained metal removal efficiency and quality. The treatment removed 70% and 23% of P and N, respectively, from SS and increased the leachability of Zn, Cu, Mn, and Fe in the washed SS by 11.7, 6.8, 1.4, and 5.2 times, respectively. Acid hydrolysis coupled with EDTA washing proved to be a technically feasible, closed-loop process but needs further development to reduce reagent, material, and nutrient loss and to reduce toxic emissions from the washed sludge.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mojca Zupanc
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Askerceva Cesta 6, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Matevž Dular
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Askerceva Cesta 6, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Domen Lestan
- Agronomy Department, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Envit Ltd., Trzaska Cesta 330, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Anela Kaurin
- Agronomy Department, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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14
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Kasina M. The assessment of phosphorus recovery potential in sewage sludge incineration ashes - a case study. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:13067-13078. [PMID: 36123558 PMCID: PMC9898428 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-22618-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A sewage sludge incineration ash contains large amounts of phosphorus, which are considered as a novel anthropogenic waste-based substitute for phosphorus natural resources. Phosphorus is accumulated at most in phosphate minerals of whitlockite structure, that contain Fe, Ca, and Mg and in the matrix composed of Si, Al, Fe, Ca, P, Mg, K, Na in various proportions. The goal of this study was to estimate phosphorus recovery potential. A four-stage sequential extraction, following the modified Golterman procedure, was applied. Separation of four independent fractions enabled to understand better the manner of phosphorus occurrence in the studied ash. The results of the extraction indicated the greatest release of phosphorus combined with organic matter using sulfuric acid. The release was on average at the level of 64%. The chelating Na-EDTA compound indicated lower ability to extract phosphorus (at the level of 35%), and the highest ability to extract heavy metals and potentially toxic elements (As, Zn, Mo). The sequential extraction led to the total recovery of phosphorus of around 40-60.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Kasina
- Institute of Geological Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 3a, 30-387, Krakow, Poland.
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15
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Hao X, Wang X, Shi C, van Loosdrecht MCM, Wu Y. Creating coagulants through the combined use of ash and brine. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 845:157344. [PMID: 35842163 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 07/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Sludge incineration and seawater desalination are two approaches that can be used in the disposal of waste activated sludge (WAS) and for obtaining fresh water. As resource recovery from wastewater treatment and water purification is a topic of particular interest in these times, "water mining" has become a focus of research, with phosphate/P-recovery from WAS incineration ash, and extraction of useful elements from the brine of desalination being important steps in the pursuit of a circular/blue economy. However, P-recovery from ash involves removing metals, which need to be disposed of carefully, as does the brine collected. If cations in the ash and anions in the brine could be combined in order to produce coagulants/flocculants, a new circular model would be established. A preliminary experiment for this purpose has demonstrated that a liquid poly‑aluminum chloride (PAC) could be synthesized from the aluminum ion/Al3+ removed from the ash and the original brine. With this work, we synthesized the liquid PAC by a hydrothermal method, and the results from infrared spectrometer demonstrated that the synthesized PAC was similar to a commercial PAC. Moreover, the synthesized PAC was able to efficiently reduce the effluent turbidity of wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), especially when compared with the commercial PAC. It is therefore important that research in this area be continued in order to improve the quality of synthesized coagulants and to produce different coagulants based on cations and anions in ash and brine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodi Hao
- Sino-Dutch R&D Centre for Future Wastewater Treatment Technologies/Key Laboratory of Urban Stormwater System and Water Environment, Beijing University of Civil Engineering & Architecture, Beijing 100044, PR China.
| | - Xiangyang Wang
- Sino-Dutch R&D Centre for Future Wastewater Treatment Technologies/Key Laboratory of Urban Stormwater System and Water Environment, Beijing University of Civil Engineering & Architecture, Beijing 100044, PR China
| | - Chen Shi
- Sino-Dutch R&D Centre for Future Wastewater Treatment Technologies/Key Laboratory of Urban Stormwater System and Water Environment, Beijing University of Civil Engineering & Architecture, Beijing 100044, PR China
| | - Mark C M van Loosdrecht
- Sino-Dutch R&D Centre for Future Wastewater Treatment Technologies/Key Laboratory of Urban Stormwater System and Water Environment, Beijing University of Civil Engineering & Architecture, Beijing 100044, PR China; Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, van der Maasweg 9, 2629, HZ, Delft, the Netherlands
| | - Yuanyuan Wu
- Sino-Dutch R&D Centre for Future Wastewater Treatment Technologies/Key Laboratory of Urban Stormwater System and Water Environment, Beijing University of Civil Engineering & Architecture, Beijing 100044, PR China
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16
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Saoudi MA, Dabert P, Vedrenne F, Daumer ML. Mechanisms governing the dissolution of phosphorus and iron in sewage sludge by the bioacidification process and its correlation with iron phosphate speciation. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 307:135704. [PMID: 35940418 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.135704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In the last two decades, phosphorus (P) recovery from sewage sludge liquors gained much interest for its high-quality product potential. However, the consistently reported constraints are the low phosphorus availability and the technical-economical difficulties to increase it through chemical acidification. This article discusses the mechanisms of phosphorus dissolution by the biological acidification process (Biological acidification or acidic fermentation) as an alternative to chemical acidification. In addition, we investigate the potential correlation between the phosphorus dissolution and iron phosphate speciation of several types of sludge from different sewage treatment plants and P removal technologies. The results show that the percentage of P dissolution by bioacidification is always higher than the P dissolution by chemical acidification at equal pH for all types of sludge except for the settled primary sludge. The highest P dissolution was recorded for the sludge from the Enhanced Biological P Removal process assisted with Chemical P Removal process (EBPR-CPR) with around 65% of P dissolution. Three mechanisms were identified as contributing to the increased P dissolution by bioacidification: P release by the Polyphosphate Accumulating Organisms (PAO), P dissolution by pH decrease, and P dissolution by a biological activity at acidic pH (3.7-4) that includes iron reduction and aluminum dissolution. The principal component analysis and Pearson's correlation indicate that P dissolution by bioacidification is negatively correlated with the P-bound to ferric iron, hence positively correlated with the P-bound to ferrous iron, which characterizes the sludge from the EBPR-CPR process. This study suggests that the choice of the P removal technology significantly influences the P recovery from sewage sludge liquors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Patrick Dabert
- INRAE, UR1466 OPAALE, 17 av. De Cucillé, F-35044, Rennes, France.
| | - Fabien Vedrenne
- Veolia Environment, STED, 291 Av. Daniel Dreyfous-Ducas, 78520, Limay, France.
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17
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Arteaga JFM, Kaurin A, Lestan D. Removal of toxic metals from sewage sludge by EDTA in a closed-loop washing process. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 307:135917. [PMID: 35940403 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.135917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Revised: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Sewage sludge (SS) is a potential resource for P and other nutrients, but often contaminated with metals. SS containing Pb-102, Zn-968, Cu-267, Cr-101, Mn-222, and Fe-8374 mg kg-1 was washed in a batch process for 1 h with a recycled washing solution containing 50 mmol L-1 of recycled EDTA and 50 mmol L-1 H2SO4, solid/liquid ratio 1/7 (w/V). After solid/liquid separation, the washed SS was further rinsed 3-times with cleansed recycled solutions. EDTA and process solutions were recycled/cleansed in a pH gradient of 12.5-2.0 imposed by addition of CaO and H2SO4 (the ReSoil® method). EDTA, recycled as ineffective Ca-EDTA, was activated by capturing Ca with H2SO4. The process was closed-looped, no wastewater was generated, solid waste was centrifuged away. 10 consecutive SS washing batches preserved the quality of the process solutions. Metals were mainly removed from the SS organic fraction, the average removal was Pb-35, Zn-59, Cu-60, Cr-19, Mn-25, and Fe-1%. Washing reduced the leachability of Cu and Cr from SS by 13.4 and 3.5 times, but increased the leachability of Pb, Zn, Mn, and Fe by 2.5, 3.8, 1.9, and 1.6 times, respectively. Metal concentrations in the leachates were below the limits stipulated as hazardous. The content of accessible P and K in washed SS decreased by 24 and 45%, and the total N decreased by 10%. Overall, the results prove the feasibility of the novel SS washing process.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anela Kaurin
- Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Domen Lestan
- Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia; Envit Ltd., Trzaska Cesta 330, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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18
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Shashvatt U, Amurrio F, Blaney L. Ligand-Enabled Donnan Dialysis for Phosphorus Recovery from Alum-Laden Waste Activated Sludge. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:13945-13953. [PMID: 36095332 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c02153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
While many nutrient recovery technologies target liquid waste streams, new strategies are required for effective phosphorus recovery from solid waste. This study reports an innovative ligand-enabled Donnan dialysis process to recover orthophosphate (P(V)) from alum-laden waste activated sludge (WAS). Four ligands, namely acetate, citrate, ethylenediaminetetraacetate (EDTA), and oxalate, were evaluated for P(V) release from a synthetic sludge containing 5 mM P(V) and 25 mM Al(III) and a real, alum-laden WAS with similar contents. Citrate and EDTA released more than 95% of P(V) at doses of 30 mM, outperforming acetate and oxalate. The ligand-based solubilization strategy was coupled with Donnan dialysis to recover P(V) into a clean sodium chloride draw solution. After Donnan dialysis with the synthetic sludge, the P(V) recovery's order was as follows: EDTA (54.4%) > citrate (41.7%) > oxalate (4.3%). The P(V) recovery efficiencies were slightly lower for Donnan dialysis with real, alum-laden WAS, namely 45.1% and 25.2% for EDTA and citrate addition, respectively, due to competitive effects exerted by other dissolved species. These promising results successfully demonstrated the proof-of-concept for ligand-enabled Donnan dialysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Utsav Shashvatt
- Department of Chemical, Biochemical, and Environmental Engineering, University of Maryland Baltimore County, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Engineering Building, Room 314, Baltimore, Maryland 21250, United States
| | - Fabian Amurrio
- Department of Chemical, Biochemical, and Environmental Engineering, University of Maryland Baltimore County, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Engineering Building, Room 314, Baltimore, Maryland 21250, United States
| | - Lee Blaney
- Department of Chemical, Biochemical, and Environmental Engineering, University of Maryland Baltimore County, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Engineering Building, Room 314, Baltimore, Maryland 21250, United States
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19
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Pérez C, Boily JF, Skoglund N, Jansson S, Fick J. Phosphorus release from hydrothermally carbonized digested sewage sludge using organic acids. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2022; 151:60-69. [PMID: 35926282 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2022.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) is a treatment technique with great potential for sanitizing digested sewage sludge (SS) and converting it into valuable products. In particular, phosphorus (P) recovery from hydrothermally carbonized SS has attracted special attention in recent years. This work aims to examine the leaching efficiency of P and the consequent release of metals and heavy metals from SS hydrochars (at 180, 215 and 250 °C) using organic acids (oxalate and citrate) over a range of pH values (0-4) and extraction times (5 min-24 h). Both organic acids triggered P extraction efficiencies exceeding 75 % at the lowest pH, but only oxalate reached a nearly complete P release from hydrochars at pH > 0 and for all carbonization temperatures. Low HTC temperature (180 °C) and short extraction time (5 min) were the optimal conditions treatment for P recovery when reacted in oxalate solutions of maximal pH buffering capacity (pH = 1.4). However, oxalate leaching also transferred metals/heavy metals into the P-leachate, with the exception of Ca being retained in the solid residue from HTC as Ca-oxalate precipitate. Different characterization methods confirmed the presence of this precipitate, and provided information about the surface and morphological changes of the SS hydrochars following acid treatment. The results suggest that HTC not only a promising technique to sanitize and reduce the volume of SS, but also an efficient means for P recovery using oxalic acid, thus contributing to the circular economy of P.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Pérez
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, SE-90187 Umeå, Sweden; Industrial Doctoral School, Umeå University, SE-90187 Umeå, Sweden
| | | | - Nils Skoglund
- Thermochemical Energy Conversion Laboratory, Department of Applied Physics and Electronics, Umeå University, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Stina Jansson
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, SE-90187 Umeå, Sweden.
| | - Jerker Fick
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, SE-90187 Umeå, Sweden
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20
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Dutta S, Zhang Q, Cao Y, Wu C, Moustakas K, Zhang S, Wong KH, Tsang DCW. Catalytic valorisation of various paper wastes into levulinic acid, hydroxymethylfurfural, and furfural: Influence of feedstock properties and ferric chloride. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2022; 357:127376. [PMID: 35623603 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2022.127376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Revised: 05/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Lignocellulosic paper waste constitutes a major waste stream globally, which should be valorised for chemical production. However, paper properties (e.g., feedstock composition, cellulosic crystallinity, and thermal stability/degradability) vary with raw materials and pulping processes. This study investigated levulinic acid (LA), hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF), and furfural production by H2SO4 and FeCl3 catalysed conversion of nine types of paper wastes in a green solvent system (1:1 γ-valerolactone/water). At 160-180 °C for 1-20 min, ∼23-27 wt% LA yield was achieved from sanitary papers, tracing/parchment paper, and paper food box mainly containing crystalline cellulose, while a lower LA yield (∼10-20 wt%) was obtained from other paper wastes with high contents of ash and lignin. A higher selectivity towards HMF (∼12 mol%) was achieved in the presence of FeCl3. A furfural yield of ∼ 4-7.5 wt% was also obtained from the hemicellulose content. This study elucidates crucial factors and desirable characteristics of paper waste for catalytic valorisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanta Dutta
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Qiaozhi Zhang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yang Cao
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Chunfei Wu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Queens University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
| | - Konstantinos Moustakas
- School of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, 9 Heroon Polytechniou Street, Zographou Campus, 15780 Athens, Greece
| | - Shicheng Zhang
- Shanghai Technical Service Platform for Pollution Control and Resource Utilization of Organic Wastes, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ka-Hing Wong
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China; Research Institute for Future Food, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Daniel C W Tsang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China; Research Institute for Future Food, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
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21
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Prabhakar AK, Krishnan P, Lee SSC, Lim CS, Dixit A, Mohan BC, Teoh JH, Pang SD, Tsang DCW, Teo SLM, Wang CH. Sewage sludge ash-based mortar as construction material: Mechanical studies, macrofouling, and marine toxicity. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 824:153768. [PMID: 35151736 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 02/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Incinerated sewage sludge ash is tested here as a cement and aggregate substitute in mortar blocks. It can be used at various percentages to reduce the overall cost of production and promote ash recycling. The compressive strength of the cast blocks was tested at 28 days to determine the optimal combination of ball milled ash (replacing cement) and sewage sludge ash (replacing sand). This was compared with a control block made of cement and sand only. The cast blocks with the optimal ash formulation were tested for their flexural strength and other properties such as surface functional groups, constituent phases and porosity. The control and ash mortars exhibited similar properties. A potential application of these blocks is to use them as part of seawalls. These blocks were thus suspended in the sea for 6 months. Marine organism attachment was observed over time in both control and ash mortar blocks. There was no significant difference between the mortars after 6 months. The mortar blocks were also subjected to leaching tests (NEN-7345). The leachates did not exhibit toxicity to microalgae. In contrast, mild toxicity was observed in the sea urchin embryo development assay. Overall, the study suggests that sewage sludge ash is a potential material to be used for seawall construction as it has the desirable mechanical properties. However, there remain some residual marine toxicity concerns that need to be further addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun Kumar Prabhakar
- NUS Environmental Research Institute, National University of Singapore, 1 Create Way, Create Tower #15-02, 138602, Singapore
| | - Padmaja Krishnan
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, 1 Engineering Drive 2, Singapore 117576, Singapore
| | - Serina Siew-Chen Lee
- St John's Island National Marine Laboratory, Tropical Marine Science Institute, National University of Singapore, 18 Kent Ridge Road, Singapore 119227, Singapore
| | - Chin Sing Lim
- St John's Island National Marine Laboratory, Tropical Marine Science Institute, National University of Singapore, 18 Kent Ridge Road, Singapore 119227, Singapore
| | - Anjaneya Dixit
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, 1 Engineering Drive 2, Singapore 117576, Singapore
| | - Babu Cadiam Mohan
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 4, 117585, Singapore
| | - Jia Heng Teoh
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 4, 117585, Singapore
| | - Sze Dai Pang
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, 1 Engineering Drive 2, Singapore 117576, Singapore
| | - Daniel C W Tsang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hom Hung, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Serena Lay-Ming Teo
- St John's Island National Marine Laboratory, Tropical Marine Science Institute, National University of Singapore, 18 Kent Ridge Road, Singapore 119227, Singapore
| | - Chi-Hwa Wang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 4, 117585, Singapore.
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22
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Recovery of Nutrients from Residual Streams Using Ion-Exchange Membranes: Current State, Bottlenecks, Fundamentals and Innovations. MEMBRANES 2022; 12:membranes12050497. [PMID: 35629823 PMCID: PMC9145069 DOI: 10.3390/membranes12050497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The review describes the place of membrane methods in solving the problem of the recovery and re-use of biogenic elements (nutrients), primarily trivalent nitrogen NIII and pentavalent phosphorus PV, to provide the sustainable development of mankind. Methods for the recovery of NH4+ − NH3 and phosphates from natural sources and waste products of humans and animals, as well as industrial streams, are classified. Particular attention is paid to the possibilities of using membrane processes for the transition to a circular economy in the field of nutrients. The possibilities of different methods, already developed or under development, are evaluated, primarily those that use ion-exchange membranes. Electromembrane methods take a special place including capacitive deionization and electrodialysis applied for recovery, separation, concentration, and reagent-free pH shift of solutions. This review is distinguished by the fact that it summarizes not only the successes, but also the “bottlenecks” of ion-exchange membrane-based processes. Modern views on the mechanisms of NH4+ − NH3 and phosphate transport in ion-exchange membranes in the presence and in the absence of an electric field are discussed. The innovations to enhance the performance of electromembrane separation processes for phosphate and ammonium recovery are considered.
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23
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Witek-Krowiak A, Gorazda K, Szopa D, Trzaska K, Moustakas K, Chojnacka K. Phosphorus recovery from wastewater and bio-based waste: an overview. Bioengineered 2022; 13:13474-13506. [PMID: 36700471 PMCID: PMC9275867 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2022.2077894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Phosphorus is one of the most important macronutrients needed for the growth of plants. The fertilizer production market uses 80% of natural, non-renewable phosphorus resources in the form of phosphate rock. The depletion of those deposits forces a search for other alternatives, including biological waste. This review aims to indicate the most important ways to recover phosphorus from biowaste, with particular emphasis on wastewater, sewage sludge, manure, slaughter or food waste. A comparison of utilized methods and directions for future research based on the latest research is presented. Combining biological, chemical, and physical methods with thermal treatment appears to be the most effective way for the treatment of wastewater sludge in terms of phosphorus recovery. Hydrothermal, thermochemical, and adsorption on thermally treated adsorbents are characterized by a high phosphorus recovery rate (over 95%). For animal by-products and other biological waste, chemical methods seems to be the most optimal solution with a recovery rate over 96%. Due to its large volume and relatively low phosphorus content, wastewater is a resource that requires additional treatment to recover the highest possible amount of phosphorus. Pretreatment of wastewater with combined methods seems to be a possible way to improve phosphorus recovery. A compressive evaluation of combined methods is crucial for future research in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Witek-Krowiak
- Department of Advanced Material Technologies, Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Gorazda
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Cracow University of Technology, Cracow, Poland
| | - Daniel Szopa
- Department of Advanced Material Technologies, Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wrocław, Poland,CONTACT Daniel Szopa Department of Advanced Material Technologies, Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Smoluchowskiego 25, Wrocław50-372, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Trzaska
- Department of Advanced Material Technologies, Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wrocław, Poland
| | | | - Katarzyna Chojnacka
- Department of Advanced Material Technologies, Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wrocław, Poland
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24
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Zhu Y, Zhai Y, Li S, Liu X, Wang B, Liu X, Fan Y, Shi H, Li C, Zhu Y. Thermal treatment of sewage sludge: A comparative review of the conversion principle, recovery methods and bioavailability-predicting of phosphorus. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 291:133053. [PMID: 34861255 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.133053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Phosphorus is a nutrient that is essential to nature and human life and has attracted attention because of its very limited reserves. Dwindling phosphorus reserves and soaring prices have made the recovery of phosphorus from waste biosolids even more urgent. Waste activated sludge, as the final destination of most of the phosphorus in human domestic and industrial water, has been considered as a reliable source of phosphorus recovery. The thermal treatment method of sewage sludge is currently a relatively environmentally friendly disposal method, which mainly includes incineration, pyrolysis and hydrothermal carbonization. This paper reviews the methods for the recovery of different forms of phosphorus (wet chemical, thermochemical and electrodialysis) from solid products obtained from different sludge thermal treatment methods (incinerated sewage sludge ash, pyrolysis of sewage sludge char and hydrochar) and the bioavailability of the recovered phosphorus products. Incineration of sewage sludge is currently the most established and effective method for recovering phosphorus from the thermal treatment products of sewage sludge. One of the wet chemical methods has been applied on a commercial scale and is expected to be further developed for future industrial applications. Pyrolysis and hydrothermal carbonation still have many research gaps in this field. Based on their principles and laboratory performance, both of them have the potential to recover phosphorus and should be further explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya Zhu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Yunbo Zhai
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha, 410082, China.
| | - Shanhong Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Xiangmin Liu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Bei Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Xiaoping Liu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Yuwei Fan
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Haoran Shi
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Caiting Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Yun Zhu
- College of Electrical and Information Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China.
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25
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Zheng X, Shen M, Ying Z, Feng Y, Wang B, Dou B. Correlating phosphorus transformation with process water during hydrothermal carbonization of sewage sludge via experimental study and mathematical modelling. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 807:150750. [PMID: 34624291 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Recently, hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) based phosphorus (P) recovery from sewage sludge (SS) has attracted considerable interests worldwide. However, they concentrated on P transformation in the hydrochars, while ignored that the variations of process water (PW) might influence P transformation, since it exposed to water thoroughly during HTC. In this study, correlation of P transformation with PW were examined via experimental study and mathematical modelling. The results showed that statistical significance (p < 0.05) of HTC temperature and feedwater pH on NH4+-N concentration in the PW was observed due to deamination and ring opening reactions of amino acids, confirming by their excellent correlation with R2 = 0.988. NH4+-N concentration dominated increasing PW pH, which stimulated the transformation of NAIP to AP. Associated model was developed with satisfactory R2 = 0.938. Although P transformation during HTC was significantly influenced by HTC temperature and feedwater pH, supporting by their strong correlation with R2 = 0.956, its transformation was PW pH dependent. Ultimately, detailed P transformation pathways during HTC was proposed with incorporation into the impact of PW. This work can provide new insights into HTC-based P transformation in the pristine SS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyuan Zheng
- School of Energy and Power Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, PR China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow and Heat Transfer in Power Engineering, Shanghai 200093, PR China
| | - Mengxuan Shen
- School of Energy and Power Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, PR China
| | - Zhi Ying
- School of Energy and Power Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, PR China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow and Heat Transfer in Power Engineering, Shanghai 200093, PR China.
| | - Yuheng Feng
- Thermal and Environment Engineering Institute, School of Mechanical Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China
| | - Bo Wang
- School of Energy and Power Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, PR China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow and Heat Transfer in Power Engineering, Shanghai 200093, PR China
| | - Binlin Dou
- School of Energy and Power Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, PR China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow and Heat Transfer in Power Engineering, Shanghai 200093, PR China
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26
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Ai H, Li X, Chen C, Xu L, Fu ML, Sun W, Yuan B. Immobilization of β-FeOOH nanomaterials on the basalt fiber as a novel porous composite to effectively remove phosphate from aqueous solution. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2021.127815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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27
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Exploiting the Nutrient Potential of Anaerobically Digested Sewage Sludge: A Review. ENERGIES 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/en14238149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The world is currently witnessing a rapid increase in sewage sludge (SS) production, due to the increased demand for wastewater treatment. Therefore, SS management is crucial for the economic and environmental sustainability of wastewater treatment plants. The recovery of nutrients from SS has been identified as a fundamental step to enable the transition from a linear to a circular economy, turning SS into an economic and sustainable source of materials. SS is often treated via anaerobic digestion, to pursue energy recovery via biogas generation. Anaerobically digested sewage sludge (ADS) is a valuable source of organic matter and nutrients, and significant advances have been made in recent years in methods and technologies for nutrient recovery from ADS. The purpose of this study is to provide a comprehensive overview, describing the advantages and drawbacks of the available and emerging technologies for recovery of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) from ADS. This work critically reviews the established and novel technologies, which are classified by their ability to recover a specific nutrient (ammonia stripping) or to allow the simultaneous recovery of multiple elements (struvite precipitation, ion exchange, membrane technologies, and thermal treatments). This study compares the described technologies in terms of nutrient recovery efficiency, capital, and operational costs, as well as their feasibility for full-scale application, revealing the current state of the art and future perspectives on this topic.
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28
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Boniardi G, Turolla A, Fiameni L, Gelmi E, Malpei F, Bontempi E, Canziani R. Assessment of a simple and replicable procedure for selective phosphorus recovery from sewage sludge ashes by wet chemical extraction and precipitation. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 285:131476. [PMID: 34265709 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.131476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Revised: 06/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The selective phosphorus recovery by wet chemical extraction and precipitation was assessed at the laboratory scale aiming at identifying a simple and replicable procedure that could be effectively applied to different types of sewage sludge ashes. The experimental work was performed on five samples of sewage sludge ashes, of which three were obtained from muffle-furnace incineration and two from full-scale mono-incineration plants. A single-step extraction procedure has been investigated by applying different operating conditions (type of leaching acid, liquid-to-solid ratio, contact time). Experimental results indicated that phosphorus recovery efficiency varied between 54 and 92% with limited co-dissolution of metals and metalloids, except for arsenic. Operating conditions, sewage sludge ashes characteristics and phosphorus removal processes in the wastewater treatment plant were the main factors affecting phosphorus recovery efficiency. The application of optimal operating conditions (0.2 M sulfuric acid, liquid-to-solid ratio of 20 and contact time of 2 h) resulted in phosphorus recovery from 76 to 92% on four samples. Subsequently, precipitation of phosphorus from acidic leachate was carried out by lime dosing. After filtering and drying, the recovered products presented a P2O5 content between 11.5 and 36.7% dry weight, with a fraction of soluble phosphorus between 75 and 91%, a good percentage for application as fertilizer or animal feed. Since few undesired elements (i.e., As, Cu and Zn) exceeded the limits for fertilizer application (exception was represented by Ni and Pb, which were present at low concentration), an additional purification step may be required. Overall, experimental results highlighted the influence of process parameters on phosphorus recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaia Boniardi
- Politecnico di Milano, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering (DICA) - Environmental Section, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Andrea Turolla
- Politecnico di Milano, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering (DICA) - Environmental Section, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133, Milano, Italy.
| | - Laura Fiameni
- INSTM and University of Brescia, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering (DIMI), Via Branze 38, 25123, Brescia, Italy
| | - Enrico Gelmi
- Politecnico di Milano, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering (DICA) - Environmental Section, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Francesca Malpei
- Politecnico di Milano, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering (DICA) - Environmental Section, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Elza Bontempi
- INSTM and University of Brescia, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering (DIMI), Via Branze 38, 25123, Brescia, Italy
| | - Roberto Canziani
- Politecnico di Milano, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering (DICA) - Environmental Section, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133, Milano, Italy
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29
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Xu Y, Chen J, Yang F, Fang Y, Qian G. Transformation of phosphorus by MgCl 2 and CaCl 2 during sewage sludge incineration. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:60268-60275. [PMID: 34156616 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-13859-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Phosphorus (P) recovery from sewage sludge (SS) have been regarded as an effective method of P recycling. The effects of incineration temperature, incineration time, and chlorine additives on the distribution of P speciation during sludge incineration were studied. Moreover, the reactions between model compounds AlPO4 and additives (MgCl2 and CaCl2) were investigated by thermogravimetric differential thermal analysis and X-ray diffraction measurements. The results demonstrated that the increase in temperature and time stimulated the volatilization of non-apatite inorganic phosphorus (NAIP) instead of apatite phosphorus (AP). MgCl2 and CaCl2 can greatly promote the conversion of NAIP to AP. Additionally, AlPO4 reacted with MgCl2 are incinerated at 500-600 °C to form Mg3(PO4)2, which is mainly due to the reaction of the intermediate product MgO and AlPO4. Reactions between AlPO4 and CaCl2 occurred at 700-750 °C and produced Ca2PO4Cl, which can be directly used with high bioavailability. These findings suggested that chlorine additives in the SS incineration process can obtain phosphorus-containing minerals with higher bioavailability to realize the resource utilization of P in sludge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunfeng Xu
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, No.99 Shangda Road, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Jingyan Chen
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, No.99 Shangda Road, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Fei Yang
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, No.99 Shangda Road, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Yangfan Fang
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, No.99 Shangda Road, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Guangren Qian
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, No.99 Shangda Road, Shanghai, 200444, China.
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30
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Li JS, Wang Q, Chen Z, Xue Q, Chen X, Mu Y, Poon CS. Immobilization of high-Pb contaminated soil by oxalic acid activated incinerated sewage sludge ash. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 284:117120. [PMID: 33930778 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Identifying effective and low-cost agents for the remediation of Pb-contaminated soil is of great importance for field-scale applications. In this study, the feasibility of reusing incinerated sewage sludge ash (ISSA), a waste rich in phosphorus, under activation by oxalic acid (OA) for the remediation of high-Pb contaminated soil was investigated. ISSA and OA were mixed at different proportions for the treatment of the high-Pb contaminated soil (5000 mg/kg). The Pb immobilization efficacy was further examined by both the standard deionized water leaching test and the toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP). The overall results showed that the use of the ISSA alone and an appropriate mixture of the ISSA and OA could effectively reduce the leachability of Pb from soil. 20% ISSA together with 30% OA (0.2 mol/L) reduced leached Pb concentration by 99%. The main stabilization mechanisms were then explored by different microstructural and spectroscopic analytical techniques including SEM, XRD and FTIR. Apparently, OA released phosphate from the ISSA and Pb from soil via acid attack, which combined and precipitated as stable lead phosphate minerals. However, excessive OA could cause high leaching of phosphate and zinc from the ISSA. Overall, this study indicates that ISSA could be used together with OA to remediate high-Pb contaminated soil, but careful design of mix proportions is necessary before practical application to avoid excessive leaching of phosphate and zinc from the ISSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang-Shan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Geomechanics and Geotechnical Engineering, Institute of Rock and Soil Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China; IRSM-CAS/HK PolyU Joint Laboratory on Solid Waste Science, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Qiming Wang
- IRSM-CAS/HK PolyU Joint Laboratory on Solid Waste Science, Wuhan, 430071, China; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Zhen Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Geomechanics and Geotechnical Engineering, Institute of Rock and Soil Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China; IRSM-CAS/HK PolyU Joint Laboratory on Solid Waste Science, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Qiang Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Geomechanics and Geotechnical Engineering, Institute of Rock and Soil Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China; IRSM-CAS/HK PolyU Joint Laboratory on Solid Waste Science, Wuhan, 430071, China.
| | - Xin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Geomechanics and Geotechnical Engineering, Institute of Rock and Soil Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China; IRSM-CAS/HK PolyU Joint Laboratory on Solid Waste Science, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Yanhu Mu
- State Key Laboratory of Frozen Ground Engineering, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Chi Sun Poon
- IRSM-CAS/HK PolyU Joint Laboratory on Solid Waste Science, Wuhan, 430071, China; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong
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31
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Abstract
Combustion in fluidised bed boilers is one of the most commonly used methods of treatment of municipal sewage sludge. Fly ash (FA) and air pollution control (APC) residues are the solid by-products generated by flue gas treatment. There are significant differences in the chemical composition of these wastes. FA is composed of mainly SiO2, P2O5, CaO and metals such as Zn, Ti, Cu, Cr, Pb and Ni. APC residues mainly contain SO3 and Na2O. The leachability tests that were carried out indicate that these wastes display very low leachability of heavy metals (for example leachability of Pb was equal 0.0004 mg·dm−3 in both wastes, leachability of Cd was equal 0.0012 mg·dm−3 in FA an 0.00004 mg·dm−3 in APC). On the other hand, very high sulphate concentrations (49,375 mg·dm−3) were found in water extract for the APC residues. In order to determine the toxicity of these wastes for plants, pot experiments with different additions of waste to the soil were carried out (on Lepidium sativum and Sinapis alba). Tests based on seeds germinations (on Lepidium sativum) in water extracts from waste (in different concentrations) were also performed. The results obtained indicate the very high toxicity of APC residues. Complete inhibition of germination and growth of the test plants was found for all concentrations of the tested waste in water extract and for all additions of waste to the soil in pot experiments. Seed germination tests on water extracts from FA did not show any toxicity of this waste. Pot tests with FA showed their toxicity only with a high (30%) addition in soil.
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32
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Ma P, Rosen C. Land application of sewage sludge incinerator ash for phosphorus recovery: A review. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 274:129609. [PMID: 33545594 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.129609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Phosphorus (P) is essential for all living things and an integral part of food production. However, significant amounts of P are functionally lost when wastewater byproducts, such as biosolids or sewage sludge incinerator ash (SSA), are not beneficially reused. Around 20% of sewage sludge produced in the US is incinerated and nearly 25% of sewage sludge is incinerated in European Union member countries. SSA contains significant amounts of P (up to 14% total P) and other beneficial elements but is typically sent to landfills for disposal. However, SSA has also been explored as one method of capturing and redirecting P back into the food system. Research investigating SSA characterization, P availability, and contaminant concentrations and behavior in soil is required to understand the effects of SSA land application on soil chemical properties and crop production. Several approaches for recovering P from SSA have been investigated that consider these factors. Ultimately, the opportunity for land application of SSA depends on the individual characteristics of a given SSA, ex. total P and contaminant concentrations, and the requirements and regulations of the region where it is produced and applied. In this review, we address the history of P recovery from SSA and discuss research regarding characterization, contaminants, P availability, and land application of SSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Persephone Ma
- Department of Soil, Water, and Climate, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, USA
| | - Carl Rosen
- Department of Soil, Water, and Climate, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, USA.
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33
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Gao S, Wang Q, Nie J, Poon CS, Yin H, Li JS. Arsenate(V) removal from aqueous system by using modified incinerated sewage sludge ash (ISSA) as a novel adsorbent. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 270:129423. [PMID: 33401069 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.129423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Adsorption methods have been widely used in wastewater treatment due to its high removal efficiency, easy operation and handling, economic efficiency and little secondary pollution to the environment. In this paper, a high-iron containing incineration sewage sludge ash (ISSA) was modified by combined acid leaching and precipitation processes to improve its adsorption capacity of As(V). The effects of pH, time, temperature and ionic strength on the adsorption of As(V) were investigated by batch adsorption experiments. The results indicated that iron (mainly present as hematite) in the ISSA was rearranged to Fe(SO4)OH. The modified ISSA showed an excellent adsorption potential for As(V) under acidic conditions and the adsorption capacity was around 9 times of the unmodified ISSA at pH 2-3. The adsorption process was fast during the first 2 h and reached an equilibrium at around 6 h. The Freundlich model could well fit the adsorption isotherm data, the presence of NO3- and Cl- had a negligible influence on the As(V) removal by the modified ISSA, while PO43- and SO42- could significantly suppress As(V) removal via competitive adsorption. After 3 cycles of regeneration, the modified ISSA still showed a satisfying adsorption capacity. As(V) was removed by the modified ISSA mainly through ligand exchange reaction with hydroxyl oxygen (OH-) to form inner-sphere complexes. Therefore, the modified ISSA can be a promising material for As(V) removal from wastewater in particular due to the waste recycling potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengya Gao
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, China; Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtse River), Ministry of Agriculture, College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Qiming Wang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, China; IRSM-CAS/HK PolyU Joint Laboratory on Solid Waste Science, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Jing Nie
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, China
| | - Chi Sun Poon
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, China; IRSM-CAS/HK PolyU Joint Laboratory on Solid Waste Science, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong.
| | - Hui Yin
- Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtse River), Ministry of Agriculture, College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Jiang-Shan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Geomechanics and Geotechnical Engineering, Institute of Rock and Soil Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China; IRSM-CAS/HK PolyU Joint Laboratory on Solid Waste Science, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong.
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34
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Extraction and Purification of Phosphorus from the Ashes of Incinerated Biological Sewage Sludge. WATER 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/w13081102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Phosphorus depletion represents a significant problem. Ash of incinerated biological sewage sludge (BSS) contains P, but the presence of heavy metals (e.g., Fe and Al) is the main issue. Based on chemical characterization by SEM-EDS, ED-XRF and ICP-OES techniques, the characteristics and P content of bottom ash (BA) and fly ash (FA) of incinerated BSS were very similar. On BA, P extraction carried out in counter- current with an S:L ratio of 1:10 and H2SO4 0.5 M led to better extraction yields than those of a similar test with H2SO4 1 M and an S:L ratio of 1:5 (93% vs. 86%). Comparing yields with H2SO4 0.5 M (S:L ratio of 1:10), the counter-current method gave better results than those of the crossflow method (93% vs. 83.9%), also improving the performance obtained with HCl in crossflow (93% vs. 89.3%). The results suggest that the purification of the acid extract from heavy metals with pH variation was impractical due to metal precipitation as phosphates. Extraction with H2SO4 and subsequent treatment with isoamyl alcohol represented the best option to extract and purify P, leading to 81% extraction yields of P with low amounts of metals.
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Fiameni L, Assi A, Fahimi A, Valentim B, Moreira K, Predeanu G, Slăvescu V, Vasile BŞ, Nicoară AI, Borgese L, Boniardi G, Turolla A, Canziani R, Bontempi E. Simultaneous amorphous silica and phosphorus recovery from rice husk poultry litter ash. RSC Adv 2021; 11:8927-8939. [PMID: 35423396 PMCID: PMC8695335 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra10120f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The livestock sector is one of the most important sectors of the agricultural economy due to an increase in the demand for animal protein. This increase generates serious waste disposal concerns and has negative environmental consequences. Furthermore, the food production chain needs phosphorus (P), which is listed as a critical raw material due to its high demand and limited availability in Europe. Manure contains large amounts of P and other elements that may be recycled, in the frame of circular economy and "zero waste" principles, and reused as a by-product for fertilizer production and other applications. This paper focuses on the extraction and recovery of amorphous silica from rice husk poultry litter ash. Two different extraction procedures are proposed and compared, and the obtained silica is characterized. This work shows that amorphous silica can be recovered as an almost pure material rendering the residual ash free of P. It also addresses the possibility of more specific phosphorous extraction procedures via acid leaching.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Fiameni
- INSTM and Chemistry for Technologies Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Brescia Via Branze, 38 25123 Brescia Italy
| | - Ahmad Assi
- INSTM and Chemistry for Technologies Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Brescia Via Branze, 38 25123 Brescia Italy
| | - Ario Fahimi
- INSTM and Chemistry for Technologies Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Brescia Via Branze, 38 25123 Brescia Italy
| | - Bruno Valentim
- Instituto de Ciências da Terra (ICT), Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto Rua do Campo Alegre 1021 4169-007 Porto Portugal
| | - Karen Moreira
- Instituto de Ciências da Terra (ICT), Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto Rua do Campo Alegre 1021 4169-007 Porto Portugal
| | - Georgeta Predeanu
- University POLITEHNICA of Bucharest, Research Center for Environmental Protection and Eco-Friendly Technologies (CPMTE) 1 Polizu St. 011061, Sector 1 Bucharest Romania
| | - Valerica Slăvescu
- University POLITEHNICA of Bucharest, Research Center for Environmental Protection and Eco-Friendly Technologies (CPMTE) 1 Polizu St. 011061, Sector 1 Bucharest Romania
| | - Bogdan Ş Vasile
- University POLITEHNICA of Bucharest, National Research Center for Micro and Nanomaterials 6 Iuliu Maniu Bdv. 061344, Sector 6 Bucharest Romania
| | - Adrian I Nicoară
- University POLITEHNICA of Bucharest, National Research Center for Micro and Nanomaterials 6 Iuliu Maniu Bdv. 061344, Sector 6 Bucharest Romania
| | - Laura Borgese
- INSTM and Chemistry for Technologies Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Brescia Via Branze, 38 25123 Brescia Italy
| | - Gaia Boniardi
- Politecnico di Milano, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering (DICA) - Environmental Section Piazza Leonardo da Vinci, 32 20133, Milano Italy
| | - Andrea Turolla
- Politecnico di Milano, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering (DICA) - Environmental Section Piazza Leonardo da Vinci, 32 20133, Milano Italy
| | - Roberto Canziani
- Politecnico di Milano, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering (DICA) - Environmental Section Piazza Leonardo da Vinci, 32 20133, Milano Italy
| | - Elza Bontempi
- INSTM and Chemistry for Technologies Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Brescia Via Branze, 38 25123 Brescia Italy
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Yu X, Nakamura Y, Otsuka M, Omori D, Haruta S. Development of a novel phosphorus recovery system using incinerated sewage sludge ash (ISSA) and phosphorus-selective adsorbent. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2021; 120:41-49. [PMID: 33285373 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2020.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 11/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Phosphorus is an essential nutrient but faces foreseeable resource depletion. The incinerated sewage sludge ash (ISSA) is a promising source for recovering phosphorus. In this study, we proposed a new system for recovering phosphorus from ISSA. This innovative system uses phosphorus-selective adsorbent to purify phosphorus from the ISSA acid leachate. Laboratory scale batch and column tests were performed to demonstrate the feasibility of the system. Note that >70% of phosphorus in ISSA can be recovered as a high-purity recovery product. The product showed a structure similar to hydroxyapatite (Ca5(PO4)3OH). The total amount of Ca, P, and O in the product was above 90 wt%. The content of trace elements (As, Cd, Cr, and Pb) in the product was below the fertilizer limits, suggesting that the health and environmental risks of using fertilizer in agriculture are negligible. The expected costs of the system were estimated. The reusability of the adsorbent can reduce the operational costs to a satisfactory level. This study provides a practical alternative for recovering phosphorus from ISSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolong Yu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China; Graduate School of Agriculture, Ehime University, Tarumi 3-5-7, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-8566, Japan.
| | - Yousuke Nakamura
- Ehime Prefectural Institute of Public Health and Environmental Science, 8-234, Sanbancho, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-0003, Japan
| | - Masanari Otsuka
- Ehime Prefectural Institute of Public Health and Environmental Science, 8-234, Sanbancho, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-0003, Japan
| | - Daisuke Omori
- Daiki Axis Co., Ltd., 1-9-1, Misawa, Matsuyama, Ehime 791-8022, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Haruta
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Ehime University, Tarumi 3-5-7, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-8566, Japan.
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Reuna S, Väisänen A. To incinerate or not? - Effects of incineration on the concentrations of heavy metals and leaching efficiency of post-precipitated sewage sludge (RAVITA™). WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2020; 118:241-246. [PMID: 32916420 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2020.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The major element and heavy metal concentrations of post-precipitated sewage sludge (PPS) and its ash residue (PPA) were determined using microwave digestion followed by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) and mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). To the best of our knowledge, this has not been previously done. In both PPS and PPA the heavy metal concentrations were clearly below the average concentrations than those encountered in sewage sludge in Europe. The leaching efficiency of the metal (Al/ Fe) used as a precipitation agent from post-precipitated sludge and its ash residue with phosphoric acid was also investigated with previously optimized leaching conditions. Tests resulted in leaching efficiencies for Al of 85 ± 1% and 99.5 ± 0.7% for PPS and PPA, respectively which were produced with aluminum as precipitation agent for phosphorus. Sludge, which was produced using iron as a precipitation agent, had a leaching efficiency of Fe 36.6 ± 0.9% and 68.0 ± 1.1%, for PPS and PPA, respectively. The leaching efficiency for P was 94 ± 3% and 96 ± 5% for Al-PPA and Fe-PPA, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sini Reuna
- Department of Chemistry, Renewable Natural Resources, and Chemistry of Living Environment, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, FI-40014 Jyväskylä, Finland.
| | - Ari Väisänen
- Department of Chemistry, Renewable Natural Resources, and Chemistry of Living Environment, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, FI-40014 Jyväskylä, Finland
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38
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Yang X, Wei J, Ye G, Zhao Y, Li Z, Qiu G, Li F, Wei C. The correlations among wastewater internal energy, energy consumption and energy recovery/production potentials in wastewater treatment plant: An assessment of the energy balance. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 714:136655. [PMID: 32018952 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.136655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Revised: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Given the economic and environmental importance of energy use in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), the need to assess the energy balance of WWTPs has become a growing concern. Previous studies have suggested that energy balance or even net energy production may be achieved in WWTPs under specific conditions. However, information regarding the energy consumption and the energy recovery/production potential in WWTPs as a function of the influent characteristics is still very limited. In this paper, by exploring the correlations among wastewater internal energy, energy consumption and energy recovery in WWTPs, a novel net energy consumption (NEC) model was developed for predicting the energy self-sufficiency level of WWTPs. From our results, exponential regression showed a high accuracy in predicting the annual energy consumption, the annual excess sludge production and the bioreactor footprints in WWTPs. Wastewater with more internal energy which is determined by influent chemical oxygen demand (COD) concentration and flow rate, not only leads to higher energy consumption in WWTPs, but also results in an increase in the excess sludge production, bioreactor footprints and wastewater volume. This means that the WWTPs could achieve energy saving or even net energy production by incorporating sludge incineration, photovoltaic (PV) generation and thermal energy recovery. By combing regression analysis with theoretical formula, the annual net energy demand of WWTPs reached -0.187-0.466 kWh·m-3 in the range of wastewater condition studied (the influent COD concentration range of 60-800 mg·L-1 and the flow rate range of 1296-100,000 m3·d-1). The NEC model reveals that the net zero energy consumption may be achieved by integrating the better understandings of wastewater internal energy, energy conversion methods and environmental media energy, which is of value to policy makers for the planning of new WWTPs and provides theoretical support for the selection of available energy recovery methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingzhou Yang
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 51006, PR China
| | - Jingyue Wei
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 51006, PR China; River Basin Research Center, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Guojie Ye
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 51006, PR China
| | - Yasi Zhao
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 51006, PR China
| | - Zemin Li
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 51006, PR China
| | - Guanglei Qiu
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 51006, PR China; The Key Lab of Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, Ministry of Education, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Fusheng Li
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 51006, PR China; River Basin Research Center, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan.
| | - Chaohai Wei
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 51006, PR China; The Key Lab of Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, Ministry of Education, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China.
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39
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Luyckx L, Geerts S, Van Caneghem J. Closing the phosphorus cycle: Multi-criteria techno-economic optimization of phosphorus extraction from wastewater treatment sludge ash. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 713:135543. [PMID: 31785920 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Revised: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The presence of heavy metals in concentrations above legal limit values is one of the main obstacles preventing closure of the phosphorus (P) cycle through directly applying wastewater treatment sludge ash as a fertilizer. Therefore, an alternative procedure is proposed to recover the valuable P from the sludge ash via wet chemical extraction. This comprehensive study uses several inorganic and organic acids, chelating agents and an alkaline solution to establish optimal and cost-effective conditions for wet P extraction from sludge ash. The optimization takes into account co-extraction of the following heavy metals: Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn. Design of experiments results show extraction liquid concentration, liquid/solid ratio and contact time all affect P and heavy metal extraction efficiency, both individually and through interaction. In addition, type of extraction liquid and pH at the end of the extraction procedure also affect P and heavy metal extraction efficiency. Combining results of XRD and SEM-EDX analysis with extraction data shows that at a pH <2, both Ca- and Al-phosphates in the ash dissolve easily. However, at slightly higher pH only Ca-phosphates dissolve well and at alkaline pH only Al-phosphates. The best trade-off between high P extraction, low heavy metal co-extraction and low operational costs is obtained with H2SO4 (0.5 N, 10 ml/g, 120 min) and oxalic acid (0.5 N, 12.8 ml/g, 120 min). H2SO4 outperforms the other extraction liquids in terms of extraction liquid costs per kg P extracted, whereas extraction with oxalic acid results in the lowest heavy metal co-extraction, thus reducing the downstream processing costs. None of the extraction liquids considered is appropriate for heavy metal removal prior to P extraction due to loss of P and insufficient heavy metal removal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorien Luyckx
- Materials Technology TC, KU Leuven, Campus Group T, Andreas Vesaliusstraat 13, box 2600, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Sam Geerts
- Aquafin NV, Dijkstraat 8, 2630 Aartselaar, Belgium
| | - Jo Van Caneghem
- Materials Technology TC, KU Leuven, Campus Group T, Andreas Vesaliusstraat 13, box 2600, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
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Ping Q, Lu X, Li Y, Mannina G. Effect of complexing agents on phosphorus release from chemical-enhanced phosphorus removal sludge during anaerobic fermentation. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2020; 301:122745. [PMID: 31954968 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2020.122745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Phosphorus (P) release from sludge containing phosphate precipitates (FePs or AlPs) as well as the anaerobic performance with the addition of complexing agents (citric, tartaric and EDTA) during ambient anaerobic fermentation process were investigated. Results showed that citrate addition was the most effective method to enhance P release from inorganic phosphate by chelation and promote volatile fatty acids (VFAs) production simultaneously during anaerobic fermentation. Equimolar citrate addition with chemical precipitates was the optimal dosage. Microbial analysis revealed that EDTA has the strongest inhibitory effect on microbial activity and community structure, while citrate was more effective in enhancing important acidifying microorganisms than tartrate and EDTA. Therefore, citrate addition can be regarded as an alternative and promising method to recover P and carbon source from sludge containing chemical precipitates. These important discoveries will help to enrich P recovery path from sludge produced in the chemical-enhanced P removal treatment processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Ping
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China
| | - Xiao Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China
| | - Yongmei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, PR China.
| | - Giorgio Mannina
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China; Engineering Department, Palermo University, Viale delle Scienze, ed. 8, 90128 Palermo, Italy
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41
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Chen J, Tang S, Yan F, Zhang Z. Efficient recovery of phosphorus in sewage sludge through hydroxylapatite enhancement formation aided by calcium-based additives. WATER RESEARCH 2020; 171:115450. [PMID: 31901684 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2019.115450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Revised: 12/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/27/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Reclaiming abundant phosphorus from sewage sludge (SS) via pyrolysis for use as a fertilizer has gained increasing attention owing to the rapid depletion of global P reserves. In this study, the enhancement effect of Ca-based additives on sludge P transformation to hydroxylapatite through pyrolysis was systematically investigated. Three Ca-based additives were added in the pyrolysis of SS, and they were found to promote the conversion of sludge P to hydroxylapatite, which is bioavailable to plants. The characterization of the sludge-derived pyrochars indicated that the addition of 10% CaO, 5% Ca(OH)2, or 10% Ca3(PO4)2 facilitated peak hydroxylapatite production. The thermodynamic simulation of the production of hydroxylapatite during pyrolysis showed that these additives increased the enthalpy of the pyrolysis system. Furthermore, the pyrolysis with CaO addition had the lowest enthalpy, thereby suggesting that the addition of CaO during sludge pyrolysis was preferable for recovering sludge P in the form of hydroxylapatite. Moreover, the hydroxylapatite produced with these additives was unstable when the pyrolysis temperature was above 900 °C. The pot experiment demonstrated the feasibility using the sludge-derived pyrochars as P fertilizer for plant growth. Therefore, changing the Ca form and/or Ca/P ratio with the addition of Ca-based additives could be an effective strategy for reclaiming P from SS in the form of hydroxylapatite, and this demonstrates a pathway for global P sustainability by recycling P from P-abundant wastes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Chen
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil and Groundwater Pollution Control, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, PR China; School of Environmental, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150091, PR China
| | - Siqi Tang
- Department of Energy and Resources Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, PR China
| | - Feng Yan
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil and Groundwater Pollution Control, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, PR China; The Key Laboratory of Municipal Solid Waste Recycling Technology and Management of Shenzhen City, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, PR China
| | - Zuotai Zhang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil and Groundwater Pollution Control, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, PR China; The Key Laboratory of Municipal Solid Waste Recycling Technology and Management of Shenzhen City, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, PR China.
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42
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Technological Challenges of Phosphorus Removal in High-Phosphorus Ores: Sustainability Implications and Possibilities for Greener Ore Processing. SUSTAINABILITY 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/su11236787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
With the present rates of iron ore consumption, currently unusable, high-phosphorus iron ore deposits are likely to be the iron ores of the future as higher-grade iron ore reserves are depleted. Consequently, the design and timely development of environmentally-benign processes for the simultaneous beneficiation of high-phosphorus iron ores and phosphorus recovery, currently a technological challenge, might soon become a sustainability challenge. To stimulate interest in this area, phosphorus adsorption and association in iron oxides/hydroxyoxides, and current efforts at its removal, have been reviewed. The important properties of the most relevant crystalline phosphate phases in iron ores are highlighted, and insights provided on plausible routes for the development of sustainable phosphorus recovery solutions from high-phosphorus iron ores. Leveraging literature information from geochemical investigations into phosphorus distribution, speciation, and mobility in various natural systems, key knowledge gaps that are vital for the development of sustainable phosphorus removal/recovery strategies and important factors (white spaces) not yet adequately taken into consideration in current phosphorus removal/recovery solutions are highlighted, and the need for their integration in the development of future phosphorus removal/recovery solutions, as well as their plausible impacts on phosphorus removal/recovery, are put into perspective.
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43
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Ali AM, Nesse AS, Eich-Greatorex S, Sogn TA, Aanrud SG, Aasen Bunæs JA, Lyche JL, Kallenborn R. Organic contaminants of emerging concern in Norwegian digestates from biogas production. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2019; 21:1498-1508. [PMID: 31257390 DOI: 10.1039/c9em00175a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to analyze a variety of environmental organic contaminants of emerging concern (CEC) and their metabolites in representative digestate samples from Norwegian biogas production plants. Biogas digestates can be a valuable source for soil amendments and/or fertilizers in commercial agriculture. It is important to assess whether the digestates contain harmful contaminants in order to avoid unintended exposure of human consumers. In total 19 biogas digestates from 12 biogas production plants in Norway were collected and analyzed. Furthermore, process related parameters such as pretreatment of substrates, additives, flocculation and temperature conditions were considered for interpretation of the results. The CEC levels found in the digestates were shown to be dependent on the original composition of the substrate, dry-matter content, and conditioning of the substrate. The sunscreen octocrylene (147 μg L-1) and acetaminophen (paracetamol; 58.6 μg L-1) were found at the highest concentrations in liquid digestates, whereas octocrylene (>600 ng g-1, on a wet weight basis = ww) and the flame retardant TCPP (tris(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate, >500 ng g-1 ww) were found at the highest levels in solid digestates, exceeding even the upper limit of quantification (uLOQ) threshold. The highest levels of total CECs were measured in solid digestates (1411 ng g-1 ww) compared to liquid digestates (354 μg L-1 equals 354 ng g-1). The occurrence of CECs in digestate samples, even after extensive and optimized anaerobic digestion, indicates that the operational conditions of the treatment process should be adjusted in order to minimize CEC contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aasim M Ali
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science (KBM), Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), NO-1432 Aas, Norway.
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Meng X, Huang Q, Xu J, Gao H, Yan J. A review of phosphorus recovery from different thermal treatment products of sewage sludge. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s42768-019-00007-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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45
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Liang S, Chen H, Zeng X, Li Z, Yu W, Xiao K, Hu J, Hou H, Liu B, Tao S, Yang J. A comparison between sulfuric acid and oxalic acid leaching with subsequent purification and precipitation for phosphorus recovery from sewage sludge incineration ash. WATER RESEARCH 2019; 159:242-251. [PMID: 31100578 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2019.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Revised: 05/05/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Wet chemical approach is widely applied for P extraction from incinerated sewage sludge ash (ISSA) due to the relatively simple process and low lost. In this study, H2SO4 and H2C2O4 were compared to recover P from ISSA through three steps of acid leaching, cation exchange resin (CER) purification and precipitation. Transformations of P speciation and mineral phases in ISSA from 600 to 900 °C were studied. The results showed that the ISSA samples were mainly composed of inorganic P (IP), and part of non-apatite IP (NAIP, mainly AlPO4) would transform to apatite P (AP, Ca3(PO4)2) with the increase in temperature. The ratio of NAIP to IP dropped from 71.9% at 600 °C to 53.7% at 900 °C. Effect of acid concentration on the leaching efficiency of P from the ISSA samples incinerated at different temperatures by H2SO4 and H2C2O4 was investigated, and the leaching behaviors of key elements of P, Ca, Al and Fe were compared. H2C2O4 exhibited a better performance than H2SO4 for the leaching efficiency of P. Severe sintering of ash particles occurred at temperature >800 °C inhibited the P leaching by H2SO4. During CER purification, the impurity elements in the H2SO4 leachate were easily removed by CER, whereas the Al and Fe elements in the H2C2O4 leachate were hardly removed due to the formation of anionic complexes between Al3+/Fe3+ and oxalic ions. Finally, high-purity struvite product was synthesized from the purified H2SO4 leachate, which could be directly utilized as a fertilizer with negligible environmental risk. Amorphous aluminum and iron hydroxyphosphates were obtained from the H2C2O4 leachate. This study provides insights for P recovery from ISSA samples by different acid leaching systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sha Liang
- School of Environmental Science & Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, China; Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Solid Waste Treatment, Disposal and Recycling, 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, China
| | - Haoming Chen
- School of Environmental Science & Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, China
| | - Xiaohui Zeng
- School of Environmental Science & Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, China
| | - Zhibin Li
- School of Environmental Science & Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, China
| | - Wenbo Yu
- School of Environmental Science & Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, China; Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Solid Waste Treatment, Disposal and Recycling, 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, China.
| | - Keke Xiao
- School of Environmental Science & Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, China; Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Solid Waste Treatment, Disposal and Recycling, 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, China
| | - Jingping Hu
- School of Environmental Science & Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, China; Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Solid Waste Treatment, Disposal and Recycling, 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, China
| | - Huijie Hou
- School of Environmental Science & Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, China; Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Solid Waste Treatment, Disposal and Recycling, 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, China
| | - Bingchuan Liu
- School of Environmental Science & Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, China; Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Solid Waste Treatment, Disposal and Recycling, 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, China
| | - Shuangyi Tao
- School of Environmental Science & Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, China
| | - Jiakuan Yang
- School of Environmental Science & Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, China; Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Solid Waste Treatment, Disposal and Recycling, 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, China; State Key Laboratory of Coal Combustion, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, China.
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Liu XP, Bi QF, Qiu LL, Li KJ, Yang XR, Lin XY. Increased risk of phosphorus and metal leaching from paddy soils after excessive manure application: Insights from a mesocosm study. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 666:778-785. [PMID: 30812011 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.02.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Revised: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Livestock manure has gradually become an alternative fertilizer for maintaining soil fertility, whereas excessive application of manure leads to the release of phosphorus (P) and toxic metals that may cause complex environmental risks. To investigate the accumulation and migration of P within soil profiles, a mesocosm experiment was conducted to analyze the content and leaching of soil P, metals, and dissolved organic carbon after different fertilization treatments, including control (no fertilizer, CK), chemical fertilizer (CF), chemical fertilizer combined low (CF + LPM) and high (CF + HPM) rate of manure application. Results showed that a high rate of manure application significantly enhanced the accumulation of total soil P (by ~14%) and P availability (easily-available P, by ~24%; Olsen-P, by ~20%) in topsoil, and also increased the content of easily-available organic P (EA-Po) in both topsoil and subsoil compared to the CK treatment. The migration of dissolved inorganic and organic P (DIP and DOP) in leachate within soil profiles was strengthened by manure application. Moreover, significant positive correlations between P, metals, and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in leachate indicated that downward co-migration occurred within the soil profiles, and also suggested that excessive manure application can intensify the risk of P loss by increasing the migration of manure-derived DOC. Overall, our findings provide insights into P accumulation and migration within soil profiles after excessive manure application, which is useful for predicting the potential risk of P and metal leaching from paddy soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi-Peng Liu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Resources and Environment, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Qing-Fang Bi
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Resources and Environment, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; Department of Microbiology and Ecosystem Science, University of Vienna, Vienna A-1090, Austria
| | - Lin-Lin Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210046, China
| | - Ke-Jie Li
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Resources and Environment, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xiao-Ru Yang
- Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Xian-Yong Lin
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Resources and Environment, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Key Laboratory of Environment Remediation and Ecological Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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47
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Meng X, Liu X, Huang Q, Gao H, Tay K, Yan J. Recovery of phosphate as struvite from low-temperature combustion sewage sludge ash (LTCA) by cation exchange. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2019; 90:84-93. [PMID: 31088676 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2019.04.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Revised: 04/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
As a phosphorus-rich material, low-temperature combustion sewage sludge ash (LTCA) contains over 9 wt% content of phosphorus (P) and a large proportion of impurities, especially the content of Fe arrives at 14.59 wt%. To fully utilize LTCA as a fertilizer, this study investigated a procedure for P recovery from LTCA via struvite crystallization with fewer impurities. The adsorption characteristics of P and Fe by cation exchange resin (CER) were explored by simulating using the macroscopic parametric equation Thomas model. Optimum purification conditions for P-rich leachate by cation exchange column method were determined. Results showed that approximately 97.21 wt% of P was extracted from LTCA at HCl concentration of 0.8 M and liquid/solid ratio of 20.0 ml/g. More than 90 wt% of impurities could be detached by making P-rich leachate flow through cation exchange bed filled by CER at 300 ml/h. The macroscopic parametric equation Thomas model could clearly describe the adsorption characteristics of Fe in P-rich leachate by CER. Theoretical basis for purification of high concentration Fe in P-rich leachate by CER was provided. Approximately 84.04 wt% of total P in LTCA was recovered as struvite crystal which had low concentrations of heavy metals (5.96 mg/kg for Cr, 45.21 mg/kg for Cu, 29.67 mg/kg for Ni, 2.24 mg/kg for Pb, and 290.6 mg/kg for Zn) and could be eco-friendly for agricultural application. X-ray diffraction and SEM-EDS analysis validated the formation of struvite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangdong Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Institute for Thermal Power Engineering of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Xiaoji Liu
- China National Environmental Protection Group, A15, Jieneng Mansion, No. 42 Xizhimen North Street, Haidian District, Beijing 100082, China
| | - Qunxing Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Institute for Thermal Power Engineering of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China.
| | - Huaping Gao
- College of Environmental Science & Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, China
| | - Kangrou Tay
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Institute for Thermal Power Engineering of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Jianhua Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Institute for Thermal Power Engineering of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
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48
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Leaching kinetics on the removal of phosphorus from waste phosphogypsum by application of shrinking core model. SOUTH AFRICAN JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sajce.2018.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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49
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Reuna S, Väisänen A. Optimizing the H 3PO 4 leaching conditions of post-precipitated sewage sludge using response surface methodology. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2018; 226:70-75. [PMID: 30114574 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Revised: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The leaching procedure of post-precipitated aluminium phosphate sludge with dilute phosphoric acid was developed. The leaching offers a route to recover both critical phosphorous from sewage sludge and the metal used in precipitation. Using phosphoric acid as leaching solution makes it possible to continue the recovery process without the need to remove chloride or sulfate anions. The optimization of the leaching was based on experimental three-level-four-variable central composite face-centered design. The four variables included were acid concentration, volume of acid, temperature and time of leaching. The leaching was conducted for dewatered and water-containing sludge (total solid content 3-4%) and for both second-order regression models were obtained. For water-containing sludge optimal conditions for leaching are solid to liquid ratio (S/L) 400 gL-1, a temperature of 60 °C and a leaching time of 6 h. For the dewatered sludge, optimal leaching is attained when S/L ratio 119 gL-1 with 2 M acid is used at a temperature of 20 °C. The obtained results enable the developing of full-scale process where phosphate in the sludge is refined to phosphorous acid and metal used in sludge production recycled back to precipitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sini Reuna
- Department of Chemistry, Renewable Natural Resources and Chemistry of Living Environment, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, FI-40014, Jyväskylä, Finland.
| | - Ari Väisänen
- Department of Chemistry, Renewable Natural Resources and Chemistry of Living Environment, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, FI-40014, Jyväskylä, Finland
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50
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Effects of Commonly Occurring Metal Ions on Hydroxyapatite Crystallization for Phosphorus Recovery from Wastewater. WATER 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/w10111619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Hydroxyapatite crystallization for phosphorus recovery and removal from wastewater has attracted considerable attention for its potential economic and environmental benefits because hydroxyapatite can used as an effective compound fertilizer containing phosphorus (P) for industrial and agricultural applications. As hydroxyapatite is obtained through precipitation and crystallization from wastewater, it is important to evaluate the roles of metal ions commonly found in wastewater during the hydroxyapatite crystallization process. Batch crystallization experiments were conducted to investigate the influence of Mg2+, Fe3+, Cu2+, and Zn2+ on P removal efficiency, and crystallized products were characterized using scanning electron microscopy as well as energy dispersive spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction. The presence of Mg2+ improved the phosphorus removal rate, but hydroxyapatite crystalline purity was reduced due to the co-precipitation of struvite and hydroxyapatite. Fe3+ and Cu2+ did not significantly affect the crystalline structure of hydroxyapatite because the two metal ions easily formed hydroxyl metal compounds with low solubility in alkaline solution, which is rarely involved directly in the hydroxyapatite crystallization process. There was strong background interference from Zn2+ on the hydroxyapatite X-ray diffraction spectra, indicating that the crystallized products comprised a mixture of several amorphous substances. A comprehensive understanding of the effects of metal ions on hydroxyapatite crystallization will help improve the quality of hydroxyapatite products recovered from wastewater.
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