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Simo FBN, Burt FJ, Makoah NA. Chikungunya Virus Diagnosis: A Review of Current Antigen Detection Methods. Trop Med Infect Dis 2023; 8:365. [PMID: 37505661 PMCID: PMC10383795 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed8070365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Chikungunya is a mosquito-borne viral disease caused by the chikungunya virus (CHIKV). CHIKV is expanding at an alarming rate, potentially spreading and establishing endemicity in new areas where competent vectors are present. The dramatic spread of CHIKV in recent years highlights the urgent need to take precautionary measures and investigate options for control. It is crucial in developing nations where diagnostic tools are limited, and symptoms are similar to other prevalent diseases such as malaria and dengue. The most reliable method for diagnosing chikungunya virus is viral gene detection by RT-PCR. Alternative methods like detecting human antibody and viral antigen can also be used, especially in areas where resources are limited. In this review, we summarize the limited data on antigen detection immunoassays. We further explain the essential structural elements of the virus to help comprehend the scientific concepts underlying the testing methods, as well as future methods and diagnostic approaches under investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fredy Brice Nemg Simo
- Division of Virology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of The Free State, Bloemfontein 9301, Free State, South Africa
| | - Felicity Jane Burt
- Division of Virology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of The Free State, Bloemfontein 9301, Free State, South Africa
- Division of Virology, National Health Laboratory Service, Bloemfontein 9301, Free State, South Africa
| | - Nigel Aminake Makoah
- Division of Virology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of The Free State, Bloemfontein 9301, Free State, South Africa
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2
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Hakim MS, Aman AT. Understanding the Biology and Immune Pathogenesis of Chikungunya Virus Infection for Diagnostic and Vaccine Development. Viruses 2022; 15:48. [PMID: 36680088 PMCID: PMC9863735 DOI: 10.3390/v15010048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 12/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Chikungunya virus, the causative agent of chikungunya fever, is generally characterized by the sudden onset of symptoms, including fever, rash, myalgia, and headache. In some patients, acute chikungunya virus infection progresses to severe and chronic arthralgia that persists for years. Chikungunya infection is more commonly identified in tropical and subtropical regions. However, recent expansions and epidemics in the temperate regions have raised concerns about the future public health impact of chikungunya diseases. Several underlying factors have likely contributed to the recent re-emergence of chikungunya infection, including urbanization, human travel, viral adaptation to mosquito vectors, lack of effective control measures, and the spread of mosquito vectors to new regions. However, the true burden of chikungunya disease is most likely to be underestimated, particularly in developing countries, due to the lack of standard diagnostic assays and clinical manifestations overlapping with those of other endemic viral infections in the regions. Additionally, there have been no chikungunya vaccines available to prevent the infection. Thus, it is important to update our understanding of the immunopathogenesis of chikungunya infection, its clinical manifestations, the diagnosis, and the development of chikungunya vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamad S. Hakim
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health, and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia
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3
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Moreira J, Brasil P, Dittrich S, Siqueira AM. Mapping the global landscape of chikungunya rapid diagnostic tests: A scoping review. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2022; 16:e0010067. [PMID: 35878158 PMCID: PMC9352193 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0010067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Chikungunya (CHIKV) is a reemerging arboviral disease and represents a global health threat because of the unprecedented magnitude of its spread. Diagnostics strategies rely heavily on reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and antibody detection by enzyme-linked Immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) are available and promise to decentralize testing and increase availability at lower healthcare system levels. Objectives We aim to identify the extent of research on CHIKV RDTs, map the global availability of CHIKV RDTs, and evaluate the accuracy of CHIKV RDTs for the diagnosis of CHIKV. Eligibility criteria We included studies reporting symptomatic individuals suspected of CHIKV, tested with CHIKV RDTs, against the comparator being a validated laboratory-based RT-PCR or ELISA assay. The primary outcome was the accuracy of the CHIKV RDT when compared with reference assays. Sources of evidence Medline, EMBASE, and Scopus were searched from inception to 13 October 2021. National regulatory agencies (European Medicines Agency, US Food and Drug Administration, and the Brazilian National Health Surveillance Agency) were also searched for registered CHIKV RDTs. Results Seventeen studies were included and corresponded to 3,222 samples tested with RDTs between 2005 and 2018. The most development stage of CHIKV RDTs studies was Phase I (7/17 studies) and II (7/17 studies). No studies were in Phase IV. The countries that manufacturer the most CHIKV RDTs were Brazil (n = 17), followed by the United States of America (n = 7), and India (n = 6). Neither at EMA nor FDA-registered products were found. Conversely, the ANVISA has approved 23 CHIKV RDTs. Antibody RDTs (n = 43) predominated and demonstrated sensitivity between 20% and 100%. The sensitivity of the antigen RDTs ranged from 33.3% to 100%. Conclusions The landscape of CHIKV RDTs is fragmented and needs coordinated efforts to ensure that patients in CHIKV-endemic areas have access to appropriate RDTs. Further research is crucial to determine the impact of such tests on integrated fever case management and prescription practices for acute febrile patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Moreira
- Laboratório de Pesquisa Clínica em Doenças Febris Agudas, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Departamento de Ensino & Pesquisa, Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- * E-mail:
| | - Patrícia Brasil
- Laboratório de Pesquisa Clínica em Doenças Febris Agudas, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Sabine Dittrich
- Malaria & Fever Department, Foundation for Innovative New Diagnostics, Geneva, Switzerland
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - André M. Siqueira
- Laboratório de Pesquisa Clínica em Doenças Febris Agudas, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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4
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Luciferase Immunosorbent Assay Based on Multiple E Antigens for the Detection of Chikungunya Virus-Specific IgG Antibodies. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0149621. [PMID: 35311573 PMCID: PMC9045172 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01496-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
At present, chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is still circulating in some parts of the world, and mutated strains have emerged, making it easier for the virus to spread among humans. With the continuous variation of CHIKV, its antigen variation leads to the decline of detection ability.
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Camprubí-Ferrer D, Cobuccio L, Van Den Broucke S, Genton B, Bottieau E, d'Acremont V, Rodriguez-Valero N, Almuedo-Riera A, Balerdi-Sarasola L, Subirà C, Fernandez-Pardos M, Martinez MJ, Navero-Castillejos J, Vera I, Llenas-Garcia J, Rothe C, Cadar D, Van Esbroeck M, Foque N, Muñoz J. Causes of fever in returning travelers: a European multicenter prospective cohort study. J Travel Med 2022; 29:6510556. [PMID: 35040473 DOI: 10.1093/jtm/taac002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Etiological diagnosis of febrile illnesses in returning travelers is a great challenge, particularly when presenting with no focal symptoms [acute undifferentiated febrile illnesses (AUFI)], but is crucial to guide clinical decisions and public health policies. In this study, we describe the frequencies and predictors of the main causes of fever in travelers. METHODS Prospective European multicenter cohort study of febrile international travelers (November 2017-November 2019). A predefined diagnostic algorithm was used ensuring a systematic evaluation of all participants. After ruling out malaria, PCRs and serologies for dengue, chikungunya and Zika viruses were performed in all patients presenting with AUFI ≤ 14 days after return. Clinical suspicion guided further microbiological investigations. RESULTS Among 765 enrolled participants, 310/765 (40.5%) had a clear source of infection (mainly traveler's diarrhea or respiratory infections), and 455/765 (59.5%) were categorized as AUFI. AUFI presented longer duration of fever (p < 0.001), higher hospitalization (p < 0.001) and ICU admission rates (p < 0.001). Among travelers with AUFI, 132/455 (29.0%) had viral infections, including 108 arboviruses, 96/455 (21.1%) malaria and 82/455 (18.0%) bacterial infections. The majority of arboviral cases (80/108, 74.1%) was diagnosed between May and November. Dengue was the most frequent arbovirosis (92/108, 85.2%). After 1 month of follow-up, 136/455 (29.9%) patients with AUFI remained undiagnosed using standard diagnostic methods. No relevant differences in laboratory presentation were observed between undiagnosed and bacterial AUFI. CONCLUSIONS Over 40% of returning travelers with AUFI were diagnosed with malaria or dengue, infections that can be easily diagnosed by rapid diagnostic tests. Arboviruses were the most common cause of AUFI (above malaria) and most cases were diagnosed during Aedes spp. high season. This is particularly relevant for those areas at risk of introduction of these pathogens. Empirical antibiotic regimens including doxycycline or azithromycin should be considered in patients with AUFI, after ruling out malaria and arboviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ludovico Cobuccio
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland.,Center for Primary Care and Public Health, University of Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Blaise Genton
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland.,Center for Primary Care and Public Health, University of Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Emmanuel Bottieau
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Valérie d'Acremont
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland.,Center for Primary Care and Public Health, University of Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | - Carme Subirà
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic - Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | | | - Isabel Vera
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic - Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jara Llenas-Garcia
- Internal Medicine - Infectious Diseases, Vega Baja Hospital, Orihuela, Alicante, Spain.,Clinical Medicine Department, University Miguel Hernández, Elche, Alicante, Spain
| | - Camilla Rothe
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, University Hospital LMU, Munich, Germany
| | - Dániel Cadar
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, National Reference Centre for Tropical Pathogens, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Marjan Van Esbroeck
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Nikki Foque
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Jose Muñoz
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic - Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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6
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Diagnostic accuracy of serological tests for the diagnosis of Chikungunya virus infection: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2022; 16:e0010152. [PMID: 35120141 PMCID: PMC8849447 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0010152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) causes febrile illnesses and has always been misdiagnosed as other viral infections, such as dengue and Zika; thus, a laboratory test is needed. Serological tests are commonly used to diagnose CHIKV infection, but their accuracy is questionable due to varying degrees of reported sensitivities and specificities. Herein, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of serological tests currently available for CHIKV. METHODOLOGY AND PRINCIPAL FINDINGS A literature search was performed in PubMed, CINAHL Complete, and Scopus databases from the 1st December 2020 until 22nd April 2021. Studies reporting sensitivity and specificity of serological tests against CHIKV that used whole blood, serum, or plasma were included. QUADAS-2 tool was used to assess the risk of bias and applicability, while R software was used for statistical analyses. Thirty-five studies were included in this meta-analysis; 72 index test data were extracted and analysed. Rapid and ELISA-based antigen tests had a pooled sensitivity of 85.8% and 82.2%, respectively, and a pooled specificity of 96.1% and 96.0%, respectively. According to our meta-analysis, antigen detection tests serve as a good diagnostic test for acute-phase samples. The IgM detection tests had more than 90% diagnostic accuracy for ELISA-based tests, immunofluorescence assays, in-house developed tests, and samples collected after seven days of symptom onset. Conversely, low sensitivity was found for the IgM rapid test (42.3%), commercial test (78.6%), and for samples collected less than seven of symptom onset (26.2%). Although IgM antibodies start to develop on day 2 of CHIKV infection, our meta-analysis revealed that the IgM detection test is not recommended for acute-phase samples. The diagnostic performance of the IgG detection tests was more than 93% regardless of the test formats and whether the test was commercially available or developed in-house. The use of samples collected after seven days of symptom onset for the IgG detection test suggests that IgG antibodies can be detected in the convalescent-phase samples. Additionally, we evaluated commercial IgM and IgG tests for CHIKV and found that ELISA-based and IFA commercial tests manufactured by Euroimmun (Lübeck, Germany), Abcam (Cambridge, UK), and Inbios (Seattle, WA) had diagnostic accuracy of above 90%, which was similar to the manufacturers' claim. CONCLUSION Based on our meta-analysis, antigen or antibody-based serological tests can be used to diagnose CHIKV reliably, depending on the time of sample collection. The antigen detection tests serve as a good diagnostic test for samples collected during the acute phase (≤7 days post symptom onset) of CHIKV infection. Likewise, IgM and IgG detection tests can be used for samples collected in the convalescent phase (>7 days post symptom onset). In correlation to the clinical presentation of the patients, the combination of the IgM and IgG tests can differentiate recent and past infections.
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Ajie M, Pascapurnama DN, Prodjosoewojo S, Kusumawardani S, Djauhari H, Handali S, Alisjahbana B, Chaidir L. Development of Nucleic Acid Lateral Flow Immunoassay for Rapid and Accurate Detection of Chikungunya Virus in Indonesia. J Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 31:1716-1721. [PMID: 34584033 PMCID: PMC9705883 DOI: 10.4014/jmb.2108.08025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Chikungunya fever is an arboviral disease caused by the Chikungunya virus (CHIKV). The disease has similar clinical manifestations with other acute febrile illnesses which complicates differential diagnosis in low-resource settings. We aimed to develop a rapid test for CHIKV detection based on the nucleic acid lateral flow immunoassay technology. The system consists of a primer set that recognizes the E1 region of the CHIKV genome and test strips in an enclosed cassette which are used to detect amplicons labeled with FITC/biotin. Amplification of the viral genome was done using open-source PCR, a low-cost open-source thermal cycler. Assay performance was evaluated using a panel of RNA isolated from patients' blood with confirmed CHIKV (n = 8) and dengue virus (n = 20) infection. The open-source PCR-NALFIA platform had a limit of detection of 10 RNA copies/ml. The assay had a sensitivity and specificity of 100% (95% CI: 67.56% - 100%) and 100% (95% CI: 83.89% - 100%), respectively, compared to reference standards of any positive virus culture on C6/36 cell lines and/or qRT-PCR. Further evaluation of its performance using a larger sample size may provide important data to extend its usefulness, especially its utilization in the peripheral healthcare facilities with scarce resources and outbreak situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mandala Ajie
- Research Center for Care and Control of Infectious Disease (RC3ID), Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung 40161, Indonesia
| | - Dyshelly Nurkartika Pascapurnama
- Research Center for Care and Control of Infectious Disease (RC3ID), Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung 40161, Indonesia
| | - Susantina Prodjosoewojo
- Research Center for Care and Control of Infectious Disease (RC3ID), Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung 40161, Indonesia,Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran/Hasan Sadikin Hospital, Bandung 40161, Indonesia
| | - Shinta Kusumawardani
- Research Center for Care and Control of Infectious Disease (RC3ID), Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung 40161, Indonesia
| | - Hofiya Djauhari
- Research Center for Care and Control of Infectious Disease (RC3ID), Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung 40161, Indonesia
| | - Sukwan Handali
- Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
| | - Bachti Alisjahbana
- Research Center for Care and Control of Infectious Disease (RC3ID), Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung 40161, Indonesia,Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran/Hasan Sadikin Hospital, Bandung 40161, Indonesia
| | - Lidya Chaidir
- Research Center for Care and Control of Infectious Disease (RC3ID), Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung 40161, Indonesia,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung 40161, Indonesia,Corresponding author Phone: +62-22-2044128 E-mail:
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8
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Pedraza-Escalona M, Guzmán-Bringas O, Arrieta-Oliva HI, Gómez-Castellano K, Salinas-Trujano J, Torres-Flores J, Muñoz-Herrera JC, Camacho-Sandoval R, Contreras-Pineda P, Chacón-Salinas R, Pérez-Tapia SM, Almagro JC. Isolation and characterization of high affinity and highly stable anti-Chikungunya virus antibodies using ALTHEA Gold Libraries™. BMC Infect Dis 2021; 21:1121. [PMID: 34717584 PMCID: PMC8556770 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-021-06717-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND More than 3 million infections were attributed to Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) in the 2014-2016 outbreak in Mexico, Central and South America, with over 500 deaths directly or indirectly related to this viral disease. CHIKV outbreaks are recurrent and no vaccine nor approved therapeutics exist to prevent or treat CHIKV infection. Reliable and robust diagnostic methods are thus critical to control future CHIKV outbreaks. Direct CHIKV detection in serum samples via highly specific and high affinity anti-CHIKV antibodies has shown to be an early and effective clinical diagnosis. METHODS To isolate highly specific and high affinity anti-CHIKV, Chikungunya virions were isolated from serum of a patient in Veracruz, México. After purification and characterization via electron microscopy, SDS-PAGE and binding to well-characterized anti-CHIKV antibodies, UV-inactivated particles were utilized as selector in a solid-phase panning in combination with ALTHEA Gold Libraries™, as source of antibodies. The screening was based on ELISA and Next-Generation Sequencing. RESULTS The CHIKV isolate showed the typical morphology of the virus. Protein bands in the SDS-PAGE were consistent with the size of CHIKV capsid proteins. UV-inactivated CHIKV particles bound tightly the control antibodies. The lead antibodies here obtained, on the other hand, showed high expression yield, > 95% monomeric content after a single-step Protein A purification, and importantly, had a thermal stability above 75 °C. Most of the antibodies recognized linear epitopes on E2, including the highest affinity antibody called C7. A sandwich ELISA implemented with C7 and a potent neutralizing antibody isolated elsewhere, also specific for E2 but recognizing a discontinuous epitope, showed a dynamic range of 0.2-40.0 mg/mL of UV-inactivated CHIKV purified preparation. The number of CHIKV particles estimated based on the concentration of E2 in the extract suggested that the assay could detect clinically meaningful amounts of CHIKV in serum. CONCLUSIONS The newly discovered antibodies offer valuable tools for characterization of CHIKV isolates. Therefore, the strategy here followed using whole viral particles and ALTHEA Gold Libraries™ could expedite the discovery and development of antibodies for detection and control of emergent and quickly spreading viral outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Pedraza-Escalona
- CONACyT-Unidad de Desarrollo e Investigación en Bioprocesos (UDIBI), Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, México.,Laboratorio Nacional para Servicios Especializados de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación (I+D+i) para Farmoquímicos y Biotecnológicos, LANSEIDI-FarBiotec-CONACyT, Mexico City, México
| | - O Guzmán-Bringas
- Unidad de Desarrollo e Investigación en Bioprocesos (UDIBI), Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, México.,Laboratorio Nacional para Servicios Especializados de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación (I+D+i) para Farmoquímicos y Biotecnológicos, LANSEIDI-FarBiotec-CONACyT, Mexico City, México
| | - H I Arrieta-Oliva
- Unidad de Desarrollo e Investigación en Bioprocesos (UDIBI), Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, México.,Laboratorio Nacional para Servicios Especializados de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación (I+D+i) para Farmoquímicos y Biotecnológicos, LANSEIDI-FarBiotec-CONACyT, Mexico City, México
| | - K Gómez-Castellano
- Unidad de Desarrollo e Investigación en Bioprocesos (UDIBI), Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, México.,Laboratorio Nacional para Servicios Especializados de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación (I+D+i) para Farmoquímicos y Biotecnológicos, LANSEIDI-FarBiotec-CONACyT, Mexico City, México
| | - J Salinas-Trujano
- Unidad de Desarrollo e Investigación en Bioprocesos (UDIBI), Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, México.,Laboratorio Nacional para Servicios Especializados de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación (I+D+i) para Farmoquímicos y Biotecnológicos, LANSEIDI-FarBiotec-CONACyT, Mexico City, México
| | - J Torres-Flores
- Unidad de Desarrollo e Investigación en Bioprocesos (UDIBI), Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, México
| | - J C Muñoz-Herrera
- Unidad de Desarrollo e Investigación en Bioprocesos (UDIBI), Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, México.,Laboratorio Nacional para Servicios Especializados de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación (I+D+i) para Farmoquímicos y Biotecnológicos, LANSEIDI-FarBiotec-CONACyT, Mexico City, México
| | - R Camacho-Sandoval
- Unidad de Desarrollo e Investigación en Bioprocesos (UDIBI), Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, México.,Laboratorio Nacional para Servicios Especializados de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación (I+D+i) para Farmoquímicos y Biotecnológicos, LANSEIDI-FarBiotec-CONACyT, Mexico City, México
| | - P Contreras-Pineda
- Unidad de Desarrollo e Investigación en Bioprocesos (UDIBI), Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, México.,Laboratorio Nacional para Servicios Especializados de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación (I+D+i) para Farmoquímicos y Biotecnológicos, LANSEIDI-FarBiotec-CONACyT, Mexico City, México
| | - R Chacón-Salinas
- Unidad de Desarrollo e Investigación en Bioprocesos (UDIBI), Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, México.,Laboratorio Nacional para Servicios Especializados de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación (I+D+i) para Farmoquímicos y Biotecnológicos, LANSEIDI-FarBiotec-CONACyT, Mexico City, México.,Departamento de Inmunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional (ENCB-IPN), México City, México
| | - S M Pérez-Tapia
- Unidad de Desarrollo e Investigación en Bioprocesos (UDIBI), Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, México.,Laboratorio Nacional para Servicios Especializados de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación (I+D+i) para Farmoquímicos y Biotecnológicos, LANSEIDI-FarBiotec-CONACyT, Mexico City, México.,Departamento de Inmunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional (ENCB-IPN), México City, México
| | - J C Almagro
- Unidad de Desarrollo e Investigación en Bioprocesos (UDIBI), Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, México. .,Laboratorio Nacional para Servicios Especializados de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación (I+D+i) para Farmoquímicos y Biotecnológicos, LANSEIDI-FarBiotec-CONACyT, Mexico City, México. .,GlobalBio, Inc, 320 Concord Ave., 02138, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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9
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De Weggheleire A, Nkuba-Ndaye A, Mbala-Kingebeni P, Mariën J, Kindombe-Luzolo E, Ilombe G, Mangala-Sonzi D, Binene-Mbuka G, De Smet B, Vogt F, Selhorst P, Matungala-Pafubel M, Nkawa F, Vulu F, Mossoko M, Pukuta-Simbu E, Kinganda-Lusamaki E, Van Bortel W, Wat’senga-Tezzo F, Makiala-Mandanda S, Ahuka-Mundeke S. A Multidisciplinary Investigation of the First Chikungunya Virus Outbreak in Matadi in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Viruses 2021; 13:v13101988. [PMID: 34696418 PMCID: PMC8541179 DOI: 10.3390/v13101988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Early March 2019, health authorities of Matadi in the Democratic Republic of the Congo alerted a sudden increase in acute fever/arthralgia cases, prompting an outbreak investigation. We collected surveillance data, clinical data, and laboratory specimens from clinical suspects (for CHIKV-PCR/ELISA, malaria RDT), semi-structured interviews with patients/caregivers about perceptions and health seeking behavior, and mosquito sampling (adult/larvae) for CHIKV-PCR and estimation of infestation levels. The investigations confirmed a large CHIKV outbreak that lasted February–June 2019. The total caseload remained unknown due to a lack of systematic surveillance, but one of the two health zones of Matadi notified 2686 suspects. Of the clinical suspects we investigated (n = 220), 83.2% were CHIKV-PCR or IgM positive (acute infection). One patient had an isolated IgG-positive result (while PCR/IgM negative), suggestive of past infection. In total, 15% had acute CHIKV and malaria. Most adult mosquitoes and larvae (>95%) were Aedes albopictus. High infestation levels were noted. CHIKV was detected in 6/11 adult mosquito pools, and in 2/15 of the larvae pools. This latter and the fact that 2/6 of the CHIKV-positive adult pools contained only males suggests transovarial transmission. Interviews revealed that healthcare seeking shifted quickly toward the informal sector and self-medication. Caregivers reported difficulties to differentiate CHIKV, malaria, and other infectious diseases resulting in polypharmacy and high out-of-pocket expenditure. We confirmed a first major CHIKV outbreak in Matadi, with main vector Aedes albopictus. The health sector was ill-prepared for the information, surveillance, and treatment needs for such an explosive outbreak in a CHIKV-naïve population. Better surveillance systems (national level/sentinel sites) and point-of-care diagnostics for arboviruses are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja De Weggheleire
- Outbreak Research Team, Institute of Tropical Medicine, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium; (J.M.); (B.D.S.); (F.V.); (P.S.); (W.V.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +32-494-368-535
| | - Antoine Nkuba-Ndaye
- Department of Virology, National Institute of Biomedical Research, B.P. 1197 Kinshasa I, Democratic Republic of the Congo; (A.N.-N.); (P.M.-K.); (E.K.-L.); (F.N.); (E.P.-S.); (E.K.-L.); (S.M.-M.); (S.A.-M.)
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Kinshasa, B.P. 127 Kinshasa IX, Democratic Republic of the Congo; (D.M.-S.); (M.M.-P.); (F.V.)
- TransVIHMI, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Montpellier University, 34090 Montpellier, France
| | - Placide Mbala-Kingebeni
- Department of Virology, National Institute of Biomedical Research, B.P. 1197 Kinshasa I, Democratic Republic of the Congo; (A.N.-N.); (P.M.-K.); (E.K.-L.); (F.N.); (E.P.-S.); (E.K.-L.); (S.M.-M.); (S.A.-M.)
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Kinshasa, B.P. 127 Kinshasa IX, Democratic Republic of the Congo; (D.M.-S.); (M.M.-P.); (F.V.)
| | - Joachim Mariën
- Outbreak Research Team, Institute of Tropical Medicine, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium; (J.M.); (B.D.S.); (F.V.); (P.S.); (W.V.B.)
| | - Esaie Kindombe-Luzolo
- Department of Virology, National Institute of Biomedical Research, B.P. 1197 Kinshasa I, Democratic Republic of the Congo; (A.N.-N.); (P.M.-K.); (E.K.-L.); (F.N.); (E.P.-S.); (E.K.-L.); (S.M.-M.); (S.A.-M.)
| | - Gillon Ilombe
- Department of Entomology, National Institute of Biomedical Research, B.P. 1197 Kinshasa I, Democratic Republic of the Congo; (G.I.); (G.B.-M.); (F.W.-T.)
- Global Health Institute, Antwerp University, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Donatien Mangala-Sonzi
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Kinshasa, B.P. 127 Kinshasa IX, Democratic Republic of the Congo; (D.M.-S.); (M.M.-P.); (F.V.)
| | - Guillaume Binene-Mbuka
- Department of Entomology, National Institute of Biomedical Research, B.P. 1197 Kinshasa I, Democratic Republic of the Congo; (G.I.); (G.B.-M.); (F.W.-T.)
| | - Birgit De Smet
- Outbreak Research Team, Institute of Tropical Medicine, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium; (J.M.); (B.D.S.); (F.V.); (P.S.); (W.V.B.)
| | - Florian Vogt
- Outbreak Research Team, Institute of Tropical Medicine, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium; (J.M.); (B.D.S.); (F.V.); (P.S.); (W.V.B.)
- The Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
- National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, Research School of Population Health, College of Health and Medicine, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Philippe Selhorst
- Outbreak Research Team, Institute of Tropical Medicine, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium; (J.M.); (B.D.S.); (F.V.); (P.S.); (W.V.B.)
| | - Mathy Matungala-Pafubel
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Kinshasa, B.P. 127 Kinshasa IX, Democratic Republic of the Congo; (D.M.-S.); (M.M.-P.); (F.V.)
| | - Frida Nkawa
- Department of Virology, National Institute of Biomedical Research, B.P. 1197 Kinshasa I, Democratic Republic of the Congo; (A.N.-N.); (P.M.-K.); (E.K.-L.); (F.N.); (E.P.-S.); (E.K.-L.); (S.M.-M.); (S.A.-M.)
| | - Fabien Vulu
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Kinshasa, B.P. 127 Kinshasa IX, Democratic Republic of the Congo; (D.M.-S.); (M.M.-P.); (F.V.)
| | - Mathias Mossoko
- Direction de Lutte contre la Maladie, Ministry of Health, B.P. 3040 Kinshasa I, Democratic Republic of the Congo;
| | - Elisabeth Pukuta-Simbu
- Department of Virology, National Institute of Biomedical Research, B.P. 1197 Kinshasa I, Democratic Republic of the Congo; (A.N.-N.); (P.M.-K.); (E.K.-L.); (F.N.); (E.P.-S.); (E.K.-L.); (S.M.-M.); (S.A.-M.)
| | - Eddy Kinganda-Lusamaki
- Department of Virology, National Institute of Biomedical Research, B.P. 1197 Kinshasa I, Democratic Republic of the Congo; (A.N.-N.); (P.M.-K.); (E.K.-L.); (F.N.); (E.P.-S.); (E.K.-L.); (S.M.-M.); (S.A.-M.)
| | - Wim Van Bortel
- Outbreak Research Team, Institute of Tropical Medicine, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium; (J.M.); (B.D.S.); (F.V.); (P.S.); (W.V.B.)
| | - Francis Wat’senga-Tezzo
- Department of Entomology, National Institute of Biomedical Research, B.P. 1197 Kinshasa I, Democratic Republic of the Congo; (G.I.); (G.B.-M.); (F.W.-T.)
| | - Sheila Makiala-Mandanda
- Department of Virology, National Institute of Biomedical Research, B.P. 1197 Kinshasa I, Democratic Republic of the Congo; (A.N.-N.); (P.M.-K.); (E.K.-L.); (F.N.); (E.P.-S.); (E.K.-L.); (S.M.-M.); (S.A.-M.)
| | - Steve Ahuka-Mundeke
- Department of Virology, National Institute of Biomedical Research, B.P. 1197 Kinshasa I, Democratic Republic of the Congo; (A.N.-N.); (P.M.-K.); (E.K.-L.); (F.N.); (E.P.-S.); (E.K.-L.); (S.M.-M.); (S.A.-M.)
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Kinshasa, B.P. 127 Kinshasa IX, Democratic Republic of the Congo; (D.M.-S.); (M.M.-P.); (F.V.)
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Fischer C, Jo WK, Haage V, Moreira-Soto A, de Oliveira Filho EF, Drexler JF. Challenges towards serologic diagnostics of emerging arboviruses. Clin Microbiol Infect 2021; 27:1221-1229. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2021.05.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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11
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Muniyandi M, Karikalan N, Ravi K, Sengodan S, Krishnan R, Tyagi K, Rajsekar K, Raju S, Selvavinayagam TS. An economic evaluation of implementing a decentralized dengue screening intervention under the National Vector Borne Disease Control Programme in Tamil Nadu, South India. Int Health 2021; 14:295-308. [PMID: 34453836 PMCID: PMC9070504 DOI: 10.1093/inthealth/ihab045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Lack of effective early screening is a major obstacle for reducing the fatality rate and disease burden of dengue. In light of this, the government of Tamil Nadu has adopted a decentralized dengue screening strategy at the primary healthcare (PHC) facilities using blood platelet count. Our objective was to determine the cost-effectiveness of a decentralized screening strategy for dengue at PHC facilities compared with the current strategy at the tertiary health facility (THC) level. Methods Decision tree analysis followed a hypothetical cohort of 1000 suspected dengue cases entering the model. The cost-effectiveness analysis was performed at a 3% discount rate for the proposed and current strategy. The outcomes are expressed in incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICERs) per quality-adjusted life years gained. One-way sensitivity analysis and probabilistic sensitivity analysis were done to check the uncertainty in the outcome. Results The proposed strategy was found to be cost-saving and ICER was estimated to be −41 197. PSA showed that the proposed strategy had a 0.84 probability of being an economically dominant strategy. Conclusions The proposed strategy is cost-saving, however, it is recommended to consider optimal population coverage, costs to economic human resources and collateral benefits of equipment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malaisamy Muniyandi
- Scientist-D & Head, Department of Health Economics, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, No. 1, Sathyamoorthy Road, Chetpet, Chennai 60003, India
| | - Nagarajan Karikalan
- Scientist-D & Head, Department of Health Economics, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, No. 1, Sathyamoorthy Road, Chetpet, Chennai 60003, India
| | - Karunya Ravi
- Scientist-D & Head, Department of Health Economics, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, No. 1, Sathyamoorthy Road, Chetpet, Chennai 60003, India
| | - Senthilkumar Sengodan
- Scientist-D & Head, Department of Health Economics, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, No. 1, Sathyamoorthy Road, Chetpet, Chennai 60003, India
| | - Rajendran Krishnan
- Scientist-D & Head, Department of Health Economics, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, No. 1, Sathyamoorthy Road, Chetpet, Chennai 60003, India
| | - Kirti Tyagi
- Department of Health Research, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, 2nd Floor, IRCS Building, 1, Red Cross Road, New Delhi 110001, India
| | - Kavitha Rajsekar
- Department of Health Research, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, 2nd Floor, IRCS Building, 1, Red Cross Road, New Delhi 110001, India
| | - Sivadhas Raju
- Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Government of Tamil Nadu, 359, Anna Salai, Chokkalingam Nagar, Teynampet, Chennai 600006, India
| | - T S Selvavinayagam
- Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Government of Tamil Nadu, 359, Anna Salai, Chokkalingam Nagar, Teynampet, Chennai 600006, India
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12
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Evaluation of DNA-Launched Virus-Like Particle Vaccines in an Immune Competent Mouse Model of Chikungunya Virus Infection. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9040345. [PMID: 33918409 PMCID: PMC8067036 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9040345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) infection can result in chronic and debilitating arthralgia affecting humans in tropical and subtropical regions around the world, yet there are no licensed vaccines to prevent infection. DNA launched virus like particle (VLP) vaccines represent a potentially safer alternative to traditional live-attenuated vaccines; however, fully characterized immunocompetent mouse models which appropriately include both male and female animals for preclinical evaluation of these, and other, vaccine platforms are lacking. Utilizing virus stocks engineered to express mutations reported to enhance CHIKV virulence in mice, infection of male and female immunocompetent mice was evaluated, and the resulting model utilized to assess the efficacy of candidate DNA launched CHIKV VLP vaccines. Results demonstrate the potential utility of DNA launched VLP vaccines in comparison to a live attenuated CHIKV vaccine and identify gender differences in viral RNA loads that impact interpretation of vaccine efficacy and may have important implications for future CHIKV vaccine development.
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13
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Buss I, Genton B, D'Acremont V. Aetiology of fever in returning travellers and migrants: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Travel Med 2020; 27:5955503. [PMID: 33146395 PMCID: PMC7665639 DOI: 10.1093/jtm/taaa207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Numerous publications focus on fever in returning travellers, but there is no known systematic review considering all diseases, or all tropical diseases causing fever. Such a review is necessary in order to develop appropriate practice guidelines. OBJECTIVES Primary objectives of this review were (i) to determine the aetiology of fever in travellers/migrants returning from (sub) tropical countries as well as the proportion of patients with specific diagnoses, and (ii) to assess the predictors for specific tropical diseases. METHOD Embase, MEDLINE and Cochrane Library were searched with terms combining fever and travel/migrants. All studies focusing on causes of fever in returning travellers and/or clinical and laboratory predictors of tropical diseases were included. Meta-analyses were performed on frequencies of etiological diagnoses. RESULTS 10 064 studies were identified; 541 underwent full-text review; 30 met criteria for data extraction. Tropical infections accounted for 33% of fever diagnoses, with malaria causing 22%, dengue 5% and enteric fever 2%. Non-tropical infections accounted for 36% of febrile cases, with acute gastroenteritis causing 14% and respiratory tract infections 13%. Positive likelihood ratios demonstrated that splenomegaly, thrombocytopenia and hyperbilirubinemia were respectively 5-14, 3-11 and 5-7 times more likely in malaria than non-malaria patients. High variability of results between studies reflects heterogeneity in study design, regions visited, participants' characteristics, setting, laboratory investigations performed and diseases included. CONCLUSION Malaria accounted for one-fifth of febrile cases, highlighting the importance of rapid malaria testing in febrile returning travellers, followed by other rapid tests for common tropical diseases. High variability between studies highlights the need to harmonize study designs and to promote multi-centre studies investigating predictors of diseases, including of lower incidence, which may help to develop evidence-based guidelines. The use of clinical decision support algorithms by health workers which incorporate clinical predictors, could help standardize studies as well as improve quality of recommendations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imogen Buss
- Centre for Primary Care and Public Health (Unisanté), University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Blaise Genton
- Centre for Primary Care and Public Health (Unisanté), University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Valérie D'Acremont
- Centre for Primary Care and Public Health (Unisanté), University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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14
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Reddy A, Bosch I, Salcedo N, Herrera BB, de Puig H, Narváez CF, Caicedo-Borrero DM, Lorenzana I, Parham L, García K, Mercado M, Turca AMR, Villar-Centeno LA, Gélvez-Ramírez M, Ríos NAG, Hiley M, García D, Diamond MS, Gehrke L. Development and Validation of a Rapid Lateral Flow E1/E2-Antigen Test and ELISA in Patients Infected with Emerging Asian Strain of Chikungunya Virus in the Americas. Viruses 2020; 12:E971. [PMID: 32882998 PMCID: PMC7552019 DOI: 10.3390/v12090971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Since its 2013 emergence in the Americas, Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) has posed a serious threat to public health. Early and accurate diagnosis of the disease, though currently lacking in clinics, is integral to enable timely care and epidemiological response. We developed a dual detection system: a CHIKV antigen E1/E2-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and a lateral flow test using high-affinity anti-CHIKV antibodies. The ELISA was validated with 100 PCR-tested acute Chikungunya fever samples from Honduras. The assay had an overall sensitivity and specificity of 51% and 96.67%, respectively, with accuracy reaching 95.45% sensitivity and 92.03% specificity at a cycle threshold (Ct) cutoff of 22. As the Ct value decreased from 35 to 22, the ELISA sensitivity increased. We then developed and validated two lateral flow tests using independent antibody pairs. The sensitivity and specificity reached 100% for both lateral flow tests using 39 samples from Colombia and Honduras at Ct cutoffs of 20 and 27, respectively. For both lateral flow tests, sensitivity decreased as the Ct increased after 27. Because CHIKV E1/E2 are exposed in the virion surfaces in serum during the acute infection phase, these sensitive and specific assays demonstrate opportunities for early detection of this emerging human pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankita Reddy
- E25Bio, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Institute for Medical Engineering & Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Irene Bosch
- E25Bio, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | | | - Bobby Brooke Herrera
- E25Bio, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Helena de Puig
- Institute for Medical Engineering & Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Carlos F Narváez
- Programa de Medicina, Facultad de Salud, Universidad Surcolombiana, Neiva, Huila, Colombia
| | - Diana María Caicedo-Borrero
- Departamento de Salud Pública y Epidemiología de la Pontificia Universidad, Javeriana Cali y Escuela de Salud Pública de la Universidad del Valle, Cali, Colombia
| | - Ivette Lorenzana
- Instituto de Investigación en Microbiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Honduras, Tegucigalpa, Honduras
| | - Leda Parham
- Instituto de Investigación en Microbiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Honduras, Tegucigalpa, Honduras
| | - Kimberly García
- Instituto de Investigación en Microbiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Honduras, Tegucigalpa, Honduras
| | - Marcela Mercado
- Dirección de Investigación en Salud Pública, Instituto Nacional de Salud, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Angélica María Rico Turca
- Laboratorio de Virología, Dirección de Redes en Salud Pública, Instituto Nacional de Salud, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Luis A Villar-Centeno
- Departments of Escuela de Medicina, Universidad Industrial de Santander and AEDES Network, Bucaramanga, Santander, Colombia
| | - Margarita Gélvez-Ramírez
- Departments of Escuela de Medicina, Universidad Industrial de Santander and AEDES Network, Bucaramanga, Santander, Colombia
| | - Natalia Andrea Gómez Ríos
- Departments of Escuela de Medicina, Universidad Industrial de Santander and AEDES Network, Bucaramanga, Santander, Colombia
| | - Megan Hiley
- Institute for Medical Engineering & Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Dawlyn García
- Institute for Medical Engineering & Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Michael S Diamond
- Departments of Medicine, Molecular Microbiology, Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Lee Gehrke
- E25Bio, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Institute for Medical Engineering & Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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15
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Suzuki K, Huits R, Phadungsombat J, Tuekprakhon A, Nakayama EE, van den Berg R, Barbé B, Cnops L, Rahim R, Hasan A, Iwamoto H, Leaungwutiwong P, van Esbroeck M, Rahman M, Shioda T. Promising application of monoclonal antibody against chikungunya virus E1-antigen across genotypes in immunochromatographic rapid diagnostic tests. Virol J 2020; 17:90. [PMID: 32615978 PMCID: PMC7330967 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-020-01364-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Three different genotypes of chikungunya virus (CHIKV) have been classified: East/Central/South African (ECSA), West African (WA), and Asian. Previously, a rapid immunochromatographic (IC) test detecting CHIKV E1-antigen showed high sensitivity for certain ECSA-genotype viruses, but this test showed poor performance against the Asian-genotype virus that is spreading in the American continents. We found that the reactivity of one monoclonal antibody (MAb) used in the IC rapid diagnostic test (RDT) is affected by a single amino acid substitution in E1. Therefore, we developed new MAbs that exhibited specific recognition of all three genotypes of CHIKV. METHODS Using a combination of the newly generated MAbs, we developed a novel version of the IC RDT with improved sensitivity to Asian-genotype CHIKV. To evaluate the sensitivity, specificity, and cross-reactivity of the new version of the IC RDT, we first used CHIKV isolates and E1-pseudotyped lentiviral vectors. We then used clinical specimens obtained in Aruba in 2015 and in Bangladesh in 2017 for further evaluation of RDT sensitivity and specificity. Another alphavirus, sindbis virus (SINV), was used to test RDT cross-reactivity. RESULTS The new version of the RDT detected Asian-genotype CHIKV at titers as low as 10^4 plaque-forming units per mL, a concentration that was below the limit of detection of the old version. The new RDT had sensitivity to the ECSA genotype that was comparable with that of the old version, yielding 92% (92 out of 100) sensitivity (95% confidence interval 85.0-95.9) and 100% (100 out of 100) specificity against a panel of 100 CHIKV-positive and 100 CHIKV-negative patient sera obtained in the 2017 outbreak in Bangladesh. CONCLUSIONS Our newly developed CHIKV antigen-detecting RDT demonstrated high levels of sensitivity and lacked cross-reactivity against SINV. These results suggested that our new version of the CHIKV E1-antigen RDT is promising for use in areas in which the Asian and ECSA genotypes of CHIKV circulate. Further validation with large numbers of CHIKV-positive and -negative clinical samples is warranted. (323 words).
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Affiliation(s)
- Keita Suzuki
- Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Japan.,POCT Products Business Unit, TANAKA Kikinzoku Kogyo K.K, Hiratsuka, Japan
| | - Ralph Huits
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | | | - Aekkachai Tuekprakhon
- Mahidol-Osaka Center for Infectious Diseases, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Emi E Nakayama
- Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | | | - Barbara Barbé
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Lieselotte Cnops
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | | | - Abu Hasan
- Apollo Hospitals Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Hisahiko Iwamoto
- POCT Products Business Unit, TANAKA Kikinzoku Kogyo K.K, Hiratsuka, Japan
| | | | - Marjan van Esbroeck
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | | | - Tatsuo Shioda
- Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Japan. .,Mahidol-Osaka Center for Infectious Diseases, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.
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Two distinct lineages of chikungunya virus cocirculated in Aruba during the 2014-2015 epidemic. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2019; 78:104129. [PMID: 31786339 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2019.104129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Revised: 11/24/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), a positive-sense, single-stranded RNA virus in the family Togaviridae, is transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes. Of three known CHIKV genotypes, the Asian genotype was introduced into the Caribbean islands and rapidly spread throughout Central and South Americas. We previously found patients with symptoms compatible with chikungunya fever in 2014-2015 in Aruba, a Caribbean island of 180 km2. We here describe the full genome sequences of eight CHIKV strains isolated from patient sera of the Aruban outbreak. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that two closely related but distinct lineages of Asian-genotype CHIKV circulated simultaneously during the epidemic in 2014-2015. These results suggested that CHIKV was introduced into Aruba more than once in a short period, reflecting the importance of Aruba as a travel hub within the region.
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17
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Abstract
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is an alphavirus that is primarily transmitted by Aedes species mosquitoes. Though reports of an illness consistent with chikungunya date back over 200 years, CHIKV only gained worldwide attention during a massive pandemic that began in East Africa in 2004. Chikungunya, the clinical illness caused by CHIKV, is characterized by a rapid onset of high fever and debilitating joint pain, though in practice, etiologic confirmation of CHIKV requires the availability and use of specific laboratory diagnostics. Similar to infections caused by other arboviruses, CHIKV infections are most commonly detected with a combination of molecular and serological methods, though cell culture and antigen detection are reported. This review provides an overview of available CHIKV diagnostics and highlights aspects of basic virology and epidemiology that pertain to viral detection. Although the number of chikungunya cases has decreased since 2014, CHIKV has become endemic in countries across the tropics and will continue to cause sporadic outbreaks in naive individuals. Consistent access to accurate diagnostics is needed to detect individual cases and initiate timely responses to new outbreaks.
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Wang R, Ongagna-Yhombi SY, Lu Z, Centeno-Tablante E, Colt S, Cao X, Ren Y, Cárdenas WB, Mehta S, Erickson D. Rapid Diagnostic Platform for Colorimetric Differential Detection of Dengue and Chikungunya Viral Infections. Anal Chem 2019; 91:5415-5423. [PMID: 30896928 PMCID: PMC7719054 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b00704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we demonstrate a rapid diagnostic platform with potential to transform clinical diagnosis of acute febrile illnesses in resource-limited settings. Acute febrile illnesses such as dengue and chikungunya, which pose high burdens of disease in tropical regions, share many nonspecific symptoms and are difficult to diagnose based on clinical history alone in the absence of accessible laboratory diagnostics. Through a unique color-mixing encoding and readout strategy, our platform enabled consistent and accurate multiplexed detection of dengue and chikungunya IgM/IgG antibodies in human clinical samples within 30 min. Our multiplex assay offers several advantages over conventional rapid diagnostic tests deployed in resource-limited settings, including a low sample volume requirement and the ability to concurrently detect four analytes. Our platform is a step toward multiplexed diagnostics that will be transformative for disease management in resource-limited settings by enabling informed treatment decisions through accessible evidence-based diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruisheng Wang
- Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Serge Y. Ongagna-Yhombi
- Sibley School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Zhengda Lu
- Sibley School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | | | - Susannah Colt
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Xiangkun Cao
- Sibley School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Yue Ren
- Sibley School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | | | - Saurabh Mehta
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - David Erickson
- Sibley School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
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Tuekprakhon A, Puiprom O, Sasaki T, Michiels J, Bartholomeeusen K, Nakayama EE, Meno MK, Phadungsombat J, Huits R, Ariën KK, Luplertlop N, Shioda T, Leaungwutiwong P. Broad-spectrum monoclonal antibodies against chikungunya virus structural proteins: Promising candidates for antibody-based rapid diagnostic test development. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0208851. [PMID: 30557365 PMCID: PMC6296674 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0208851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2018] [Accepted: 11/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In response to the aggressive global spread of the mosquito-borne chikungunya virus (CHIKV), an accurate and accessible diagnostic tool is of high importance. CHIKV, an arthritogenic alphavirus, comprises three genotypes: East/Central/South African (ECSA), West African (WA), and Asian. A previous rapid immunochromatographic (IC) test detecting CHIKV E1 protein showed promising performance for detection of the ECSA genotype. Unfortunately, this kit exhibited lower capacity for detection of the Asian genotype, currently in circulation in the Americas, reflecting the low avidity of one of the monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) in this IC kit for the E1 protein of the Asian-genotype because of a variant amino acid sequence. To address this shortcoming, we set out to generate a new panel of broad-spectrum mouse anti-CHIKV mAbs using hybridoma technology. We report here the successful generation of mouse anti-CHIKV mAbs targeting CHIKV E1 and capsid proteins. These mAbs possessed broad reactivity to all three CHIKV genotypes, while most of the mAbs lacked cross-reactivity towards Sindbis, dengue, and Zika viruses. Two of the mAbs also lacked cross-reactivity towards other alphaviruses, including O'nyong-nyong, Ross River, Mayaro, Western Equine Encephalitis, Eastern Equine Encephalitis, and Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis viruses. In addition, another two mAbs cross-reacted weakly only with most closely related O'nyong-nyong virus. Effective diagnosis is one of the keys to disease control but to date, no antibody-based rapid IC platform for CHIKV is commercially available. Thus, the application of the mAbs characterized here in the rapid diagnostic IC kit for CHIKV detection is expected to be of great value for clinical diagnosis and surveillance purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aekkachai Tuekprakhon
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Mahidol-Osaka Center for Infectious Diseases (MOCID), Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Orapim Puiprom
- Mahidol-Osaka Center for Infectious Diseases (MOCID), Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Tadahiro Sasaki
- Mahidol-Osaka Center for Infectious Diseases (MOCID), Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Johan Michiels
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Koen Bartholomeeusen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Emi E. Nakayama
- Mahidol-Osaka Center for Infectious Diseases (MOCID), Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Research Institute for Microbial Diseases (RIMD), Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Michael K. Meno
- Mahidol-Osaka Center for Infectious Diseases (MOCID), Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Juthamas Phadungsombat
- Mahidol-Osaka Center for Infectious Diseases (MOCID), Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Ralph Huits
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Kevin K. Ariën
- Research Institute for Microbial Diseases (RIMD), Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Natthanej Luplertlop
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Tatsuo Shioda
- Mahidol-Osaka Center for Infectious Diseases (MOCID), Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Research Institute for Microbial Diseases (RIMD), Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
- * E-mail: (TS); (PL)
| | - Pornsawan Leaungwutiwong
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- * E-mail: (TS); (PL)
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Selection and characterization of protective anti-chikungunya virus single domain antibodies. Mol Immunol 2018; 105:190-197. [PMID: 30550981 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2018.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Revised: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is a mosquito-borne alphavirus that causes an arthralgia febrile illness that has affected millions of people on three continents. Previously, neutralizing monoclonal antibodies that have prophylactic and therapeutic activity were found to remove virus in joint tissues, thereby reducing the severity of symptoms in mice and non-human primates. In this study, we sought to develop thermostable small recombinant antibodies against CHIKV for future diagnostic, prophylactic and therapeutic applications. To develop these single domain antibodies (sdAb) a CHIKV immune library was constructed by displaying the consortium of variable heavy domains (VHH) amplified from peripheral white blood cells isolated from llamas immunized with CHIKV virus-like particles (VLPs). Five anti-CHIKV sdAb isolated using bio-panning were evaluated for their affinity and thermal stability. Their ability to detect CHIKV VLPs was demonstrated in both MagPlex- and ELISA- based assays. Finally, the ability of two sdAb, CC3 and CA6, to inhibit CHIKV infection were tested using a plaque reduction and neutralization test (PRNT), yielding PRNT50 values of 0.6 and 45.6 nM, respectively.
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Huits R, De Kort J, Van Den Berg R, Chong L, Tsoumanis A, Eggermont K, Bartholomeeusen K, Ariën KK, Jacobs J, Van Esbroeck M, Bottieau E, Cnops L. Chikungunya virus infection in Aruba: Diagnosis, clinical features and predictors of post-chikungunya chronic polyarthralgia. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0196630. [PMID: 29709007 PMCID: PMC5927412 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0196630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) emerged in Aruba for the first time in 2014. We studied the clinical presentation of acute CHIKV infection and the contribution of serologic and molecular assays to its diagnosis. In a cohort of confirmed CHIKV cases, we analysed the frequency, duration and predictors of post-chikungunya chronic polyarthralgia (pCHIK-CPA), defined as joint pains lasting longer than 6 weeks or longer than 1 year. METHODOLOGY Patient sera obtained within 10 days of symptom onset were tested for CHIKV, using an indirect immunofluorescence test for the detection of CHIKV-specific Immunoglobulin M (IgM) and post-hoc, by reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). CHIKV was isolated from selected samples and genotyped. For confirmed CHIKV cases, clinical data from chart review were complemented by a Telephone survey, conducted 18-24 months after diagnosis. When joint pain was reported, the duration, presence of inflammatory signs, type and number of joints affected, were recorded. Joint involvement was scored according to the 2010 'American College of Rheumatology/ European League Against Rheumatism' criteria for seronegative rheumatoid arthritis (ACR-score). Risk factors for pCHIK-CPA were identified by logistic regression. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Acute CHIKV infection was diagnosed in 269 of 498 sera, by detection of IgM (n = 105), by RT-PCR (n = 59), or by both methods (n = 105). Asian genotype was confirmed in 7 samples. Clinical data were complete for 171 of 248 (69.0%) patients, aged 15 years or older (median 49.4 [35.0-59.6]). The female-to-male ratio was 2.2. The main acute symptoms were arthralgia (94%), fever (85%), myalgia (85%), headache (73%) and rash (63%). In patients with arthralgia (n = 160), pCHIK-CPA longer than 6 weeks was reported by 44% and longer than 1 year by 26% of cases. Inflammatory signs, stiffness, edema and redness were frequent (71%, 39% and 21%, respectively). Joints involved were knees (66%), ankles (50%), fingers (52%), feet (46%), shoulders (36%), elbows (34%), wrists (35%), hips (31%), toes (28.1%) and spine (28.1%). Independent predictors of pCHIK-CPA longer than 1 year were female gender (OR 5.9, 95%-CI [2.1-19.6]); high ACR-score (7.4, [2.7-23.3]), and detection of CHIKV-RNA in serum beyond 7 days of symptom onset (6.4, [1.4-34.1]. CONCLUSIONS We identified 269 CHIKV patients after the first outbreak of Asian genotype CHIKV in Aruba in 2014-2015. RT-PCR yielded 59 (28%) additional CHIKV diagnoses compared to IgM antibody detection alone. Arthralgia, fever and skin rash were the dominant acute phase symptoms. pCHIK-CPA longer than 1 year affected 26% of cases and was predicted by female gender, high ACR-score and CHIKV-RNA detection beyond 7 days of symptom onset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralph Huits
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Jaclyn De Kort
- Department of Internal Medicine, Horacio Oduber Hospital, Oranjestad, Aruba
| | | | - Luis Chong
- Landslaboratorium Aruba, Oranjestad, Aruba
| | - Achilleas Tsoumanis
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Kaat Eggermont
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Koen Bartholomeeusen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Kevin K Ariën
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Jan Jacobs
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Marjan Van Esbroeck
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Emmanuel Bottieau
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Lieselotte Cnops
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
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Variation at position 350 in the Chikungunya virus 6K-E1 protein determines the sensitivity of detection in a rapid E1-antigen test. Sci Rep 2018; 8:1094. [PMID: 29348674 PMCID: PMC5773492 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-19174-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), a mosquito-borne pathogen, consists of three genotypes: East/Central/South African (ECSA), West African (WA), and Asian. Although a current rapid immunochromatographic (IC) test detecting CHIKV E1-antigen showed high sensitivity to ECSA-genotype viruses, it showed poor performance against the Asian-genotype virus that is spreading in the American continents. To understand the basis for the low performance of this IC test against Asian-genotype virus, we re-examined the anti-CHIKV monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) used in the assay for their interaction with E1-antigen of the three CHIKV genotypes. We found that the reactivity of one mAb for Asian-genotype virus was lower than that for ECSA virus. Comparison of E1 amino acid sequences revealed that the ECSA virus used to generate these mAbs possesses glutamic acid (E) at position 350, in contrast to WA and Asian, which possess aspartic acid (D) at this position. Site-directed mutagenesis confirmed that the mutation altered mAb reactivity, since E-to-D substitution at position 350 in ECSA reduced recognition by the mAb, while D-to-E substitution at this position in Asian and WA increased affinity for the mAb. Taken together, these results indicate that residue 350 of the CHIKV 6K-E1 is a key element affecting the performance of this IC assay.
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Abstract
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is an arbovirus transmitted by Aedes mosquitos in tropical and subtropical regions across the
world. After decades of sporadic outbreaks, it re-emerged in Africa, Asia, India
Ocean and America suddenly, causing major regional epidemics recently and becoming a
notable global health problem. Infection by CHIKV results in a spectrum of clinical
diseases including an acute self-limiting febrile illness in most individuals, a
chronic phase of recurrent join pain in a proportion of patients, and long-term
arthralgia for months to years for the unfortunate few. No specific anti-viral drugs
or licensed vaccines for CHIKV are available so far. A better understanding of
virus-host interactions is essential for the development of therapeutics and
vaccines. To this end, we reviewed the existing knowledge on CHIKV’s epidemiology,
clinical presentation, molecular virology, diagnostic approaches, host immune
response, vaccine development, and available animal models. Such a comprehensive
overview, we believe, will shed lights on the promises and challenges in CHIKV
vaccine development.
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