Protective role of flavonoid baicalin from Scutellaria baicalensis in periodontal disease pathogenesis: A literature review

Baicalin plays a protective role by regulating ferroptosis in multiple diseases

Ferroptosis is a new kind of cell death discovered in recent years, usually accompanied by a large number of lipid peroxidation and iron accumulation in the process of cell death. Ferroptosis has been proven to play an important role in various diseases, including ischemic reperfusion injury, cancer, and neurodegeneration. Therefore, the regulation of ferroptosis will have a vital impact on the occurrence and development of diseases. Baicalin is a flavonoid compound extracted and isolated from the dried roots of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi, a plant in the family Lamiaceae. It has various biological activities such as antioxidant, anti-proliferative, anti-inflammatory, anti-thrombotic, and regulates apoptosis and ferroptosis. Recently, increasing evidence indicates that baicalin regulation of ferroptosis is involved in multiple diseases. However, the relevant mechanisms are not yet fully understood. Here, we summarized the role of baicalin regulation of ferroptosis in different kinds of diseases, and conducted an in-depth analysis of the relevant mechanisms, hoping to provide the theoretical references for future related researches.

Baicalin attenuates LPS-induced periodontal inflammation response by inhibiting autophagy

BACKGROUND

Periodontal disease causes gradual damage to the periodontal ligament and alveolar bone, ultimately resulting in tooth loss. This condition This condition results from the intricate interaction between bacterial infections and the host's inflammatory responses, driving disease progression. Autophagy, an essential process for cellular balance under stress, plays a vital role in the response to periodontal pathogens. Baicalin (BA), a flavonoid extracted from Scutellaria baicalensis, is recognized for its potent anti-inflammatory effects. However, its influence on autophagy in periodontal health is not fully characterized, representing a vital gap in therapeutic understanding.

PURPOSE

This study investigates the therapeutic potential of BA in periodontal disease by examining its regulatory effects on autophagy and inflammation in PDLCs.

METHODS

Periodontal ligament cells (PDLCs) were exposed to various concentrations of BA, and cell proliferation was measured using the CCK-8 assay. Anti-inflammatory responses were analyzed by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Autophagy levels were quantified using immunofluorescence, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and Western blotting. To identify potential targets of BA, an integrated approach combining network pharmacology and RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) was employed. These analyses were subsequently validated using qRT-PCR, molecular docking and dynamics simulations.

RESULTS

BA significantly reduced lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammatory responses in PDLCs, as evidenced by a decrease in the levels of interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-6. RNA-Seq analysis indicated that these effects were associated with autophagy-related processes. Notably, BA decreased Beclin-1 levels, reduced the LC3BII/I ratio, diminished LC3B protein staining, and decreased the number of autophagosomes. Furthermore, BA triggered the activation of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway, demonstrated by the increased phosphorylation of these proteins.

CONCLUSION

BA acts as a protective agent against LPS-induced periodontal inflammation by modulating autophagy, positioning it as a promising candidate for future periodontal therapies.

Mitophagy and Its Significance in Periodontal Disease

OBJECTIVES

Periodontal disease is a common chronic inflammatory condition affecting the tissues that support teeth, leading to their destruction. Mitophagy, a specialized form of autophagy responsible for degrading damaged mitochondria, plays a crucial role in maintaining cellular homeostasis. However, its role in periodontal disease progression remains poorly understood. This review aims to summarize recent research on mitophagy's role in periodontal disease pathogenesis.

METHODS

A comprehensive literature review on mitophagy was conducted using PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases, employing keywords related to periodontal disease such as "periodontal," "periodontitis," "gingiva," and "gingivitis."

RESULTS

A review of 18 original studies revealed that mitophagy plays a crucial role in periodontal disease by regulating key pathophysiological mechanisms. Specifically, mitophagy modulates periodontal inflammation by influencing pro-inflammatory cytokines and mitochondrial reactive oxygen species. Additionally, it is essential for alveolar bone remodeling, impacting both bone resorption and regeneration. Mitophagy also regulates cell apoptosis within periodontal tissues, helping to preserve cellular function and tissue integrity during periodontal disease progression.

CONCLUSIONS

Mitophagy regulates periodontal disease pathogenesis by modulating inflammation, bone remodeling, and cell death in periodontal tissues. Further research is needed to explore its therapeutic potential in periodontal disease treatment and improve targeted interventions.

The protective role of baicalin regulation of autophagy in cancers

Autophagy is a conservative process of self degradation, in which abnormal organelles, proteins and other macromolecules are encapsulated and transferred to lysosomes for subsequent degradation. It maintains the intracellular balance, and responds to cellular conditions such as hunger or stress. To date, there are mainly three types of autophagy: macroautophagy, microautophagy and chaperone-mediated autophagy. Autophagy plays a key role in regulating multiple physiological and pathological processes, such as cell metabolism, development, energy homeostasis, cell death and hunger adaptation, and so on. Increasing evidence indicates that autophagy dysfunction participates in many kinds of cancers, such as liver cancer, pancreatic cancer, prostate cancer, and so on. However, the relevant mechanisms are not yet fully understood. Baicalin is a natural flavonoid compound extracted from the traditional Chinese medicine Scutellaria baicalensis. The research has shown that after oral or intravenous administration of baicalin, it is delivered to various organs through the systemic circulation, with the highest volume in the kidneys and lungs. More and more evidence suggests that baicalin has antioxidant, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, immunomodulatory and antiviral effects. Therefore, baicalin plays an important role in various diseases, such as cancers, lung diseases, liver diseases, cardiovascular diseases, ans so on. However, the relevant mechanisms have not yet been fully clear. Recently, increasing evidence indicates that baicalin participates in different cancer by regulating autophagy. Herein, we reviewed the current knowledge about the role and mechanism of baicalin regulation of autophagy in multiple types of cancers to lay the theoretical foundation for future related researches.

Changes in Growth and Metabolic Profile of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi in Response to Sodium Chloride

Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi is a valuable medicinal plant of the Lamiaceae family. Its roots have been used in Traditional Chinese Medicine (under the name Huang-qin) since antiquity and are nowadays included in Chinese and European Pharmacopoeias. It is abundant in bioactive compounds which constitute up to 20% of dried root mass. These substances are lipophilic flavones with unsubstituted B-ring, baicalein, and wogonin and their respective glucuronides-baicalin and wogonoside being the most abundant. The content of these compounds is variable and the environmental factors causing this remain partially unknown. The role of these compounds in stress response is still being investigated and in our efforts to measure the effect of NaCl treatment on S. baicalensis growth and metabolic profile, we hope to contribute to this research. Short-term exposure to salt stress (50, 100, and 150 mM NaCl) resulted in a marked increase of baicalein from 1.55 mg to 2.55 mg/g DM (1.6-fold), baicalin from 8.2 mg to 14.7 mg (1.8-fold), wogonin from 4.9 to 6.8 (1.4-fold), and wogonoside from 3.3 to 6.8 mg/g DM (2-fold) in the roots. Conversely, in the aerial parts, the content of individual major flavonoids: carthamidine-7-O-glucuronide and scutellarein-7-O-glucuronide decreased the most by 10-50% from 18.6 mg to 11.3 mg/g (1.6-fold less) and from 6.5 mg to 3.4 mg/g DM (0.52-fold less), respectively. The amino acid profile was also altered with an increase in root concentrations of the following amino acids: arginine from 0.19 to 0.33 mg/g (1.7-fold), glutamate from 0.09 to 0.16 mg/g DM (1.6-fold), alanine from 0.009 to 0.06 mg/g (6.8-fold), proline from 0.011 to 0.029 (2.4-fold) and lysine from 0.016 to 0.063 mg/g (3.9-fold). Aspartate concentration decreased from 0.01 to 0.002 mg/g (4.8-fold less) at 150 mM NaCl. In the aerial parts, the concentration and variation in levels of specific amino acids differed among groups. For instance, the glutamate content exhibited a significant increase exclusively in the treatment group, rising from 0.031 to 0.034 mg/g, representing a 1.2-fold increase. Proline concentration showed a marked increase across all treated groups with the highest from 0.011 to 0.11 mg/g (10-fold). In conclusion, moderate salt stress was shown to increase S. baicalensis root biomass and flavonoid content which is rarely observed in a glycophyte species and provides a foundation for further studies on the mechanisms of osmotic stress adaptation on the specialized metabolism level.

The Protective Role of Baicalin in the Regulation of NLRP3 Inflammasome in Different Diseases

The NACHT, LRR, and PYD domains-containing protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome consists of pro-caspase-1, NLRP3 and apoptosis-related speckle-like protein (ASC). It can detect multiple microorganisms, endogenous danger signals and environmental stimulus including adenosine triphosphate (ATP), urate, cholesterol crystals, and so on, thereby forming activated NLRP3 inflammasome. During the course of the activation of NLRP3 inflammasome, pro-caspase-1 is transformed into activated caspase-1 that results in the maturation and secretion of interleukin-1beta (IL-1β) and IL-18. The dysfunction of NLRP3 inflammasome participates in multiple diseases such as liver diseases, renal diseases, nervous system diseases and diabetes. Baicalin is the primary bioactive component of Scutellaria baicalensis, which has been used since ancient times. Baicalin has many types of biological functions, such as anti-bacterial, anti-tumor and antioxidant. More and more evidence suggests that baicalin regulation of NLRP3 inflammasome is involved in different diseases. However, the mechanism is still elusive. Here, we reviewed the progress of baicalin regulation of NLRP3 inflammasome in many kinds of diseases to lay a foundation for future researches.

Effects of Scutellaria baicalensis Extract-Induced Exosomes on the Periodontal Stem Cells and Immune Cells under Fine Dust

In adverse environments, fine dust is linked to a variety of health disorders, including cancers, cardiovascular, neurological, renal, reproductive, motor, systemic, and respiratory diseases. Although PM10 is associated with oral inflammation and cancer, there is limited research on biomaterials that prevent damage caused by fine dust. In this study, we evaluated the effects of biomaterials using microRNA profiling, flow cytometry, conventional PCR, immunocytochemistry, Alizarin O staining, and ELISA. Compared to SBE (Scutellaria baicalensis extract), the preventive effectiveness of SBEIEs (SBE-induced exosomes) against fine dust was approximately two times higher. Furthermore, SBEIEs promoted cellular differentiation of periodontal ligament stem cells (PDLSCs) into osteoblasts, periodontal ligament cells (PDLCs), and pulp progenitor cells (PPCs), enhancing immune modulation for oral health against fine dust. In terms of immune modulation, SBEIEs activated the secretion of cytokines such as IL-10, LL-37, and TGF-β in T cells, B cells, and macrophages, while attenuating the secretion of MCP-1 in macrophages. MicroRNA profiling revealed that significantly modulated miRNAs in SBEIEs influenced four biochemical categories: apoptosis, cellular differentiation, immune activation, and anti-inflammation. These findings suggest that SBEIEs are an optimal biomaterial for developing oral health care products. Additionally, this study proposes functional microRNA candidates for the development of pharmaceutical liposomes.

Baicalein suppresses Coxsackievirus B3 replication by inhibiting caspase-1 and viral protease 2A

Myocarditis is an inflammatory disease of the cardiac muscle and one of the primary causes of dilated cardiomyopathy. Group B coxsackievirus (CVB) is one of the leading causative pathogens of viral myocarditis, which primarily affects children and young adults. Due to the lack of vaccines, the development of antiviral medicines is crucial to controlling CVB infection and the progression of myocarditis. In this study, we investigated the antiviral effect of baicalein, a flavonoid extracted from Scutellaria baicaleinsis. Our results demonstrated that baicalein treatment significantly reduced cytopathic effect and increased cell viability in CVB3-infected cells. In addition, significant reductions in viral protein 3D, viral RNA, and viral particles were observed in CVB3-infected cells treated with baicalein. We found that baicalein exerted its inhibitory effect in the early stages of CVB3 infection. Baicalein also suppressed viral replication in the myocardium and effectively alleviated myocarditis induced by CVB3 infection. Our study revealed that baicalein exerts its antiviral effect by inhibiting the activity of caspase-1 and viral protease 2A. Taken together, our findings demonstrate that baicalein has antiviral activity against CVB3 infection and may serve as a potential therapeutic option for the myocarditis caused by enterovirus infection.

Efficacy and Tolerability of a Scutellaria lateriflora L. and Cistus × incanus L.-Based Chewing Gum on the Symptoms of Gingivitis: A Monocentric, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial

Preclinical studies have shown that the combination of Cistus × incanus L. and Scutellaria lateriflora L. extracts exerts beneficial effects on oral health against gingivitis. Thus, this study aimed to assess the tolerability of a chewing gum and its efficacy on gingivitis in a double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Enrolled subjects (n = 60, 18-70 years) were randomized to receive two chewing gums or a placebo daily for 3 months. At baseline (t0) and monthly (t1, t2, and t3) timepoints, the Quantitative Gingival Bleeding Index (QGBI), the Modified Gingival Index (MGI), and the Oral Health 15 items (OH-15)] were employed to assess potential improvements in gingivitis. Pain was self-quantified via the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), and the Clinical Global Impression Scale for Severity of illness (CGI-S) helped in evaluating the oral general conditions. This study is listed on the ISRCTN registry. At t3, the QGBI, MGI, OH-15, VAS, and CGI-S values decreased in the treated but not in the placebo group (β = 0.6 ± 0.1, t176 = 3.680, p < 0.001; β = 0.87 ± 0.21, t115 = 4.263, p < 0.001; β = 5.3 ± 2.5, t172 = 2.086, p = 0.038; β = 3.16 ± 0.51, t88 = 6.253, p < 0.001; and β = 1.09 ± 0.32, t83 = 3.419, p < 0.001, respectively). A significant improvement in gingival health occurred after a 3-month intervention with the chewing gums containing S. lateriflora and C. incanus extracts.

Integrated microbiome and metabolomics revealed the protective effect of baicalin on alveolar bone inflammatory resorption in aging

BACKGROUND

With the growing aging population and longer life expectancy, periodontitis and tooth loss have become major health concerns. The gut microbiota, as a key regulator in bone homeostasis, has gathered immense interest. Baicalin, a flavonoid compound extracted from Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi, has shown antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities.

PURPOSE

This study investigated, for the first time, the protective mechanism of baicalin against alveolar bone inflammatory resorption in aging mice by regulating intestinal flora and metabolites, as well as intestinal barrier function.

METHODS

A ligature-induced periodontitis model was established in d-galactose (D-gal)-induced aging mice, and baicalin was administered at different dosages for 13 weeks. Body weight was measured weekly. The antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity of baicalin were evaluated using serum superoxide dismutase (SOD), malonaldehyde (MDA), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) levels. The immune capability was assessed by thymus and spleen indices. Histopathological changes were observed in the heart, liver, ileum, and periodontal tissues. Alveolar bone absorption of maxillary second molars was examined, and osteoclasts were counted by tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) staining. Furthermore, fecal samples were analyzed using 16S rRNA sequencing and non-targeted metabolomics to identify differences in intestinal bacterial composition and metabolites.

RESULTS

Baicalin exhibited anti-aging properties, as evidenced by increased SOD activity and decreased levels of MDA, IL-6, and TNF-α in serum compared to the control group. Baicalin also ameliorated alveolar bone loss in the d-gal-induced aging-periodontitis group (p < 0.05). Furthermore, baicalin restored ileal permeability by up-regulating the expression of ZO-1 and occludin in aging-periodontitis groups (p < 0.05). Alpha diversity analysis indicated that baicalin-treated mice harbored a higher diversity of gut microbe. PCoA and ANOSIM results revealed significant dissimilarity between groups. The Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes (F/B) ratio, which decreased in periodontitis mice, was restored by baicalin treatment. Additionally, medium-dosage baicalin promoted the production of beneficial flavonoids, and enriched short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs)-producing bacteria.

CONCLUSION

Intestinal homeostasis is a potential avenue for treating age-related alveolar bone loss. Baicalin exerts anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and osteo-protective properties by regulating the gut microbiota and metabolites.

Recent Advances in Biologically Active Ingredients from Natural Drugs for Sepsis Treatment

Sepsis refers to the dysregulated host response to infection; its incidence and mortality rates are high. It is a worldwide medical problem but there is no specific drug for it. In recent years, clinical and experimental studies have found that many monomer components of traditional Chinese medicine have certain effects on the treatment of sepsis. This paper reviews the advances in research on the active ingredients of traditional Chinese medicine involved in the treatment of sepsis in recent years according to their chemical structure; it could provide ideas and references for further research and development in Chinese materia medica for the treatment of sepsis.

Baicalin circumvents anti-PD-1 resistance by regulating the gut microbiota metabolite short-chain fatty acids

Baicalin is a small molecule medication used to treat hepatitis. Our research group discovered that administering baicalin orally to mice following fecal microbiota transplantation from patients resistant to ICIs supported anti-PD-1 activity. However, the precise mechanisms behind this effect are presently unknown. In this present study, ATB-treated C57BL/6 J mice received FMT from patients with advanced NSCLC amenable to αPD-1. Additionally, subcutaneous LLC cells were injected into the mice. Baicalin oral gavage and αPD-1 injection were administered to the mice on days 3 and 9 after tumour inoculation. 16 S rRNA, metabolomics, and flow cytometry were utilized to clarify the mechanisms of baicalin's relief of immunosuppression. The results indicated that oral administration of baicalin enriched bacteria such as Akkermansia and Clostridia_UCG-014, resulted in an increase in SCFAs, which improved the ratio of PD-1+ (CD8+ T cell/Treg) and promoted the levels of IFN-γ+ CD8+ T cells and TNF-α+ CD8+ T cells within the tumour microenvironment. In conclusion, baicalin regulates the metabolites of the gut microbiota to improve the PD-1+ (CD8+ T cell/Treg) balance and circumvent anti-PD-1 resistance. This is achieved through the regulation of short-chain fatty acids.

Protective role of baicalin in the dynamic progression of lung injury to idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: A meta-analysis

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE

The pathological progression of lung injury (LI) to idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a common feature of the development of lung disease. At present, effective strategies for preventing this progression are unavailable. Baicalin has been reported to specifically inhibit the progression of LI to IPF. Therefore, this meta-analysis aimed to assess its clinical application and its potential as a therapeutic drug for lung disease based on integrative analysis.

METHODS

We systematically searched preclinical articles in eight databases and reviewed them subjectively. The CAMARADES scoring system was used to assess the degree of bias and quality of evidence, whereas the STATA software (version 16.0 software) was used for statistical analysis, including a 3D analysis of the effects of dosage frequency of baicalin in LI and IPF. The protocol of this meta-analysis is documented in the PROSPERO database (CRD42022356152).

RESULTS

A total of 23 studies and 412 rodents were included after several rounds of screening. Baicalin was found to reduce the levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, HYP, TGF-β and MDA and the W/D ratio and increase the levels of SOD. Histopathological analysis of lung tissue validated the regulatory effects of baicalin, and the 3D analysis of dosage frequency revealed that the effective dose of baicalin is 10-200 mg/kg. Mechanistically, baicalin can prevent the progression of LI to IPF by modulating p-Akt, p-NF-κB-p65 and Bcl-2-Bax-caspase-3 signalling. Additionally, baicalin is involved in signalling pathways closely related to anti-apoptotic activity and regulation of lung tissue and immune cells.

CONCLUSION

Baicalin at the dose of 10-200 mg/kg exerts protective effects against the progression of LI to IPF through anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic pathways.

Baicalin-Current Trends in Detection Methods and Health-Promoting Properties

Baicalin (7-D-glucuronic acid-5,6-dihydroxyflavone) belongs to natural flavonoids extracted from the roots of Scutellaria baicalensis, the plant used in traditional Chinese medicine. It has been proven that baicalin has various pharmacological activities, such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antibacterial, and anti-apoptotic ones. However, it is essential not only to determine the medical usefulness of baicalin, but also to find and develop the most effective methods for its extraction and detection. Therefore, the aim of this review was to summarize the current methods of detection and identification of baicalin and to present the medical applications of baicalin and the underlying mechanisms of its action. Based on the review of the latest literature, it can be concluded that liquid chromatography alone or together with mass spectrometry is the most commonly used method for the determination of baicalin. Recently, also new electrochemical methods have been established, e.g., biosensors with fluorescence, which have better detection limits, sensitivity, and selectivity.

TCPP/MgO-loaded PLGA microspheres combining photodynamic antibacterial therapy with PBM-assisted fibroblast activation to treat periodontitis

Bacteria eradication and subsequent periodontal tissue reconstruction is the primary task for periodontitis treatment. Commonly used antibiotic therapy suffers from antibiotic resistance. Meanwhile, promoting fibroblast activity is crucial for re-establishing a damaged periodontal structure. In addition to the fibroblast activation property of Mg²⁺, photobiomodulation (PBM) has recently attracted increasing attention in wound healing. Using the same 635 nm laser resource, PBM could simultaneously work with antibacterial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) to achieve antibacterial function and fibroblast activation effect. Herein, multifunctional microspheres were designed by employing poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) microspheres to load tetrakis (4-carboxyphenyl) porphyrin (TCPP) and magnesium oxide (MgO) nanoparticles, named as PMT, with sustained Mg²⁺ release for 20 days. PMT achieved excellent antibacterial photodynamic effect for periodontal pathogens F. nucleatum and P. gingivalis by generating reactive oxygen species, which increases cell membrane permeability and destroys bacteria integrity to cause bacteria death. Meanwhile, PMT itself exhibited improved fibroblast viability and adhesion, with the PMT + light group revealing further activation of fibroblast cells, suggesting the coordinated action of Mg²⁺ and PBM effects. The underlying molecular mechanism might be the elevated gene expressions of Fibronectin 1, Col1a1, and Vinculin. In addition, the in vivo rat periodontitis model proved the superior therapeutic effects of PMT with laser illumination using micro-computed tomography analysis and histological staining, which presented decreased inflammatory cells, increased collagen production, and higher alveolar bone level in the PMT group. Our study sheds light on a promising strategy to fight periodontitis using versatile microspheres, which combine aPDT and PBM-assisted fibroblast activation functions.

Metal-organic framework-based nanoplatform enhance fibroblast activity to treat periodontitis

After periodontal tissue injury, reconstruct soft tissue sealing around the tooth surface is of fundamental importance to treat periodontitis. Among multiple cell types, fibroblast plays a central role in reestablishing functional periodontium. To enhance fibroblast activity, a novel metal-organic framework-based nanoplatform is fabricated using mesoporous Prussian blue (MPB) nanoparticles to load baicalein (BA), named MPB-BA. Drug release test displayed sustained BA release of MPB-BA. Cell proliferation, transwell migration and wound healing tests revealed accelerated fibroblast proliferation and migration for the established MPB-BA nanoplatform. Moreover, vinculin immunofluorescence staining, western blot and quantitative real-time PCR analysis showed up-regulated vinculin protein and integrin α5 and integrin β1 gene expressions for MPB-BA, suggesting improved cell adhesion. In addition, hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) and Masson trichromatic staining suggested superior anti-inflammatory and collagen fiber reconstruction effects for MPB-BA in a rat experimental periodontitis model in vivo. Our study may provide a promising strategy for the treatment of periodontitis.

Anti-Periodontitis Effects of Dendropanax morbiferus H.Lév Leaf Extract on Ligature-Induced Periodontitis in Rats

Periodontitis is caused by pathogens in the oral cavity. It is a chronic infectious disease that causes symptoms including gingival bleeding and tooth loss resulting from the destruction of periodontal tissues coupled with inflammation. Dendropanax morbiferus H.Lév (DM) is a natural product that exhibits various biological activities with few side effects. In this study, the potential of DM leaf hot-water extracts (DMWE) as a treatment for periodontitis was determined and its anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory effects were evaluated. Compounds in DMWE were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin E₂ (PGE₂) production was measured in RAW 264.7 cells. We measured the gingival index and gingival sulcus depth, and micro-CT was performed in vivo using a ligature-induced periodontitis rat model, which is similar to human periodontitis. The DMWE-treated group exhibited a decrease in cytokine concentration and relieved the gingival index and gingival sulcus depth compared with the periodontitis-induced control group. In addition, micro-CT and histological analysis revealed that DMWE exhibited anti-inflammatory effects and improved alveolar bone loss in periodontitis-induced rats. These findings suggest that DMWE has excellent anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory effects that protect and prevent periodontal tissue damage and tooth loss caused by the inflammatory response.

Phytochemicals with protective effects against acute pancreatitis: a review of recent literature

CONTEXT

Acute pancreatitis (AP) is an acute abdominal inflammatory disease with episodes ranging from mild to fulminant symptoms which could include necrosis, systemic inflammation and multiple organ dysfunction. Increasing experimental evidence demonstrates that specific bioactive ingredients from natural plants have a favourable therapeutic effect on AP.

OBJECTIVE

The objective of this review is to summarize the protective effects and potential mechanisms of action of phytochemicals on the attenuation of AP.

METHODS

Experimental studies in vivo or in vitro between January 2016 and June 2021 were sought in PubMed and Web of Science using the following search terms: ('phytochemicals' OR 'medicinal plant' OR 'traditional medicine') AND ('pancreatitis' OR 'pancreatic damage' OR 'pancreatic injury'). Data concerning the basic characteristics of phytochemicals, therapeutic dose and potential molecular mechanisms related to AP were extracted in this study.

RESULTS

A total of 30 phytochemicals with potential therapeutic effects were reviewed and summarized systematically. According to their molecular pathways in AP, the underlying mechanisms of the phytochemicals were illustrated in detail.

DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS

The phytochemicals with anti-inflammatory and antioxidant abilities may be efficient candidate drugs for AP treatment. Importantly, more preclinical investigations are needed to illustrate the efficacy of future phytochemicals.

Whole genome and transcriptome reveal flavone accumulation in Scutellaria baicalensis roots

Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi is a medicinal plant in the Lamiaceae family that contains high levels of 4'-deoxyflavone and other flavonoids in its roots. Therefore, it has strong potential as a plant resource for researching the biosynthesis of specific flavonoids. In this study, we report on a chromosome-level S. baicalensis genome assembled to nine chromosomes (376.81M) using PacBio, HiSeq XTen, and Hi-C assisted assembly. The assembly ratio was 99.22%, the contig N50 was 1.80 million bases, and the scaffold N50 was 40.57 million bases, with 31896 genes being annotated. Comparative genome analysis revealed that S. baicalensis and Salvia miltiorrhiza belonged to the same branch, and diverged 36.3 million years ago. Other typically correlated species were Boea hygrometrica and Sesamum indicum. We investigated the structural genes involved in flavonoid synthesis in combination with transcriptome sequencing analysis for different tissues (roots, stems, flowers, leaves) of purple, pink, and white flowers. The results revealed that S.baiF6H is involved in the accumulation of baicalein and was significantly increased in both purple roots vs. pink roots and white roots vs. pink roots. S.baiMYB gene family expression pattern analysis and co-expression network analysis revealed that S.baiMYB transcription factors primarily regulated the production of flavonoids in S. baicalensis. S.baiMYB serves as a major factor regulating flavonoid synthesis in the roots, where yeast one-hybrid assays revealed that these transcription factors could bind to the promoter regions of structural genes to control the accumulation of flavonoids. Genome and transcriptome sequencing, co-expression analysis, and yeast one-hybrid experiments provided valuable genetic resources for understanding flavonoid biosynthesis in S. baicalensis. These findings contribute to a better understanding of the accumulation of metabolites in Lamiaceae.

Antibacterial, Antiparasitic, and Cytotoxic Activities of Chemical Characterized Essential Oil of Chrysopogon zizanioides Roots

This study aimed to investigate the chemical composition as well as the antibacterial, antiparasitic, and cytotoxic potentialities of the Brazilian Chrysopogon zizanioides root essential oil (CZ-EO) In addition, CZ-EO cytotoxicity to LLCMK₂ adherent epithelial cells was assessed. The major compounds identified in CZ-EO were khusimol (30.0 ± 0.3%), β-eudesmol (10.8 ± 0.3%), α-muurolene (6.0 ± 0.1%), and patchouli alcohol (5.6 ± 0.2%). CZ-EO displayed optimal antibacterial activity against Prevotella nigrescens, Fusobacterium nucleatum, Prevotella melaninogenica, and Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, with Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) values between 22 and 62.5 µg/mL and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) values between 22 and 400 µg/mL. CZ-EO was highly active against the L. amazonensis promastigote and amastigote forms (IC₅₀ = 7.20 and 16.21 µg/mL, respectively) and the T. cruzi trypomastigote form (IC₅₀ = 11.2 µg/mL). Moreover, CZ-EO showed moderate cytotoxicity to LLCMK₂ cells, with CC₅₀ = 565.4 µg/mL. These results revealed an interesting in vitro selectivity of CZ-EO toward the L. amazonensis promastigote and amastigote forms (Selectivity Index, SI = 78.5 and 34.8, respectively) and the T. cruzi trypomastigote form (SI = 50.5) compared to LLCMK₂ cells. These results showed the promising potential of CZ-EO for developing new antimicrobial, antileishmanial, and antitrypanosomal drugs.

The role of endoplasmic reticulum stress in the pathophysiology of periodontal disease

The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a principal organelle for folding, post-translational modifications and transport of secretory, luminal, and membrane proteins. ER stress is a condition induced by the accumulation of unfolded or misfolded proteins owing to a variety of physiological and pathological phenomena. To overcome the deleterious effects of ER stress, unfolded protein response (UPR) is initiated to translocate and remove the misfolded and accumulated proteins. Plenty of evidence shows the correlation between ER stress/UPR and the pathology of inflammatory disease. Periodontal disease is a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by the irreversible destruction of periodontal tissues, which associates with the onset and progress of several systemic diseases. Periodontopathic bacterium and pro-inflammatory mediators play a pivotal role in the progress of periodontal disease. Besides, cigarette smoke has long been associated with periodontal disease. As an inflammatory disorder of the periodontium, periodontal disease is highly related to ER stress. In this review, we provide an overview of the pathophysiological effect of ER stress on periodontal disease through five aspects as follow: ER stress and periodontal tissue remodeling, including both soft tissue and hard tissue; ER stress and the inflammation; ER stress and systematic effect during the periodontal disease; last but not least, ER stress and the autophagic apoptosis in cells.

Inhibitory activities of flavonoids from Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi on amyloid aggregation related to type 2 diabetes and the possible structural requirements for polyphenol in inhibiting the nucleation phase of hIAPP aggregation

Human islet amyloid polypeptide (hIAPP)-mediated cytotoxicity is identified as a potential target for developing new anti-diabetic molecules. Herein, we investigated the effect of the major bioactive compounds of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi (S. baicalensis), including baicalein, baicalin, wogonin and oroxylin A, on hIAPP aggregation. We found that all of these compounds inhibited hIAPP fibril formation in a dose-dependent manner. But baicalein and baicalin, especially baicalein are more effective than wogonin and oroxylin A in stabilizing hIAPP monomers and eliminating toxic hIAPP assembly, suggesting that flavonoids with ortho-hydroxyl group on the A-ring exhibited higher anti-hIAPP nucleation potential than those without this structure. This stimulated our interest in further studying the possible structure-activity relationship between polyphenol and hIAPP aggregation inhibition. Our results demonstrated that flavonoids with ortho-hydroxyl group on the B-ring are also more effective against hIAPP nucleation than those without this structure. These results suggest that the ortho-hydroxybenzene structure is a key structural feature required for polyphenols to effectively inhibit hIAPP nucleation. This was further confirmed by the effect of polyphenoland phenols in inhibiting hIAPP nucleation. The conclusion that pyrogallol-type polyphenols are potential lead inhibitors may provide a valuable structural template for the further development of polyphenol-based inhibitor of amyloid peptides.

Recent Progress in Traditional Chinese Medicines and Their Mechanism in the Treatment of Allergic Rhinitis

Objective

To conduct a systematic review on the mechanism of action and use of traditional Chinese medicines (TCM) in allergic rhinitis treatment.

Background

Allergic rhinitis (AR) is a type I allergic disease of the immune system induced by immunoglobulin E mediated inflammation and is characterized by sneezing, nasal itching, paroxysmal nasal obstruction, mucosal edema, cough, and rhinorrhea. More than 500 million people have been affected by rhinitis worldwide in the past 20 years, leading to negative effects on health, quality of life, and social relationships. Currently, the trending medicines used in the case of AR include intranasal corticosteroids and oral H1 antihistamines, which are given as combinatorial medicines supplemented with immune therapy. These medications have been found to be very effective in either the short term or long term; however, they have been found to possess some serious side effects. Search Methodology. The information in this article on classical and traditional Chinese medications used to treat AR was derived from original papers and reviews published in Chinese and English language journals. Two Chinese databases (Wanfang and CNKI) and three English databases (Cochrane Library, PubMed, and Embase) were utilized for data gathering.

Results

Traditional Chinese remedies have been identified to influence the production of cytokines such as IL-5 and IL-6, which are key mediators of eosinophilic inflammation, TNF-α, which stimulates TH2 cells at the site of inflammation, and NF-кB, which is required for cytokine and IgE antibody production. TCM has also been shown to be successful in lowering histamine levels, preserving histological changes by decreasing the thickness of the lamina propria, and downregulating the expression of Orai1, STIM1, and TRYC1, showing low expression of Ca⁺² channel proteins.

Conclusion

In this review, we discussed a series of classical, traditional Chinese medications, including Centipeda minima, Scutellaria baicalensis, licorice root (Glycyrrhiza uralensis), and others, as potential antiallergic agents and investigate their in vivo effect upon the production of cytokines and release of histamines for allergic rhinitis treatment.

Scutellaria baicalensis Extract-phospholipid Complex: Preparation and Initial Pharmacodynamics Research in Rats

BACKGROUND

Baicalin, a flavonoid glycoside compound present in Scutellaria baicalensis, has shown a wide spectrum of biological activities, but its liposolubility, water-solubility and mucosal permeability are all very poor, which leads to the low concentration in brain and poor bioavailability by oral or intravenous injective administration.

OBJECTIVE

The primary objective of this study was to formulate the Scutellaria baicalensis extract (SBE) with phospholipid to yield Scutellaria baicalensis extract-phospholipid complex (SBEPC) , and to evaluate its pharmacodynamics in the middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO).

METHODS

The optimal preparation technology of SBEPC was obtained through single-factor test and central composite design-response surface methodology (CCD-RSM), and was characterized with various analytical techniques including SEM, FT-IR and NMR. The storage conditions of SBEPC were established through stability study and the MCAO rat model was investigated through conducting pharmacodynamic studies to screen the appropriate administration and dose of SBEPC as well as to verify the neuroprotective effect of SBEPC on cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury.

RESULTS

The optimized preparation conditions of SBEPC were summarized as follows: the ratio of phospholipids to drug was 2:1, the drug concentration was 3.5 mg/ml, the reaction temperature was 50 °C, and the entrapment efficiency was over 93.00%. Stability studies have demonstrated that SBEPC should be stored under 40 °C in a dry and ventilated place away from light and below 37% humidity. Furthermore, pharmacodynamic studies have found that, compared with SBE, SBEPC could introduce drugs into the brain and better exert the neuroprotective effect on MCAO rats, and the optimal administration and dose concentration of SBEPC were nasal administration and 40 mg/ml, respectively.

CONCLUSION

These findings demonstrate that SBEPC is successfully prepared by CCD-RSM. SBEPC can enhance drugs' ability to enter the brain and improve the bioavailability of drugs in brain, and can effectively exert the neuroprotective effect on cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury as compared with SBE.

An overview of pharmacological activities of baicalin and its aglycone baicalein: New insights into molecular mechanisms and signaling pathways

The flavonoids, baicalin, and its aglycone baicalein possess multi-fold therapeutic properties and are mainly found in the roots of Oroxylum indicum (L.) Kurz and Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi. These flavonoids have been reported to possess various pharmacological properties, including antibacterial, antiviral, anticancer, anticonvulsant, anti-oxidant, hepatoprotective, and neuroprotective effects. The pharmacological properties of baicalin and baicalein are due to their abilities to scavenge reactive oxygen species (ROS) and interaction with various signaling molecules associated with apoptosis, inflammation, autophagy, cell cycle, mitochondrial dynamics, and cytoprotection. In this review, we summarized the molecular mechanisms underlying the chemopreventive and chemotherapeutic applications of baicalin and baicalein in the treatment of cancer and inflammatory diseases. In addition, the preventive effects of baicalin and baicalein on mitochondrial dynamics and functions were highlighted with a particular emphasis on their anti-oxidative and cytoprotective properties. The current review highlights could be useful for future prospective studies to further improve the pharmacological applications of baicalein and baicalin. These studies should define the threshold for optimal drug exposure, dose optimization and focus on therapeutic drug monitoring, objective disease markers, and baicalin/baicalein drug levels.

Study of Baicalin toward COVID-19 Treatment: In silico Target Analysis and in vitro Inhibitory Effects on SARS-CoV-2 Proteases

Negative impacts of COVID-19 on human health and economic and social activities urge scientists to develop effective treatments. Baicalin is a natural flavonoid, extracted from a traditional medicinal plant, previously reported with anti-inflammatory activity. In this study, we used pharmacophore fitting and molecular docking to screen and determine docking patterns and the binding affinity of baicalin on 3 major targets of SARS-CoV-2 (3-chymotrypsin-like cysteine protease [3CLpro], papain-like protease [PLpro], and RNA-dependent RNA polymerase). The obtained data revealed that baicalin has high pharmacophore fitting on 3CLpro and predicted good binding affinity on PLpro. Moreover, using the enzymatic assay, we examined the inhibitory effect of baicalin in vitro on the screened enzymes. Baicalin also exhibits inhibitory effect on these proteases in vitro. Additionally, we performed pharmacophore-based screening of baicalin on human targets and conducted pathway analysis to explore the potential cytoprotective effects of baicalin in the host cell that may be beneficial for COVID-19 treatment. The result suggested that baicalin has multiple targets in human cell that may induce multiple pharmacological effects. The result of pathway analysis implied that these targets may be associated with baicalin-induced bioactivities that are involved with signals of pro-inflammation factors, such as cytokine and chemokine. Taken together with supportive data from the literature, the bioactivities of bailalin may be beneficial for COVID-19 treatment by reducing cytokine-induced acute inflammation. In conclusion, baicalin is potentially a good candidate for developing new therapeutic to treat COVID-19.

Antimicrobial and Immunomodulatory Activity of Herb Extracts Used in Burn Wound Healing: "San Huang Powder"

"San Huang Powder," a nonsterile milled herb powder, is frequently used to treat burn wounds in traditional Chinese herbal medicine. However, treating a wound with a nonsterile dressing or reagent is not compatible with the current guidelines in modern medicine. Therefore, we investigated the bactericidal and anti-inflammatory activities of four herb extracts used in "San Huang Powder" in vitro. Meanwhile, an in vivo porcine model with superficial second-degree burns was used for the experiments since the size and skin composition of pigs are the closest to that of the human body. The minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) of the herb extracts was determined. The in vitro assay indicated that Rhubarb and Phellodendron bark extracts decreased the levels of inflammatory cytokines, IL-8, and GM-CSF on LPS-induced HMEC-1 cells. In accordance with this result, the histopathological evaluation results showed that the efficacy of "San Huang Powder" containing both herb materials was much better than the group without Rhubarb. Our results not only provide a basis to understand why "San Huang Powder" has been used to clinically treat wounds without sterilization directly since ancient times but also show the advantages of using multiple herb materials simultaneously on wound sites to prevent infection during treatment. Rhubarb is the recommended ingredient involved in the preparation of "San Huang Powder" to ensure the healing efficacy of burn wounds.

A baicalin-loaded coaxial nanofiber scaffold regulated inflammation and osteoclast differentiation for vascularized bone regeneration

We demonstrate a simple, effective and feasible method to address the shrinkage of Poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) through a core-shell structure fiber strategy. The results revealed that introducing size-stable poly-caprolactone (PCL) as the core fiber significantly improved the PLGA-based fibrous scaffold's dimensional maintenance. We further utilized fish collagen to modify the PLGA shell layer (PFC) of coaxial fibers and loaded baicalin (BA) into the PCL core layer (PCL-BA) to endow fibrous scaffold with more functional biological cues. The PFC/PCL-BA fibrous scaffold promoted the osteogenic differentiation of bone mesenchymal stem cells and stimulated the RAW264.7 cells to polarize into a pro-reparative phenotype. Importantly, the in vivo study demonstrated that the PFC/PCL-BA scaffold could regulate inflammation and osteoclast differentiation, favor neovascularization and bone formation. This work tactfully combined PLGA and PCL to establish a drug release platform based on the core-shell fibrous scaffold for vascularized bone regeneration.

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A multifunctional baicalin-loaded coaxial fiber scaffold prepared by electrospinning.

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The coaxial nanofiber can effectively resist the shrinkage of PLGA.

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Baicalin endow the nanofibrous scaffold with excellent biological properties.

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The scaffold can alleviate the inflammation and achieve vascularized bone regeneration.

Baicalein, Baicalin, and Wogonin: Protective Effects against Ischemia-Induced Neurodegeneration in the Brain and Retina

Ischemia is a common pathological condition present in many neurodegenerative diseases, including ischemic stroke, retinal vascular occlusion, diabetic retinopathy, and glaucoma, threatening the sight and lives of millions of people globally. Ischemia can trigger excessive oxidative stress, inflammation, and vascular dysfunction, leading to the disruption of tissue homeostasis and, ultimately, cell death. Current therapies are very limited and have a narrow time window for effective treatment. Thus, there is an urgent need to develop more effective therapeutic options for ischemia-induced neural injuries. With emerging reports on the pharmacological properties of natural flavonoids, these compounds present potent antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, and antiapoptotic agents for the treatment of ischemic insults. Three major active flavonoids, baicalein, baicalin, and wogonin, have been extracted from Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi (S. baicalensis); all of which are reported to have low cytotoxicity. They have been demonstrated to exert promising pharmacological capabilities in preventing cell and tissue damage. This review focuses on the therapeutic potentials of these flavonoids against ischemia-induced neurotoxicity and damage in the brain and retina. The bioactivity and bioavailability of baicalein, baicalin, and wogonin are also discussed. It is with hope that the therapeutic potential of these flavonoids can be utilized and developed as natural treatments for ischemia-induced injuries of the central nervous system (CNS).

Virtual Screening and Biological Evaluation of Anti-Biofilm Agents Targeting LuxS in the Quorum Sensing System

Biofilm formation is considered as a crucial factor in various oral diseases, such as dental caries. The quorum sensing (QS) signaling system was proved to have a crucial role in the microbial dental plaque biofilm formation of Streptococcus mutans ( S. mutans). LuxS was critical to regulating the QS system and survival of the bacterium, and, therefore, compounds which target LuxS may be a potential therapy for dental caries. The binding activities of 37,170 natural compounds to LuxS were virtually screened in this study. Baicalein and paeonol were chosen for further research of the binding mode and ΔG values with LuxS. Both baicalein and paeonol inhibited the biofilm formation without influence on the growth of S. mutans. Baicalein also distinctly reduced the production of both rhamnolipids and acids. The results provide us with a new approach to combat dental caries instead of the traditional use of antibacterial chemicals.

Potential Mechanism of S. baicalensis on Lipid Metabolism Explored via Network Pharmacology and Untargeted Lipidomics

Background

S. baicalensis, a traditional herb, has great potential in treating diseases associated with aberrant lipid metabolism, such as inflammation, hyperlipidemia, atherosclerosis and Alzheimer’s disease.

Aim of the Study

To elucidate the mechanism by which S. baicalensis modulates lipid metabolism and explore the medicinal effects of S. baicalensis at a holistic level.

Materials and Methods

The potential active ingredients of S. baicalensis and targets involved in regulating lipid metabolism were identified using a network pharmacology approach. Metabolomics was utilized to compare lipids that were altered after S. baicalensis treatment in order to identify significantly altered metabolites, and crucial targets and compounds were validated by molecular docking.

Results

Steroid biosynthesis, sphingolipid metabolism, the PPAR signaling pathway and glycerolipid metabolism were enriched and predicted to be potential pathways upon which S. baicalensis acts. Further metabolomics assays revealed 14 significantly different metabolites were identified as lipid metabolism-associated elements. After the pathway enrichment analysis of the metabolites, cholesterol metabolism and sphingolipid metabolism were identified as the most relevant pathways. Based on the results of the pathway analysis, sphingolipid and cholesterol biosynthesis and glycerophospholipid metabolism were regarded as key pathways in which S. baicalensis is involved to regulate lipid metabolism.

Conclusion

According to our metabolomics results, S. baicalensis may exert its therapeutic effects by regulating the cholesterol biosynthesis and sphingolipid metabolism pathways. Upon further analysis of the altered metabolites in certain pathways, agents downstream of squalene were significantly upregulated; however, the substrate of SQLE was surprisingly increased. By combining evidence from molecular docking, we speculated that baicalin, a major ingredient of S. baicalensis, may suppress cholesterol biosynthesis by inhibiting SQLE and LSS, which are important enzymes in the cholesterol biosynthesis pathway. In summary, this study provides new insights into the therapeutic effects of S. baicalensis on lipid metabolism using network pharmacology and lipidomics.

The potential impact of salivary peptides in periodontitis

Periodontitis is a complex immune-inflammatory condition characterized by the disruption of the periodontal ligament and subsequent formation of periodontal pockets, and by alveolar bone loss, often resulting in tooth loss. A myriad of factors, namely, genetic, metabolic, immunological, and inflammatory, is associated with progression of periodontitis. Periodontitis is also associated with systemic conditions such as neoplastic disorders, obesity, and diabetes. The current diagnosis of this disease relies on clinical measurements such as clinical attachment loss and probing depth, which have poor precision due to patient, operator and probe-related factors. Thus, there is a need to develop reliable, objective, and reproducible biomarkers for early diagnosis of periodontitis. In this regard, saliva, with contributions from the gingival crevicular fluid, holds great potential. However, most of the information on biomarkers of periodontium-related salivary proteins has come from studies on the molecular pathogenesis of periodontitis. In periodontitis, a more holistic approach, such as the use of -omics technologies, for biomarker discovery, is needed. Herein, we review the biomarkers proposed to date for the assessment of periodontitis, with emphasis on the role of salivary peptides in periodontitis and their assessment by high-throughput saliva proteomics. We also discuss the challenges pertaining to the identification of new periodontitis biomarkers in saliva.

Scutellaria baicalensis – a small plant with large pro-health biological activities

Scutellaria baicalensis, known also as Huang-Qin is a traditional Chinese plant used in medicine for at least 2000 years. The plant is widely distributed in Japan, Korea, Mongolia and Russia, and is listed in Chinese Pharmacopoeia, European Pharmacopoeia and British Pharmacopoeia. The interest in Huang-Qin results from various biological activities which are primarily related to secondary plants metabolites consisting of flavonoids, phenolic compounds and terpenes. It is known that the compounds are active against numerous diseases and protect the organism against harmful pathogenic agents. Particular attention is paid to baicalein, wogonin and oroxylin A – which are characteristic secondary metabolites of the plant. In this paper, we focused on phytochemical analysis and selected biological activities used in periodontal and cardiovascular problems. The presented studies confirm the ability of Huang-Qin to scavenge free radicals, moreover, that it presents anti-bacterial, anti-inflammatory and enzyme inhibitory activities.

Effects of Erythromycin on Osteoclasts and Bone Resorption via DEL-1 Induction in Mice

Macrolides are used to treat various infectious diseases, including periodontitis. Furthermore, macrolides are known to have immunomodulatory effects; however, the underlying mechanism of their action remains unclear. DEL-1 has emerged as an important factor in homeostatic immunity and osteoclastogenesis. Specifically, DEL-1 is downregulated in periodontitis tissues. Therefore, in the present study, we investigated whether the osteoclastogenesis inhibitory effects of erythromycin (ERM) are mediated through upregulation of DEL-1 expression. We used a ligature-induced periodontitis model in C57BL/6Ncrl wild-type or DEL-1-deficient mice and in vitro cell-based mechanistic studies to investigate how ERM inhibits alveolar bone resorption. As a result of measuring alveolar bone resorption and gene expression in the tooth ligation model, ERM treatment reduced bone loss by increasing DEL-1 expression and decreasing the expression of osteoclast-related factors in wild-type mice. In DEL-1-deficient mice, ERM failed to suppress bone loss and gene expression of osteoclast-related factors. In addition, ERM treatment downregulated osteoclast differentiation and calcium resorption in in vitro experiments with mouse bone marrow-derived macrophages. In conclusion, ERM promotes the induction of DEL-1 in periodontal tissue, which may regulate osteoclastogenesis and decrease inflammatory bone resorption. These findings suggest that ERM may exert immunomodulatory effects in a DEL-1-dependent manner.

Macrophage polarization: an effective approach to targeted therapy of inflammatory bowel disease

Introduction: Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a systemic disease with immune abnormalities that can affect the entire digestive tract. A high percentage of patients with IBD are unresponsive to current pharmacological agents, hence the need exists for novel therapeutic approaches. There is compelling evidence that macrophage polarization plays a key role in the remission of IBD patients and that it could open up future treatment options for patients.Areas covered: This paper highlights the crucial role of macrophage polarization in IBD. The authors shed light on the phenotype and function of macrophages and potential drug targets for polarization regulation. Existing approaches for regulating macrophage polarization are discussed and potential solutions for safety concerns are considered. We performed a literature search on the IBD and macrophage polarization mainly published in PubMed January 2010-July 2020.Expert opinion: Evidence indicates that there are fewer M2 macrophages and a high proportion of M1 macrophages in the intestinal tissues of individuals who are non- responsive to treatment. Regulating macrophage polarization is a potential novel targeted option for IBD treatment. Improved mechanistic insights are required to uncover more precise and effective targets for skewing macrophages into a proper phenotype.

Baicalin regulates the development of pediatric asthma via upregulating microRNA-103 and mediating the TLR4/NF-κB pathway

Pediatric asthma seriously endangers the well-being and health of children worldwide. Baicalin (BA) protects against diverse disorders, including asthma. Therefore, this study explored the mechanism of BA in pediatric asthma. The ovalbumin (OVA)-induced asthmatic mouse model was established to evaluate BA efficacy from aspects of oxidative stress, inflammation, blood cells in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and collagen deposition. Differentially expressed microRNAs (miRs) in BA-treated mice were analyzed. Effects of BA on PDGF-BB-induced smooth muscle cells (SMCs) were assessed. miR downstream mRNA and the related pathway were predicted and verified, and their effects on asthmatic mice were evaluated. BA effectively reversed OVA-induced oxidative stress and inflammation, as well as decreased the number of total cells, eosinophils and neutrophils in BALF, and collagen deposition. miR-103 was significantly upregulated after BA treatment. BA inhibited the abnormal proliferation of PDGF-BB-induced SMCs, which was prevented by miR-103 knockdown. miR-103 targeted TLR4 and regulated the extent of NF-κB phosphorylation. In vivo, miR-103 inhibition weakened the alleviating effects of BA on asthma, which was then reversed after silencing of TLR4. We highlighted that BA has the potency to halt the pediatric asthma progression via miR-103 upregulation and the TLR4/NF-κB axis inhibition.

Effectiveness of a nutraceutical agent in the non-surgical periodontal therapy: a randomized, controlled clinical trial

OBJECTIVE

Nutraceutical agents have been demonstrated as adjuncts for the treatment of several inflammatory diseases. The present study analyzed and compared new nutraceutical agent as an adjunct to Scaling and root planing (SRP) versus SRP alone for the treatment of periodontitis.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Sixty-six patients with moderate periodontitis were enrolled. Through a randomized design, the patients were randomly assigned to SRP + nutraceutical agent (test group) or SRP alone (control group). Patients were regularly examined the clinical, inflammatory mediators and visual analogue scale (VAS) changes over a 6-month period. Clinical attachment level (CAL) was the primary outcome variable chosen. Gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) inflammatory mediator change and the impact of treatment on VAS were evaluated through a linear regression model.

RESULTS

Both treatments demonstrated an improvement in periodontal parameters compared with baseline. After 6 months of treatment, compared with the control group, the test group determined a significant probing depth (PD) (p = 0.003) and bleeding on probing (BOP) reduction (p < 0.001), while CAL gain was significantly obtained at 30 and 60 days after treatment (p < 0.05). In the test group, the level of inflammatory mediators was significantly reduced compared with the control group (p < 0.05). The linear regression analysis demonstrated that the nutraceutical agent exerted, in the test group, a significant influence on VAS at 6, 12, 24, and 48 h after treatment (p < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONS

Nutraceutical agent resulted in a more significant reduction in clinical, inflammatory mediators and short-term pain compared with SRP alone.

CLINICAL RELEVANCE

Nutraceutical agent, when combined with SRP, was demonstrated to be effective in reducing periodontal parameters and controlling the levels of inflammatory mediators and pain in patients with periodontitis.

Pharmacological properties of baicalin on liver diseases: a narrative review

Baicalin is the main active component of Scutellaria baicalensis, widely used in traditional Chinese medicine thanks to its various pharmacological effects, such as anti-tumor, anti-inflammatory, and antibacterial properties, as well as cardiovascular, hepatic, and renal protective effect. Recently, the protective effects of baicalin on liver disease have received much more attention. Several studies showed that baicalin protects against several types of liver diseases including viral hepatitis, fatty liver disease, xenobiotic induced liver injury, cholestatic liver injury, and hepatocellular carcinoma, with a variety of pharmacological mechanisms. A comprehensive understanding of the mechanism of baicalin can provide a valuable reference for its clinical use, but up to now, no narrative review is available that summarizes the pharmacological effects of baicalin to clarify its potential use in the treatment of liver diseases. Therefore, this review summarizes the progress of baicalin research and the underlying mechanism in the treatment of various liver diseases, to promote further research and its clinical application.

Baicalin attenuates endometritis in a rabbit model induced by infection with Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus via NF-κB and JNK signaling pathways

In this study, a rabbit endometritis model was developed to study cow endometritis. In addition, the protective effects of baicalin (a flavonoid) against endometritis were investigated. Clinical symptoms, differential leukocyte counting, uterine secretion smear microscopy and chemical examination, urine testing, and signs of necropsy showed abnormal changes and inflammatory responses in the uterus of rabbits. Histopathological results revealed visible inflammatory exudates and blood spots between intercellular spaces which confirmed that the rabbit endometritis model was successfully developed. Most importantly, these inflammatory signs were partially attenuated with baicalin treatment. The data revealed that the increased body temperature and leukocyte cells, pus, and the detachment of epithelial cells were alleviated with baicalin administration in a dose-dependent manner. Histopathological tissue changes such as inflammatory cells infiltrates, hyperemia, hemorrhages, and shedding of epithelial cells were partially attenuated with baicalin treatment. In addition, the mRNA expression of inflammation-related genes (iNOS, IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-10, IL-4, and IL-6) was significantly altered in RAW264.7 cells after LPS treatment. Further, the phosphorylated protein expression of JNK, p65, and IκBα were significantly reduced with LPS treatment. Intriguingly, baicalin pretreatment reversed the alteration in mRNA expression of inflammation-related genes and significantly reduced the phosphorylation of JNK, p65, and IκBα. In summary, our results suggest that baicalin has protective effects on bacterial-induced endometritis in rabbits that involve the suppression of NF-κB and JNK signaling pathways and pro-inflammatory cytokines.

Recent Research on Flavonoids and their Biomedical Applications

Flavonoids, commonly found in various plants, are a class of polyphenolic compounds having a basic structural unit of 2-phenylchromone. Flavonoid compounds have attracted much attention due to their wide biological applications. In order to facilitate further research on the biomedical application of flavonoids, we surveyed the literature published on the use of flavonoids in medicine during the past decade, documented the commonly found structures in natural flavonoids, and summarized their pharmacological activities as well as associated mechanisms of action against a variety of health disorders including chronic inflammation, cancer, cardiovascular complications and hypoglycemia. In this mini-review, we provide suggestions for further research on the biomedical applications of flavonoids.

Baicalin Protects Against Acute Pancreatitis Involving JNK Signaling Pathway via Regulating miR-15a

Acute pancreatitis (AP) is a kind of reversible inflammatory process of the exocrine pancreas. During the process, systemic inflammatory syndromes are involved, which relates closely to inflammatory mediators. Baicalin is a type of flavone compound extracted from Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi and exhibits anti-inflammation effect in several cancers. In this study, baicalin displayed a suppressing role on IL-1[Formula: see text], TNF[Formula: see text] and IL-6 in both cell and mice models. Necrosis was decreased in the baicalin treatment group and got a markedly lower pathological score. In this study, miR-15a is the core intermediate in baicalin regulation, which increased through baicalin treatment and protected pancreas cells and tissues, inhibiting the JNK signaling pathway by targeting MAP2K4. The long non-coding RNA MALAT1 is also a direct target of miR-15a and forms a competitive endogenous RNA (ceRNA) network with MAP2K4, which can be regulated by baicalin. In addition, upstream genes, including CDC42 and MAP3K1, were also regulated by baicalin, of which CDC42 was confirmed to form the second ceRNA network with MALAT1 and miR-15a. In conclusion, baicalin exhibits therapeutic activity towards AP by pumping up miR-15a level and inhibiting CDC42/MAP3K1, which affects AP as a brake by targeting MAP2K4 and inhibiting the JNK signaling pathway.

The implication of the PD-1/PD-L1 checkpoint in chronic periodontitis suggests novel therapeutic opportunities with natural products

An analysis of the implication of the PD-1/PD-L1 immune checkpoint in periodontitis is provided with the objective to propose a novel therapeutic approach. An exhaustive survey of the literature has been performed to answer two questions: (1) Is there a role for PD-1 and/or PD-L1 in the development of periodontitis? (2) Which natural products interfere with the checkpoint activity and show activity against periodontitis? All online published information was collected and analyzed. The pathogenic bacteria Porphyromonas gingivalis, through its membrane-attached peptidoglycans, exploits the PD-1/PD-L1 checkpoint to evade immune response and to amplify the infection. Three anti-inflammatory natural products (and derivatives or plant extracts) active against periodontitis and able to interfere with the checkpoint were identified. Both curcumin and baicalin attenuate periodontitis and induce a down-regulation of PD-L1 in cells. The terpenoid saponin platycodin D inhibits the growth of P. gingivalis responsible for periodontitis and shows a rare capacity to induce the extracellular release of a soluble form of PD-L1, thereby restoring T cell activation. A potential PD-L1 shedding mechanism is discussed. The targeting of the PD-1/PD-L1 immune checkpoint could be considered a suitable approach to improve the treatment of chronic periodontitis. The plant natural products curcumin, baicalin and platycodin D should be further evaluated as PD-1/PD-L1 checkpoint modulators active against periodontitis.

Baicalin inhibits inflammation caused by coinfection of Mycoplasma gallisepticum and Escherichia coli involving IL-17 signaling pathway

Coinfection of Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) and Escherichia coli (E. coli) is frequently reported in poultry farms. Baicalin possess various pharmacological properties such as anti-inflammatory, anticancer, and antioxidant, etc. However, the protective effects of baicalin against coinfection of MG and E. coli are still elusive. In this study, baicalin (450 mg/kg) treatment was started on day 13 after infection and continued for 5 d. Histopathological examination, qRT-PCR, ELISA, and molecular docking technique were used to evaluate the effects of baicalin on MG and E. coli coinfection in chicken lung and trachea. The results showed that coinfection caused severe lesions in the lung and tracheal tissues. However, baicalin treatment partially alleviated these lesions in coinfection group. Histopathological examination showed the alveolar spaces and mucosal layer thickening was restored and cilia gradually recovered with baicalin treatment compared in coinfection group and MG-infection group. Meanwhile, IL-17 singling pathway–related genes were significantly reduced (P < 0.05) in baicalin treatment group in lung, including IL-17C, TRAF6, NF-κB, CXCL1, CXCL2, MMP1, GM-CSF, and MUC5AC. The activities of cytokines and chemokines (CXCL1, CXCL2, MMP1, GMCSF, and MUC5AC) were decreased significantly (P < 0.05) in baicalin-treated group. The molecular docking of baicalin and NF-κB showed the highest fitness score and interaction. From these results, it has been suggested that baicalin proved effective against coinfection of MG and E. coli in chicken and provided scientific basis for further dose–response and drug–target interaction studies.

HPLC-DAD-Q-TOF/MS-Based Screening and Analysis of the Multiple Absorbed Bioactive Components in Rat Serum after Oral Administration of Xiexin Tang

Background:

Xiexin Tang (XXT) is a classic Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) formula that has been used in herbal clinics for more than 1800 years. Recently, many studies have investigated the pharmacological effects and chemical composition of XXT. However, there is little information about systematic studies on the material basis of its efficacy. In the present study, the serum pharmacochemistry technique and HPLC-DAD-Q-TOF/MS were performed to screen and analyze the multiple absorbed bioactive components and metabolites of orally dosed XXT in rat serum.

Methods:

Bio-samples and herbal extracts were analyzed and detected by HPLC-DAD-Q-TOF/MS. Upon comparison of the chromatograms of the single-constituent decoctions with that of the XXT formulation, the peak quantity and peak intensity of the formulated decoction showed some variation from those of the single-constituent decoctions.

Results:

Twenty-one serum-adsorbed constituents were identified after intragastric administration of herbal extracts, of which 8 originated from Rhei Radix et Rhizoma (RRR), 5 from Coptidis Rhizoma (CR), and 8 from Scutellariae Radix (SR). The results showed that the main adsorbed constituents in the serum were anthraquinones, anthrones, chromones, and butyrophenones, alkaloids, and flavonoids.

Conclusion:

The results demonstrate that an effective and reliable analytical method is set up for screening the bioactive components of Chinese herbal medicine, which provided a meaningful basis for further pharmacology and active mechanism research of XXT.

Baicalin inhibits root resorption during tooth movement in a rodent model

OBJECTIVE

Baicalin mediates bone metabolism and has shown protective activity against periodontal tissue damage in a rat model of periodontitis. Therefore, we hypothesized that baicalin may inhibit the root resorption that occurs during orthodontic tooth movement and examined its effect on the histological changes in periodontal tissue that occur during tooth movement.

METHODS

First molars of rats were subjected to traction using excessive orthodontic force to produce a root resorption model. Rats in the baicalin group received baicalin for 3 weeks during tooth movement, and the amount of first molar movement on day 21 after the initiation of traction was measured by three-dimensional micro-computed tomography analysis. After tooth movement, tissue samples from the mesial and tension sides were collected, and successive horizontal sections were prepared and examined using hematoxylin-eosin and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) staining and immunohistochemical staining for the receptor activator of NF-kB ligand (RANKL) and osteoprotegerin (OPG). The severity of root resorption was also determined by histological analysis.

RESULTS

There was no significant intergroup difference in tooth movement during the experimental exaggerated tooth movement. In comparison with the control group, the baicalin-treated group showed increased OPG expression, suppressed RANKL expression, and significantly fewer TRAP-positive cells in the first molars. The root resorption area was significantly smaller in the baicalin group.

CONCLUSIONS

Treatment with baicalin prevented root resorption without preventing tooth movement. Baicalin may be useful for the management of root resorption during orthodontic treatment.

Immunological regulatory effect of flavonoid baicalin on innate immune toll-like receptors

As an essential component of the innate immune system, Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a family of well-recognized ligand-binding receptors found in various organisms and initiate host immune responses. Activation of TLRs signaling pathways lead to the induction of numerous genes that function in host defense. Baicalin is a natural compound from the dry raw root of Scutellaria baicalensis (S. baicalensis) and it has been found to exhibit several pharmaceutical actions, such as anti-inflammation, anti-tumor and antivirus. These biological activities are mainly related to the regulatory effect of baicalin on the host immune response. In this review, we provide an overview of the regulation of baicalin on TLRs signaling pathways in various pathological conditions, and highlight potential targets for the development of the regulatory effect of natural compound from traditional Chinese medicine on innate immune system.

Evaluation of Natural and Botanical Medicines for Activity Against Growing and Non-growing Forms of B. burgdorferi

Lyme disease is the most common vector-borne disease in the US and Europe. Although the current recommended Lyme antibiotic treatment is effective for the majority of Lyme disease patients, about 10-20% of patients continue to suffer from persisting symptoms. There have been various anecdotal reports on the use of herbal extracts for treating patients with persisting symptoms with varying degree of improvements. However, it is unclear whether the effect of the herb products is due to their direct antimicrobial activity or their effect on host immune system. In the present study, we investigated the antimicrobial effects of 12 commonly used botanical medicines and three other natural antimicrobial agents for potential anti-Borrelia burgdorferi activity in vitro. Among them, 7 natural product extracts at 1% were found to have good activity against the stationary phase B. burgdorferi culture compared to the control antibiotics doxycycline and cefuroxime. These active botanicals include Cryptolepis sanguinolenta, Juglans nigra (Black walnut), Polygonum cuspidatum (Japanese knotweed), Artemisia annua (Sweet wormwood), Uncaria tomentosa (Cat's claw), Cistus incanus, and Scutellaria baicalensis (Chinese skullcap). In contrast, Stevia rebaudiana, Andrographis paniculata, Grapefruit seed extract, colloidal silver, monolaurin, and antimicrobial peptide LL37 had little or no activity against stationary phase B. burgdorferi. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of Artemisia annua, Juglans nigra, and Uncaria tomentosa were quite high for growing B. burgdorferi, despite their strong activity against the non-growing stationary phase B. burgdorferi. On the other hand, the top two active herbs, Cryptolepis sanguinolenta and Polygonum cuspidatum, showed strong activity against both growing B. burgdorferi (MIC = 0.03-0.06% and 0.25-0.5%, respectively) and non-growing stationary phase B. burgdorferi. In subculture studies, only 1% Cryptolepis sanguinolenta extract caused complete eradication, while doxycycline and cefuroxime and other active herbs could not eradicate B. burgdorferi stationary phase cells as many spirochetes were visible after 21-day subculture. Further studies are needed to identify the active constituents of the effective botanicals and evaluate their combinations for more effective eradication of B. burgdorferi in vitro and in vivo. The implications of these findings for improving treatment of persistent Lyme disease are discussed.