1
|
Lipsky LM, Cummings JR, Haynie DL, Nansel TR. The burden of overweight/obesity and weight-related behaviors attributable to food addiction in emerging adults. Appetite 2024; 199:107399. [PMID: 38710450 PMCID: PMC11145725 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2024.107399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Revised: 05/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
While food addiction has been positively associated with excess weight and disordered eating behaviors, this has not been examined in representative samples of emerging adults, who are at elevated risk for these outcomes. This study investigated relationships of food addiction with weight outcomes, weight perception, and weight-control behaviors in emerging adults and estimated the population attributable fraction to food addiction. Data from an observational cohort study were collected in seven annual waves from 2010 to 2016. A nationally representative sample of 2785 10th grade students was recruited from schools within each U.S. census region (73% participation) (mean ± SD baseline age = 16.3 ± 0.5years). Wave 7 retention was 81% (n = 2323, 60% female, mean ± SD = 22.6 ± 0.5 years). Outcomes included current BMI, BMI change from baseline - wave 7, increased weight status in wave 7 (increased weight status from baseline-wave 7), perceived overweight, dieting, any weight-control behavior, and extreme weight-control behaviors. Food addiction was measured in wave 7 using the modified Yale Food Addiction Scale. Relative risk of the outcomes associated with food addiction, and population attributable fraction, were estimated using adjusted log-binomial or robust Poisson regression analyses accounting for the complex survey design. Food addiction prevalence was 4.7%. Participants with food addiction were primarily females (91%); food addiction was uncorrelated with other sociodemographics. Food addiction was associated with 48%-167% increased RR for all outcomes, but these were attenuated after adjustment for confounders (31%-64%). The population attributable fraction for food addiction ranged from 2% (high wave 7 BMI) - 5% (extreme weight-control behaviors). Although the population attributable fraction estimates indicate that the public health burden of these outcomes attributable to food addiction may be relatively minor, food addiction may signal the presence of several adverse mental health symptoms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leah M Lipsky
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Jenna R Cummings
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Denise L Haynie
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Tonja R Nansel
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, MD, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Senol E, Mohammad H. Current perspectives on brain circuits involved in food addiction-like behaviors. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2024; 131:475-485. [PMID: 38216705 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-023-02732-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2024]
Abstract
There is an emerging view that the increased availability of energy-dense foods in our society is contributing to excessive food consumption which could lead to food addiction-like behavior. Particularly, compulsive eating patterns are predominant in people suffering from eating disorders (binge-eating disorder, bulimia and anorexia nervosa) and obesity. Phenotypically, the behavioral pattern exhibits a close resemblance to individuals suffering from other forms of addiction (drug, sex, gambling). Growing body of evidence in neuroscience research is showing that excessive consumption of energy-dense foods alters the brain circuits implicated in reward, decision-making, control, habit formation, and emotions that are central to drug addiction. Here, we review the current understanding of the circuits of food addiction-like behaviors and highlight the future possibility of exploring those circuits to combat obesity and eating disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Esra Senol
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Hasan Mohammad
- Centre de Recherche en Biomédicine de Strasbourg (CRBS), L'Institut National de La Santé Et de La Recherche Médicale (Inserm) U1114, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France.
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Mohali, Punjab, 140306, India.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Stein SF, Rios JM, Gearhardt AN, Nuttall AK, Riley HO, Kaciroti N, Rosenblum KL, Lumeng JC, Miller AL. Food addiction and dietary restraint in postpartum women: The role of childhood trauma exposure and postpartum depression. Appetite 2023; 187:106589. [PMID: 37146651 PMCID: PMC11079996 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2023.106589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The early postpartum period is a sensitive time for understanding women's high-risk eating (i.e., eating behavior associated with negative health outcomes) given potential long-term eating behavior implications for infants. Food addiction and dietary restraint are two high-risk eating phenotypes associated with long-term negative health outcomes that have been theoretically linked. Yet, no research has considered how much these constructs overlap during the early postpartum period. The present study sought to characterize these two high-risk eating phenotypes in postpartum women to examine whether these are distinct constructs with specific etiologies and to inform future targets of intervention. Women (N = 277) in the early postpartum period reported on high-risk eating, childhood trauma exposure, depression symptoms, and pre-pregnancy weight. Women's height was measured and pre-pregnancy BMI was calculated. We conducted bivariate correlations and path analysis to characterize the relationship between food addiction and dietary restraint, controlling for pre-pregnancy BMI. Results showed that food addiction and dietary restraint were not significantly associated and that women's childhood trauma exposure and postpartum depression were associated with food addiction but not dietary restraint. Sequential mediation revealed that higher levels of childhood trauma exposure were associated with worse postpartum depression and, in turn, greater food addiction during the early postpartum period. Findings suggest that food addiction and dietary restraint have distinct psychosocial predictors and etiological pathways, which suggests important construct validity differences between the two high-risk eating phenotypes. Interventions seeking to address food addiction in postpartum women and mitigate the impact of this high-risk eating phenotype on the next generation may benefit from treating postpartum depression, especially in women with histories of childhood trauma exposure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sara F Stein
- Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, University of Michigan School of Public Health, 1415 Washington Heights, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA; School of Social Work, University of Michigan, 1080 S. University Ave., Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
| | - Julia M Rios
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan College of Literature, Science and the Arts, 530 Church St., Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Ashley N Gearhardt
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan College of Literature, Science and the Arts, 530 Church St., Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Amy K Nuttall
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, Michigan State University, 552 West Circle Drive, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Hurley O Riley
- Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, University of Michigan School of Public Health, 1415 Washington Heights, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Niko Kaciroti
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan School of Public Health, 1415 Washington Heights, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Katherine L Rosenblum
- Department of Psychiatry, Michigan Medicine, 4250 Plymouth Rd., Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Julie C Lumeng
- Department of Pediatrics, Michigan Medicine, 1522 Simpson Rd. East., Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Alison L Miller
- Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, University of Michigan School of Public Health, 1415 Washington Heights, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Wittekind DA, Kratzsch J, Mergl R, Baber R, Wirkner K, Schroeter ML, Witte AV, Villringer A, Kluge M. Leptin, but not ghrelin, is associated with food addiction scores in a population-based subject sample. Front Psychiatry 2023; 14:1200021. [PMID: 37559914 PMCID: PMC10407557 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1200021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ghrelin and leptin are both peptide hormones and act as opposing players in the regulation of hunger, satiety and energy expenditure. Leptin reduces appetite and feelings of hunger and is secreted mainly by adipocytes, while ghrelin increases appetite and food intake and reduces metabolic rate. Both hormones have been implicated in addictive disorders. Ghrelin was shown to have pro-addictive effects while leptin's role in addiction yields more conflicting results. Their involvement in the regulation of both food intake and addictive behaviors make them interesting candidates when investigating the regulation of food addiction. However, only few human studies have been performed and large-scale studies are lacking to date. We aimed to investigate the association between total ghrelin and leptin serum levels with scores in the Yale Food Addiction Scale (YFAS). METHODS Subjects were recruited in the LIFE Adult cohort. 909 subjects were included in the analysis and we performed univariate multiple linear regression models, adjusted for age, sex (in total group analyses only), alcohol consumption, smoking status, BMI scores, cortisol concentrations, Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) and the 7-item Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale (GAD-7) sum scores. The dependent variable was the YFAS score. RESULTS In men, leptin serum levels showed a significant positive association (standardized β = 0.146; p = 0.012) with the YFAS score. This finding was confirmed in an extreme-group comparison: men in the highest quartile of leptin levels had significantly higher YFAS sum scores than men in the lowest quartile (1.55 vs. 1.18; p = 0.00014). There was no association with YFAS sum score in the total group (standardized β = -0.002; p = 0.974) or in women (standardized β = -0.034; p = 0.674). Total serum ghrelin showed no association with YFAS sum score neither in the total group (standardized β = -0.043; p = 0.196) nor in men (n = 530; standardized β = -0.063; p = 0.135) or women (n = 379; standardized β = -0.035; p = 0.494). CONCLUSION Our findings are in line with previous literature and suggest that total ghrelin serum levels are not associated with food addiction scores. Leptin had been previously shown to be associated with food addiction and we confirmed this finding for men in a large, population-based approach.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Alexander Wittekind
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jürgen Kratzsch
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Roland Mergl
- Institute of Psychology, University of the Bundeswehr Munich, Neubiberg, Germany
| | - Ronny Baber
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Leipzig Research Center for Civilization Diseases (LIFE), University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Kerstin Wirkner
- Leipzig Research Center for Civilization Diseases (LIFE), University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Matthias L. Schroeter
- Department of Neurology, Clinic of Cognitive Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Cognitive and Brain Sciences, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - A. Veronica Witte
- Department of Neurology, Clinic of Cognitive Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Cognitive and Brain Sciences, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Arno Villringer
- Department of Neurology, Clinic of Cognitive Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Cognitive and Brain Sciences, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Michael Kluge
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry, Rudolf-Virchow-Klinikum Glauchau, Glauchau, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Rios JM, Berg MK, Gearhardt AN. Evaluating Bidirectional Predictive Pathways between Dietary Restraint and Food Addiction in Adolescents. Nutrients 2023; 15:2977. [PMID: 37447303 DOI: 10.3390/nu15132977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2023] [Revised: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The relationship between food addiction, an important emerging construct of excessive eating pathology, and dietary restraint has yet to be fully understood. Eating disorder models commonly posit that dietary restraint exacerbates loss of control eating (e.g., binge episodes) and may also play a causal role in the development of food addiction. However, dietary restraint as a reaction to consequences of food addiction (e.g., uncontrollable eating or weight gain) represents another plausible pathway. Existing studies indicate that the association between food addiction and dietary restraint may be more significant during adolescence than adulthood, but are limited by cross-sectional study designs. A longitudinal study using an adolescent sample is ideal for investigating potential pathways underlying links between food addiction and dietary restraint. This study examined temporal pathways between food addiction and dietary restraint in a sample of one hundred twenty-seven adolescents (M = 14.8, SD = 1.1) at three timepoints spanning two years. This is the first study to examine longitudinal cross-lagged panel associations between food addiction and dietary restraint. In this adolescent sample, food addiction significantly predicted future dietary restraint (b = 0.25, SE = 0.06, p < 0.001), but dietary restraint did not significantly predict future food addiction (b = 0.06, SE = 0.05, p > 0.05). These findings support the theory that dietary restraint may be a reaction to deleterious effects of food addiction during adolescence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julia M Rios
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, 530 Church St., Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Martha K Berg
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, 530 Church St., Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Ashley N Gearhardt
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, 530 Church St., Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Associations among SNPs in two addictive genes, food addiction, and antioxidant markers in recreationally active young women. NUTR HOSP 2023; 40:332-339. [PMID: 36926997 DOI: 10.20960/nh.04487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION food addiction is associated with genetic polymorphisms and decreased antioxidant intake. OBJECTIVES this study determined the associations among food addiction, dopamine receptor 2 (DRD2) and toll-interleukin 1 receptor (TIR) domain-containing adaptor protein (TIRAP rs625413) gene polymorphisms, antioxidant capacities, and zinc levels among recreationally active Turkish women. METHODS the Yale Food Addiction Scale was used to evaluate the food addiction status. Serum antioxidant capacities and zinc levels were evaluated by blood analyses. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) extraction was performed using peripheral blood leukocytes, and the polymorphism status of the DRD2 Taq 1A and TIRAP genes was investigated using a commercial kit. RESULTS the frequencies of the heterozygous genotypes of DRD2 Taq 1A and TIRAP were 23.1 % and 31.4 %, respectively, and the frequency of risk allele homozygous genotypes was 3.2 %. Most participants (94.4 %) had a nonpolymorphic/wild (CC) genotype in both genes; however, 11.5 % of the participants had a food addiction. The differences between serum antioxidant capacities, zinc levels, and body mass indices of those with and without food addiction were statistically significant. However, there were no differences in the serum zinc and antioxidant levels among the different genotypes. CONCLUSION food addiction in young Turkish women was not associated with DRD2 Taq 1A or TIRAP polymorphisms but was associated with serum antioxidant capacities and zinc levels. Further studies on different loci of the same genes or genotypes of different genes with larger sample sizes are warranted.
Collapse
|
7
|
Horsager C, LaFata EM, Faerk E, Lauritsen MB, Østergaard SD, Gearhardt AN. Psychometric validation of the full Yale food addiction scale for children 2.0 among adolescents from the general population and adolescents with a history of mental disorder. EUROPEAN EATING DISORDERS REVIEW 2023. [PMID: 36888546 DOI: 10.1002/erv.2974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/25/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Food addiction is a phenotype characterised by an addiction-like attraction to highly processed foods. Adolescence is a sensitive period for developing addictive disorders. Therefore, a valid measure to assess food addiction in adolescents is needed. Accordingly, the aim of the study was to establish a categorical scoring option for the full version of the Yale Food Addiction Scale for Children 2.0 (YFAS-C 2.0), and to psychometrically validate the full YFAS-C 2.0. METHOD The data stem from the Food Addiction Denmark (FADK) Project. Random samples of 3750 adolescents from the general population aged 13-17 years, and 3529 adolescents with a history mental disorder of the same age were invited to participate in a survey including the full version of the YFAS-C 2.0. A confirmatory factor analysis was carried out and the weighted prevalence of food addiction was estimated. RESULTS The confirmatory factor analysis of the YFAS-C 2.0 supported a one-factor model in both samples. The weighted prevalence of food addiction was 5.0% in the general population, and 11.2% in the population with a history of mental disorder. CONCLUSIONS The full version of the YFAS-C 2.0 is a psychometrically valid measure for assessing clinically significant food addiction in adolescents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Erica M LaFata
- Center for Weight, Eating, and Lifestyle Science, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Emil Faerk
- Aalborg University Hospital, Psychiatry, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Marlene Briciet Lauritsen
- Aalborg University Hospital, Psychiatry, Aalborg, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Søren Dinesen Østergaard
- Department of Affective Disorders, Aarhus University Hospital-Psychiatry, Aarhus, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Rossi AA, Mannarini S, Castelnuovo G, Pietrabissa G. Disordered Eating Behaviors Related to Food Addiction/Eating Addiction in Inpatients with Obesity and the General Population: The Italian Version of the Addiction-like Eating Behaviors Scale (AEBS-IT). Nutrients 2022; 15:nu15010104. [PMID: 36615762 PMCID: PMC9823792 DOI: 10.3390/nu15010104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this research is to test the psychometric properties and factorial structure of the Addiction-like Eating Behaviors Scale (AEBS) in an Italian sample of adults with severe obesity seeking treatment for weight reduction and the general population, and to examine the measurement invariance of the tool by comparing a clinical and a nonclinical sample. METHODS A confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was initially conducted to test the factorial structure of the Italian version of the AEBS (AEBS-IT) on a total of 953 participants. Following this, the measurement invariance and psychometric properties of the tool AEBS-IT were assessed on both inpatients with severe obesity (n = 502) and individuals from the general population (n = 451). Reliability and convergent validity analysis were also run. RESULTS CFA revealed a bi-factor structure for the AEBS-IT, which also showed good reliability and positive correlations with food addiction (through the mYFAS2.0 symptom count), binge-eating symptoms, compulsive eating behavior, and dysfunctional eating patterns and the individuals' body mass index (BMI). Moreover, the tool was invariant across populations. CONCLUSION This study provided evidence that the AEBS-IT is a valid and reliable measure of FA in both clinical and nonclinical samples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Alberto Rossi
- Department of Philosophy, Sociology, Education, and Applied Psychology, Section of Applied Psychology, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy
- Interdepartmental Center for Family Research, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Stefania Mannarini
- Department of Philosophy, Sociology, Education, and Applied Psychology, Section of Applied Psychology, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy
- Interdepartmental Center for Family Research, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Gianluca Castelnuovo
- Psychology Research Laboratory, Ospedale San Giuseppe, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, 28824 Verbania, Italy
- Department of Psychology, Catholic University of Milan, 20123 Milan, Italy
| | - Giada Pietrabissa
- Psychology Research Laboratory, Ospedale San Giuseppe, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, 28824 Verbania, Italy
- Department of Psychology, Catholic University of Milan, 20123 Milan, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Pickett SM, Jacques-Tiura AJ, Echeverri-Alvarado B, Sheffler JL, Naar S. Daytime sleepiness, addictive-like eating, and obesity sequelae in Black and African American youth with obesity. Sleep Health 2022; 8:620-624. [PMID: 36274028 PMCID: PMC9771869 DOI: 10.1016/j.sleh.2022.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The purpose of the current study was to examine the association between poor sleep health (ie, excessive daytime sleepiness), obesity sequelae (ie, percent overweight and serum leptin levels), and addictive-like eating behaviors, an obesity phenotype, in a sample of Black/African American (B/AA) adolescents. DESIGN The current study analyzed archival baseline data from a sample of B/AA adolescents with obesity enrolled in a sequential randomized clinical trial. SETTING Data were collected in the participants' homes by trained research assistants unaware of treatment condition. PARTICIPANTS A sample of 181 B/AA adolescents with obesity between the ages of 12 and 16 years (M = 14.26, SD = 1.46) and having a body mass index (BMI) above the 95th percentile for age and gender were sampled. MEASUREMENTS Self-report measures included the Cleveland Adolescent Sleepiness Questionnaire and the Yale Food Addiction Scale-Children (YFAS-C). Anthropomorphic data and blood samples were used to determine BMI and serum leptin levels, respectively. RESULTS Excessive daytime sleepiness was positively correlated with YFAS-C symptom count, r = 0.295, P < .001. Serum leptin levels and percent overweight were both positively correlated with each other, r = 0.445, P < .001 and with YFAS-C symptom count, r = 0.215, P = .006. After controlling for age and gender, results supported an indirect effect from daytime sleepiness to both serum leptin levels (estimate = 2.210, SE = 0.932, P = .018) and percent overweight (estimate = 2.817, SE = 1.415, P = .046) through YFAS-C symptom count. CONCLUSIONS Culturally informed interventions on eating behaviors (ie, addictive-like eating) when excessive daytime sleepiness is reported are needed. Early intervention may help prevent the onset or worsening of obesity among adolescents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Scott M Pickett
- Florida State University College of Medicine, Center for Translational Behavioral Science, Tallahassee, FL, USA.
| | - Angela J Jacques-Tiura
- Wayne State University, Department of Family Medicine & Public Health Sciences, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Brenda Echeverri-Alvarado
- Florida State University College of Medicine, Center for Translational Behavioral Science, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Julia L Sheffler
- Florida State University College of Medicine, Center for Translational Behavioral Science, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Sylvie Naar
- Florida State University College of Medicine, Center for Translational Behavioral Science, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Ghanbari N, Nooripour R, Firoozabadi A, Var TSP, Wisniewski P, Hosseini SR. Psychometric assessment of Persian translation of Yale Food Addiction Scale Version 2.0 (YFAS 2.0) in Iranian college students. J Eat Disord 2022; 10:158. [PMID: 36357951 PMCID: PMC9650813 DOI: 10.1186/s40337-022-00689-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Food addiction at the individual level causes physical and mental health problems, impairs individuals' social functioning, and causes dysfunction in the family system. Therefore, a tool to identify this behavioral disorder is one of the health requirements of communities. This research aimed to investigate the psychometric assessment of the Persian translation of Yale Food Addiction Scale Version 2.0 (YFAS 2.0) in Iranian college students. METHOD This research was cross-sectional descriptive, and 451 students were selected by convenience sampling method. Yale Food Addiction Scale Version 2.0 (YFAS 2.0), Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale-21 (DASS-21), and Food Craving Questionnaire-Trait, reduced (FCQ-T-r) were used to collect data. RESULTS The confirmatory factor analysis indicated that single-factor model provides a good fit to data (SRMR = 0.078; CFI = 0.94; NFI = 0.92; IFI = 0.94; RFI = 0.91; GFI = 0.90; RMSEA = 0.078). The YFAS's 2.0 positive correlations with three DASS-21 subscales ranged from 0.30 to 0.39, and Food Craving Questionnaire-Trait, reduced (FCQ-T-r) ranged from 0.58 to 0.72. All correlations were statistically significant, indicating acceptable convergent validity (P < 0.01). CONCLUSION The validity of the Persian questionnaire translation has been confirmed. Researchers and specialists can use this scale to diagnose food addiction for research or diagnostic purposes in Iranian society.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nikzad Ghanbari
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Roghieh Nooripour
- Department of Counseling, Faculty of Education and Psychology, Alzahra University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abbas Firoozabadi
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Education Sciences and Psychology, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Tabassom Saeid Par Var
- Addiction Department, School of Behavioral Sciences and Mental Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Pamela Wisniewski
- Department of Computer Science Faculty Fellow, Flowers Family in Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Seyed Ruhollah Hosseini
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Education Sciences and Psychology, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Examination of Individual Differences in Susceptibility to Food Addiction using Alcohol and Addiction Research Domain Criteria (AARDoC): Recent Findings and Directions for the Future. CURRENT ADDICTION REPORTS 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s40429-022-00433-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Purpose of Review
Alcohol and Addiction Research Domain Criteria (AARDoC) is a transdiagnostic, circuits-based framework for studying addictive behaviors. We examined parallels in individual differences that might increase susceptibility to FA and other addictive disorders using the following units of analysis in AARDoC domains: craving, relative reinforcing value of food and attention bias in the incentive salience domain; decisional impulsivity (delay discounting) and inhibitory control (Go-No-Go, Conner’s Continuous Performance Test, and the flanker task) in the executive function domain; and emotion dysregulation and negative urgency in the negative emotionality domain.
Recent Findings
There are a number of parallels between FA and other addictions in the incentive salience and negative emotionality domains, but somewhat divergent findings in the executive function domain. Trauma appears to be an important environmental stressor in maintenance of FA.
Summary
AARDoC may be a useful organizing framework for studying addictions, including FA. Future studies should incorporate other units of analysis to better characterize FA.
Collapse
|
12
|
Hallit S, Brytek-Matera A, Malaeb D, Obeid S. Validation of the Arabic version of the modified Yale Food Addiction Scale in the general population in Lebanon. J Eat Disord 2022; 10:112. [PMID: 35927764 PMCID: PMC9354308 DOI: 10.1186/s40337-022-00638-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/31/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although the definition of food addiction is not agreed upon, it is characterized by eating more than expected without being hungry, not being able to visit certain places associated with overeating or unsuccessfully trying to cut down on the consumption of certain foods. The modified YFAS (mYFAS 2.0) version, instrument available to evaluate food addiction, was shown to have good psychometric properties. Our objective was to assess the psychometric properties of the Arabic version of the mYFAS (mYFAS-Ar-Leb) in the Lebanese population. METHODS This cross-sectional study enrolled 1268 persons residing in Lebanon (September-November 2020). The mean age of the participants was 26.18 years (SD = 11.17; min: 18; max: 85), with 65.1% females. The percentage of participants with food addiction was 226 (17.8%) in the total sample. A confirmatory factor analysis was run on the one-factor structure among the total sample. RESULTS The fit indices of the confirmatory factor analysis of the scale were excellent. The Cronbach's alpha value was good for the total scale. The mYFAS-Ar-Leb score was positively and strongly associated with stress, anxiety and depression. CONCLUSION Our study findings highlighted that the use of the mYFAS-Ar-Leb in Lebanese population might help estimate food addiction prevalence and stress on the need for effective treatment and preventive measures to craving for addictive foods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Souheil Hallit
- School of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Holy Spirit University of Kaslik, P.O. Box 446, Jounieh, Lebanon. .,Psychology Department, College of Humanities, Effat University, Jeddah, 21478, Saudi Arabia. .,Research Department, Psychiatric Hospital of the Cross, Jal Eddib, Lebanon.
| | - Anna Brytek-Matera
- Institute of Psychology, University of Wroclaw, Dawida 1, 50-527, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Diana Malaeb
- College of Pharmacy, Gulf Medical University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates.,School of Pharmacy, Lebanese International University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Sahar Obeid
- School of Arts and Sciences, Social and Education Sciences Department, Lebanese American University, Jbeil, Lebanon
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Iceta S, Rodrigue C, Legendre M, Daoust J, Flaudias V, Michaud A, Bégin C. Cognitive function in binge eating disorder and food addiction: A systematic review and three-level meta-analysis. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2021; 111:110400. [PMID: 34256024 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2021.110400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND An extensive body of recent research has focused on the contribution of cognitive functioning to eating behaviors. In binge eating disorder (BED) and food addiction (FA), the extent of cognitive impairment is still unclear. This study aimed to characterize, among those with BED and FA, neurocognitive functions using performances based on neuropsychological tasks in the context of neutral stimuli in adults. METHOD MEDLINE, Embase, PsycINFO, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, CINAHL and gray literature (ProQuest and OpenGrey) were used to identify studies that reported neurocognitive assessments in BED or FA up to December 2019. A three-level meta-analysis was conducted. RESULTS A significant overall effect was found for global cognitive impairments, suggesting that individuals with BED or FA have poorer performances when completing cognitive tasks. Analyses for specific cognitive domains revealed that individuals with BED showed poorer performances at tasks assessing cognitive flexibility, inhibitory control, attention and planning. Analyses regarding FA were inconclusive due to a lack of studies. Thus, the results were described qualitatively. CONCLUSION Our meta-analysis highlighted the cognitive weaknesses that seem to come with BED and the necessity to integrate them in the assessment and treatment of this condition. It also stressed the lack of quality studies surrounding the cognitive features of FA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sylvain Iceta
- Research Center of the Quebec Heart and Lung Institute, Laval University, Quebec City, Canada; School of Nutrition, Université Laval, Québec, Canada; Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Nutrition, Integrated Center of Obesity, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hôpital Lyon Sud, Pierre Benite, France; CarMeN Laboratory, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France.
| | - Christopher Rodrigue
- School of Psychology, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada; Centre de Recherche FRQ-S Nutrition, Santé et Société (NUTRISS), Institut sur la Nutrition et les Aliments Fonctionnels (INAF), Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada.
| | - Maxime Legendre
- School of Psychology, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada; Centre de Recherche FRQ-S Nutrition, Santé et Société (NUTRISS), Institut sur la Nutrition et les Aliments Fonctionnels (INAF), Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada.
| | - Justine Daoust
- Research Center of the Quebec Heart and Lung Institute, Laval University, Quebec City, Canada; School of Nutrition, Université Laval, Québec, Canada.
| | - Valentin Flaudias
- Department of Psychiatry, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, University of Clermont Auvergne, EA 7280 Clermont-Ferrand, France.
| | - Andreanne Michaud
- Research Center of the Quebec Heart and Lung Institute, Laval University, Quebec City, Canada; School of Nutrition, Université Laval, Québec, Canada; Centre de Recherche FRQ-S Nutrition, Santé et Société (NUTRISS), Institut sur la Nutrition et les Aliments Fonctionnels (INAF), Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada.
| | - Catherine Bégin
- School of Psychology, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada; Centre de Recherche FRQ-S Nutrition, Santé et Société (NUTRISS), Institut sur la Nutrition et les Aliments Fonctionnels (INAF), Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Characteristics of individuals seeking addictive eating treatment. Eat Weight Disord 2021; 26:2779-2786. [PMID: 33646515 DOI: 10.1007/s40519-021-01147-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE There is increasing interest in food addiction and its potential treatment. However, little is known about the characteristics of people seeking addictive eating treatment, which is important to develop appropriate treatment and referral pathways. The aim was to describe the characteristics of individuals seeking addictive eating treatment and examine differences between eligible participants who did and did not engage in treatment. METHODS Participants interested in an addictive eating treatment were recruited to an online screening survey. The 55-item survey included demographic questions, body satisfaction; weight-loss attempts; the modified Yale Food Addiction Survey (mYFAS); the Binge Eating Scale and mental health outcomes (DASS-21). RESULTS Individuals seeking addictive eating treatment (n = 309) were predominantly female (61%), from the obese BMI category (67%) and had accessed a range of services for weight loss (97%). Using multiple logistic regression, participants with higher mYFAS scores were more likely to engage in treatment (AOR 1.68; 95% CI 1.12-2.52), while participants with higher DASS total scores were less likely to engage in treatment (AOR 0.97; 95% CI 0.95-0.99). CONCLUSION This study indicates considerable interest from consumers in seeking addictive eating treatment. Individuals who did not engage in treatment displayed higher mental health comorbidity, suggesting that higher mental health symptomatology may be a barrier to treatment. Future qualitative research is needed to provide an in-depth understanding of the reasons for seeking and engaging in addictive eating treatment, as well as to identify the optimal treatments and referral pathways. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level IV.
Collapse
|
15
|
The Prevalence of ''Food Addiction'' during the COVID-19 Pandemic Measured Using the Yale Food Addiction Scale 2.0 (YFAS 2.0) among the Adult Population of Poland. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13114115. [PMID: 34836370 PMCID: PMC8623181 DOI: 10.3390/nu13114115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The announcement of the coronavirus pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO), ongoing restrictions and isolation led to a break with the daily routine, and suspension of social contacts, but also imposed new challenges on the population related to maintaining healthy eating habits. The purpose of the study was to assess the prevalence of “food addiction” (FA) during the COVID-19 pandemic in Poland in relation to several variables including depression. The method of analysis was a questionnaire containing original questions and the Yale Food Addiction Scale 2.0 (YFAS). A total of 1022 Polish residents aged 18–75 participated in the study (N = 1022; 93.7% women, 6.3% men). The prevalence of FA during the COVID-19 pandemic measured with the YFAS 2.0 scale was 14.1%. The average weight gain during the pandemic in 39% of respondents was 6.53 kg. Along with the increase in the value of the BMI index, the intensity of “food addiction” increased in the study group. People with depression had statistically significantly more FA symptoms than healthy people. This work may motivate future research to evaluate the association and potential overlap of “food addiction” and problem eating behaviors during the pandemic and the obesity problem.
Collapse
|
16
|
How Does Food Addiction Relate to Obesity? Patterns of Psychological Distress, Eating Behaviors and Physical Activity in a Sample of Lebanese Adults: The MATEO Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph182010979. [PMID: 34682724 PMCID: PMC8535988 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182010979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Food addiction is currently not an official diagnosis (as a standalone disorder substance-related and addictive disorder) in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th Edition (DSM-5). To best of our knowledge, there is no previous research on differences between addictive-like eating behavior regarding its associations with psychological distress, eating behaviors and physical activity among individuals with obesity. The objective of the present study was to distinguish psychological and behavioral patterns of individuals with obesity concerning food addiction using a cluster analysis. We determined the profiles of the participants in terms of psychological distress, eating behaviors and physical activity and evaluated their association with food addiction. A cross-sectional study was conducted between September and November 2020, during the lockdown period imposed by the government for the COVID-19 pandemic. A sample of 507 individuals with obesity aged between 18 and 65 years participated in the present study by filling in the online questionnaire, including the validated Arabic version of the modified version of the Yale Food Addiction Scale, the Arabic version of the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale, the Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire, and the short version of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire. A cluster analysis was performed using the K-mean method to identify and group participants according to their patterns/profiles. A stepwise linear regression was conducted, taking the food addiction score as the dependent variable. Higher levels of uncontrolled eating, emotional eating and stress were significantly associated with higher food addiction score. Belonging to cluster 2 (psychological well-being and cognitive restraint) (B = 14.49) or cluster 3 (moderate psychological distress and cognitive restraint) (B = 6.67) compared to cluster 1 (psychological well-being, appropriate physical activity levels and eating behaviors) was significantly associated with higher food addiction score. The present research revealed that food addiction is significantly associated with higher psychological distress and maladaptive eating behaviors. Higher levels of uncontrolled eating, emotional eating and stress as well as belonging to clusters 2 and 3 were found to be predictors of food addiction in individuals with obesity in the present study. This knowledge could be useful in regard to psychological treatment of obesity and addictive-like eating behavior.
Collapse
|
17
|
Pape M, Herpertz S, Schroeder S, Seiferth C, Färber T, Wolstein J, Steins-Loeber S. Food Addiction and Its Relationship to Weight- and Addiction-Related Psychological Parameters in Individuals With Overweight and Obesity. Front Psychol 2021; 12:736454. [PMID: 34621227 PMCID: PMC8491654 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.736454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Aims: It is assumed that a relevant subgroup of individuals experiences an addiction-like eating behaviour (Food Addiction), characterized by an impaired control over eating behaviour, emotional eating and food craving. Individuals experiencing Food Addiction partially share common symptomatology with Binge-Eating-Disorder and Bulimia Nervosa. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of Food Addiction, general psychopathology, and associations with weight- and addiction-related constructs in individuals with overweight and obesity, who did not suffer from Binge-Eating-Disorder or Bulimia Nervosa. Methods:N=213 (67.1% female; MBMI=33.35kg/m2, SDBMI=3.79kg/m2) participants who were included in a weight loss program (I-GENDO project) reported BMI and completed questionnaires before the start of the treatment. Food Addiction severity, depressive symptoms, alcohol use disorder, internet use disorder, psychological distress, impulsivity personality trait, impulsive and emotional eating behaviour, food related inhibitory control, weight bias internalization, and self-efficacy were assessed. Results: The prevalence of Food Addiction was 15% with higher, although not statistically significant, prevalence in female (18.2%) compared to male (8.6%) participants. Food Addiction was associated with higher BMI at baseline assessment, low self-esteem, impulsive and emotional eating behaviour, weight bias internalization, and deficits in food-related inhibitory control. In addition, correlations were found between Food Addiction and severity of depressive symptoms, internet use disorder, and psychological distress. Conclusion: A relevant subgroup of participants experiences Food Addiction even when controlling for Binge-Eating-Disorder and Bulimia Nervosa. Future studies are warranted that investigate whether Food Addiction affects treatment success.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Pape
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, LWL-University Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany.,Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, University of Bamberg, Bamberg, Germany
| | - Stephan Herpertz
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, LWL-University Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Stefanie Schroeder
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, University of Bamberg, Bamberg, Germany.,Department of Pathopsychology, University of Bamberg, Bamberg, Germany
| | - Caroline Seiferth
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, University of Bamberg, Bamberg, Germany
| | - Tanja Färber
- Department of Pathopsychology, University of Bamberg, Bamberg, Germany
| | - Jörg Wolstein
- Department of Pathopsychology, University of Bamberg, Bamberg, Germany
| | - Sabine Steins-Loeber
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, University of Bamberg, Bamberg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
|
19
|
A review of sex differences in the mechanisms and drivers of overeating. Front Neuroendocrinol 2021; 63:100941. [PMID: 34454955 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2021.100941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Disordered eating is often associated with marked psychological and emotional distress, and severe adverse impact on quality of life. Several factors can influence eating behavior and drive food consumption in excess of energy requirements for homeostasis. It is well established that stress and negative affect contribute to the aetiology of eating disorders and weight gain, and there is substantial evidence suggesting sex differences in sub-clinical and clinical types of overeating. This review will examine how negative affect and stress shape eating behaviors, and how the relationship between the physiological, endocrine, and neural responses to stress and eating behaviors differs between men and women. We will examine several drivers of overeating and explore possible mechanisms underlying sex differences in eating behavior.
Collapse
|
20
|
Legendre M, Bégin C. French validation of the addiction-like eating behavior scale and its clinical implication. Eat Weight Disord 2021; 26:1893-1902. [PMID: 33048328 DOI: 10.1007/s40519-020-01039-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The first conception of food addiction (FA) as substance addiction, measured by the Yale Food Addiction Scale (YFAS), is controversial. Some proposed that FA would be better conceptualized with a behavioral approach. In accordance with this conceptualization, Ruddock and colleagues published a new self-reported scale for food addiction, the Addiction-like Eating Behavior Scale (AEBS). Overall, preliminary validation of the scale demonstrated good psychometric properties with a community sample. The aim of the present study is twofold, to validate the French-Canadian version of the AEBS with a community sample and to examine how well the instrument fits into a clinical sample with overweight/obesity. METHODS A community sample (N = 466) and a clinical sample with overweight/obesity seeking help for their eating difficulties (N = 126) completed an online survey regarding FA, binge eating, dietary restraint, depression, and BMI. Factor analysis, internal consistency, and construct validity were assessed. RESULTS With the community sample, factorial structure, and psychometric properties of the AEBS were replicated. With the clinical sample, proper convergent validity was demonstrated with the YFAS 2.0 and binge eating, and proper divergent validity was demonstrated with dietary restraint. Among the clinical sample, AEBS explain similar variance of BMI and depression level when compared to YFAS 2.0. CONCLUSION This study provided evidence that the French-Canadian version of the AEBS is a valid measure of food addiction, but it did not permit to establish advantages over YFAS 2.0 with a clinical sample. Clinical implications of the AEBS and FA characteristic are discussed. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level V, cross-sectional, descriptive study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maxime Legendre
- School of Psychology, Pavillon Félix-Antoine-Savard, Laval University, 2325, rue des Bibliothèques, Quebec, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Catherine Bégin
- School of Psychology, Pavillon Félix-Antoine-Savard, Laval University, 2325, rue des Bibliothèques, Quebec, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Food Addiction, Saturated Fat Intake, and Body Mass Index in Peruvian Adults: A Cross-Sectional Survey. J Nutr Metab 2021; 2021:9964143. [PMID: 34336278 PMCID: PMC8318733 DOI: 10.1155/2021/9964143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) constitute one of the main public health problems and represent a greater risk of mortality and morbidity for the world population. The objective of the study was to determine food addiction, saturated fat intake, and body mass index (BMI) in Peruvian adults. Materials and Methods A cross-sectional online survey was applied to 394 Peruvian adults over 18 years old residing in the three regions of the country. Participant data was collected through a prestructured online electronic survey. Food addiction was assessed using the Yale Food Addiction Scale self-administered questionnaire. A validated food frequency questionnaire was used to measure saturated fat intake. Finally, the sociodemographic and anthropometric variables were collected through a registration form. Results There were no significant differences in food addiction between men and women (p < 0.05). More than half of the participants who presented food addiction are overweight (54.1%, p < 0.001). The highest proportion of those who had a high intake of saturated fat had a food addiction (62.6%, p < 0.001). The highest percentage of men who were overweight was higher compared to women (49.7% vs. 38.4%, p < 0.05). Conclusion The findings of this study suggest that addictive eating behaviors and high saturated fat intake should be considered as part of efforts to prevent problems related to eating, obesity, and CVD.
Collapse
|
22
|
Skinner J, Jebeile H, Burrows T. Food addiction and mental health in adolescents: a systematic review. THE LANCET CHILD & ADOLESCENT HEALTH 2021; 5:751-766. [PMID: 34174201 DOI: 10.1016/s2352-4642(21)00126-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The intersection between eating behaviours and mental health has garnered substantial attention in recent years. For this Review, we systematically reviewed the available research to find out the prevalence of food addiction as measured by the Yale Food Addiction Scale, and to investigate its association with mental health-related outcomes in adolescents. Eight databases were searched using keywords from Jan 1, 2009, to Aug 5, 2020, to identify studies reporting a Yale Food Addiction Scale diagnosis or symptom score, or both. In total, 27 studies were included. The prevalence of a food addiction diagnosis ranged from 2·6% to 49·9% in non-clinical and clinical populations, and prevalence was higher in women and adolescents with a higher weight status. Food addiction was associated with disordered eating, depressive and anxiety symptoms, and a poorer quality of life and self-esteem. These associations have important implications for the assessment and management of eating behaviours and mental health in adolescents. Transdiagnostic prevention and management intervention strategies could be explored.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Janelle Skinner
- Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health Sciences, College of Health, Medicine, and Wellbeing, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia; Priority Research Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
| | - Hiba Jebeile
- Children's Hospital Westmead Clinical School, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, Australia; Institute of Endocrinology and Diabetes, The Children's Hospital Westmead, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Tracy Burrows
- Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health Sciences, College of Health, Medicine, and Wellbeing, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia; Priority Research Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Som M, Constant A, Zayani T, Pabic EL, Moirand R, Val-Laillet D, Thibault R. Food addiction among morbidly obese patients: prevalence and links with obesity complications. J Addict Dis 2021; 40:103-110. [PMID: 34130613 DOI: 10.1080/10550887.2021.1939630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the context of obesity, little is known about the prevalence of food addiction nor about the phenotype of obese patients with food addiction. Objectives: To assess: (i) the prevalence of food addiction among obese patients eligible for obesity surgery; (ii) the relationship between clinical features and the complications of obesity. Methods: Consecutive patients consulting for the first time were included. The Yale Food Addiction Scale (YFAS) 2.0 questionnaire was used to diagnose food addiction and its severity. Demographics, clinical features, and obesity complications were systematically collected. Statistics: Student's test was used for numerical variables and Chi-square test or Fisher's exact test for categorical variables. Results: A total of 292 patients were included: 79% female, age (mean ± SD) 42.6 ± 13.0 yrs., body mass index (BMI) 43.2 ± 6.8 kg/m2. One hundred and eight patients (37%) had food addiction: 58% severe, 33% moderate, 9% mild. Food addiction prevalence was 39% (n = 61/156) among patients eligible for obesity surgery. Food addiction was more frequent among the unemployed, compared to professionally active patients (41.0% vs. 33.5%, p = 0.046). Clinical and metabolic phenotypes and obesity complications were similar between patients with and without food addiction. Conclusion: Food addiction was present in 37% of obese patients, but was not associated with clinical features or obesity complications. Therefore, it should be systemically assessed for appropriate management.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mickaël Som
- INRAE, INSERM, Univ Rennes, Nutrition Metabolisms and Cancer, NuMeCan, Rennes, France.,Unité de Nutrition, service Endocrinologie-Diabétologie-Nutrition, CHU Rennes, Rennes, France
| | - Aymery Constant
- INRAE, INSERM, Univ Rennes, Nutrition Metabolisms and Cancer, NuMeCan, Rennes, France.,EHESP, School of Public Health, Rennes, France
| | - Teycir Zayani
- INRAE, INSERM, Univ Rennes, Nutrition Metabolisms and Cancer, NuMeCan, Rennes, France
| | | | - Romain Moirand
- INRAE, INSERM, Univ Rennes, Nutrition Metabolisms and Cancer, NuMeCan, Rennes, France.,Unitéd' Addictologie, service des maladies du foie, CHU Rennes, Rennes, France
| | - David Val-Laillet
- INRAE, INSERM, Univ Rennes, Nutrition Metabolisms and Cancer, NuMeCan, Rennes, France
| | - Ronan Thibault
- INRAE, INSERM, Univ Rennes, Nutrition Metabolisms and Cancer, NuMeCan, Rennes, France.,Unité de Nutrition, service Endocrinologie-Diabétologie-Nutrition, CHU Rennes, Rennes, France
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Lin CY, Imani V, Griffiths MD, Pakpour AH. Validity of the Yale Food Addiction Scale for Children (YFAS-C): Classical test theory and item response theory of the Persian YFAS-C. Eat Weight Disord 2021; 26:1457-1466. [PMID: 32676845 PMCID: PMC8128825 DOI: 10.1007/s40519-020-00956-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To examine whether the child/adolescent version of the Yale Food Addiction Scale (YFAS-C) is valid to assess the Iranian adolescents who are overweight. METHODS After using an internationally standardized method to translate the YFAS-C into Persian, 1186 overweight/obese adolescents aged between 13 and 18 years participated in the present study [666 males; mean age = 15.5 (SD = 1.9) years; zBMI = 2.5 (1.0) kg/m2]. All the participants completed the Persian YFAS-C alongside Persian versions of the following scales: Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire (EDEQ), Clinical Impairment Assessment (CIA), Binge Eating Scale (BES), Eating Attitudes Test (EAT-26), and Depression, Anxiety, Stress Scale (DASS-21). RESULTS At the scale level, confirmatory factor analysis verified the single-factor structure of the Persian YFAS-C. Additionally, the Persian YFAS-C had promising properties regarding internal consistency (KR20 = 0.81), test-retest reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient = 0.83), separation reliability (person separation reliability = 0.77; item separation reliability = 0.98), and separation index (person separation index = 2.04; item separation index = 8.01). At the item level, all items had satisfactory properties in factor loadings, corrected item-total correlation, test-retest reliability, and infit and outfit mean square. Moreover, no substantial differential item functioning (DIF) was found concerning gender (male vs. female) or weight status (overweight vs. obesity). Significant and moderate correlations were found between the Persian YFAS-C and other psychometric scales assessing eating symptomatology and general psychopathology (r = 0.352 to 0.484). CONCLUSION The Persian YFAS-C is a valid instrument that assists healthcare providers in assessing food addiction among Iranian adolescents. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level V, cross-sectional descriptive study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chung-Ying Lin
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong
| | - Vida Imani
- Pediatric Health Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mark D Griffiths
- International Gaming Research Unit, Psychology Department, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
| | - Amir H Pakpour
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Research Institute for Prevention of Non-Communicable Diseases, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Shahid Bahounar BLV, 3419759811, Qazvin, Iran.
- Department of Nursing, School of Health and Welfare, Jönköping University, Jönköping, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Wiedemann AA, Carr MM, Ivezaj V, Barnes RD. Examining the construct validity of food addiction severity specifiers. Eat Weight Disord 2021; 26:1503-1509. [PMID: 32725535 PMCID: PMC7855002 DOI: 10.1007/s40519-020-00957-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Food addiction (FA) is related to greater body mass index (BMI), eating-disorder psychopathology, food craving, and psychosocial impairment. Less is known regarding the utility of the FA severity specifiers, as measured by the number of symptoms endorsed on the Yale Food Addiction Scale (YFAS 2.0). METHODS Participants (N = 1854) were recruited from Amazon Mechanical Turk to complete an online survey on eating behaviors. Participants completed self-report measures assessing FA, eating-disorder psychopathology (Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire), and food craving (Food Craving Inventory). Based on the YFAS 2.0 specifiers, participants were classified into four FA groups: No FA (n = 1643), mild (n = 40), moderate (n = 55), and severe (n = 116). RESULTS There were significant differences found in age, sex, BMI, and frequency of objective binge-eating episodes (OBEs) among the FA groups. Using ANCOVA, adjusted for multiple comparisons and covariates (e.g., BMI, sex, OBEs), the No FA group reported significantly lower levels of shape concern (η2 = 0.05; p < 0.001), weight concern (η2 = 0.04; p < 0.001), eating concern (η2 = 0.15; p < 0.001), and global eating-disorder psychopathology (η2 = 0.06; p < 0.001) than mild, moderate, or severe FA groups. The No FA group reported significantly lower levels of dietary restraint (η2 = 0.01; p < 0.01) than mild and severe FA groups. The severe FA group reported higher food craving scores (η2 = 0.02; p < 0.001) compared to the No FA group. CONCLUSION Our findings parallel the severity specifiers literature for eating and substance use disorders by also indicating the limited utility of severity specifiers based on symptom count. Future research should investigate alternative targets for discriminating among levels of FA. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level V, cross-sectional descriptive study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ashley A Wiedemann
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, 300 George Street, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA.
| | - Meagan M Carr
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, 300 George Street, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Valentina Ivezaj
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, 300 George Street, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Rachel D Barnes
- General Internal Medicine, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Stojek MM, Lipka J, Maples-Keller JM, Rauch SAM, Black K, Michopoulos V, Rothbaum BO. Investigating Sex Differences in Rates and Correlates of Food Addiction Status in Women and Men with PTSD. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13061840. [PMID: 34072212 PMCID: PMC8228620 DOI: 10.3390/nu13061840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 05/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Food addiction (FA) is a dysregulated eating pattern characterized by difficulties in controlling the intake of certain foods. There is an overlap in physical and mental health correlates of FA and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The purpose of this study was to examine sex differences in the rates of positive FA status in individuals with threshold/subthreshold PTSD, and to examine sex differences in the physical and mental health correlates of FA. METHODS Post-9/11 veterans/service members seeking PTSD treatment were recruited. Participants were diagnosed with PTSD via the administration of a clinical interview. FA status was determined using Modified Yale Food Addiction Scale-2, binary sex and body mass index were assessed with demographics questions. RESULTS Nearly half (43%) of the sample were women. There were no sex differences in the rates of FA, with an overall FA prevalence of 18%. There were no sex differences in FA symptom count in the whole sample (M = 1.63) or those with FA status (M = 6.21). Individuals with FA reported higher frequency of disordered eating, higher severity of PTSD, and depression symptoms. CONCLUSIONS FA should be assessed in tandem with PTSD symptoms, as its prevalence in that sample is higher than in the general population, and it appears to affect both sexes at similar rates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Monika M. Stojek
- Department of Social Sciences, University of Silesia, 40-007 Katowice, Poland;
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA; (J.M.M.-K.); (S.A.M.R.); (K.B.); (V.M.); (B.O.R.)
- Correspondence: or
| | - Justyna Lipka
- Department of Social Sciences, University of Silesia, 40-007 Katowice, Poland;
| | - Jessica M. Maples-Keller
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA; (J.M.M.-K.); (S.A.M.R.); (K.B.); (V.M.); (B.O.R.)
- Emory Healthcare Veterans Program, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
- Grady Trauma Project, Grady Memorial Hospital, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Sheila A. M. Rauch
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA; (J.M.M.-K.); (S.A.M.R.); (K.B.); (V.M.); (B.O.R.)
- Emory Healthcare Veterans Program, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
- Atlanta VA Healthcare System, Decatur, GA 30033, USA
| | - Kathryn Black
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA; (J.M.M.-K.); (S.A.M.R.); (K.B.); (V.M.); (B.O.R.)
- Emory Healthcare Veterans Program, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Vasiliki Michopoulos
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA; (J.M.M.-K.); (S.A.M.R.); (K.B.); (V.M.); (B.O.R.)
- Grady Trauma Project, Grady Memorial Hospital, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Barbara O. Rothbaum
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA; (J.M.M.-K.); (S.A.M.R.); (K.B.); (V.M.); (B.O.R.)
- Emory Healthcare Veterans Program, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Leary M, Pursey KM, Verdejo-Garcia A, Burrows TL. Current Intervention Treatments for Food Addiction: A Systematic Review. Behav Sci (Basel) 2021; 11:80. [PMID: 34071059 PMCID: PMC8224570 DOI: 10.3390/bs11060080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Research on the concept of food addiction (FA) has steadily grown and, based on a widely used self-report, FA is estimated to affect between 16-20% of the adult population. However, there are few interventions available for people with self-reported FA, and their efficacy is unclear. The primary aim of the review was to examine the efficacy of different interventions, including behavioural/lifestyle, medication and surgical approaches, for reducing symptoms and/or changing diagnosis of FA among adolescents and adults. A secondary aim was to examine the influence of sex as a moderator of intervention effects. A systematic search was performed from 2008-2020 to identify studies that used the YFAS to assess the effectiveness of interventions on FA. Nine studies were identified (n = 7 adults, n = 2 adolescents) including a total of 812 participants (range 22-256) with an average of 69% females per study. The types of interventions included medications (n = 3), lifestyle modification (n = 3), surgical (n = 2) and behavioural (n = 1), with FA being assessed as a secondary outcome in all studies. Five studies in adults reported a significant reduction in FA symptoms or diagnosis from pre to post-intervention, two when compared to a control group and three in the intervention group only. Efficacious interventions included: medication (combination of naltrexone and bupropion, as well as pexacerfont), bariatric surgery and lifestyle modification. No significant changes in FA were reported in adolescent studies. Given few studies were identified by the review, there is insufficient evidence to provide clear recommendations for practice; however, some interventions show potential for reducing self-reported FA outcomes in adults. Future research should explore the longer-term efficacy of interventions and the effectiveness of treatments with sufficient sample sizes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark Leary
- School of Health Sciences, College of Medicine, Health and Wellbeing, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
- Priority Research Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Kirrilly M Pursey
- School of Health Sciences, College of Medicine, Health and Wellbeing, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
- Priority Research Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Antonio Verdejo-Garcia
- School of Psychological Sciences and Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Tracy L Burrows
- School of Health Sciences, College of Medicine, Health and Wellbeing, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
- Priority Research Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Alarcon R, Tiberghien M, Trouillet R, Pelletier S, Luquiens A, Ahmed SH, Nalpas B, Alaux‐Cantin S, Naassila M, Perney P. Sugar intake and craving during alcohol withdrawal in alcohol use disorder inpatients. Addict Biol 2021; 26:e12907. [PMID: 32307834 DOI: 10.1111/adb.12907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
To assess whether changes in sugar intake and craving occur during alcohol withdrawal in humans, we conducted a prospective, observational study in a university hospital addictions treatment center. Recruited patients had severe alcohol use disorder and were hospitalized for 7 days in the short-stay unit for alcohol withdrawal and then for 6 weeks in the rehabilitation unit. During the hospital stay, they had no access to alcohol but had full access to sweet products and beverages in a shop and vending machines located inside the hospital. Alcohol craving was assessed using a visual analogue scale on Days 1, 15, and 45. Sugar craving, sweet products stored by patients in their rooms, and weight were assessed on the same days. Thirty-five patients were included. Sugar craving increased in 14 patients during the hospital stay, whereas no change was observed in the remaining 21. Significant increases in both the amounts of sweet products stored in the patients' rooms (p < 0.02) and weight (p < 0.05) were observed only in the sugar craving group. During the same period, alcohol craving decreased significantly in all patients. Changes in tobacco smoking were not different according to the sugar craving status and therefore cannot explain the observed differences. In conclusion, increased intake and craving for sugar after alcohol withdrawal were observed in 40% of the patients included in our prospective study, and these results were similar to those of a study conducted in the alcohol post-dependent state model in rats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Amandine Luquiens
- Addictions Department CHU Caremeau Nîmes France
- Paris‐Saclay University, Univ. Paris‐Sud, UVSQ, CESP, INSERM Villejuif France
| | | | - Bertrand Nalpas
- Addictions Department CHU Caremeau Nîmes France
- Department of Scientific Information and Communication (DISC) Inserm Paris France
| | - Stéphanie Alaux‐Cantin
- Inserm UMR1247, Groupe de Recherche sur l'Alcool et les Pharmacodépendances (GRAP) Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Faculté de Pharmacie Amiens France
| | - Mickaël Naassila
- Inserm UMR1247, Groupe de Recherche sur l'Alcool et les Pharmacodépendances (GRAP) Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Faculté de Pharmacie Amiens France
| | - Pascal Perney
- Addictions Department CHU Caremeau Nîmes France
- Inserm U1018 Hôpital Paul Brousse Villejuif France
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Boswell RG, Potenza MN, Grilo CM. The Neurobiology of Binge-eating Disorder Compared with Obesity: Implications for Differential Therapeutics. Clin Ther 2021; 43:50-69. [PMID: 33257092 PMCID: PMC7902428 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinthera.2020.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Emerging work indicates divergence in the neurobiologies of binge-eating disorder (BED) and obesity despite their frequent co-occurrence. This review highlights specific distinguishing aspects of BED, including elevated impulsivity and compulsivity possibly involving the mesocorticolimbic dopamine system, and discusses implications for differential therapeutics for BED. METHODS This narrative review describes epidemiologic, clinical, genetic, and preclinical differences between BED and obesity. Subsequently, this review discusses human neuroimaging work reporting differences in executive functioning, reward processing, and emotion reactivity in BED compared with obesity. Finally, on the basis of the neurobiology of BED, this review identifies existing and new therapeutic agents that may be most promising given their specific targets based on putative mechanisms of action relevant specifically to BED. FINDINGS BED is characterized by elevated impulsivity and compulsivity compared with obesity, which is reflected in divergent neurobiological characteristics and effective pharmacotherapies. Therapeutic agents that influence both reward and executive function systems may be especially effective for BED. IMPLICATIONS Greater attention to impulsivity/compulsivity-related, reward-related, and emotion reactivity-related processes may enhance conceptualization and treatment approaches for patients with BED. Consideration of these distinguishing characteristics and processes could have implications for more targeted pharmacologic treatment research and interventions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca G Boswell
- Yale School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, New Haven, CT, USA.
| | - Marc N Potenza
- Yale School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, New Haven, CT, USA; Connecticut Mental Health Center, New Haven, CT, USA; Connecticut Council on Problem Gambling, Wethersfield, CT, USA; Yale School of Medicine, Child Study Center, New Haven, CT, USA; Yale University, Department of Neuroscience, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Carlos M Grilo
- Yale School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, New Haven, CT, USA; Yale University, Department of Psychology, New Haven, CT, USA
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Peng-Li D, Sørensen TA, Li Y, He Q. Systematically lower structural brain connectivity in individuals with elevated food addiction symptoms. Appetite 2020; 155:104850. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2020.104850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Revised: 05/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
|
31
|
Oliveira J, Oskinis S, Santos ACD, Cordás TA. Existe uma relação entre autocompaixão e adição à comida em mulheres com comportamentos alimentares disfuncionais? JORNAL BRASILEIRO DE PSIQUIATRIA 2020. [DOI: 10.1590/0047-2085000000286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
RESUMO Objetivo: Verificar a relação entre autocompaixão e adição à comida em mulheres com comportamento alimentar disfuncional. Métodos: Mulheres de um grupo de apoio completaram as escalas de compulsão alimentar, restrição cognitiva, autocompaixão, Escala de Adição à Comida de Yale versão modificada 2.0 (YFAS 2.0) e questionário de Hay para práticas compensatórias. Foram identificados a prevalência de adição à comida e sintomas segundo a YFAS. Para serem incluídas, as participantes deveriam atingir pontuação para compulsão alimentar e, para análises, foram divididas em função da presença de práticas compensatórias. O grupo foi analisado por meio de testes de correlação de Pearson entre variáveis de interesse, e os grupos bulímico e compulsivo foram comparados com teste t de Student (p < 0,05; software JASP). Resultados: Participaram do estudo 190 mulheres. De acordo com a YFAS, 95,3% (n = 181) tinham adição à comida, e os escores da escala apresentaram correlação negativa com a autocompaixão e com a compulsão alimentar (p = 0,014 em ambas). Os níveis de autocompaixão apresentaram correlação negativa com as questões #3, #5, #6, #8 e #9 da YFAS (p < 0,05). Conclusões: Este estudo traz dados para a discussão da necessidade de analisar como a autocrítica atrelada ao sofrimento de quem apresenta comportamento alimentar disfuncional afeta o preenchimento da escala, trazendo identificação com a noção de vício, já que esta é culturalmente aceita.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Samira Oskinis
- Complexo Hospitalar Municipal de São Bernardo do Campo, Brasil
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Aviram-Friedman R, Kafri L, Baz G, Alyagon U, Zangen A. Prisoners of Addictive Cues: Biobehavioral Markers of Overweight and Obese Adults with Food Addiction. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12113563. [PMID: 33233720 PMCID: PMC7699916 DOI: 10.3390/nu12113563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is associated with food and eating addiction (FA), but the biobehavioral markers of this condition are poorly understood. To characterize FA, we recruited 18 healthy controls and overweight/obese adults with (n = 31) and without (n = 17) FA (H-C, FAOB, NFAOB, respectively) to assess alpha brain asymmetry at rest using electroencephalogram; event-related potentials following exposure to high-calorie food (HCF), low-calorie food (LCF), and nonfood (NF) images in a Stroop paradigm; reaction time reflective of the Stroop bias; and symptoms of depression and disordered eating behavior. The FAOB group had the greatest emotional and uncontrollable eating, depressive, and binge-eating symptoms. The FAOB group displayed lower resting left alpha brain asymmetry than that of the NFAOB group. Differently from the other groups, the FAOB group presented attenuated Stroop bias following exposure to HCF relative to NF images, as well as a lower late positive potential component (LPPb; 450-495 ms) in both frontal and occipital regions. In the total cohort, a correlation was found between the Stroop bias and the LPPb amplitude. These results point to biobehavioral hypervigilance in response to addictive food triggers in overweight/obese adults with FA. This resembles other addictive disorders but is absent in overweight/obesity without FA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roni Aviram-Friedman
- Correspondence: (R.A.-F.); (A.Z.); Tel.: +972-52-6066876 or +972-8-6472646 (R.A.-F. & A.Z.)
| | | | | | | | - Abraham Zangen
- Correspondence: (R.A.-F.); (A.Z.); Tel.: +972-52-6066876 or +972-8-6472646 (R.A.-F. & A.Z.)
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Constant A, Moirand R, Thibault R, Val-Laillet D. Meeting of Minds around Food Addiction: Insights from Addiction Medicine, Nutrition, Psychology, and Neurosciences. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12113564. [PMID: 33233694 PMCID: PMC7699750 DOI: 10.3390/nu12113564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This review, focused on food addiction (FA), considers opinions from specialists with different expertise in addiction medicine, nutrition, health psychology, and behavioral neurosciences. The concept of FA is a recurring issue in the clinical description of abnormal eating. Even though some tools have been developed to diagnose FA, such as the Yale Food Addiction Scale (YFAS) questionnaire, the FA concept is not recognized as an eating disorder (ED) so far and is even not mentioned in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manuel of Mental Disorders version 5 (DSM-5) or the International Classification of Disease (ICD-11). Its triggering mechanisms and relationships with other substance use disorders (SUD) need to be further explored. Food addiction (FA) is frequent in the overweight or obese population, but it remains unclear whether it could articulate with obesity-related comorbidities. As there is currently no validated therapy against FA in obese patients, FA is often underdiagnosed and untreated, so that FA may partly explain failure of obesity treatment, addiction transfer, and weight regain after obesity surgery. Future studies should assess whether a dedicated management of FA is associated with better outcomes, especially after obesity surgery. For prevention and treatment purposes, it is necessary to promote a comprehensive psychological approach to FA. Understanding the developmental process of FA and identifying precociously some high-risk profiles can be achieved via the exploration of the environmental, emotional, and cognitive components of eating, as well as their relationships with emotion management, some personality traits, and internalized weight stigma. Under the light of behavioral neurosciences and neuroimaging, FA reveals a specific brain phenotype that is characterized by anomalies in the reward and inhibitory control processes. These anomalies are likely to disrupt the emotional, cognitive, and attentional spheres, but further research is needed to disentangle their complex relationship and overlap with obesity and other forms of SUD. Prevention, diagnosis, and treatment must rely on a multidisciplinary coherence to adapt existing strategies to FA management and to provide social and emotional support to these patients suffering from highly stigmatized medical conditions, namely overweight and addiction. Multi-level interventions could combine motivational interviews, cognitive behavioral therapies, and self-help groups, while benefiting from modern exploratory and interventional tools to target specific neurocognitive processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aymery Constant
- INRAE, INSERM, University Rennes, NuMeCan, Nutrition Metabolisms Cancer, 35590 St Gilles, 35000 Rennes, France; (A.C.); (R.M.); (R.T.)
- EHESP, School of Public Health, 35043 Rennes, France
| | - Romain Moirand
- INRAE, INSERM, University Rennes, NuMeCan, Nutrition Metabolisms Cancer, 35590 St Gilles, 35000 Rennes, France; (A.C.); (R.M.); (R.T.)
- Unité d’Addictologie, CHU Rennes, 35000 Rennes, France
| | - Ronan Thibault
- INRAE, INSERM, University Rennes, NuMeCan, Nutrition Metabolisms Cancer, 35590 St Gilles, 35000 Rennes, France; (A.C.); (R.M.); (R.T.)
- Unité de Nutrition, CHU Rennes, 35000 Rennes, France
| | - David Val-Laillet
- INRAE, INSERM, University Rennes, NuMeCan, Nutrition Metabolisms Cancer, 35590 St Gilles, 35000 Rennes, France; (A.C.); (R.M.); (R.T.)
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Tran H, Poinsot P, Guillaume S, Delaunay D, Bernetiere M, Bégin C, Fourneret P, Peretti N, Iceta S. FOOD ADDICTION AS A PROXY FOR ANOREXIA NERVOSA SEVERITY: NEW DATA BASED ON THE YALE FOOD ADDICTION SCALE 2.0. Psychiatry Res 2020; 293:113472. [PMID: 33007684 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The contribution of an addictive process to anorexia nervosa (AN) is an area of growing interest. Yet, little is known about how the food addiction concept (FA) may be of interest in understanding AN. This study investigates prevalence of FA diagnostic and its association with markers of severity in individuals with AN. We conducted a retrospective study in a sample of 73 patients with AN. We assessed FA with the Yale Food Addiction Scale 2.0, depressive and anxiety disorders, impulsivity (Beck Depression Inventory, STAI, BIS-11) and eating behavior (BITE, EDE-Q). Prevalence of FA in our sample was 47%. FA was significantly associated and positively correlated with the binge-eating/purging subtype of AN, higher levels of depression, anxiety and greater eating psychopathology. FA was not associated with level of impulsivity nor leptin and IGF-1 blood levels. The relationship between FA severity and AN severity was mediated by the severity of binge eating behaviors. Our results suggest that the presence of FA may represent a more severe variant of AN. Longitudinal studies are needed to better understand the etiologic process between FA and AN.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Helene Tran
- Referral Center for Eating Disorder, Hospices Civils de Lyon, F-69677 Bron, France
| | - Pierre Poinsot
- Referral Center for Eating Disorder, Hospices Civils de Lyon, F-69677 Bron, France; Univ Lyon, CarMeN laboratory, INSERM, INRA, INSA Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, F-69310 Pierre-Benite, France; Departement of Pediatric Nutrition, Hôpital Femme Mère Enfant, Univ Lyon, Hospice Civil de Lyon, Bron, F-69002, France
| | - Sebastien Guillaume
- Department of Emergency Psychiatry and Post-Acute Care, Lapeyronie Hospital CHRU Montpellier, Montpellier, F-34295, France; INSERM U1061, Montpellier, France; Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, F-34093 France
| | - Dominique Delaunay
- Referral Center for Eating Disorder, Hospices Civils de Lyon, F-69677 Bron, France
| | - Marion Bernetiere
- Referral Center for Eating Disorder, Hospices Civils de Lyon, F-69677 Bron, France
| | - Catherine Bégin
- Centre Nutrition, santé et société (NUTRISS), Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada; School of Psychology, Laval University, QC G1V 0A6, Canada.; Quebec Heart and Lung Institute (IUCPQ), Québec, QC G1V 4G5, Canada. School of Nutrition, Laval University, Québec, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Pierre Fourneret
- Referral Center for Eating Disorder, Hospices Civils de Lyon, F-69677 Bron, France
| | - Noel Peretti
- Referral Center for Eating Disorder, Hospices Civils de Lyon, F-69677 Bron, France; Univ Lyon, CarMeN laboratory, INSERM, INRA, INSA Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, F-69310 Pierre-Benite, France; Departement of Pediatric Nutrition, Hôpital Femme Mère Enfant, Univ Lyon, Hospice Civil de Lyon, Bron, F-69002, France
| | - Sylvain Iceta
- Referral Center for Eating Disorder, Hospices Civils de Lyon, F-69677 Bron, France; Univ Lyon, CarMeN laboratory, INSERM, INRA, INSA Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, F-69310 Pierre-Benite, France; Quebec Heart and Lung Institute (IUCPQ), Québec, QC G1V 4G5, Canada. School of Nutrition, Laval University, Québec, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Schulte EM, Wadden TA, Allison KC. An evaluation of food addiction as a distinct psychiatric disorder. Int J Eat Disord 2020; 53:1610-1622. [PMID: 32725769 DOI: 10.1002/eat.23350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the state of the literature for whether food addiction may warrant consideration as a distinct psychiatric disorder in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM) using Blashfield et al.'s (1990; Comprehensive Psychiatry, 31(1), 15-19) five criteria. This framework was utilized because it has recently been applied to examine the diagnostic utility of several eating disorder phenotypes. The criteria are: (a) at least 50 journal articles published on the proposed syndrome in the past 10 years; (b) proposal of diagnostic criteria and assessment measures; (c) clinician reliability in diagnosis; (d) cohesiveness of the proposed diagnostic criteria; and (e) differentiation from similar, existing diagnostic categories. METHOD For each criterion, a literature review was conducted to examine if the minimum qualification had been met, and key findings were discussed. RESULTS Two of the criteria (literature and differentiation) have been empirically supported to extent specified. Two criteria (diagnostic criteria and syndrome) have been partially fulfilled, due to only having self-report assessment measures and no examination of the odds ratios for meeting more than one symptom, respectively. Clinician reliability has not yet been evaluated. DISCUSSION The existing literature suggests that food addiction may warrant consideration as a proposed diagnostic category in the DSM, though future research is needed to fulfill Blashfield et al.'s (1990; Comprehensive Psychiatry, 31(1), 15-19) criteria. The development of a semi-structured interview would be an impactful contribution for addressing these gaps.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erica M Schulte
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Thomas A Wadden
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Kelly C Allison
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Yona-Drori O, Ben-Shlomo S. Addiction to binge eating among women in psychologically abusive relationships: The moderating role of defense mechanisms. Health Care Women Int 2020; 42:1183-1198. [PMID: 32406804 DOI: 10.1080/07399332.2020.1764565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, we examined the contribution of personal resources, self-differentiation and mature emotional defense mechanisms to binge eating among women suffering from psychological abuse in their intimate relations. Three hundred and eighty Israeli women, 32% of whom were exposed to psychological abuse filled out quantitative questionnaires. Our results indicated that the higher the level of self-differentiation and the more mature the defense mechanisms, the less addictive is the woman. The defense mechanisms and their maturity classification moderating the correlation between the stress of psychological abuse and addictive binge eating. We discuss the contribution to the literature on psychological defense mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Orly Yona-Drori
- The Louis and Gabi Weisfeld School of Social Work, Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Shirley Ben-Shlomo
- The Louis and Gabi Weisfeld School of Social Work, Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Ivezaj V, Wiedemann AA, Lawson JL, Grilo CM. Food Addiction in Sleeve Gastrectomy Patients with Loss-of-Control Eating. Obes Surg 2020; 29:2071-2077. [PMID: 30847764 DOI: 10.1007/s11695-019-03805-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Food addiction and binge eating share overlapping and non-overlapping features; the presence of both may represent a more severe obesity subgroup among treatment-seeking samples. Loss-of-control (LOC) eating, a key marker of binge eating, is one of the few consistent predictors of suboptimal weight outcomes post-bariatric surgery. This study examined whether co-occurring LOC eating and food addiction represent a more severe variant post-bariatric surgery. METHODS One hundred thirty-one adults sought treatment for weight/eating concerns approximately 6 months post-sleeve gastrectomy surgery. The Eating Disorder Examination-Bariatric Surgery Version assessed LOC eating, picking/nibbling, and eating disorder psychopathology. Participants completed the Yale Food Addiction Scale (YFAS), the Beck Depression Inventory-Second Edition (BDI-II), and the Short-Form Health Survey-36 (SF-36). RESULTS 17.6% met food addiction criteria on the YFAS. Compared to those without food addiction, the LOC group with food addiction reported significantly greater eating disorder and depression scores, more frequent nibbling/picking and LOC eating, and lower SF-36 functioning. CONCLUSION Nearly 18% of post-operative patients with LOC eating met food addiction criteria on the YFAS. Co-occurrence of LOC and food addiction following sleeve gastrectomy signals a more severe subgroup with elevated eating disorder psychopathology, problematic eating behaviors, greater depressive symptoms, and diminished functioning. Future research should examine whether this combination impacts long-term bariatric surgery outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Ivezaj
- Yale School of Medicine, 301 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT, 06519, USA.
| | | | - Jessica L Lawson
- Yale School of Medicine, 301 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT, 06519, USA
| | - Carlos M Grilo
- Yale School of Medicine, 301 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT, 06519, USA.,Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Mallorquí-Bagué N, Lozano-Madrid M, Testa G, Vintró-Alcaraz C, Sánchez I, Riesco N, César Perales J, Francisco Navas J, Martínez-Zalacaín I, Megías A, Granero R, Veciana De Las Heras M, Chami R, Jiménez-Murcia S, Fernández-Formoso JA, Treasure J, Fernández-Aranda F. Clinical and Neurophysiological Correlates of Emotion and Food Craving Regulation in Patients with Anorexia Nervosa. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9040960. [PMID: 32244331 PMCID: PMC7230937 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9040960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Difficulties in emotion regulation and craving regulation have been linked to eating symptomatology in patients with anorexia nervosa (AN), contributing to the maintenance of their eating disorder. Methods: To investigate clinical and electrophysiological correlates of these processes, 20 patients with AN and 20 healthy controls (HC) completed a computerized task during EEG recording, where they were instructed to down-regulate negative emotions or food craving. Participants also completed self-report measures of emotional regulation and food addiction. The P300 and Late Positive Potential (LPP) ERPs were analysed. Results: LPP amplitudes were significantly smaller during down-regulation of food craving among both groups. Independent of task condition, individuals with AN showed smaller P300 amplitudes compared to HC. Among HC, the self-reported use of re-appraisal strategies positively correlated with LPP amplitudes during emotional regulation task, while suppressive strategies negatively correlated with LPP amplitudes. The AN group, in comparison to the HC group, exhibited greater food addiction, greater use of maladaptive strategies, and emotional dysregulation. Conclusions: Despite the enhanced self-reported psychopathology among AN, both groups indicated neurophysiological evidence of food craving regulation as evidenced by blunted LPP amplitudes in the relevant task condition. Further research is required to delineate the mechanisms associated with reduced overall P300 amplitudes among individuals with AN.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nuria Mallorquí-Bagué
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Bellvitge-IDIBELL, 08907 Barcelona, Spain; (M.L.-M.); (G.T.); (C.V.-A.); (I.S.); (N.R.); (I.M.-Z.); (S.J.-M.)
- CIBER Fisiopatologia Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (R.G.); (J.A.F.-F.)
- Addictive Behavior Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, 08001 Barcelona, Spain
- Correspondence: (N.M.-B.); (F.F.-A.)
| | - María Lozano-Madrid
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Bellvitge-IDIBELL, 08907 Barcelona, Spain; (M.L.-M.); (G.T.); (C.V.-A.); (I.S.); (N.R.); (I.M.-Z.); (S.J.-M.)
- CIBER Fisiopatologia Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (R.G.); (J.A.F.-F.)
| | - Giulia Testa
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Bellvitge-IDIBELL, 08907 Barcelona, Spain; (M.L.-M.); (G.T.); (C.V.-A.); (I.S.); (N.R.); (I.M.-Z.); (S.J.-M.)
- CIBER Fisiopatologia Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (R.G.); (J.A.F.-F.)
| | - Cristina Vintró-Alcaraz
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Bellvitge-IDIBELL, 08907 Barcelona, Spain; (M.L.-M.); (G.T.); (C.V.-A.); (I.S.); (N.R.); (I.M.-Z.); (S.J.-M.)
- CIBER Fisiopatologia Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (R.G.); (J.A.F.-F.)
| | - Isabel Sánchez
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Bellvitge-IDIBELL, 08907 Barcelona, Spain; (M.L.-M.); (G.T.); (C.V.-A.); (I.S.); (N.R.); (I.M.-Z.); (S.J.-M.)
| | - Nadine Riesco
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Bellvitge-IDIBELL, 08907 Barcelona, Spain; (M.L.-M.); (G.T.); (C.V.-A.); (I.S.); (N.R.); (I.M.-Z.); (S.J.-M.)
| | - José César Perales
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Mind, Brain, and Behavior Research Centre, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain; (J.C.P.); (A.M.)
| | - Juan Francisco Navas
- Department of Basic Psychology, Autonomous University of Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain;
- Universitat Oberta de Catalunya, 08018 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ignacio Martínez-Zalacaín
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Bellvitge-IDIBELL, 08907 Barcelona, Spain; (M.L.-M.); (G.T.); (C.V.-A.); (I.S.); (N.R.); (I.M.-Z.); (S.J.-M.)
- Clinical Sciences Department, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, 08907 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alberto Megías
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Mind, Brain, and Behavior Research Centre, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain; (J.C.P.); (A.M.)
| | - Roser Granero
- CIBER Fisiopatologia Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (R.G.); (J.A.F.-F.)
- Department of Psychobiology and Methodology, Autonomous University of Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Rayane Chami
- Section of Eating Disorders, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience (IoPPN), King’s College London, London SE5 8AF, UK; (R.C.); (J.T.)
| | - Susana Jiménez-Murcia
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Bellvitge-IDIBELL, 08907 Barcelona, Spain; (M.L.-M.); (G.T.); (C.V.-A.); (I.S.); (N.R.); (I.M.-Z.); (S.J.-M.)
- CIBER Fisiopatologia Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (R.G.); (J.A.F.-F.)
- Clinical Sciences Department, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, 08907 Barcelona, Spain
| | - José Antonio Fernández-Formoso
- CIBER Fisiopatologia Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (R.G.); (J.A.F.-F.)
| | - Janet Treasure
- Section of Eating Disorders, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience (IoPPN), King’s College London, London SE5 8AF, UK; (R.C.); (J.T.)
| | - Fernando Fernández-Aranda
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Bellvitge-IDIBELL, 08907 Barcelona, Spain; (M.L.-M.); (G.T.); (C.V.-A.); (I.S.); (N.R.); (I.M.-Z.); (S.J.-M.)
- CIBER Fisiopatologia Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (R.G.); (J.A.F.-F.)
- Clinical Sciences Department, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, 08907 Barcelona, Spain
- Correspondence: (N.M.-B.); (F.F.-A.)
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Şengör G, Gezer C. Food addiction and its relationship with disordered eating behaviours and obesity. Eat Weight Disord 2019; 24:1031-1039. [PMID: 30850958 DOI: 10.1007/s40519-019-00662-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2018] [Accepted: 02/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Food addiction, eating disorders and obesity are all mutually reinforcing factors, or factors that can trigger each other. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between food addiction, disordered eating behaviours and obesity. METHODS The study was conducted with 370 university students. Food addiction was assessed using the Yale Food Addiction Scale (YFAS) and disordered eating behaviours were assessed with the Eating Attitude Test (EAT)-26. A digital scale was used to measure weight, while for the measurement of height, waist and hip circumferences a non-stretching tape measure was used according to standard techniques. RESULTS Among the participants, 35.7% scored high on the EAT-26, while 21.1% scored high on the YFAS. Females constituted a higher ratio of those who had high scores on the YFAS and EAT-26 (p < 0.05). Overall, the ratio of YFAS high scorers was higher in the case of EAT-26 high scorers (32.6%) than that of low scorers (14.7%) (p < 0.001). A positive weak relationship existed between YFAS and EAT-26 scores (r = 0.165, p = 0.001) and the same between YFAS scores, weight, and body mass index (r = 0.263, p < 0.001; r = 0.319, p < 0.001, respectively). CONCLUSION In summary, a positive relation was found between food addiction, disordered eating behaviours and body mass index. Females were shown to have a higher risk of food addiction and eating disorders than that of males. Further studies can be carried out to analyze these correlations using a wider range of controlling factors. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level V, cross-sectional descriptive study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gülhan Şengör
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Eastern Mediterranean University, Famagusta, North Cyprus via Mersin 10, Turkey
| | - Ceren Gezer
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Eastern Mediterranean University, Famagusta, North Cyprus via Mersin 10, Turkey.
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Gordon G, Brockmeyer T, Schmidt U, Campbell IC. Combining cognitive bias modification training (CBM) and transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) to treat binge eating disorder: study protocol of a randomised controlled feasibility trial. BMJ Open 2019; 9:e030023. [PMID: 31640997 PMCID: PMC6830595 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2019-030023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Binge eating disorder (BED) is a common mental disorder, closely associated with obesity. Existing treatments are only moderately effective with high relapse rates, necessitating novel interventions. This paper describes the rationale for, and protocol of, a feasibility randomised controlled trial (RCT), evaluating the combination of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) and a computerised cognitive training, namely approach bias modification training (ABM), in patients with BED who are overweight or obese. The aim of this trial is to obtain information that will guide decision-making and protocol development in relation to a future large-scale RCT of combined tDCS+ABM treatment in this group of patients, and also to assess the preliminary efficacy of this intervention. METHODS AND ANALYSIS 66 participants with Diagnostic and Statistical Manual-5 diagnosis of BED and a body mass index (BMI) of ≥25 kg/m2 will be randomly allocated to one of three groups: ABM+real tDCS; ABM+sham tDCS or a wait-list control group. Participants in both intervention groups will receive six sessions of ABM+real/sham tDCS over 3 weeks; engaging in the ABM task while simultaneously receiving bilateral tDCS to the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. ABM is based on an implicit learning paradigm in which participants are trained to enact an avoidance behaviour in response to visual food cues. Assessments will be conducted at baseline, post-treatment (3 weeks) and follow-up (7 weeks post-randomisation). Feasibility outcomes assess recruitment and retention rates, acceptability of random allocation, blinding success (allocation concealment), completion of treatment sessions and research assessments. Other outcomes include eating disorder psychopathology and related neurocognitive outcomes (ie, delay of gratification and inhibitory control), BMI, other psychopathology (ie, mood), approach bias towards food and surrogate endpoints (ie, food cue reactivity, trait food craving and food intake). ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION This study has been approved by the North West-Liverpool East Research Ethics Committee. Results will be published in peer-reviewed journals. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER ISRCTN35717198.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gemma Gordon
- Section of Eating Disorders, Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Timo Brockmeyer
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Institute of Psychology, University of Gottingen, Goettingen, Niedersachsen, Germany
| | - Ulrike Schmidt
- Section of Eating Disorders, Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Iain C Campbell
- Section of Eating Disorders, Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Linardon J, Messer M. Assessment of food addiction using the Yale Food Addiction Scale 2.0 in individuals with binge-eating disorder symptomatology: Factor structure, psychometric properties, and clinical significance. Psychiatry Res 2019; 279:216-221. [PMID: 30862369 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2019.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Revised: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The Yale Food Addiction Scale 2.0 (YFAS) assesses addiction-like eating of palatable foods based on the 11 diagnostic criteria for substance use disorder in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5). This study was the first to investigate the factor structure, psychometric properties, and clinical significance of the YFAS 2.0 in individuals with binge-eating disorder (BED) symptomatology. Data were analysed from 220 community-based participants who met criteria for "probable BED" based on self-report symptom frequency. Classification of food addiction (FA) was met by 42.3% of the sample. The YFAS 2.0 exhibited a unidimensional structure, adequate internal consistency, and convergent and incremental validity. YFAS 2.0 scores contributed the largest percentage of unique variance in psychological distress and impairment over other BED features (overvaluation of weight and shape, binge eating, BMI), highlighting the clinical significance of the FA construct in BED. Support for the validity and reliability of the YFAS 2.0 in individuals with BED-like symptoms was found. Findings also suggest that the presence of FA may represent a more disturbed group of BED characterised by greater general and eating disorder-specific psychopathology. Our findings overall highlight the potential need to screen and assess addictive-like eating behaviours during interventions for BED.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jake Linardon
- School of Psychology, Deakin University, 1 Gheringhap Street, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia.
| | - Mariel Messer
- School of Psychology, Deakin University, 1 Gheringhap Street, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The purpose of this review was to examine different forms of disordered eating among individuals with excess weight, including their rates, correlates, and psychosocial treatments. RECENT FINDINGS Binge eating/binge eating disorder, loss of control eating, emotional eating, and food addiction are all fairly prevalent among individuals with excess weight. They appear to share many of the same correlates, including broader eating disorder psychopathology, body/shape/weight concerns, depression, anxiety, and low self-esteem. Behavioral, cognitive-behavioral, and third-wave (e.g., acceptance, mindfulness) therapies appear effective in improving binge eating, loss of control eating, emotional eating, associated features (e.g., weight and shape concerns), and psychological distress (e.g., depression). Certain forms of disordered eating are elevated among individuals with excess weight, and psychosocial interventions have been found effective in improving symptomatology. Empirical research examining the efficacy of treatments for food addiction is lacking, and greatly needed given both its rate and controversy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bethany A Nightingale
- Department of Psychology, Ryerson University, 350 Victoria St., Toronto, ON, M5B 2K3, Canada.
| | - Stephanie E Cassin
- Department of Psychology, Ryerson University, 350 Victoria St., Toronto, ON, M5B 2K3, Canada.
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
- Centre for Mental Health, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Rodrigue C, Gearhardt AN, Bégin C. Food Addiction in Adolescents: Exploration of psychological symptoms and executive functioning difficulties in a non-clinical sample. Appetite 2019; 141:104303. [PMID: 31145945 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2019.05.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2019] [Revised: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies on food addiction (FA) provided a better understanding of this condition in various populations. Indeed, authors have shown that FA was nearly as prevalent in adolescents as in adults, and similar correlates were observed in both populations (disordered eating behaviors, depressive and anxiety symptoms, impulsivity). The aim of the present study was to characterize FA in adolescents, according to psychological symptoms and executive functioning difficulties. A sample of 969 adolescents, aged between 12 and 18 years old, was recruited in the Quebec City area. They completed a series of questionnaires, including the Yale Food Addiction Scale 2.0 to measure FA symptoms, the Behaviour Rating Inventory of Executive Function to measure executive functioning difficulties, as well as other self-reported questionnaires assessing psychological symptoms (depressive and anxiety symptoms, impulsivity). Group comparisons showed that adolescents with a high level of FA symptoms reported significantly more psychological symptoms (binge eating, depression, anxiety, impulsivity), and more executive functioning difficulties. Finally, the relationship between FA symptoms and executive functioning difficulties was moderated by age and sex. More precisely, the previously mentioned relationship was stronger in young teen girls. The present work provides a preliminary framework in the developmental study of FA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Rodrigue
- School of Psychology, Laval University Félix-Antoine-Savard Pavilion, Laval University, 2325 Bibliotheques' Street, Quebec, Canada.
| | - Ashley N Gearhardt
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, 1004 East Hall 530 Church Street, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-1043, USA.
| | - Catherine Bégin
- School of Psychology, Laval University Félix-Antoine-Savard Pavilion, Laval University, 2325 Bibliotheques' Street, Quebec, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Adopting an addiction perspective on eating disorders and obesity may have practical implications for diagnostic classification, prevention, and treatment of these disorders. The present article critically examines these implications derived from the food addiction concept. RECENT FINDINGS Introducing food addiction as a new disorder in diagnostic classification system seems redundant as most individuals with an addiction-like eating behavior are already covered by established eating disorder diagnoses. Food addiction may be a useful metaphor in the treatment of binge eating, but would be inappropriate for the majority of obese individuals. Implying an addiction to certain foods is not necessary when applying certain approaches inspired by the addiction field for prevention and treatment of obesity. The usefulness of abstinence models in the treatment of eating disorders and obesity needs to be rigorously tested in future studies. Some practical implications derived from the food addiction concept provide promising avenues for future research (e.g., using an addiction framework in the treatment of binge eating or applying abstinence models). For others, however, the necessity of implying an addiction to some foods needs to be scrutinized.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Meule
- Department of Psychology, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunner Straße 34, 5020, Salzburg, Austria.
- Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria.
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Symptoms of ‘food addiction’ in binge eating disorder using the Yale Food Addiction Scale version 2.0. Appetite 2019; 133:362-369. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2018.11.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Revised: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
|
46
|
Psychometric properties of the modified Yale Food Addiction Scale Version 2.0 in an Italian non-clinical sample. Eat Weight Disord 2019; 24:37-45. [PMID: 30414076 DOI: 10.1007/s40519-018-0607-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To assess the dimensionality and psychometric properties of the modified Yale Food Addiction Scale 2.0 (mYFAS 2.0) in an Italian non-clinical sample. METHODS 262 adults (184 women) were administered the Italian versions of the mYFAS 2.0, and questionnaires measuring binge eating severity, anxiety and depression symptoms, and emotional dysregulation. RESULTS 15 individuals (5.7%) met the criteria for a diagnosis of food addiction according to the mYFAS 2.0. Bayesian confirmatory factor analysis supported a single-factor solution for the mYFAS 2.0. The mYFAS 2.0 had good internal consistency (Ordinal α = 0.91), and convergent validity with binge eating severity (r = 0.67, p < 0.001), both anxiety (r = 0.31, p < 0.001) and depressive (r = 0.35, p < 0.001) symptoms, and difficulties in emotion regulation (r = 0.35, p < 0.001). Finally, both discriminant validity with dietary restraint (Gamma = 0.11; p = 0.52) and incremental validity in predicting binge eating severity over emotion dysregulation and psychopathology (b = 0.52; t = 11.11; p < 0.001) were confirmed. CONCLUSIONS The Italian mYFAS 2.0 has satisfactory psychometric properties and can be used as a brief instrument for the assessment of addictive eating behaviors when time constraints prevent the use of the original version. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level V, cross-sectional descriptive study.
Collapse
|
47
|
Pleger B. Invasive and Non-invasive Stimulation of the Obese Human Brain. Front Neurosci 2018; 12:884. [PMID: 30555295 PMCID: PMC6281888 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2018.00884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggests that non-invasive and invasive brain stimulation may reduce food craving and calorie consumption rendering these techniques potential treatment options for obesity. Non-invasive transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) or repetitive transcranial magnet stimulation (rTMS) are used to modulate activity in superficially located executive control regions, such as the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC). Modulation of the DLPFC’s activity may alter executive functioning and food reward processing in interconnected dopamine-rich regions such as the striatum or orbitofrontal cortex. Modulation of reward processing can also be achieved by invasive deep brain stimulation (DBS) targeting the nucleus accumbens. Another target for DBS is the lateral hypothalamic area potentially leading to improved energy expenditure. To date, available evidence is, however, restricted to few exceptional cases of morbid obesity. The vagal nerve plays a crucial role in signaling the homeostatic demand to the brain. Invasive or non-invasive vagal nerve stimulation (VNS) is thus assumed to reduce appetite, rendering VNS another possible treatment option for obesity. Based on currently available evidence, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration recently approved VNS for the treatment of obesity. This review summarizes scientific evidence regarding these techniques’ efficacy in modulating food craving and calorie intake. It is time for large controlled clinical trials that are necessary to translate currently available research discoveries into patient care.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Burkhard Pleger
- Department of Neurology, BG University Clinic Bergmannsheil, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany.,Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany.,IFB AdiposityDiseases, Leipzig University Medical Centre, Leipzig, Germany.,BMBF nutriCARD, Center of Veterinary Public Health, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.,Collaborative Research Centre 1052 "Obesity Mechanisms", University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.,Collaborative Research Centre 874 "Integration and Representation of Sensory Processes", Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
|
49
|
Yu Z, Indelicato NA, Fuglestad P, Tan M, Bane L, Stice C. Sex differences in disordered eating and food addiction among college students. Appetite 2018; 129:12-18. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2018.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Revised: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
|
50
|
Müller A, Leukefeld C, Hase C, Gruner-Labitzke K, Mall JW, Köhler H, de Zwaan M. Food addiction and other addictive behaviours in bariatric surgery candidates. EUROPEAN EATING DISORDERS REVIEW 2018; 26:585-596. [DOI: 10.1002/erv.2629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Revised: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Astrid Müller
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy; Hannover Medical School; Hannover Germany
| | - Crispin Leukefeld
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy; Hannover Medical School; Hannover Germany
| | - Carolin Hase
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy; Hannover Medical School; Hannover Germany
| | | | - Julian W. Mall
- Department of General, Vascular and Bariatric Surgery; KRH Klinikum Nordstadt; Hannover Germany
| | - Hinrich Köhler
- Department of Surgery; Herzogin Elisabeth Hospital; Braunschweig Germany
| | - Martina de Zwaan
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy; Hannover Medical School; Hannover Germany
| |
Collapse
|