FXR activation protects against NAFLD via bile-acid-dependent reductions in lipid absorption

Association between per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances with serum hepatobiliary system function biomarkers in patients with acute coronary syndrome

Previous studies have suggested that abnormal hepatobiliary system function may contribute to poor prognosis in patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) and that abnormal hepatobiliary system function may be associated with per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) exposure. However, there is limited evidence for this association in cardiovascular subpopulations, particularly in the ACS patients. Therefore, we performed this study to evaluate the association between plasma PFAS exposure and hepatobiliary system function biomarkers in patients with ACS. This study included 546 newly diagnosed ACS patients at the Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, and data on 15 hepatobiliary system function biomarkers were obtained from medical records. Associations between single PFAS and hepatobiliary system function biomarkers were assessed using multiple linear regression models and restricted cubic spline model (RCS), and mixture effects were assessed using the Quantile g-computation model. The results showed that total bile acids (TBA) was negative associated with perfluorohexane sulfonic acid (PFHxS) (-7.69 %, 95 % CI: -12.15 %, -3.01 %). According to the RCS model, linear associations were found between TBA and PFHxS (P for overall = 0.003, P for non-linear = 0.234). We also have observed the association between between PFAS congeners and liver enzyme such as aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and α-l-Fucosidase (AFU), but it was not statistically significant after correction. In addition, Our results also revealed an association between prealbumin (PA) and PFAS congeners as well as mixtures. Our findings have provided a piece of epidemiological evidence on associations between PFAS congeners or mixture, and serum hepatobiliary system function biomarkers in ACS patients, which could be a basis for subsequent mechanism studies.

Emodin-8-O-β-D-glucopyranoside alleviates cholestasis by maintaining intestinal homeostasis and regulating lipids and bile acids metabolism in mice

Cholestatic liver disease(CLD) is caused by impaired bile flow due to obstruction of the biliary tract, and long-term exposure to bile acids in the liver triggers inflammation, eventually leading to liver toxicity and liver fibrosis. Emodin-8-O-β-D-glucopyranoside(EG) is anthraquinone compound that is widely found in traditional Chinese medicine. It possessed antioxidative and anti-inflammatory activities. However, the effect of EG on cholestatic liver injury(CLI) has not been explored. In this study, Alpha-naphthyl isothiocyanate(ANIT)-induced CLI mice were used to investigate the anti-cholestasis and hepatoprotective effects of EG through serum biochemical index detection, non-targeted metabolomics, lipidomics, and intestinal flora 16S rRNA sequencing. The results suggested that EG restores homeostasis of the gut microbiome while regulating bile acids metabolism and lipid-related metabolic pathways to reduce liver damage in ANIT-induced cholestasis. This study provides a new perspective on the mechanism of EG, and help offer a more natural approach to managing liver damage.

Natural bioactive compounds reprogram bile acid metabolism in MAFLD: Multi-target mechanisms and therapeutic implications

Metabolic-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) has become an increasingly prevalent liver disorder worldwide, being closely associated with obesity, metabolic syndrome, and insulin resistance. Bile acids (BAs), beyond their traditional role in lipid digestion, play a pivotal part in regulating lipid and glucose metabolism as well as inflammatory responses. Recent investigations have recognized BAs as key factors in the onset and progression of MAFLD, mainly via their interactions with nuclear receptors such as the farnesoid X receptor (FXR) and the G protein-coupled bile acid receptor (TGR5). Additionally, active compounds derived from traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) have shown promising potential in the treatment of MAFLD. This study systematically reviews and analyzes the molecular mechanisms and recent progress in the application of TCM active ingredients for MAFLD treatment, with a focus on their regulation of BAs. These active ingredients, including saponins, flavonoids, polysaccharides, and sterols, exert therapeutic effects through diverse mechanisms, such as modulating BA synthesis and mediating receptor-signaling pathways, and are expected to restore metabolic homeostasis.

Schisandra chinensis lignans ameliorate hepatic inflammation and steatosis in methionine choline-deficient diet-fed mice by modulating the gut-liver axis

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Schisandra chinensis is used as a traditional Chinese medicine to treat a variety of diseases. Schisandra chinensis lignans (SCL) are one of the most active components extracted from Schisandrae chinensis fructus, exhibit a broad array of pharmacological properties, especially anti-inflammatory and hepatic lipid-lowering effects, suggesting SCL may have potential anti-nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) ability. However, the therapeutic efficacy of SCL against NASH and the underlying mechanism of this action remains unclear.

AIM OF THE STUDY

In the current study, we aimed to investigate the anti-NASH action of SCL and explore the underlying mechanism in vitro and in vivo. We also assess the involvement of the gut-liver axis in the anti-NASH effects of SCL.

METHODS

Palmitic acid (PA)-treated HepG2 cells, mouse primary hepatocytes (MPHs) and methionine-choline deficient (MCD) diet-fed mice were selected as NASH models. ORO staining and qRT-PCR were performed to assess hepatic steatosis and inflammatory responses, respectively. Masson's trichrome staining was used to detect the liver fibrosis. Protein expression was detected by Western blotting or immunohistochemistry. The changes of gut microbiota were analyzed using 16S rDNA sequencing in mice. The levels of metabolites in liver and feces were measured by metabolomics.

RESULTS

The results showed that SCL treatment alleviated steatosis and inflammation in palmitic acid (PA)-treated HepG2 cells and mouse primary hepatocytes (MPHs). SCL treatment suppressed the phosphorylation of key components involved in NF-κB signaling and enhanced the expression of fatty acid oxidation (FAO)-related enzymes (e.g. CPT1, HMGCS2, and ACOX1) in PA-treated HepG2 cells. SCL could ameliorate hepatic steatosis and inflammation in NASH mice. SCL also ameliorated intestinal barrier injury and restructured the gut microbiota in NASH mice. SCL also modulated hepatic and colonic bile acid metabolism via FXR signaling.

CONCLUSION

These findings indicate that SCL treatment ameliorates hepatic inflammation and steatosis in NASH mice, potentially though to the suppression of NF-κB signaling and the promotion of fatty acid β-oxidation. Moreover, SCL could restore gut microbiota-mediated bile acid homeostasis via activation of FXR/FGF15 signaling. Our study presents a pharmacological rationale for using SCL in the management of NASH.

Enhanced bile acid detection and analysis in liver fibrosis with pseudo-targeted metabolomics

Bile acids (BAs) are essential signaling molecules that engage in host and gut microbial metabolism, playing a crucial role in maintaining organismal stability. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) is a widely employed technique for metabolite analysis in biological samples due to its high sensitivity, excellent specificity, and low detection limits. This method has emerged as the mainstream approach for the detection and analysis of BAs. Pseudo-targeted analysis combines the advantages of both untargeted and targeted metabolomics methodologies. In this study, we developed a comprehensive and rapid method for detecting and analyzing BAs using LC-MS technology, applied to liver samples from bile duct-ligated (BDL) mice exhibiting liver fibrosis. A self-constructed database containing 488 BAs was established, and raw data from universal metabolome standard (UMS) were acquired using UHPLC-Q/TOF-MS. A total of 172 BA compounds were characterized, including 74 free BAs and 158 BAs were successfully detected using the high-coverage assay established with UHPLC-QQQ-MS. This assay was employed in the BDL liver fibrosis mouse model, where statistical analysis tools identified 20 differential BAs in the livers of affected mice. The development of this rapid method signifies a substantial advancement in the field, illustrating its utility in identifying differential BAs and enhancing our understanding of liver fibrosis. Furthermore, the high-coverage assay's ability to accurately analyze a diverse range of BAs could substantially aid in diagnosing and treating liver diseases.

FXR protects against neonatal sepsis by enhancing the immunosuppressive function of MDSCs

Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) play a protective role against neonatal inflammation during the early postnatal period. However, the mechanisms regulating neonatal MDSC function remain to be fully elucidated. In this study, we report that the bile acid receptor farnesoid X receptor (FXR) acts as a positive regulator of neonatal MDSC function. The FDA-approved FXR agonist obeticholic acid (OCA) protects against neonatal sepsis in an FXR-dependent manner. Genetic deficiency of FXR impairs the immunosuppressive and antibacterial functions of MDSCs, thereby exacerbating the severity of neonatal sepsis. Adoptive transfer of MDSCs alleviates sepsis in both Fxr-/- and Fxrfl/flMrp8-Cre+ pups. Mechanistic studies revealed that Hif1α, a well-established regulator of MDSCs, is a direct transcriptional target of FXR. In patients with neonatal sepsis, downregulation of FXR and HIF-1α in MDSCs was observed, which was inversely correlated with clinical parameters. These observations demonstrate the importance of FXR in neonatal MDSC function and its therapeutic potential in neonatal sepsis.

Mucus and mucin: changes in the mucus barrier in disease states

In this review we discuss mucus, the viscoelastic secretion from goblet or mucous producing cells that covers and protects all non-keratinized wet epithelial surfaces. In addition to the surface of organs directly contacting with the external environment such as the eyes, this layer provides protection to the underlying gastrointestinal, respiratory and female reproductive tracts by trapping pathogens, irritants, environmental fine particles and potentially harmful foreign substances. Mucins, the primary structural components of mucus, form structurally different mucus layers at different sites in a process regulated by a variety of factors. Currently, more and more studies have shown that the mucus barrier is not only closely related to various intestinal mucus diseases, but also involved in the occurrence and development of various airway diseases and mucus-related diseases, thus it may become a new target for the treatment of various related diseases in the future. Since the dysfunction of the mucous layer is closely related to various pathological processes, in-depth understanding of its molecular mechanism and physiological role is of great theoretical and practical significance for disease prevention and treatment. Here, we discuss different aspects of the mucus layer by focusing on its chemical composition, synthetic pathways, and some of the characteristics of the mucus layer in physiological and pathological situations.

Salidroside attenuates NASH through regulating bile acid-FXR/TGR5 signaling pathway via targeting gut microbiota

Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is a significant threat to human health. Our previous study revealed that salidroside attenuated NASH and regulated the gut microbiota. However, whether the therapeutic effect of salidroside depends on gut microbiota remains to be determined. Therefore, we conducted further experiments to elucidate the essential functions of gut microbiota-associated metabolic pathways in the anti-NASH effects of salidroside. Our results showed that salidroside effectively alleviated lipid accumulation and inflammatory injury in NASH mice. 16S rRNA sequencing revealed that salidroside increased the abundance of Bacteroides. Mice receiving fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) from salidroside-treated also presented less hepatic steatosis and higher abundance of Bacteroides. Antibiotics eliminated the effects of salidroside on hepatic steatosis and the gut microbiota. Mechanistically, salidroside and FMT from salidroside-treated altered the bile acid (BA) profile by decreasing the levels of conjugated BAs and tauro-α/β-muricholic acid and activated downstream farnesoid X receptor (FXR) and Takeda G protein-coupled receptor 5 (TGR5). Furthermore, we found that inhibitors of bile salt hydrolase (BSH) and FXR/TGR5 abolished the effects of salidroside and reduced downstream carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1α and lipoprotein lipase expression. These data demonstrate that salidroside attenuated NASH via gut microbiota-BA-FXR/TGR5 signaling pathway and reveal the underlying mechanism of salidroside on NASH.

Kai-Xin-San polysaccharides exert therapeutic effects on D-gal and Aβ25-35-induced AD rats by regulating gut microbiota and metabolic profile

Metabolic abnormalities and gut microbiota imbalance are intricately linked to the onset and progression of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Kai-Xin-San (KXS) is a traditional herbal formula known for its therapeutic effects on AD. Our previous research indicated that Kai-Xin-San polysaccharide (KXS-P) exhibits a significant therapeutic impact on AD, but the precise mechanisms remain incompletely understood. In this study, untargeted fecal metabolomics and 16S rRNA gene sequencing were used to investigate the potential mechanisms by which KXS-P acts against AD. Key metabolites and gut microbial species were identified using multivariate analysis and a comprehensive examination of intestinal microecology. Our findings revealed that KXS-P improves lipid metabolism in AD rats by modulating a series of lipid molecules and bile acid levels. Additionally, KXS-P regulated gut microbiota composition and restored the symbiotic relationships within the gut microbiome. Notably, the anti-inflammatory effect of KXS-P may be related to its regulation of specific lipotypes levels and the abundance of Romboutsia, Bifidobacterium and Alloprevotella. KXS-P demonstrates the ability to alleviate symptoms of AD rats through multiple mechanisms: ① Improving lipid metabolism and maintaining lipid homeostasis; ② Reducing neuronal and inflammatory damage; ③ Regulating the composition and symbiotic relationships of gut microbiota to preserve intestinal microecological balance.

Recent advances in targeting obesity, with a focus on TGF-β signaling and vagus nerve innervation

Over a third of the global population is affected by obesity, fatty liver disease (Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease, MASLD), and its severe form, MASH (Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatohepatitis), which can ultimately progress to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Recent advancements include therapeutics such as glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) agonists and neural/vagal modulation strategies for these disorders. Among the many pathways regulating these conditions, emerging insights into transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) signaling highlight potential future targets through its role in pathophysiological processes such as adipogenesis, inflammation, and fibrosis. Vagus nerve innervation in the gastrointestinal tract is involved in satiety regulation and energy homeostasis, and vagus nerve stimulation has been applied in weight loss and diabetes. This review explores clinical trials in obesity, novel therapeutic targets, and the role of TGF-β signaling and vagus nerve modulation in obesity-related liver diseases and HCC.

Crosstalk Between Bile Acids and Intestinal Epithelium: Multidimensional Roles of Farnesoid X Receptor and Takeda G Protein Receptor 5

Bile acids and their corresponding intestinal epithelial receptors, the farnesoid X receptor (FXR), the G protein-coupled bile acid receptor (TGR5), play crucial roles in the physiological and pathological processes of intestinal epithelial cells. These acids and receptors are involved in the regulation of intestinal absorption, signal transduction, cellular proliferation and repair, cellular senescence, energy metabolism, and the modulation of gut microbiota. A comprehensive literature search was conducted using PubMed, employing keywords such as bile acid, bile acid receptor, FXR (nr1h4), TGR5 (gpbar1), intestinal epithelial cells, proliferation, differentiation, senescence, energy metabolism, gut microbiota, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), colorectal cancer (CRC), and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), with a focus on publications available in English. This review examines the diverse effects of bile acid signaling and bile receptor pathways on the proliferation, differentiation, senescence, and energy metabolism of intestinal epithelial cells. Additionally, it explores the interactions between bile acids, their receptors, and the microbiota, as well as the implications of these interactions for host health, particularly in relation to prevalent intestinal diseases. Finally, the review highlights the importance of developing highly specific ligands for FXR and TGR5 receptors in the context of metabolic and intestinal disorders.

Ultrasound-driven ROS-scavenging nanobubbles for synergistic NASH treatment via FXR activation

Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) pathogenesis is primarily driven by lipotoxicity-induced oxidative stress and inflammation, yet effective treatments remain challenging to identify. In this work, a novel therapeutic approach was introduced via a ultrasound (US) -driven, reactive oxygen species (ROS) -scavenging and liver-targeted nanobubbles system, termed Apt-DTP-NBs@RSV@OCA, which co-encapsulated resveratrol (RSV) and obeticholic acid (OCA). This system provides a safe and efficient platform for specifically delivering these agents to the liver in the context of the NASH therapy. The synthesized nanobubbles showed a spherical morphology with an average diameter of 165 ± 6.05 nm, whose encapsulation efficiencies of approximately 93 % for RSV and 90 % for OCA were achieved. These nanobubbles exhibited the enhanced targeting and accumulation within NASH affected cells and the excellent biocompatibility in cytotoxicity experiments. Subsequently, in vitro assessments using HepG2 cells, Apt-DTP-NBs@RSV@OCA improved lipid metabolism and reduced ROS levels. It was also showed in vivo experiments in mice that the hepatic targeting of Apt-DTP-NBs@RSV@OCA increased their effective concentration within the liver. In addition, the hepatic-targeting and ultrasound-driving Apt-DTP-NBs@RSV@OCA nanocarriers enhanced the cellular uptake of RSV and OCA in a NASH cell model and improved ROS-scavenging capabilities. Meanwhile, these nanocarriers modulated lipid metabolism (triglycerides, total cholesterol), inflammatory cytokine metabolism (IL-4, IL-10, IL-15, TNF-α) and oxidative stress levels (SOD, MDA). Furthermore, mechanistic studies revealed that Apt-DTP-NBs@RSV@OCA activated the FXR/SHP signaling pathway, enhanced FoxO1 activity, and alleviated lipid accumulation, inflammation, and oxidative stress. In summary, these findings suggest that Apt-DTP-NBs@RSV@OCA pave a promising way for the treatment of NASH.

Hidden in the Fat: Unpacking the Metabolic Tango Between Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease and Metabolic Syndrome

Metabolic syndrome (MetS) and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) are closely related, with rapidly increasing prevalence globally, driving significant public health concerns. Both conditions share common pathophysiological mechanisms such as insulin resistance (IR), adipose tissue dysfunction, oxidative stress, and gut microbiota dysbiosis, which contribute to their co-occurrence and progression. While the clinical implications of this overlap, including increased cardiovascular, renal, and hepatic risk, are well recognized, current diagnostic and therapeutic approaches remain insufficient due to the clinical and individuals' heterogeneity and complexity of these diseases. This review aims to provide an in-depth exploration of the molecular mechanisms linking MetS and MASLD, identify critical gaps in our understanding, and highlight existing challenges in early detection and treatment. Despite advancements in biomarkers and therapeutic interventions, the need for a comprehensive, integrated approach remains. The review also discusses emerging therapies targeting specific pathways, the potential of precision medicine, and the growing role of artificial intelligence in enhancing research and clinical management. Future research is urgently needed to combine multi-omics data, precision medicine, and novel biomarkers to better understand the complex interactions between MetS and MASLD. Collaborative, multidisciplinary efforts are essential to develop more effective diagnostic tools and therapies to address these diseases on a global scale.

Restoring FXR expression as a novel treatment strategy in liver cancer and other liver disorders

INTRODUCTION

Liver cancer is a leading cause of cancer-associated mortality and is often linked to preexisting liver conditions. Emerging research demonstrates FXR dysregulation, particularly its reduced expression, in the pathogenesis of liver diseases, including inflammation, fibrosis, cholestatic disorders, metabolic dysregulation, and liver cancer. Therefore, this review explores the role of FXR and its agonists in mitigating these conditions.

AREAS COVERED

This article summarizes FXR's involvement in liver disorders, primarily emphasizing on hepatic neoplasms, and examines the potential of FXR agonists in restoring FXR activity in liver diseases, thereby preventing their progression to liver cancer. The information presented is drawn from existing preclinical and clinical studies specific to each liver disorder, sourced from PubMed.

EXPERT OPINION

It is well established that FXR expression is downregulated in liver disorders, contributing to disease progression. Notably, FXR agonists have demonstrated therapeutic potential in ameliorating liver diseases, including hepatocellular carcinoma. We believe that activating or restoring FXR expression with agonists offers significant promise for the treatment of liver cancer and other liver conditions. Therefore, FXR modulation by agonists, particularly in combination with other therapeutic agents, could lead to more targeted treatments, improving efficacy while reducing side effects.

Triterpenoids from ilicis rotundae cortex ameliorate hyperlipidemia by affecting bile acids-hepatointestinal FXR axis

BACKGROUND

Hyperlipidemia is a lipid metabolism disorder that, in severe cases, can lead to conditions such as hypertension, coronary heart disease, and cirrhosis. Previous studies have identified Ilicis Rotundae Cortex (IRC) crude extract as having the potential to regulate blood lipids. However, whether the triterpenoids therein are the principal agents responsible for hypolipidemic effects and their specific mechanisms of action remain unexplored. This study aimed to investigate the effects of total triterpenoids (TT) extract derived from IRC on hyperlipidemia and to elucidate their potential mechanisms.

METHODS

TT extract was first prepared and characterized to assess their hypolipidemic activity in cell models. A hyperlipidemia mouse model was established by using C57BL/6 J mice fed a high-fat, high-sugar, and high-cholesterol diet for 8 weeks. TT extract was administered as a prophylactic intervention for 4 weeks to evaluate its impact on blood lipid levels, liver lipid metabolism, and liver function. Based on progressive analysis, this study integrated serum non-targeted metabolomics analysis strategy and bile acids-targeted metabolomics analysis strategy. It was combined with modern molecular biology techniques to reveal the mechanism by which TT extract ameliorated the symptoms of hyperlipidemia through a cascade approach.

RESULTS

TT extract treatment significantly reduced lipid levels in hyperlipidemic mice. Notably, TT extract down-regulated bile acid levels, particularly bile acids as FXR antagonists such as T-β-MCA, β-MCA, TUDCA, and UDCA. This effect is likely mediated through alterations in the hepatic FXR-SHP and ileal FXR-FGF15 signaling pathways. TT extract administration led to decreased expression of CYP7A1 and CYP7B1, resulting in reduced bile acid levels in vivo. Additionally, FXR expression was upregulated in both the liver and ileum, potentially activating FGF15 in the ileum, which in turn transmits signals to the liver and modulates SHP and BSEP expression. These changes contribute to the regulation of bile acid synthesis, metabolism, and excretion. In vitro experiments also demonstrated that TT extract influenced the protein expression of FXR and FGF19.

CONCLUSION

Our findings demonstrate that TT extract from IRC has hypolipidemic effects. This study is the first to reveal the mechanism by which TT extract improves hyperlipidemia from the perspective of the hepatic-intestinal axis and bile acid metabolism. Its underlying mechanism is related to activating the intestinal FXR-FGF15/19 signaling pathway, which transmits signals to the liver, thereby affecting the hepatic FXR-SHP signaling pathway. This results in improved bile acid metabolism, ultimately reducing hepatic injury and ileal inflammation to exert hypolipidemic effects.

The effect of long-chain n-3 PUFA on liver transcriptome in human obesity

BACKGROUND AND AIMS

Obesity is associated with a higher risk of severe diseases such as atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD). Polyunsaturated fatty acids, of the omega-3 family (n-3 PUFA), have been shown to reduce adipose tissue inflammation in obesity, as well as to have lipid-lowering effects and improve insulin sensitivity. However, direct effects on liver transcriptome in humans have not been described. Our aim was to understand the impact of n-3 PUFA on gene expression in obese human liver.

APPROACH AND RESULTS

Patients with obesity (BMI ≥ 40 kg/m2) were treated for eight weeks with 3.36 g n-3 PUFAs (1.84 g eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and 1.53 g docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)), or with 5 g of butter as a control (n = 15 per group) before undergoing bariatric surgery where liver biopsies were taken. Liver samples were used for mRNA microarray analyses and subsequently Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) was performed. This bioinformatic approach led us to identify 80 significantly dysregulated pathways that were divided into 9 different clusters including insulin and lipid metabolism, and immunity. N-3 PUFA treatment significantly affected pathways related to immunity, metabolism, and inflammation. Specifically, it upregulated pathways involved in T-cell and B-cell functions and lipid metabolism, while downregulating glucagon signalling. These findings highlight the impact of n-3 PUFAs on key metabolic and immune processes in the liver of patients with obesity.

CONCLUSION

This study provides further insights into the impact on n-3 PUFA on human liver gene expression, particularly in pathways associated with immunity, lipid metabolism, and inflammation, setting basis for further clinical research.

SUMMARY

Obesity increases the risk of diseases like atherosclerotic- cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes mellitus and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD). Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFA) are known for their anti-inflammatory and metabolic benefits, but their direct impact on liver gene expression in people with obesity, remains unclear. In this study, patients with obesity (BMI ≥ 40 kg/m2) were administered either n-3 PUFAs or butter before bariatric surgery. Liver biopsies were analysed for gene expression via Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA). The results revealed 80 dysregulated pathways across 9 clusters, including those related to insulin and lipid metabolism, and immunity. This sheds light on how n-3 PUFAs influence gene expression in the liver of patients with obesity, setting the groundwork for further clinical exploration.

Remote limb ischemic conditioning alleviates steatohepatitis via extracellular vesicle-mediated muscle-liver crosstalk

Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH) is an advanced form of liver disease with adverse outcomes. Manipulating interorgan communication is considered a promising strategy for managing metabolic disease, including steatohepatitis. Here, we report that remote limb ischemic conditioning (RIC), a clinically validated therapy for distant organ protection by transient muscle ischemia, significantly alleviated steatohepatitis in different mouse models. The beneficial effect of limb ischemic conditioning was mediated by muscle-to-liver transfer of small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) and their cargo microRNAs, leading to elevation of miR-181d-5p in the liver. Hepatic miR-181d-5p overexpression faithfully mirrored the molecular and histological benefits of limb ischemic conditioning by suppressing nuclear receptor 4A3 (NR4A3). Furthermore, circulating EVs from human volunteers undergoing limb ischemic conditioning improved steatohepatitis and transcriptomic perturbations in primary human hepatocytes and animal models. Our data underscore the translational potential of limb ischemic conditioning for steatohepatitis management and extend our understanding of muscle-liver crosstalk.

Development of cyclopeptide inhibitors specifically disrupting FXR-coactivator interaction in the intestine as a novel therapeutic strategy for MASH

Intestinal farnesoid X receptor (FXR) antagonists have been proven to be efficacious in ameliorating metabolic diseases, particularly for the treatment of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH). All the reported FXR antagonists target to the ligand-binding pocket (LBP) of the receptor, whereas antagonist acting on the non-LBP site of nuclear receptor (NR) is conceived as a promising strategy to discover novel FXR antagonist. Here, we have postulated the hypothesis of antagonizing FXR by disrupting the interaction between FXR and coactivators, and have successfully developed a series of macrocyclic peptides as FXR antagonists based on this premise. The cyclopeptide DC646 not only exhibits potent inhibitory activity of FXR, but also demonstrates a high degree of selectivity towards other NRs. Moreover, cyclopeptide DC646 has high potential therapeutic benefit for the treatment of MASH in an intestinal FXR-dependent manner, along with a commendable safety profile. Mechanistically, distinct from other known FXR antagonists, cyclopeptide DC646 specifically binds to the coactivator binding site of FXR, which can block the coactivator recruitment, reducing the circulation of intestine-derived ceramides to the liver, and promoting the release of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1). Overall, we identify a novel cyclopeptide that targets FXR-coactivator interaction, paving the way for a new approach to treating MASH with FXR antagonists.

Disentangling Organ-Specific Roles of Farnesoid X Receptor in Bile Acid and Glucolipid Metabolism

BACKGROUND AND AIMS

The farnesoid X receptor (FXR) is an attractive pharmaceutical target for metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD). However, its tissue-specific roles in energy metabolism remain controversial, hindering the development of effective therapies. To address this, new approaches are required.

METHODS

A novel mouse model was developed to facilitate the re-expression of endogenous FXR in specific tissues on a global FXR-null background. Liver-specific and gut-specific FXR re-expression models were generated. Mice were subjected to a high-fat diet (HFD) for 12 weeks, after which metabolic indices, bile acid (BA) profiles, and gut microbiota composition were analysed. Antibiotic treatment was used to mimic germ-free conditions.

RESULTS

The resistance of FXR-null mice to MASLD and most HFD-induced metabolic disorders, including increased body weight, adiposity, hepatic triglyceride (TG) accumulation, and hyperglycemia, was reversed by liver, but not gut, FXR re-expression. Gut FXR re-expression restored the increased intestinal TG absorption in FXR-null mice by limiting 12OH BA synthesis and inhibiting intestinal microsomal triglyceride transfer protein (MTTP). Moreover, gut FXR activity was essential for gut microbiota-driven promotion of diet-induced obesity (DIO) and MASLD.

CONCLUSIONS

Our study overcomes the limitations of traditional tissue-specific knockout models, providing a more comprehensive understanding of FXR's complex roles in metabolic homeostasis, encouraging the development of organ-specific FXR targeting strategy.

Evaluation of FXR Activity in Pollutants Identified in Sewage Sludge and Subsequent in Vitro and in Vivo Characterization of Metabolic Effects of Triphenyl Phosphate

BACKGROUND

Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) is the most common liver disease worldwide, and increasing evidence suggests that exposure to environmental pollutants is associated with the increased incidence of MASLD. The farnesoid X receptor (FXR) plays an important role in the development of MASLD by regulating bile acids (BAs) and lipid metabolism. However, whether FXR-active pollutants are the environmental drivers of MASLD remains unclear.

OBJECTIVES

This study aimed to determine whether FXR-active pollutants exist in the environment and evaluate their ability to trigger MASLD development in mice.

METHODS

An FXR protein affinity pull-down assay and nontargeted mass spectrometry (MS) analysis were used to identify environmental FXR ligands in sewage sludge. A homogeneous time-resolved fluorescence coactivator recruitment assay and cell-based dual-luciferase reporter assay were used to determine the FXR activities of the identified pollutants. Targeted analysis of BAs, MS imaging, lipidomic analysis, 16S rRNA sequencing, and quantitative polymerase chain reaction were conducted to assess the ability of FXR-active pollutants to induce metabolic disorders of BAs and lipids and to contribute to MASLD development in C57BL/6N mice.

RESULTS

We identified 19 compounds in the sewage sludge that had FXR-antagonistic activity, and triphenyl phosphate (TPHP) was the FXR antagonist with the highest efficacy. Mice exposed to either 10 or 50 mg / kg TPHP for 30 d had higher levels of conjugated primary BAs in enterohepatic circulation, and the BA pool showed FXR antagonistic activities. The exposed mice also had greater lipogenesis (more Oil Red O staining and high triglyceride levels) in liver.

CONCLUSIONS

Nineteen FXR-antagonistic pollutants were identified in sewage sludge. FXR inhibition by the strongest antagonist TPHP may have a role in promoting MASLD development in mice by inducing a positive feedback loop between the FXR and BAs. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP15435.

Discovery of First-in-Class FXR and HSD17B13 Dual Modulator for the Treatment of Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Fatty Liver Disease

Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH) is a complex disease driven by diverse metabolic and inflammatory pathways. Farnesoid X receptor (FXR) is a promising target for MASH due to its role in bile acid and lipid metabolism, while HSD17B13 regulates liver lipid droplet homeostasis. However, the existing HSD17B13 inhibitors have several druglike property challenges due to the common phenolic structure, a key pharmacophore for the HSD17B13 inhibitor. In this study, a two-round high-throughput screening was performed to identify the FXR agonist 2 as the nonphenolic HSD17B13 inhibitor. The multiparameter structural optimization led to the discovery of dual FXR/HSD17B13 modulator 6, with high target selectivity, target tissue distribution, suitable pharmacokinetic properties, and safety profiles. Moreover, even at the lower dose, compound 6 exerted a better therapeutic effect than obeticholic acid (OCA) in multiple MASH models. With attractive pharmacological activity and safety profiles, the dual FXR/HSD17B13 modulator 6 is worthy of further evaluation as a novel anti-MASH agent.

Acylcarnitine and Free Fatty Acid Profiles in Primary Biliary Cholangitis: Associations with Fibrosis and Inflammation

Background: Primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) is a chronic autoimmune liver disease characterized by bile duct destruction, cholestasis, and fibrosis. Acylcarnitines are esters of carnitine responsible for the transport of long-chain fatty acids into mitochondria for β-oxidation, playing a crucial role in energy metabolism and lipid homeostasis. This study aimed to assess acylcarnitine and free fatty acid (FFA) profiles in PBC patients and their associations with fibrosis severity and inflammation. Methods: This cross-sectional study included 46 PBC patients and 32 healthy controls. Acylcarnitines and FFAs were quantified using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and enzymatic assays, respectively. Liver stiffness was measured by point shear wave elastography (ElastPQ), and fibrosis was assessed using APRI and FIB-4 scores. Inflammatory markers (IL-6, IL-1β) were also analyzed. Results: PBC patients had significantly higher levels of C18:1-acylcarnitine (median: 165.1 ng/mL) compared with the controls (152.4 ng/mL, p = 0.0036). Similarly, the FFA levels were markedly elevated in the PBC patients (median: 0.46 mM/L) compared with the controls (0.26 mM/L, p < 0.0001). Patients with higher liver stiffness (ElastPQ > 5.56 kPa) had significantly elevated C18:1-acylcarnitine (p = 0.0008) and FFA levels (p = 0.00098). Additionally, FFAs were significantly increased in patients with higher APRI and FIB-4 scores and were associated with elevated inflammatory markers (IL-6, IL-1β) and liver injury markers. Multivariate regression analysis confirmed C18:1-acylcarnitine (OR = 1.031, 95% CI: 1.007-1.057, p = 0.013) and FFAs (OR = 2.25 per 0.1 mM/L increase, 95% CI: 1.20-4.22, p = 0.012) as independent predictors of fibrosis severity in PBC. Conclusions: C18:1-acylcarnitine and FFAs are significantly elevated in PBC and are strongly associated with fibrosis severity and inflammation. These findings suggest a link between lipid metabolism disturbances and PBC. Both metabolites may potentially serve as non-invasive biomarkers of fibrosis progression in PBC, warranting further investigation.

Fluorofenidone attenuates choline-deficient, l-amino acid-defined, high-fat diet-induced metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis in mice

Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH), a severe form of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD), involves hepatic lipid accumulation, inflammation, and fibrosis. It can progress to cirrhosis or hepatocellular carcinoma without timely treatment. Current treatment options for MASH are limited. This study explores the therapeutic effects of fluorofenidone (AKF-PD), a novel small-molecule compound with antifibrotic and anti-inflammatory properties, on MASH in mouse model. Mice fed a choline-deficient, l-amino acid-defined, high-fat diet (CDAHFD) were treated with AKF-PD, resulting in reduced serum ALT, AST, hepatic lipid accumulation, liver inflammation, and fibrosis. Network pharmacology and RNA-sequencing analyses suggested that AKF-PD influenced multiple metabolic, inflammatory, and fibrosis-related pathways. Further experiments verified that AKF-PD activated hepatic AMPK signaling, leading to the inhibition of the downstream SREBF1/SCD1 pathway and the activation of autophagy. Additionally, AKF-PD suppressed the expression of various inflammatory factors, reduced macrophage infiltration, and inhibited NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Moreover, AKF-PD attenuated liver fibrosis by inhibiting TGFβ1/SMAD signaling. In conclusion, this study reveals that AKF-PD effectively decreases hepatic lipid accumulation, liver inflammation and fibrosis in a CDAHFD-induced MASH model, positioning AKF-PD as a promising candidate for the treatment of MASH.

The association between the dietary index for gut microbiota and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and liver fibrosis: evidence from NHANES 2017-2020

BACKGROUND

Imbalance in the gut microbiota is a key factor in the pathogenesis of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and liver fibrosis. The Dietary Index for Gut Microbiota (DI-GM) integrates the potential relationship between diet and gut microbiota diversity. This study aims to investigate the association between DI-GM and the risk of NAFLD and liver fibrosis, providing theoretical support for dietary intervention strategies.

METHODS

This study utilized data from NHANES 2017-2020, including 6,181 eligible adult participants. The relationship between DI-GM and the risk of NAFLD and liver fibrosis was assessed using DI-GM quartiles, multivariate logistic regression, and restricted cubic spline (RCS) analysis. Subgroup analysis was performed to explore the predictive role of DI-GM in different populations. All analyses were weighted to ensure the representativeness of the results.

RESULTS

DI-GM was negatively associated with the risks of NAFLD and liver fibrosis. As DI-GM scores increased, the risk of NAFLD and liver fibrosis significantly decreased (52.81%, 43.16%, 40.40%, and 31.98%, p < 0.05; 17.52%, 9.04%, 7.21%, and 6.78%, p < 0.05). Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that, in the unadjusted model (Model 1), for each unit increase in DI-GM, the risk of NAFLD decreased by 6.9% (OR = 0.931, 95% CI: 0.886-0.979, p < 0.001), while the risk of liver fibrosis decreased by 15.6% (OR = 0.844, 95% CI: 0.757-0.941, p < 0.05). In the quartile analysis, individuals in the highest DI-GM quartile (Q4) had a 58% lower risk of NAFLD compared to those in the lowest quartile (Q1) (OR = 0.42, 95% CI: 0.219-0.806, p < 0.001). The results remained significant even after adjusting for covariates. RCS analysis showed that DI-GM had a nonlinear relationship with the risks of NAFLD and liver fibrosis, with inflection points at scores of 2 and 5, indicating enhanced protective effects.

CONCLUSION

This study reveals a negative association between DI-GM and the risk of NAFLD and liver fibrosis, highlighting the potential role of healthy dietary patterns in the prevention and management of NAFLD and liver fibrosis through gut microbiota modulation, providing a theoretical basis for dietary interventions.

Unraveling the molecular mechanisms of Fufangduzhong formula in alleviating high-fat diet-induced non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in mice

Background

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a common chronic liver disease, characterized by hepatic lipid accumulation. The Fufangduzhong formula (FFDZ) is a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) formulation composed of Eucommia ulmoides Oliv., Leonurus artemisia (Lour.) S. Y. Hu, Prunella vulgaris Linn, Uncariarhynchophylla (Miq.) Miq. ex Havil., and Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi. It has demonstrated hepatoprotective effects and the ability to reduce lipid accumulation. However, its mechanisms against NAFLD remain unclear.

Methods

UPLC-MS/MS was used to identify FFDZ metabolites. C57BL/6J mice were fed a high-fat diet (HFD) supplemented with or without FFDZ (HFD+L, 0.45 g/kg/d; HFD+H, 0.9 g/kg/d) for 12 weeks. Biochemical indicators and histopathological observations were utilized to assess the extent of metabolic homeostasis disorder and hepatic steatosis. An analysis of differentially expressed genes and regulated signaling pathways was conducted using hepatic transcriptomics. Metabolomics analysis was performed to investigate the significantly changed endogenous metabolites associated with NAFLD in mice serum using UPLC-Q-TOF/MS. Western blot was employed to detect proteins involved in the lipid metabolism-related signaling pathways. Oleic acid-induced hepatic steatosis was used to examine the lipid-lowering effect of FFDZ-containing serum in vitro.

Results

A total of eight active metabolites were identified from the FFDZ formula and FFDZ-containing serum through UPLC-MS/MS analysis. FFDZ reduced body weight, liver weight, and levels of inflammatory cytokines, and it ameliorated hepatic steatosis, serum lipid profiles, insulin sensitivity, and glucose tolerance in mice with HFD-induced NAFLD. Transcriptomics revealed that FFDZ modulated the lipid metabolism-related pathways, including the PPAR signaling pathway, Fatty acid metabolism, and AMPK signaling pathway. Meanwhile, Western blot analysis indicated that FFDZ downregulated the expression of lipid synthesis-related proteins (Srebp-1c, Acly, Scd-1, Fasn, Acaca, and Cd36) and upregulated the fatty acid oxidation-related proteins (p-Ampk, Ppar-α, and Cpt-1). Furthermore, metabolomics identified FFDZ-mediated reversal of phospholipid dysregulation (PC, PE, LPC, LPE). Additionally, FFDZ-containing serum remarkedly reduced OA-induced lipid accumulation in HepG2 cells.

Conclusion

The present results demonstrate that FFDZ exerts anti-NAFLD effects by enhancing glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity, as well as regulating the Ampk signaling pathway to ameliorate lipid metabolism disorder, lipotoxicity, hepatic steatosis, and inflammatory responses.

Immo-bile-izing CD8+ T cell anti-tumor immunity

Hepatocellular carcinoma is poorly responsive to immune checkpoint blockade. In a recent issue of Science, Varanasi et al. reveal how bile acids dampen anti-tumor CD8+ T cell responses in the liver, contributing to cancer progression and poor immunotherapy outcomes.

Dihydrotanshinone I Attenuates Diet-Induced Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease via Up-Regulation of IRG1

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common chronic liver disease, but effective therapeutic drugs are still lacking. Dihydrotanshinone I (DHTS), a natural product isolated from Salvia miltiorrhiza , has been shown to have ameliorative effects on NAFLD. The aim of this study was to investigate the hepatoprotective effect of DHTS on NAFLD and its mechanism. A model of NAFLD and DHTS treatment was established using a Western diet to observe the effect of DHTS on NAFLD, which were detected by immunohistochemical, immunofluorescence, and other experiments. The mechanism was further explored by constructing immune responsive gene 1 (IRG1) knockout mice, RNA sequence, and molecular docking. The results revealed that DHTS significantly improved diet-induced metabolic disorders in mice, notably alleviating liver inflammation, oxidative stress, and fibrosis. Further analysis revealed that the intervention of DHTS was associated with the activation of IRG1. Subsequent experiments confirmed that IRG1 gene deletion reversed the above protective effects of DHTS in NAFLD. Mechanistically, DHTS enhanced the antioxidant nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) pathway through IRG1/itaconate and blocked the oxidative stress response in the liver. In addition, DHTS also inhibited the activation of NACHT-, leucine-rich repeat (LRR)-, and pyrin domain (PYD)-containing protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome via IRG1/itaconate, blocking the inflammatory amplification effect in the liver. The study suggests that DHTS may be a potential drug for the treatment of NAFLD, which exerts protective regulatory effects mainly through the IRG1/itaconate molecular pathway.

Polyzwitterion-branched polycholic acid nanocarriers based oral delivery insulin for long-term glucose and metabolic regulation in diabetes mellitus

Diabetes represents a global health crisis that necessitates advancements in prevention, treatment, and management. Beyond glucose regulation, addressing weight management and associated complications is imperative. This study introduces an oral nanoparticle formulation designed to simultaneously control blood glucose, obesity, and metabolic dysfunction. These nanoparticles, based on poly (zwitterion-cholic acid), incorporate a polyzwitterion component to enhance permeation through the mucus layer and prolong drug residence. Furthermore, bile acid polymers not only regulate lipid metabolism but also ameliorate obesity-associated inflammation in adipose and liver tissues. In vivo experiments demonstrated significant hypoglycemic effects in healthy, type I diabetic, and type II diabetic mice. Notably, the nanocarriers significantly reduced body weight gain, ameliorated inflammation in adipose and liver tissues, and modulated lipid metabolism in the liver of db/db mice. Our study elucidates a comprehensive strategy for addressing glycemic control and diabetes-related complications, offering a promising approach for diabetes prevention and treatment.

27-Hydroxymangiferolic Acid Extends Lifespan and Improves Neurodegeneration in Caenorhabditis elegans by Activating Nuclear Receptors

27-Hydroxymangiferolic acid (27-HMA) is a naturally occurring compound in mango fruits that exhibits diverse biological functions. Here, we show that 27-HMA activates the transcriptional activity of farnesoid X receptor (FXR), a nuclear receptor transcription factor, extending the lifespan and healthspan in Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans). Meanwhile, the longevity-promoting effect of 27-HMA was attenuated in the mutants of nhr-8 and daf-12, the FXR homologs, indicating that the longevity effects of 27-HMA in C. elegans may depend on nuclear hormone receptors (NHRs). Further analysis revealed potential associations between the longevity effects of 27-HMA and the insulin/insulin-like growth factor-1 signaling (IIS)/TORC1 pathway. Moreover, 27-HMA increased the toxin resistance of nematodes and activated the expression of detoxification genes, which rely on NHRs. Finally, 27-HMA improved the age-related neurodegeneration in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD) C. elegans models. Taken together, our findings suggest that 27-HMA is a novel FXR agonist and may prolong lifespan and healthspan via activating NHRs.

Insights into Clinical Trials for Drugs Targeting MASLD: Progress, Challenges, and Future Directions

The transition in terminology from fatty liver disease to metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) marks a considerable evolution in diagnostic standards. This new definition focuses on liver fat accumulation in the context of overweight/obesity, type 2 diabetes, or metabolic dysfunction, without requiring the exclusion of other concurrent liver diseases. The new definition also provides clear guidelines for defining alcohol consumption in relation to the disease. MASLD is currently acknowledged as the most widespread liver disorder globally, affecting ~25% of the population. Despite the extensive array of clinical trials conducted in recent years, the number of approved treatments for metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease is very limited. In the review critically evaluates the results of clinical trials of related drugs and assesses the future directions for drug development trials. The renaming of MASLD presents new challenges and opportunities for the design of clinical trials and the selection of target populations for drug development.

Liver diseases: epidemiology, causes, trends and predictions

As a highly complex organ with digestive, endocrine, and immune-regulatory functions, the liver is pivotal in maintaining physiological homeostasis through its roles in metabolism, detoxification, and immune response. Various factors including viruses, alcohol, metabolites, toxins, and other pathogenic agents can compromise liver function, leading to acute or chronic injury that may progress to end-stage liver diseases. While sharing common features, liver diseases exhibit distinct pathophysiological, clinical, and therapeutic profiles. Currently, liver diseases contribute to approximately 2 million deaths globally each year, imposing significant economic and social burdens worldwide. However, there is no cure for many kinds of liver diseases, partly due to a lack of thorough understanding of the development of these liver diseases. Therefore, this review provides a comprehensive examination of the epidemiology and characteristics of liver diseases, covering a spectrum from acute and chronic conditions to end-stage manifestations. We also highlight the multifaceted mechanisms underlying the initiation and progression of liver diseases, spanning molecular and cellular levels to organ networks. Additionally, this review offers updates on innovative diagnostic techniques, current treatments, and potential therapeutic targets presently under clinical evaluation. Recent advances in understanding the pathogenesis of liver diseases hold critical implications and translational value for the development of novel therapeutic strategies.

Discovery of Fluorescent Probe ABDS-2 for Farnesoid X Receptor Modulator Characterization and Cell-Based Imaging

The farnesoid X receptor (FXR) regulates key physiological processes, such as bile acid homeostasis and lipid metabolism, making it an important target for drug discovery. However, the overactivation of FXR often leads to adverse effects. This study presents the development of a novel fluorescent probe utilizing the computer-aided drug design (CADD) approach to optimize linkers between more potent warhead and FITC fluorescent groups. The probes were designed and assessed via molecular dynamics simulations, and four were selected for synthesis to be evaluated in in vitro biochemical assays. Among these, ABDS-2 exhibited high sensitivity and stability, which demonstrated satisfactory validation in high-throughput screening assays. Furthermore, ABDS-2 facilitated real-time bioimaging to monitor FXR homeostasis at the cellular level, providing spatially resolved insights into molecular interactions critical for cellular function studies. This research underscores the efficiency of CADD in probe design and positions ABDS-2 as a valuable chemical tool for in vitro assays and cellular-level bioimaging.

Harnessing nuclear receptors to modulate hepatic stellate cell activation for liver fibrosis resolution

With the recent approval of Resmetirom as the first drug targeting nuclear receptors for metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH), there is promising way to treat MASH-associated liver fibrosis. However, liver fibrosis can arise from various pathogenic factors, and effective treatments for fibrosis due to other causes remain elusive. The activation of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) represents a central link in the pathogenesis of hepatic fibrosis. Therefore, harnessing nuclear receptors to modulate HSC activation may be an effective approach to resolving the complex liver fibrosis caused by various factors. In this comprehensive review, we systematically explore the structure and physiological functions of nuclear receptors, shedding light on their multifaceted roles in HSC activation. Recent advancements in drug development targeting nuclear receptors are discussed, providing insights into their potential as rational and effective therapeutic targets for modulating HSC activation in the context of liver fibrosis. By elucidating the intricate interplay between nuclear receptors and HSC activation, this review contributes to the discovery of new nuclear receptor targets in HSCs for resolving hepatic fibrosis.

MetALD: Clinical aspects, pathophysiology and treatment

Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) and alcohol-related liver disease (ALD) are the most prevalent causes of chronic liver disease worldwide. Both conditions have many pathophysiological mechanisms in common, such as altered lipid and bile acid metabolism, and share some similar clinical features. Furthermore, metabolic risk factors and alcohol often co-exist in the same individuals and have recently been shown to act synergistically to markedly increase the risk of liver disease. Given the high prevalence and impact of this interaction, steatotic liver disease due to the combination of metabolic dysfunction and moderate-to-high alcohol intake has been termed MetALD in the new steatotic liver disease nomenclature, attracting the interest of the scientific community. Subsequent studies have investigated the prevalence of MetALD, which ranges from 1.7% to 17% in cohorts of patients with steatotic liver disease, depending on the population setting and study design. A few cohort studies have also assessed the prognosis of this patient population, with preliminary data suggesting that MetALD is associated with an intermediate risk of liver fibrosis, decompensation and mortality among steatotic liver disease subtypes. In this review article, we examine the clinical evidence and the experimental models of MetALD and discuss the clinical implications of the term for early detection and management. We provide insight into the pathophysiological mechanisms of the synergistic effect of alcohol and metabolic risk factors, possible screening strategies, the use of biomarkers and emerging models of care, as well as potential therapeutic interventions with a special focus on medications for MASLD, highlighting the most promising drugs for patients with MetALD.

Hepatotoxicity of Three Common Liquid Crystal Monomers in Mus musculus: Differentiation of Actions Across Different Receptors and Pathways

Liquid crystal monomers (LCMs) of different chemical structures were widely detected in various environmental matrices. However, their health risk evaluation is lacking. Herein, three representative LCMs were selected from 74 LCM candidates upon literature review and acute cytotoxicity evaluation, then Mus musculus were exposed to the three LCMs for 42 days at doses of 0.5 and 50 μg/kg/d to investigate hepatotoxicity and mechanisms. Phenotypic and histopathological results showed that the three LCMs (DTMDPB, MeO3bcH, and 5OCB) induced hepatomegaly, and only 5OCB induced fatty liver. DTMDPB and MeO3bcH decreased the total cholesterol (TCHO) and triglyceride (TG) content, whereas 5OCB increased the TCHO, TG, and alanine aminotransferase levels. Transcriptome and molecular docking analysis revealed that DTMDPB induced hepatotoxicity by agonizing the farnesoid X receptor, resulting in the disruption of unsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis, ascorbic acid and antioxidant pathways, and circadian clock homeostasis. MeO3bcH promoted inflammation and altered unsaturated fatty acid, primary bile acid biosynthesis, and circadian rhythm by antagonizing the aryl hydrocarbon receptor. 5OCB antagonized peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors, leading to fatty liver caused by the disruption of steroid, cholesterol, and terpenoid backbone biosynthesis pathways. This study provides references for understanding the hepatotoxicity of LCMs with different structures and the selection of priority control LCMs.

Obeticholic acid aggravates liver fibrosis by activating hepatic farnesoid X receptor-induced apoptosis in cholestatic mice

Obeticholic acid (OCA) was approved for the treatment of primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) patients. However, it can cause severe drug-induced liver injury (DILI), which may put PBC patients at risk of acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF) and even death. Farnesoid X receptor (FXR) is considered as the target of OCA for cholestasis, but there is still a lack of research on whether hepatic and ileal FXR have different effects after OCA treatment. The aim of this study was to investigate the mechanism of OCA aggravating liver fibrosis in cholestasis. The results showed that 40 mg/kg OCA elevated serum AST, ALT, ALP and γ-GT levels in bile duct ligation (BDL) mice. Besides, severe fibrosis and necrosis were observed in the OCA-treated BDL mice, which was related to hepatic apoptosis pathway activation. Both hepatic and ileal FXR signaling could be significantly activated by OCA. However, ileum-specific knockout of Fxr aggravated OCA-induced liver injury in BDL mice. On the contrary, hepatic-specific knockout of Fxr structurally and functionally ameliorated liver pathological processes in the OCA-treated BDL mice, which was due to the blockade of hepatic FXR-induced apoptosis. In conclusion, the mechanism of OCA aggravating liver fibrosis in cholestasis was based on the activation of hepatic FXR-induced apoptosis. It was also indicated ileal FXR might be a safer pharmacological target for bile acids regulation.

Systematic identification of secondary bile acid production genes in global microbiome

Microbial metabolism of bile acids (BAs) is crucial for maintaining homeostasis in vertebrate hosts and environments. Although certain organisms involved in bile acid metabolism have been identified, a global, comprehensive elucidation of the microbes, metabolic enzymes, and bile acid remains incomplete. To bridge this gap, we employed hidden Markov models to systematically search in a large-scale and high-quality search library comprising 28,813 RefSeq multi-kingdom microbial complete genomes, enabling us to construct a secondary bile acid production gene catalog. This catalog greatly expanded the distribution of secondary bile acid production genes across 11 phyla, encompassing bacteria, archaea, and fungi, and extended to 14 habitats spanning hosts and environmental contexts. Furthermore, we highlighted the associations between secondary bile acids (SBAs) and gastrointestinal and hepatic disorders, including inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), colorectal cancer (CRC), and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), further elucidating disease-specific alterations in secondary bile acid production genes. Additionally, we proposed the pig as a particularly suitable animal model for investigating secondary bile acid production in humans, given its closely aligned secondary bile acid production gene composition. This gene catalog provides a comprehensive and reliable foundation for future studies on microbial bile acid metabolism, offering new insights into the microbial contributions to health and disease.

IMPORTANCE

Bile acid metabolism is an important function in both host and environmental microorganisms. The existing functional annotations from single source pose limitations on cross-habitat analysis. Our construction of a systematic secondary bile acid production gene catalog encompassing numerous high-quality reference sequences propelled research on bile acid metabolism in the global microbiome, holding significance for the concept of One Health. We further highlighted the potential of the microbiota-secondary bile acid axis as a target for the treatment of hepatic and intestinal diseases, as well as the varying feasibility of using animal models for studying human bile acid metabolism. This gene catalog offers a solid groundwork for investigating microbial bile acid metabolism across different compartments, including humans, animals, plants, and environments, shedding light on the contributions of microorganisms to One Health.

The bile acid profile

As a large and structurally diverse family of small molecules, bile acids play a crucial role in regulating lipid, glucose, and energy metabolism. In the human body, bile acids share a similar chemical structure with many isomers, exhibit little difference in polarity, and possess various physiological activities. The types and contents of bile acids present in different diseases vary significantly. Therefore, comprehensive and accurate detection of the content of various types of bile acids in different biological samples can not only provide new insights into the pathogenesis of diseases but also facilitate the exploration of novel strategies for disease diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis. The detection of disease-induced changes in bile acid profiles has emerged as a prominent research focus in recent years. Concurrently, targeted metabolomics methods utilizing high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS) have progressively established themselves as the predominant technology for the separation and detection of bile acids. Bile acid profiles will increasingly play an important role in diagnosis and guidance in the future as the relationship between disease and changes in bile acid profiles becomes clearer. This highlights the growing diagnostic value of bile acid profiles and their potential to guide clinical decision-making. This review aims to explore the significance of bile acid profiles in clinical diagnosis from four perspectives: the synthesis and metabolism of bile acids, techniques for detecting bile acid profiles, changes in bile acid profiles associated with diseases, and the challenges and future prospects of applying bile acid profiles in clinical settings.

Ubiquitination of TFEB increased intestinal permeability to aggravate metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis

BACKGROUND AND AIMS

Increased intestinal permeability exacerbates the development of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH), but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Autophagy is important for maintaining normal intestinal permeability. Here, we investigated the impact of intestinal transcription factor EB (TFEB), a key regulator of autophagy, on intestinal permeability and MASH progression.

APPROACH AND RESULTS

TFEB expression was analyzed in the proximal colon of 45 individuals with metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease and 23 healthy controls. We used immunoprecipitation-mass spectrometry to identify TFEB-interacting proteins. Intestine-specific Tfeb knockout mice were generated by mating Tfebfl/fl mice with Villin- Cre mice. The mice were fed a high-fat, high-sucrose diet, and assessments were performed to evaluate intestinal permeability and MASH progression. Intestinal TFEB levels were reduced in patients with MASH and negatively correlated with intestinal permeability and hepatic toxicity. Intestine-specific TFEB deficiency increased intestinal permeability and worsened MASH severity, whereas moderate TFEB overexpression conferred protective effects. Mechanistically, the E3 ligase TRIP12 promotes the ubiquitination and degradation of nuclear TFEB, thereby inhibiting autophagic flux to aggravate intestinal barrier impairment and subsequently promote MASH progression. Importantly, a peptide PT1 designed to block the TRIP12-TFEB interaction reduced MASH progression.

CONCLUSIONS

The ubiquitination of TFEB plays a pivotal role in increasing intestinal permeability and promoting the progression of MASH by inhibiting autophagy. Intestinal TFEB may represent a novel therapeutic target for the treatment of MASH.

The N-terminal domain of gasdermin D induces liver fibrosis by reprogrammed lipid metabolism

BACKGROUND

The emerging incidence of pathogenic liver conditions is turning into a major concern for global health. Induction of pyroptosis in hepatocytes instigates cellular disintegration, which in turn liberates substantial quantities of pro-inflammatory intracellular substances, thereby accelerating the advancement of liver fibrosis. Consequently, directing therapeutic efforts towards inhibiting pyroptosis could potentially serve as an innovative approach in managing inflammation related chronic hepatic disorders.

METHODS

GSDMD-NTki/wt mice and Alb-creki/wt mice were generated using CRISPR/Cas9 technology. After crossing the two strains together, we induced conditional cell death by doxycycline to construct a mouse model of liver fibrosis. We analyzed differentially expressed genes by RNA sequencing and explored their biological functions. The efficacy of obeticholic acid (OCA) in the treatment of liver fibrosis was assessed.

RESULTS

Doxycycline-treated GSDMD-NTki/wt × Alb-creki/wt mice showed severe liver damage, vacuolation of hepatocytes, increased collagen fibers, and accumulation of lipid droplets. The expression of liver fibrosis related genes was greatly increased in the doxycycline-treated mouse liver compared with untreated mouse liver. RNA-sequencing showed that upregulated differentially expressed genes were involved in inflammatory responses, cell activation, and metabolic processes. Treatment with OCA alleviated the liver fibrosis, with reduced ALT and AST levels seen in the GSDMD-NTki/wt × Alb-creki/wt mice.

CONCLUSIONS

We successfully constructed a novel mouse model for liver fibrosis. This GSDMD-NT-induced fibrosis may be mediated by abnormal lipid metabolism. Our results demonstrated that we successfully constructed a mouse model of liver fibrosis, and GSDMD-NT induced fibrosis by mediating lipid metabolism.

Novel insights into the role of quercetin and kaempferol from Carthamus tinctorius L. in the management of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease via NR1H4-mediated pathways

This study investigates the novel therapeutic potential of quercetin and kaempferol, two bioactive compounds derived from Carthamus tinctorius L., in treating nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) by modulating the bile acid receptor NR1H4 (Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 1 Group H Member 4) and its associated metabolic pathways. A rat model of NAFLD was established, and RNA sequencing and proteomics were carefully employed to identify differential gene expressions associated with the disease. The active components of Carthamus tinctorius L. were screened, followed by the construction of a comprehensive network that maps the interactions between these components, NR1H4 and NAFLD-related pathways. Both in vitro (using HepG2 cells) and in vivo experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects on NR1H4 expression levels through Western blot and RT-qPCR analyses. Our findings identify NR1H4 as a pivotal target in NAFLD. Network pharmacology analysis indicates that quercetin and kaempferol play crucial roles in combating NAFLD, with in vitro and in vivo experiments confirming their ability to mitigate hepatocyte steatosis by enhancing NR1H4 expression. Notably, the protective effects of these compounds were inhibited by the NR1H4 antagonist guggulsterone, highlighting the importance of NR1H4 upregulation. This study demonstrates the novel therapeutic efficacy of quercetin and kaempferol from Carthamus tinctorius L. in treating NAFLD through NR1H4 upregulation. This mechanism contributes to the regulation of lipid metabolism, improvement of liver function, reduction of inflammation, and alleviation of oxidative stress, offering a promising direction for future NAFLD treatment strategies.

Pharmacological Mechanisms of Bile Acids Targeting the Farnesoid X Receptor

Bile acids (BAs), a category of amphiphilic metabolites synthesized by liver cells and released into the intestine via the bile duct, serve a vital role in the emulsification of ingested fats during the digestive process. Beyond their conventional emulsifying function, BAs, with their diverse structures, also act as significant hormones within the body. They are pivotal in facilitating nutrient absorption by interacting with the farnesoid X receptor (FXR), and they serve as key regulators of lipid and glucose metabolism, as well as immune system balance. Consequently, BAs contribute to the metabolism of glucose and lipids, enhance the digestion and absorption of lipids, and maintain the equilibrium of the bile pool. Their actions are instrumental in addressing obesity, managing cholestasis, and treating diabetes, and are involved in the onset and progression of cancer. This paper presents an updated systematic review of the pharmacological mechanisms by which BAs target the FXR, incorporating recent findings and discussing their signaling pathways in the context of novel research, including their distinct roles in various disease states and populations. The aim is to provide a theoretical foundation for the continued research and clinical application of BAs.

Metabolic disorders, inter-organ crosstalk, and inflammation in the progression of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease

Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) represents a global health concern, affecting over 30 % of adults. It is a principal driver in the development of cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. The complex pathogenesis of MASLD involves an excessive accumulation of lipids, subsequently disrupting lipid metabolism and prompting inflammation within the liver. This review synthesizes the recent research progress in understanding the mechanisms contributing to MASLD progression, with particular emphasis on metabolic disorders and interorgan crosstalk. We highlight the molecular mechanisms linked to these factors and explore their potential as novel targets for pharmacological intervention. The insights gleaned from this article have important implications for both the prevention and therapeutic management of MASLD.

Structure-guided discovery of bile acid derivatives for treating liver diseases without causing itch

Chronic itch is a debilitating symptom profoundly impacting the quality of life in patients with liver diseases like cholestasis. Activation of the human G-protein coupled receptor, MRGPRX4 (hX4), by bile acids (BAs) is implicated in promoting cholestasis itch. However, the detailed underlying mechanisms remain elusive. Here, we identified 3-sulfated BAs that are elevated in cholestatic patients with itch symptoms. We solved the cryo-EM structure of hX4-Gq in a complex with 3-phosphated deoxycholic acid (DCA-3P), a mimic of the endogenous 3-sulfated deoxycholic acid (DCA-3S). This structure revealed an unprecedented ligand-binding pocket in MRGPR family proteins, highlighting the crucial role of the 3-hydroxyl (3-OH) group on BAs in activating hX4. Guided by this structural information, we designed and developed compound 7 (C7), a BA derivative lacking the 3-OH. Notably, C7 effectively alleviates hepatic injury and fibrosis in liver disease models while significantly mitigating the itch side effects.

Regulation of bile acids and their receptor FXR in metabolic diseases

High sugar, high-fat diets and unhealthy lifestyles have led to an epidemic of obesity and obesity-related metabolic diseases, seriously placing a huge burden on socio-economic development. A deeper understanding and elucidation of the specific molecular biological mechanisms underlying the onset and development of obesity has become a key to the treatment of metabolic diseases. Recent studies have shown that the changes of bile acid composition are closely linked to the development of metabolic diseases. Bile acids can not only emulsify lipids in the intestine and promote lipid absorption, but also act as signaling molecules that play an indispensable role in regulating bile acid homeostasis, energy expenditure, glucose and lipid metabolism, immunity. Disorders of bile acid metabolism are therefore important risk factors for metabolic diseases. The farnesol X receptor, a member of the nuclear receptor family, is abundantly expressed in liver and intestinal tissues. Bile acids act as endogenous ligands for the farnesol X receptor, and erroneous FXR signaling triggered by bile acid dysregulation contributes to metabolic diseases, including obesity, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and diabetes. Activation of FXR signaling can reduce lipogenesis and inhibit gluconeogenesis to alleviate metabolic diseases. It has been found that intestinal FXR can regulate hepatic FXR in an organ-wide manner. The crosstalk between intestinal FXR and hepatic FXR provides a new idea for the treatment of metabolic diseases. This review focuses on the relationship between bile acids and metabolic diseases and the current research progress to provide a theoretical basis for further research and clinical applications.

Medium chain triglycerides alleviate non-alcoholic fatty liver disease through bile acid-mediated FXR signaling pathway: A comparative study with common vegetable edible oils

With the global epidemic trend of obesity, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has become a significant cause of chronic liver disease, seriously affecting human health. Medium-chain triglycerides (MCT) with a fatty acid chain length varying between 6 and 10 carbon atoms (most sources from coconut and palm kernel oils), which exhibited activities to improve lipid metabolism, prevent cardiovascular diseases, and enhance immunity. However, the efficacy differences and potential mechanisms between MCT and traditional long-chain vegetable oils (palm oil, PA; high oleic peanut oil, OA) in obesity-induced NAFLD were still unclear. The present study treated obesity-induced NAFLD mice with different dietary lipids for 16 weeks. The results showed that MCT supplements significantly improved abnormal elevation of weight gain and blood lipids and reduced hepatic lipid accumulation to a greater extent than PA and OA. Furthermore, bile acid profiling results indicated that MCT significantly changed the composition of bile acids in the liver, reduced the concentrations of cholic acid (CA), deoxycholic acid (DCA), β-muricholic acid (β-MCA), and ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) and increased the concentrations of chenodeoxycholic Acid (CDCA), taurochenodeoxycholic acid （TCDCA), hyodeoxycholic acid (HDCA), and taurohyodeoxycholic acid (THDCA). Mechanistically, MCT supplement upregulated FXR signal and inhibited the expression of key genes for triglyceride synthesis in the liver, thereby reducing hepatic lipid accumulation. In summary, MCT exerted a superior effect on PA and OA in improving obesity-induced NAFLD. These results provided new evidence for the application of MCT in treating NAFLD.

Laminaria japonica Polysaccharide Regulates Fatty Hepatosis Through Bile Acids and Gut Microbiota in Diabetes Rat

In this study, we examined the effect of Laminaria japonica polysaccharide (fucoidan) on the regulation of lipid metabolism. A rat model of diabetes mellitus (DM) was established by a high-sugar and high-fat diet combined with streptozotocin. Changes in the rats' body weight and blood glucose level during the experiment were recorded. Before the end of the experiment, an automatic biochemical analyzer was used to detect the fasting blood glucose (FBG), lipid content in serum, and insulin content, and calculate the insulin resistance index. Oil red O staining was used to detect lipid deposition in the liver. H&E staining, Masson staining, and PASM staining were used to observe the pathological structural changes in the liver. 16 s RNA sequencing and targeted metabolomics were used to detect intestinal microbiota and bile acid content. The results showed that fucoidan was able to inhibit weight loss in the DM rats and reduce the content of triglycerides (TG), cholesterol (TC), and low-density lipoprotein (LDL-C) in serum. Oil red O staining showed a decrease in liver fat accumulation after fucoidan treatment. 16 s RNA sequencing demonstrated that fucoidan increased the abundance of Bacteroidia, Campylobacteria, Clostridia, Gammaproteobacteria, Negativicutes, and Verrucomicrobi. Fucoidan also increased the secretion of secondary bile acids (Nor-DCA, TLCA, β-UDCA) and alleviated lipid metabolism disorders. The expression of α-SMA was inhibited by fucoidan, whereas the expression of FXR and TGR5 was promoted. Fucoidan shows good activity in regulating lipid metabolism by regulating the expression of FXR and TGR5 and acting on the intestinal flora-bile acid axis.

Bile acid disorders and intestinal barrier dysfunction are involved in the development of fatty liver in laying hens

The pathogenesis of fatty liver is highly intricate. The role of the gut-liver axis in the development of fatty liver has gained increasing recognition in recent years. This study was conducted to explore the role of bile acid signaling and gut barrier in the pathogenesis of fatty liver. A total of 100 "Jing Tint 6" laying hens, 56-week-old, were used and fed basal diets until 60 weeks of age. At the end of the experiment, thirty individuals were selected based on the degree of hepatic steatosis. The hens with minimal hepatic steatosis (< 5 %) were chosen as healthy controls, while those with severe steatosis (> 33 %) in the liver were classified as the fatty liver group. Laying hens with fatty liver and healthy controls showed significant differences in body weight, liver index, abdominal fat ratio, feed conversion ratio (FCR), albumin height, Haugh unit, and biochemical indexes. The results of bile acid metabolomics revealed a clear separation in hepatic bile acid profiles between the fatty liver group and healthy controls, and multiple secondary bile acids were decreased in the fatty liver group, indicating disordered bile acid metabolism. Additionally, the mRNA levels of farnesoid X receptor (FXR) and genes related to bile acid transport were significantly decreased in both the liver and terminal ileum of hens with fatty liver. Moreover, the laying hens with fatty liver exhibited significant decreases in ileal crypt depth, the number of goblet cells, and the mRNA expression of tight junction-related proteins, alongside a significant increase in ileal permeability. Collectively, these findings suggest that disordered bile acids, suppressed FXR-mediated signaling, and impaired intestinal barrier function are potential factors promoting the development of fatty liver. These insights indicate that regulating bile acids and enhancing intestinal barrier function may become new preventive and therapeutic strategies for fatty liver in the near future.

Capsaicin and Quercitrin Maintained Lipid Homeostasis of Hyperlipidemic Mice: Serum Metabolomics and Signaling Pathways

Capsaicin and quercitrin have proved to be two major ingredients in fresh chili pepper. However, the effect of these two compounds on hyperlipidemia and the related molecular mechanisms were still unclear. This work was performed to examine the hypolipidemic capacity of capsaicin and quercitrin as well as the related signaling pathways. Hyperlipidemia was induced in mice by feeding them with a high-fat diet for 4 weeks. Both capsaicin and quercitrin were beneficial to inhibit a rise in fasting glucose, total cholesterol, total triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and total bile acids and to lift the level of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol in the serum. The optimal lipid-lowering data were achieved in the capsaicin and quercitrin/3:1 group. Supplementation with capsaicin and quercitrin both singly and together in the feed caused a significant influence on the metabolite profiles of mouse serum. The signaling pathway for the hypolipidemic effect of capsaicin and quercitrin was related to the down-regulation of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) but the up-regulation of phosphatidylin-ositol-3-kinase (PI3K), protein kinase Bb(Akt), farnesoid X receptor 1 (FXR1), and cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase (CYP7A1). This study confirmed the jointly hypolipidemic effect of capsaicin and quercitrin, which would benefit the valorization of chili pepper resources.

A novel selenoglycoside compound GlcSeCys alleviates diets-induced obesity and metabolic dysfunctions with the modulation of Galectin-1 and selenoproteins

Selenium, an essential trace element in human, has been shown to play protective roles in obesity and metabolic disorders despite insufficient understanding of mechanisms. Moreover, it's well known that biological actions of selenium compounds differed greatly due to divergent chemical forms. Selenoglycoside is a type of organoselenium compounds with excellent hydrophilicity, but biological activity of which in vivo are almost unknown. We have designed and synthesized Se-β-d-glucopyranosyl-D-selenocysteine, a novel selenoglycoside compound named GlcSeCys. Herein, GlcSeCys was given to high fat high cholesterol (HFHC) fed mice to determine its actions as well as relevant molecular mechanisms using transcriptome and multiple molecular biological methods. It was revealed that GlcSeCys displayed pronounced anti-obesity effect and significantly alleviated hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia along with hepatic steatosis in HFHC diets-induced mice. Mechanistically, GlcSeCys was found to inhibit lipogenesis, lipid uptake and inflammation in liver, along with attenuation of Galectin-1 and induction of selenoprotein S (SELENOS). With regard to adipose tissues, GlcSeCys ameliorated hypertrophy of adipocytes, suppressed lipids biosynthesis and stimulated WAT browning along with abrogated WAT inflammation activation, which were in line with repression of Galectin-1 and increase of GPx3. Collectively, our results uncovered, for the first time, that selenoglycoside compound GlcSeCys possessed excellent protective effects against obesity and metabolic disorders, and the mechanisms were correlated with modulation of Galectin-1 and selenoproteins, shedding lights upon molecular biology of selenium and novel therapeutic for obesity and relevant metabolic disorders.