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Yang H, Peng J, Peng H, Zeng H, Yu J, Wu J, Wang X. Dicationic imidazole ionic liquid stationary phase for preservative detection and its application under mixed mode of HILIC/RPLC/IEC. Anal Chim Acta 2024; 1303:342504. [PMID: 38609259 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2024.342504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Revised: 03/17/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Food safety has always been a great concern, and the detection of additives is vital to ensuring food safety. Therefore, there is a necessity to develop a method that can quickly and efficiently separate and detect additives in food. High performance liquid chromatography is widely used in the analysis and testing of food additives. Ionic liquids have attracted wide attention in the preparation of high performance liquid chromatography stationary phases owing to their high stability, low vapor pressure and adjustable structure. RESULTS We developed a novel dicationic imidazole ionic liquid stationary phase for the simultaneous determination of organic preservatives (sodium benzoate, potassium sorbate) and inorganic preservatives (nitrate and nitrite) in foodstuffs under mixed-mode chromatography. The method had the advantages of easy operation, high reproducibility, good linearity and precision. In the detection of these four preservatives, the limit of detection ≤0.4740 mg⋅L-1 and the limit of quantification ≤1.5800 mg⋅L-1. The intra-day and inter-day precision were less than 4.02%, and the recovery rate was 95.90∼100.19 %. At the same time, we also characterized the stationary phase, explored the mechanism and evaluated the chromatographic performance. The stationary phase was able to operate under the mixed mode of reversed phase/hydrophilic interaction/ion exchange chromatography, and it was capable of separating hydrophilic substances, hydrophobic substances, acids, and inorganic anionic substances with good separation efficiency and had high column efficiency. SIGNIFICANCE In summary, the stationary phase has a promising application in the routine analysis of organic and inorganic preservatives in food. In addition, the stationary phase has good separation ability for hydrophilic, hydrophobic, ionic substances and complex samples, making it a prospective material for chromatographic separation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanqi Yang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Jingdong Peng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China.
| | - Huanjun Peng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Hanlin Zeng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Jiayu Yu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Jiajia Wu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Xiang Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
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Liu H, Wu Z, Chen J, Wang J, Qiu H. Recent advances in chiral liquid chromatography stationary phases for pharmaceutical analysis. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1708:464367. [PMID: 37714014 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.464367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/17/2023]
Abstract
Chirality is a common phenomenon in nature. Different enantiomers of chiral drug compounds have obvious differences in their effects on the human body. Therefore, the separation of chiral drugs plays an extremely important role in the safe utilization of drugs. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) is an effective tool for the separation and analysis of compounds, in which the chromatographic packing plays a key role in the separation. Chiral pharmaceutical separation and analysis in HPLC rely on chiral stationary phases (CSPs). Thus, various CSPs are being developed to meet the needs of chiral drug separation and analysis. In this review, recent developments in CSPs, including saccharides (cyclodextrin, cellulose, amylose and chitosan), macrocycles (macrocyclic glycopeptides, pillar[n]arene and polyamide) and porous organic materials (metal-organic frameworks, covalent organic frameworks, and porous organic cages), for pharmaceutical analysis in HPLC were summarized, the advantages and disadvantages of various stationary phases were introduced, and their development prospects were discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huifeng Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Chemistry of Northwestern Plant Resources and Key Laboratory for Natural Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China; Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China
| | - Zhihai Wu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Chemistry of Northwestern Plant Resources and Key Laboratory for Natural Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Jia Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Chemistry of Northwestern Plant Resources and Key Laboratory for Natural Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China.
| | - Jianhua Wang
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China
| | - Hongdeng Qiu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Chemistry of Northwestern Plant Resources and Key Laboratory for Natural Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China.
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3
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Liu H, Chen J, Chen M, Wang J, Qiu H. Recent development of chiral ionic liquids for enantioseparation in liquid chromatography and capillary electrophoresis: A review. Anal Chim Acta 2023; 1274:341496. [PMID: 37455089 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2023.341496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 06/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Ionic liquids (ILs), which are salts in a molten state below 100 °C, have become a hot topic of research in various fields because of their negligible vapour pressure, high thermal stability, and tunable viscosity. Chiral ionic liquids (CILs) can be applied in chromatography and capillary electrophoresis fields to improve the performance of enantiomeric separation, such as chiral stationary phases (CSPs) and mobile phase additives in high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC); CSPs in gas chromatography (GC); and background electrolyte additives (BGE), chiral ligands and chiral selectors (CSs) in capillary electrophoresis (CE). This review focuses on the applications of CILs in HPLC and CE for the separation of enantiomers in the past five years. The mechanism for separating enantiomers was explained, and the prospect of the application of CILs in chiral liquid chromatography (LC) and CE analysis was also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huifeng Liu
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819, China; CAS Key Laboratory of Chemistry of Northwestern Plant Resources and Key Laboratory for Natural Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Jia Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Chemistry of Northwestern Plant Resources and Key Laboratory for Natural Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China.
| | - Mingli Chen
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819, China
| | - Jianhua Wang
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819, China.
| | - Hongdeng Qiu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Chemistry of Northwestern Plant Resources and Key Laboratory for Natural Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou, 341000, China.
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4
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Yang Y, Zhou J, Liang Q, Dai X, Yang H, Wan M, Ou J, Liao M, Wang L. Comparing the separation performance of poly(ethyleneimine) embedded butyric and octanoic acid based chromatographic stationary phases. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1706:464268. [PMID: 37544237 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.464268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2023] [Revised: 07/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
Poly(ethyleneimine) (PEI) modified silica spheres were used to graft butyric acid and octanoic acid onto their surfaces, forming two stationary phases named Sil-PEI-BAD and Sil-PEI-CAD, respectively. Characterized methods including fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), elemental analysis (EA) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) were utilized to determine the successful synthesis of these two stationary phase materials. The chromatographic performance of these two stationary phases was analyzed with hydrophobic and hydrophilic compounds as analytes. Compared with Sil-PEI-CAD column, Sil-PEI-BAD column was more effective in separating hydrophilic compounds including nucleosides, alkaloids and vitamins. Hydrophobic substances including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and alkylbenzenes obtained excellent separation results on Sil-PEI-CAD column than Sil-PEI-BAD column. Additionally, according to the separation of phenols, Sil-PEI-CAD column can be used in HILIC/RPLC mixed-mode. The results showed that the properties and retention mechanisms of the prepared stationary phases depended on the length of the alkyl chains bonded on the silica surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaxin Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, 646000, China
| | - Jingqiu Zhou
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, 646000, China
| | - Qiaojie Liang
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, 646000, China
| | - Xuemei Dai
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, 646000, China
| | - Honglin Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, 646000, China
| | - Meijun Wan
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, 646000, China
| | - Jing Ou
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, 646000, China
| | - Meifang Liao
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, 646000, China
| | - Lujun Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, 646000, China; State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources (Guangxi Normal University), Guilin, 541004, China; Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology, Ministry of Education, Institute of Cardiovascular Research of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, 646000, China.
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5
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Luo P, Peng J, Peng H, Zhang Z, Chen J, Fan K, Wang X. Preparation of three regioisomeric ionic liquid stationary phases and investigation of their retention behavior. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1689:463773. [PMID: 36628808 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.463773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 01/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The structural properties of ionic liquid stationary phases have a considerable effect on their separation selectivity. However, the difference of the chromatographic retention behavior of different regioisomeric ionic liquid stationary phases has rarely been investigated. In this study, three regioisomeric ionic liquid silane reagents were prepared by photoinitiated ene-click chemistry and bonded to silica by one-pot method to fabricate three new stationary phases (Sil-C2Im-C8, Sil-C6Im-C4, and Sil-C9Im-C1). All three stationary phases showed promising retention repeatability and efficiency. The retention behavior of the three stationary phases was investigated under various chromatographic conditions. The retention mechanism was further investigated by the linear energy solvation relationship and Van't Hoff plots. The stationary phases exhibited mixed-mode retention mechanisms. The π-π, hydrogen bonding, ion-exchange, and hydrophilic interactions with analytes were the weakest when the imidazole ions were embedded in the innermost part of the alkyl chains, while the interactions were the strongest when the imidazole ions were embedded in the middle of the alkyl chains. The three stationary phases provided great but different separation performances towards nucleosides, nucleobases, aromatic acids, alkyl benzenes, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons due to the influence of imidazole ion position.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan Luo
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engieering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Jingdong Peng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engieering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.
| | - Huanjun Peng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engieering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Zilong Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engieering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Jun Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engieering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Kun Fan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engieering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Xiang Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engieering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
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6
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Sun HF, Cui YY, Zhen CQ, Yang CX. Monomer-mediated fabrication of microporous organic network@silica microsphere for reversed-phase/hydrophilic interaction mixed-mode chromatography. Talanta 2023; 251:123763. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2022.123763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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7
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Zhao C, Yan S, Liu J, Xiong Z, Zhao L. Octadecylamine and serine-derived carbon dots-modified silica gel for reversed phase/hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography. Microchem J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2022.107987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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8
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Yaşar Mumin M, Aral H, Sunkur M, Aral T. A New Mixed‐Mode Stationary Phase Derived from [2‐(3,4‐epoxycyclohexyl)ethyl]trimethoxysilane as a Coupling Reagent and Its RPLC/HILIC/IEC Applications. ChemistrySelect 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202204069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Yaşar Mumin
- Batman University Institute of Graduate Studies Department of Chemistry Batman Turkey
| | - Hayriye Aral
- Batman University Technical Sciences Vocational School Batman Turkey
| | - Murat Sunkur
- Batman University Faculty of Science and Art Department of Chemistry Batman Turkey
| | - Tarık Aral
- Batman University Faculty of Science and Art Department of Chemistry Batman Turkey
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9
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Ingenious introduction of aminopropylimidazole to tune the hydrophobic selectivity of dodecyl-bonded stationary phase for environmental organic pollutants. Microchem J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2022.107933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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10
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β-Cyclodextrin-ionic liquid functionalized chiral composite membrane for enantioseparation of drugs and molecular simulation. J Memb Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2022.120870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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11
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Comparing the chromatographic performance of benzene and aniline end capped stationary phase synthesized by click chemistry. Microchem J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2022.107840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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12
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Yang JC, Gao S, Zhang JH, Lv HT, Wu Q. Ionic liquid and octadecylamine co-derived carbon dots for multi-mode high performance liquid chromatography. Microchem J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2022.107932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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13
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Blue LE. One-Dimensional Simultaneous Achiral and Chiral Analysis. LCGC NORTH AMERICA 2022. [DOI: 10.56530/lcgc.na.yy3879t6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Most molecules with therapeutic value have at least one chiral center, requiring resolution of both achiral and chiral impurities. Separate achiral and chiral methods are the most used methodologies, but two-dimensional (2D) methods and columns in series have also been implemented. Having a mixed-mode column that can provide both achiral and chiral resolution in one-dimension (1D) would significantly improve impurity profile understanding and reduce testing workload.
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14
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Fan C, Chen J, Li H, Quan K, Qiu H. Preparation and evaluation of two silica-based hydrophilic-hydrophobic and acid-base balanced stationary phases via in-situ surface polymerization. J Chromatogr A 2022; 1667:462912. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2022.462912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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15
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Guo Y. A Survey of Polar Stationary Phases for Hydrophilic Interaction Chromatography and Recent Progress in Understanding Retention and Selectivity. Biomed Chromatogr 2022; 36:e5332. [PMID: 35001408 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.5332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Various polar stationary phases have become available for hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC) and help drive continuous applications in biomedical, environmental and pharmaceutical areas in the past decade. Although the stationary phases for HILIC have been reviewed previously, it is an appropriate time to take another look at the progresses during the past five years. The current review provides an overview of the polar stationary phases commercially available for HILIC applications in an effort to assist scientists in selecting suitable columns. New types of stationary phase that were published in literature in the past five years are summarized and discussed. The trend in stationary phase research and development is also highlighted. Of particular interest is the experimental evidence for direct interactions of polar analytes with the ligands of the stationary phases under HILIC conditions. In addition, two different approaches have been developed to delineate the relative significance of the partitioning and adsorption mechanisms in HILIC, representing an important advancement in our understanding of the retention mechanisms in HILIC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Guo
- School of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Fairleigh Dickinson University, New Jersey, USA
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16
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Zhong Z, Chu Z, Dong Z, Zhang W, Zhang L. The separation characteristics and performance evaluation of the silica-based poly(pentabromostyrene) stationary phase in capillary electrochromatography. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2021; 13:5764-5771. [PMID: 34816827 DOI: 10.1039/d1ay01594j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
A mixed-mode capillary column packed with silica-based poly(pentabromostyrene) particles (denoted as SiO2@pPBS) was prepared and applied to capillary electrochromatography (CEC) separation. With the presence of benzene rings and bromine atoms in polymer chains, the SiO2@pPBS column provides a reversed-phase/hydrophilic mixed-mode retention mechanism owing to hydrophilic, hydrophobic and π-π interactions between the stationary phase and various analytes, including alkylbenzenes, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, nucleosides, phenols and anilines. In CEC mode, the separation behavior of charged solutes is not only related to the interaction with the stationary phase, but also influenced by electrophoretic effects, which may lead to different selectivities compared to high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). A column efficiency of up to 1.22 × 105 N m-1 was achieved for p-chloroaniline. Besides, the RSDs of retention time of anilines for run to run (n = 5), day to day (n = 5) and column to column (n = 3) were all less than 4.4%. Finally, the SiO2@pPBS capillary column was applied to the separation of coking wastewater with satisfactory results. All the results demonstrated that the SiO2@pPBS capillary packed column with RP/HILIC mixed-mode has great application potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihua Zhong
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China.
| | - Zhanying Chu
- Technology Innovation Center of Mass Spectrometry for State Market Regulation, Center for Advanced Measurement Science, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing, 100029, PR China
| | - Ziyi Dong
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China.
| | - Weibing Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China.
| | - Lingyi Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China.
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Zheng Y, Wan M, Zhou J, Dai X, Yang H, Xia Z, Wang L. One-pot method for the synthesis of β-cyclodextrin and covalent organic framework functionalized chiral stationary phase with mixed-mode retention mechanism. J Chromatogr A 2021; 1662:462731. [PMID: 34915189 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2021.462731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
As a welcomed porous material, covalent organic frameworks (COFs) have many advantages and are widely used in various aspects. Particularly, COFs have aroused great attentions of scientists in chromatographic separation field due to their outstanding advantages, such as high stability, large specific surface area and multiple voids. However, endowing COFs with chirality to construct chiral stationary phase (CSP) function is still facing many challenges. Here, we firstly prepared a β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) and covalent organic framework functional silica CSP named as COF@CD@SiO2 by one-pot method to perform high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) chiral separation. The morphology and structure of the synthesized stationary phase were investigated by a variety of characterization methods including Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (FT-IR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), N2 adsorption experiment, powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) and elemental analysis (EA). The prepared stationary phase realized fast separation of six enantiomers in a short time. The separation mechanism was mainly ascribed to the inclusion complexation of β-cyclodextrin and the mutli-interaction sites from COFs material. In conclusion, the prepared chiral column can be used to achieve fast separation of enantiomers with good stability and reproducibility. These results can open new avenue for using chiral COFs in liquid chromatographic separation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunchao Zheng
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, China
| | - Meijun Wan
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, China
| | - Jingqiu Zhou
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, China
| | - Xuemei Dai
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, China
| | - Honglin Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, China
| | - Zhining Xia
- School of Pharmacy, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China.
| | - Lujun Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, China; Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology, Ministry of Education, Institute of Cardiovascular Research of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, China.
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18
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Zhang JH, Xie SM, Yuan LM. Recent progress in the development of chiral stationary phases for high-performance liquid chromatography. J Sep Sci 2021; 45:51-77. [PMID: 34729907 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202100593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Separations and analyses of chiral compounds are important in many fields, including pharmaceutical production, preparation of chemical intermediates, and biochemistry. High-performance liquid chromatography using a chiral stationary phase is regarded as one of the most valuable methods for enantiomeric separation and analysis because it is highly efficient, is broadly applicable, and has powerful separation capability. The focus for development of this method is the identification of novel chiral stationary phases with superior recognition performance and good stability. The present article reviews recent progress in the development of new chiral stationary phases for high-performance liquid chromatography between January 2018 and June 2021. These newly reported chiral stationary phases are divided into three categories: small organic molecule-based (cyclodextrin and its derivatives, macrocyclic antibiotics, cinchona alkaloids, and other low molecular weight chiral molecules), macromolecule-based (cellulose and amylose derivatives, chitin and chitosan derivatives, and synthetic helical polymers) and chiral porous material-based (chiral metal-organic frameworks, chiral covalent organic frameworks, and chiral inorganic mesoporous silicas). Each type of chiral stationary phase is discussed in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Hui Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, P. R. China
| | - Sheng-Ming Xie
- Department of Chemistry, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, P. R. China
| | - Li-Ming Yuan
- Department of Chemistry, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, P. R. China
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19
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Wu Q, Hou X, Lv H, Li H, Zhao L, Qiu H. Synthesis of octadecylamine-derived carbon dots and application in reversed phase/hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2021; 1656:462548. [PMID: 34537657 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2021.462548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
In order to make up for the deficiencies of traditional C18 column for separating strong polar compounds, combined with the good hydrophilicity of carbon dots (CDs), novel octadecylamine-derived CDs denoted as C18-CDs are designed, synthesized and applied in RPLC/HILIC mixed-mode chromatography with good separation performance towards both hydrophobic and hydrophilic compounds. C18-CDs are synthesized by simple one-step solvothermal method using octadecylamine and citric acid as carbon sources, and C18-CDs with proper polarity are collected through column chromatography purification. This C18-CDs decorated silica column showed good separation performance for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and alkylbenzenes under RPLC mode. Hydrophilic compounds including sulfonamides, nucleosides and nucleobases also achieved good resolution in HILIC mode. Hydrophobic and π-π stacking interactions play major retaining roles in RPLC, whereas hydrophilic partitioning and hydrogen bond interactions turn to the main retention interactions under HILIC mode. This C18-CDs/SiO2 column was applied for the fast detection of chloramphenicol in milk without complex sample pretreatment process. Quantitative relationship between the peak area and the concentration of chloramphenicol was established with linear equation of A = 1677c + 173. Satisfactory spiked recoveries in the range of 94.1-109.0% were obtained. This work not only proposes a simple method for improving the polarity of C18 column through forming octadecane into CDs, but also provides novel CDs with certain hydrophobicity/hydrophily suitable for mixed-mode chromatography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Wu
- College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, No. 700, Changcheng Road, Chengyang District, Qingdao 266109, China.
| | - Xiudan Hou
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Haitao Lv
- College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, No. 700, Changcheng Road, Chengyang District, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Hui Li
- Key Laboratory of Chemistry of Northwestern Plant Resources and Key laboratory for Natural Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Liang Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Chemistry of Northwestern Plant Resources and Key laboratory for Natural Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Hongdeng Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Chemistry of Northwestern Plant Resources and Key laboratory for Natural Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
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20
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Fan C, Liu B, Li H, Quan K, Chen J, Qiu H. N-Vinyl pyrrolidone and undecylenic acid copolymerized on silica surface as mixed-mode stationary phases for reversed-phase and hydrophilic interaction chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2021; 1655:462534. [PMID: 34509123 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2021.462534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In this work, three new mixed-mode stationary phases were prepared, based on different ratio of N-vinyl pyrrolidone (NVP) copolymerized together with undecylenic acid (UA) on silica microspheres surface without silanization, which named Sil@NVPUA series. The combination of NVP and UA rendered the Sil@NVPUA suitable for reversed-phase liquid chromatography (RPLC) and hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC), and shown excellent methyl, planar, isomers and ion selectivity. Five types of model analytes including eight polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, six alkylbenzenes, eight nucleosides and nucleobases, seven ginsenosides and five oxazolidinones can be well separated on this stationary phase. The preparation method of NVP and UA modified silica-based stationary phase is simple, and it also provides a new idea for the design of synthetic polymers to develop mixed-mode chromatography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Fan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Chemistry of Northwestern Plant Resources and Key Laboratory for Natural Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Bei Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Chemistry of Northwestern Plant Resources and Key Laboratory for Natural Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Hui Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Chemistry of Northwestern Plant Resources and Key Laboratory for Natural Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Kaijun Quan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Chemistry of Northwestern Plant Resources and Key Laboratory for Natural Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Jia Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Chemistry of Northwestern Plant Resources and Key Laboratory for Natural Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Hongdeng Qiu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Chemistry of Northwestern Plant Resources and Key Laboratory for Natural Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
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21
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Zhao Y, Si H, Zhao X, Li H, Ren J, Li S, Wang Q, Zhang J. Fabrication of an allyl-β-cyclodextrin based monolithic column with triallyl isocyanurate as co-crosslinker and its application in separation of lipopeptide antibiotics by HPLC. Microchem J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2021.106462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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22
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Wu D, Ma C, Fan GC, Pan F, Tao Y, Kong Y. Recent advances of the ionic chiral selectors for chiral resolution by chromatography, spectroscopy and electrochemistry. J Sep Sci 2021; 45:325-337. [PMID: 34117714 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202100334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Ionic chiral selectors have been received much attention in the field of asymmetric catalysis, chiral recognition, and preparative separation. It has been shown that the addition of ionic chiral selectors can enhance the recognition efficiency dramatically due to the presence of multiple intermolecular interactions, including hydrogen bond, π-π interaction, van der Waals force, electrostatic ion-pairing interaction, and ionic-hydrogen bond. In the initial research stage of the ionic chiral selectors, most of work center on the application in chromatographic separation (capillary electrophoresis, high-performance liquid chromatography, and gas chromatography). Differently, more and more attention has been paid on the spectroscopy (nuclear magnetic resonance, fluorescence, ultraviolet and visible absorption spectrum, and circular dichroism spectrum) and electrochemistry in recent years. In this tutorial review as regards the ionic chiral selectors, we discuss in detail the structural features, properties, and their application in chromatography, spectroscopy, and electrochemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Datong Wu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials and Technology, School of Petrochemical Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou, P. R. China
| | - Cong Ma
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials and Technology, School of Petrochemical Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou, P. R. China
| | - Gao-Chao Fan
- Key Laboratory of Optic-electric Sensing and Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, MOE, Shandong Key Laboratory of Biochemical Analysis, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, P. R. China
| | - Fei Pan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials and Technology, School of Petrochemical Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou, P. R. China
| | - Yongxin Tao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials and Technology, School of Petrochemical Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou, P. R. China
| | - Yong Kong
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials and Technology, School of Petrochemical Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou, P. R. China
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23
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Zheng Y, Wan M, Zhou J, Luo Q, Gao D, Fu Q, Zeng J, Zu F, Wang L. Striped covalent organic frameworks modified stationary phase for mixed mode chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2021; 1649:462186. [PMID: 34034102 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2021.462186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) have showed expected potential in chromatographic separation due to unique structure and excellent performance. Nowadays, COF materials applied as chromatographic stationary phases is still in its infancy. Here, we modified COF materials on silica using benzene-1,4,5-tetracarboxylic dianhydride (PMDA) and 1,3,5-tris-(4-aminophenyl)triazine (TAPT) monomers by one-pot synthetic method for performing mixed-mode function, named as SiO2@COF. Five characterization methods including thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (FT-IR), elemental analysis (EA) and powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) verified the morphology, structure characteristics and physicochemical properties of the materials. SiO2@COF for performing the separation of polar and nonpolar analytes on high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) achieved the desired results. Retention mechanisms of the constructed SiO2@COF were researched via observing the effects of mobile phase with retention times. Results exhibited that the prepared stationary phase can provide various interaction modes, including hydrophobic, hydrophilic, hydrogen bonding and π-π interactions. In conclusion, the prepared SiO2@COF stationary phase can execute mixed-mode separation abilities and show potential for complex samples analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunchao Zheng
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, China
| | - Meijun Wan
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, China
| | - Jingqiu Zhou
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, China
| | - Qiurong Luo
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, China
| | - Die Gao
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, China
| | - Qifeng Fu
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, China
| | - Jing Zeng
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, China
| | - Fengjiao Zu
- School of Nursing, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, China
| | - Lujun Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, China; Department of Pharmacy, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwes Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China,; Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology, Ministry of Education, Institute of Cardiovascular Research of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, 646000, China.
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24
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Bell DS. Modern Trends in Mixed-Mode Liquid Chromatography (LC) Columns. LCGC NORTH AMERICA 2021. [DOI: 10.56530/lcgc.na.qo9881n6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Commercialization of columns that provide multiple modes of chromatographic separations have recently been on the rise. For example, combinations of retention modes, such as ion-exchange and reversed-phase, often enable the separation of complex mixtures of analytes not possible using single-mode columns. In this work, recent trends in what is often referred to as “mixed-mode” phase are investigated. Particular attention is paid to recent fundamental research, stationary phase development and design, and areas of application.
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