A novel pH/temperature-responsive hydrogel based on tremella polysaccharide and poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)

Exploring the influence of different enzymes on soy hull polysaccharide emulsion stabilization: A study on interfacial behavior and structural changes

The interfacial behavior of soy hull polysaccharide (SHP) at the oil-water interface and the stabilization mechanism of high internal phase emulsion (HIPE) with three enzymes (α-amylase, trypsin and papain) were investigated. The diameter of the α-amylase-treated emulsion was the minimum at 40 min, indicating that the carbohydrate portions of SHP form a thick layer on the surface of the droplet to prevent aggregation. Moreover, Raman spectroscopy revealed significantly higher levels of disordered content of SHP emulsion treated with α-amylase at 60 min, potentially affecting the directional movement of SHP molecules in the emulsion. Conversely, the content of β-sheet and β-turn was lower than trypsin and papain, possibly due to ion-dipole interaction between the polar group residues within SHP and ions, or protonation with H+.

Sulfobetaine/Alginate/Chitosan Supported Hybrid N‐Isopropylacrylamide Hydrogels: Composition‐Dependent Diffusion/Compression Properties and Theophylline/Diclofenac Sodium/Ciprofloxacin Release Kinetics

Poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide) (N), poly([3‐(methacryloylamino)propyl] dimethyl(3‐sulfopropyl) ammonium hydroxide) (SB) and SB/N hydrogels were prepared using N,N′‐methylenebisacrylamide as crosslinker, while their hybrid semi‐/full‐IPNs N1A, N1C, N1CA, SB/N1A, SB/N1C, and SB/N1CA were synthesized in the presence of Alginate (A)/Chitosan (C). All the hydrogels were evaluated by taking into account their appearances, compression strengths and swelling behaviors in the ranges of pH 1.2–9.0 and temperature 4°C–40°C. The compressive moduli of N and SB/N hydrogels increased from ~10 to 80 kPa by changing composition (from N, SB/N to N1CA, SB/N1CA), swelling solution (from DDW to PBS) and temperature (from 25° to 37°C). The release profiles of diclofenac sodium (DFNa), theophylline (Thp), and ciprofloxacin (CIP) from N, SB/N, and their semi‐/full‐IPNs were investigated at pH 1.2 and pH 7.4, mimicking gastric and intestinal fluids. Higuchi, Peppas, and Weibull models were used, to describe the mechanisms of DFNa, Thp, and CIP releases from the hybrid IPNs of N and SB/N. The values of n (> 0.45) and β (> 0.75) at 37°C for Peppas and Weibull equations showed that DFNa and CIP releases from SB/N hybrids, which are more hydrophilic than IPNs of N, are mainly controlled by swelling/relaxation process.

Influence of Poly(Ethylene Glycol) Dimethacrylates' Chain Length on Electrical Conductivity and Other Selected Physicochemical Properties of Thermally Sensitive N-isopropylacrylamide Derivatives

Thermosensitive polymers P1-P6 of N-isopropylacrylamide (PNIPA) and poly(ethylene glycol) dimethacrylates (PEGDMAs), av. Mn 550-20,000, were synthesized via surfactant-free precipitation polymerization (SFPP) using ammonium persulfate (APS) at 70 °C. The polymerization course was monitored by the conductivity. The hydrodynamic diameters (HDs) and the polydispersity indexes (PDIs) of the aqueous dispersion of P1-P6 in the 18-45 °C range, assessed via dynamic light scattering (DLS), were at 18° as follows (nm): 73.95 ± 19.51 (PDI 0.57 ± 0.08), 74.62 ± 0.76 (PDI 0.56 ± 0,01), 69.45 ± 1.47 (PDI 0.57 ± 0.03), 196.2 ± 2.50 (PDI 0.53 ± 0.04), 194.30 ± 3.36 (PDI 0.56 ± 0.04), 81.99 ± 0.53 (PDI 0.56 ± 0.01), 76.87 ± 0.30 (PDI 0.54 ± 0.01), respectively. The electrophoretic mobilities estimated the zeta potential (ZP) in the 18-45 °C range, and at 18 °C they were as follows (mV): -2.57 ± 0.10, -4.32 ± 0.67, -5.34 ± 0.95, --3.02 ± 0.76, -4.71 ± 2.69, -2.30 ± 0.36, -2.86 ± 0.42 for polymer dispersion P1-P6. The polymers were characterized by attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), H nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR), thermogravimetric analysis (TG/DTA), Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), and powder X-ray diffraction analysis (PXRD). The length of the cross-linker chain influences the physicochemical properties of the obtained polymers.

Functional Bio-Based Polymeric Hydrogels for Wastewater Treatment: From Remediation to Sensing Applications

In recent years, many researchers have focused on designing hydrogels with specific functional groups that exhibit high affinity for various contaminants, such as heavy metals, organic pollutants, pathogens, or nutrients, or environmental parameters. Novel approaches, including cross-linking strategies and the use of nanomaterials, have been employed to enhance the structural integrity and performance of the desired hydrogels. The evolution of these hydrogels is further highlighted, with an emphasis on fine-tuning features, including water absorption capacity, environmental pollutant/factor sensing and selectivity, and recyclability. Furthermore, this review investigates the emerging topic of stimuli-responsive smart hydrogels, underscoring their potential in both sorption and detection of water pollutants. By critically assessing a wide range of studies, this review not only synthesizes existing knowledge, but also identifies advantages and limitations, and describes future research directions in the field of chemically engineered hydrogels for water purification and monitoring with a low environmental impact as an important resource for chemists and multidisciplinary researchers, leading to improvements in sustainable water management technology.

Efficient conversion of cane molasses into Tremella fuciformis polysaccharides with enhanced bioactivity through repeated batch culture

Tremella fuciformis polysaccharide (TFPS) is a natural mushroom mucopolysaccharide widely used in health foods, medical care, cosmetic and surgical materials. In this study, we developed an efficient strategy for the repeated batch production of highly bioactive TFPS from the agro-industrial residue cane molasses. Cane molasses contained 39.92 % sucrose (w/w), 6.36 % fructose and 3.53 % glucose, all of which could be utilized by T. fuciformis spores, whereas, the TFPS production efficiency only reached 0.74 g/L/d. Corn cobs proved to be the best immobilized carrier that could tightly absorb spores and significantly shorten the fermentation lag period. The average yield of TFPS in eight repeated batch culture was 5.52 g/L with a production efficiency of 2.04 g/L/d. The average fermentation cycle after optimization was reduced by 61.61 % compared with the initial conditions. Compared to glucose as a carbon source, cane molasses significantly increased the proportion of low-molecular-weight TFPS (TFPS-2) in total polysaccharides from 3.54 % to 17.25 % (w/w). Moreover, TFPS-2 exhibited potent antioxidant capacity against four free radicals (O2-, ABTS+, OH, and DPPH). In conclusion, this study lays the foundation for the efficient conversion of cane molasses and production of TFPS with high bioactivity.

Unification of medicines and excipients: The roles of natural excipients for promoting drug delivery

INTRODUCTION

Drug delivery systems (DDSs) formed by natural active compounds be instrumental in developing new green excipients and novel DDS from natural active compounds (NACs). 'Unification of medicines and excipients'(UME), the special inherent nature of the natural active compounds, provides the inspiration and conduction to achieve this goal.

AREAS COVERED

This review summarizes the typical types of NACs from herbal medicine, such as saponins, flavonoids, polysaccharides, etc. that act as excipients and their main application in DDS. The comparison of the drug delivery systems formed by NACs and common materials and the primary formation mechanisms of these NACs are also introduced to provide a deepened understanding of their performance in DDS.

EXPERT OPINION

Many natural bioactive compounds, such as saponins, polysaccharides, etc. have been used in DDS. Diversity of structure and pharmacological effects of NACs turn out the unique advantages in improving the performance of DDSs like targeting ability, adhesion, encapsulation efficiency(EE), etc. and enhancing the bioavailability of loaded drugs.

Fungi-enabled pore channel regulation and defect engineering of a novel micro-reactor for treating complex effluents

Defect engineering has become a significant research area in recent years; however, little has been reported on the biological method for modulating the intrinsic carbon defects of the biochar framework. Herein, a fungi-enabled method for the fabrication of porous carbon/Fe₃O₄/Ag (PC/Fe₃O₄/Ag) composites was developed, and the mechanism underlying the hierarchical structure is elucidated for the first time. By regulating the cultivation process of fungi on water hyacinth biomass, a well-developed interconnected structure and carbon defects acting as potential catalytic active sites were formed. This new material with antibacterial, adsorption and photodegradation properties could be an excellent choice for treating the mixed dyestuff effluents with oils and bacteria, also guiding pore channel regulation and defect engineering in materials science. Numerical simulations were carried out to demonstrate the remarkable catalytic activity.

Binary Hydrogels: Induction Methods and Recent Application Progress as Food Matrices for Bioactive Compounds Delivery-A Bibliometric Review

Food hydrogels are biopolymeric materials made from food-grade biopolymers with gelling properties (proteins and polysaccharides) and a 3D network capable of incorporating large amounts of water. They have sparked considerable interest because of their potential and broad application range in the biomedical and pharmaceutical sectors. However, hydrogel research in the field of food science is still limited. This knowledge gap provides numerous opportunities for implementing their unique properties, such as high water-holding capacity, moderated texture, compatibility with other substances, cell biocompatibility, biodegradability, and high resemblance to living tissues, for the development of novel, functional food matrices. For that reason, this article includes a bibliometric analysis characterizing research trends in food protein-polysaccharide hydrogels (over the last ten years). Additionally, it characterizes the most recent developments in hydrogel induction methods and the most recent application progress of hydrogels as food matrices as carriers for the targeted delivery of bioactive compounds. Finally, this article provides a future perspective on the need to evaluate the feasibility of using plant-based proteins and polysaccharides to develop food matrices that protect nutrients, including bioactive substances, throughout processing, storage, and digestion until they reach the specific targeted area of the digestive system.

Recent Advances of Stimuli-Responsive Polysaccharide Hydrogels in Delivery Systems: A Review

Hydrogels obtained from natural polymers have received widespread attention for their excellent biocompatible property, nontoxicity, easy gelation, and functionalization. Polysaccharides can regulate the gut microbiota and improve the intestinal microenvironment, thus exerting the healthy effect of intestinal immunity. In an active substance delivery system, the extent and speed of the substance reaching its target are highly dependent on the carrier. Thus, the smart active substance delivery systems are gradually increasing. The smart polysaccharide-hydrogels possess the ability in response to external stimuli through changing their volume phase and structure, which are applied in various fields. Natural polysaccharide-based hydrogels possess excellent characteristics of environmental friendliness, good biocompatibility, and abundant sources. According to the response type, natural polysaccharide-based hydrogels are usually divided into stimulus-responsive hydrogels, including internal response (pH, temperature, enzyme, redox) and external response (light, electricity, magnetism) hydrogels. The delivery system based on polysaccharides can exert their effects in the gastrointestinal tract. At the same time, polysaccharides may also take part in regulating the brain signals through the microbiota-gut-brain axis. Therefore, natural polysaccharide-hydrogels are considered as promising biomaterials, which can be designed as delivery systems for regulating the gut-brain axis. This article reviews the research advance of stimulus-responsive hydrogels, which focus on the types, response characteristics, and applications for polysaccharide-based smart hydrogels as delivery systems.

Fabrication and characterization of core-shell gliadin/tremella polysaccharide nanoparticles for curcumin delivery: Encapsulation efficiency, physicochemical stability and bioaccessibility

The objectives of the present study were to synthesize gliadin/tremella polysaccharide nanoparticles (Gli/TP NPs) as well as curcumin-loaded gliadin/tremella polysaccharide nanoparticles (Cur-Gli/TP NPs) and evaluate the encapsulation efficiency (EE), physicochemical stability and bioaccessibility of Cur-Gli/TP NPs. The physicochemical properties of the nanoparticles depended on the mass ratio of Gli to TP and pH values. The characterization of the Gli/TP NPs indicated that the prepared nanoparticles were the most stable when the Gli/TP mass ratio was 1:1 and pH was at 4.0-7.0. Afterward, prepared Cur-Gli/TP NPs at different pH values were studied. Compared with the EE of Cur (58.2%) in Cur-Gli NPs at pH 5.0, the EE of Cur (90.6%) in Cur-Gli/TP NPs at pH 5.0 was increased by 32.4%. Besides, the Cur-Gli/TP NPs possessed excellent physical stability, photostability, thermal stability and re-dispersibility than Cur-Gli NPs. Furthermore, the bioaccessibility of Cur reached 83.5% after encapsulation of Cur into Gli/TP NPs after in vitro digestion, indicating that Cur-Gli/TP NPs could improve curcumin bioaccessibility significantly. In summary, this study demonstrates that the new food-grade Gli/TP NPs possess high encapsulation efficiency, excellent stability and prominent nutraceutical bioaccessibility. Meanwhile, it contributes to expanding the application of TP in food-grade delivery systems.

Macroporous zwitterionic composite cryogel based on chitosan oligosaccharide for antifungal application

Chitosan oligosaccharide (COS), a time-dependent antimicrobial carbohydrate, is found antifungal active with a short duration of action due to excessive solubility. We attempted to address this issue by employing a hydrogel as a COS carrier. In this research, macroporous zwitterionic composite cryogels composed of COS and poly(N-methacryl arginine) (PMarg) were fabricated, serving as long-term antifungal dressings. Firstly, Marg was synthesized and characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), ¹H and ¹³C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS). Then, the COS/PMarg cryogels were prepared by redox initiation cryopolymerization. The macroporous morphology of the cryogels was confirmed by scanning electron microscope (SEM) with pore size varying from 20.86 to 50.87 μm. FTIR indicated that hydrogen bonding formed between COS and PMarg, and the interaction elevated thermal stability of the cryogels as evidenced by thermal-gravimetric analysis (TGA). Swelling capacity, mechanical properties, and COS release behavior of the COS/PMarg cryogels were investigated. With the release of COS, the antifouling activity of the cryogel increased. Antimicrobial tests indicated the COS/PMarg cryogel could effectively inhibit the proliferation of Candida albicans. It demonstrated that the macroporous zwitterionic COS/PMarg composite cryogel might be a potential antifungal dressing with sequential "sterilization-release" capacity.

Characterization of the structure and properties of the isolating interfacial layer of oil-water emulsions stabilized by soy hull polysaccharide: Effect of pH changes

The effect of pH on the microstructure and properties of the soy hull polysaccharide interfacial layer was determined. The particle size at pH 2.0 was the largest (36.7 μm), whereas the absolute ζ-potential was the smallest. The protein content was the lowest at pH 2.0 and 9.0 and peaked around pH 4.0-5.0 (77.7%). The ordered secondary protein structure content under low pH conditions was greater than that under high pH conditions and the stability of the interfacial layer was higher at high pH, whereas the emulsion viscosity decreased by two orders of magnitude between pH 2.0 and 9.0. It appears that low pH reduced the thermal stability and increased the apparent viscosity of the emulsion by increasing the structural order of the protein in the interfacial layer. These findings lay the foundation for future work to reveal the key components and characteristic structures of soy hull polysaccharide that affect interfacial stability.

Thermosensitive Bioadhesive Hydrogels Based on Poly(N-isopropylacrilamide) and Poly(methyl vinyl ether-alt-maleic anhydride) for the Controlled Release of Metronidazole in the Vaginal Environment

The development of thermosensitive bioadhesive hydrogels as multifunctional platforms for the controlled delivery of microbicides is a valuable contribution for the in situ treatment of vagina infections. In this work, novel semi-interpenetrating network (s-IPN) hydrogels were prepared by the entrapment of linear poly(methyl vinyl ether-alt-maleic anhydride) (PVME-MA) chains within crosslinked 3D structures of poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAAm). The multifunctional platforms were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, thermal techniques, rheological analysis, swelling kinetic measurements, and bioadhesion tests on porcine skin. The hydrogels exhibited an interconnected porous structure with defined boundaries. An elastic, solid-like behavior was predominant in all formulations. The swelling kinetics were strongly dependent on temperature (25 °C and 37 °C) and pH (7.4 and 4.5) conditions. The s-IPN with the highest content of PVME-MA displayed a significantly higher detachment force (0.413 ± 0.014 N) than the rest of the systems. The metronidazole loading in the s-IPN improved its bioadhesiveness. In vitro experiments showed a sustained release of the antibiotic molecules from the s-IPN up to 48 h (94%) in a medium simulating vaginal fluid, at 37 °C. The thermosensitive and bioadhesive PNIPAAm/PVME-MA systems showed a promising performance for the controlled release of metronidazole in the vaginal environment.

Informative and corrective responsive packaging: Advances in farm-to-fork monitoring and remediation of food quality and safety

Microbial growth and fluctuations in environmental conditions have been shown to cause microbial contamination and deterioration of food. Thus, it is paramount to develop reliable strategies to effectively prevent the sale and consumption of contaminated or spoiled food. Responsive packaging systems are designed to react to specific stimuli in the food or environment, such as microorganisms or temperature, then implement an informational or corrective response. Informative responsive packaging is aimed at continuously monitoring the changes in food or environmental conditions and conveys this information to the users in real time. Meanwhile, packaging systems with the capacity to control contamination or deterioration are also of great interest. Encouragingly, corrective responsive packaging attempting to mitigate the adverse effects of condition fluctuations on food has been investigated. This packaging exerts its effects through the triggered release of active agents by environmental stimuli. In this review, informative and corrective responsive packaging is conceptualized clearly and concisely. The mechanism and characteristics of each type of packaging are discussed in depth. This review also summarized the latest research progress of responsive packaging and objectively appraised their advantages. Evidently, the mechanism through which packaging systems respond to microbial contamination and associated environmental factors was also highlighted. Moreover, risk concerns, related legislation, and consumer perspective in the application of responsive packaging are discussed as well. Broadly, this comprehensive review covering the latest information on responsive packaging aims to provide a timely reference for scientific research and offer guidance for presenting their applications in food industry.

Investigations into the role of non-bond interaction on gelation mechanism of silk fibroin hydrogel

Silk fibroin hydrogel not only has biocompatibility, but also has environmental response ability. It plays an important role in the development of material. The gelation mechanism of silk fibroin hydrogel is very important to textile and medicine fields. The molecular dynamics simulation was used to discuss the structure and non-bond interaction of silk fibroin hydrogel. The results show that the non-bond interactions between silk fibroin molecules and water molecules have certain influence on the formation of silk fibroin hydrogel. According to the hydrogen bond analysis, the hydrogen bonds are mainly formed between random coil peptide fragments at the two ends of silk fibroin molecules and residues 252-254 are the key residues. The electrostatic and polar solvation interactions between silk fibroin molecules plays a major role in cross-linking of the coil segments of two silk fibroin molecules.

Flame-retardant PNIPAAm/sodium alginate/polyvinyl alcohol hydrogels used for fire-fighting application: Preparation and characteristic evaluations

A novel fire-preventing triple-network (TN) hydrogel was prepared and laminated on cotton fabric to improve fire-resistant performance of cellulose fabric. The TN hydrogel composed of Poly (N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAAm)/sodium alginate (SA)/ Poly (vinyl alcohol) (PVA) exhibited excellent swelling ratio, swelling-deswelling behavior and antibacterial property. Results indicated that introduction of SA could improve water retention capabilities of TN hydrogels. Thermogravimetric experiments showed that the thermal stability of hydrogels was best at a SA: PVA ratio of 2:1. Furthermore, the obtained hydrogel-cotton fabric laminates displayed efficient flame retardancy. Compared to original fabric, hydrogel-fabric laminates were nearly undamaged when exposed to fire for 12 s. This result is attributed to energy absorption as water is heated and evaporates in the hydrogel. The present work provides a new concept to prepare fire-resistant polymer fabric, which may be used in fire-protective clothing to protect the skin from burn injuries.

Cutting-edge progress and challenges in stimuli responsive hydrogel microenvironment for success in tissue engineering today

The field of tissue engineering has numerous potential for modified therapeutic results and has been inspired by enhancements in bioengineering at the recent decades. The techniques of regenerating tissues and assembling functional paradigms that are responsible for repairing, maintaining, and revitalizing lost organs and tissues have affected the entire spectrum of health care studies. Strategies to combine bioactive molecules, biocompatible materials and cells are important for progressing the renewal of damaged tissues. Hydrogels have been utilized as one of the most popular cell substrate/carrier in tissue engineering since previous decades, respect to their potential to retain a 3D structure, to protect the embedded cells, and to mimic the native ECM. The hydrophilic nature of hydrogels can provide an ideal milieu for cell viability and structure, which simulate the native tissues. Hydrogel systems have been applied as a favorable matrix for growth factor delivery and cell immobilization. This study reviews a brief explanation of the structure, characters, applications, fabrication methods, and future outlooks of stimuli responsive hydrogels in tissue engineering and, in particular, 3D bioprinting.

Diselenide Core Cross-Linked Micelles of Poly(Ethylene Oxide)-b-Poly(Glycidyl Methacrylate) Prepared through Alkyne-Azide Click Chemistry as a Near-Infrared Controlled Drug Delivery System

In this article, a drug delivery system with a near-infrared (NIR) light-responsive feature was successfully prepared using a block copolymer poly(ethylene oxide)-b-poly(glycidyl methacrylate)-azide (PEO-b-PGMA-N3) and a cross-linker containing a Se-Se bond through "click" chemistry. Doxorubicin (DOX) was loaded into the core-cross-linked (CCL) micelles of the block copolymer along with indocyanine green (ICG) as a generator of reactive oxygen species (ROS). During NIR light exposure, ROS were generated by ICG and attacked the Se-Se bond of the cross-linker, leading to de-crosslinking of the CCL micelles. After NIR irradiation, the CCL micelles were continuously disrupted, which can be a good indication for effective drug release. Photothermal analysis showed that the temperature elevation during NIR exposure was negligible, thus safe for normal cells. In vitro drug release tests demonstrated that the drug release from diselenide CCL micelles could be controlled by NIR irradiation and affected by the acidity of the environment.