1
|
Wu S, Zhou H, Ling H, Sun Y, Luo Z, Ngo T, Fu Y, Wang W, Kong Y. LIPUS regulates the progression of knee osteoarthritis in mice through primary cilia-mediated TRPV4 channels. Apoptosis 2024; 29:785-798. [PMID: 38517601 PMCID: PMC11055729 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-024-01950-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/24/2024] [Indexed: 03/24/2024]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a common disease in middle-aged and elderly people. An imbalance in calcium ion homeostasis will contribute to chondrocyte apoptosis and ultimately lead to the progression of OA. Transient receptor potential channel 4 (TRPV4) is involved in the regulation of intracellular calcium homeostasis. TRPV4 is expressed in primary cilia, which can sense mechanical stimuli from outside the cell, and its abnormal expression is closely related to the development of OA. Low-intensity pulsed ultrasound (LIPUS) can alleviate chondrocyte apoptosis while the exact mechanism is unclear. In this project, with the aim of revealing the mechanism of action of LIPUS, we proposed to use OA chondrocytes and animal models, LIPUS intervention, inhibition of primary cilia, use TRPV4 inhibitors or TRPV4 agonist, and use Immunofluorescence (IF), Immunohistochemistry (IHC), Western Blot (WB), Quantitative Real-time PCR (QP) to detect the expression of cartilage synthetic matrix and endoplasmic reticulum stress markers. The results revealed that LIPUS altered primary cilia expression, promoted synthetic matrix metabolism in articular chondrocytes and was associated with primary cilia. In addition, LIPUS exerted a active effect on OA by activating TRPV4, inducing calcium inward flow, and facilitating the entry of NF-κB into the nucleus to regulate synthetic matrix gene transcription. Inhibition of TRPV4 altered primary cilia expression in response to LIPUS stimulation, and knockdown of primary cilia similarly inhibited TRPV4 function. These results suggest that LIPUS mediates TRPV4 channels through primary cilia to regulate the process of knee osteoarthritis in mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sha Wu
- Department of Rehabilitation, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Haiqi Zhou
- Department of Rehabilitation, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Huixian Ling
- Department of Rehabilitation, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yuyan Sun
- Department of Rehabilitation, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ziyu Luo
- Department of Rehabilitation, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - ThaiNamanh Ngo
- Department of Rehabilitation, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yuanyuan Fu
- Department of Rehabilitation, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Wen Wang
- Department of Rehabilitation, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ying Kong
- Department of Rehabilitation, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Tingey M, Ruba A, Jiang Z, Yang W. Deciphering vesicle-assisted transport mechanisms in cytoplasm to cilium trafficking. Front Cell Neurosci 2024; 18:1379976. [PMID: 38860265 PMCID: PMC11163138 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2024.1379976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The cilium, a pivotal organelle crucial for cell signaling and proper cell function, relies on meticulous macromolecular transport from the cytoplasm for its formation and maintenance. While the intraflagellar transport (IFT) pathway has traditionally been the focus of extensive study concerning ciliogenesis and ciliary maintenance, recent research highlights a complementary and alternative mechanism-vesicle-assisted transport (VAT) in cytoplasm to cilium trafficking. Despite its potential significance, the VAT pathway remains largely uncharacterized. This review explores recent studies providing evidence for the dynamics of vesicle-related diffusion and transport within the live primary cilium, employing high-speed super-resolution light microscopy. Additionally, we analyze the spatial distribution of vesicles in the cilium, mainly relying on electron microscopy data. By scrutinizing the VAT pathways that facilitate cargo transport into the cilium, with a specific emphasis on recent advancements and imaging data, our objective is to synthesize a comprehensive model of ciliary transport through the integration of IFT-VAT mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Weidong Yang
- Department of Biology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Philbrook A, O'Donnell MP, Grunenkovaite L, Sengupta P. Differential modulation of sensory response dynamics by cilia structure and intraflagellar transport within and across chemosensory neurons. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.05.16.594529. [PMID: 38798636 PMCID: PMC11118401 DOI: 10.1101/2024.05.16.594529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Sensory neurons contain morphologically diverse primary cilia that are built by intraflagellar transport (IFT) and house sensory signaling molecules. Since both ciliary structural and signaling proteins are trafficked via IFT, it has been challenging to decouple the contributions of IFT and cilia structure to neuronal responses. By acutely inhibiting IFT without altering cilia structure and vice versa , here we describe the differential roles of ciliary trafficking and sensory ending morphology in shaping chemosensory responses in C. elegans. We show that a minimum cilium length but not continuous IFT is necessary for a subset of responses in the ASH nociceptive neurons. In contrast, neither cilia nor continuous IFT are necessary for odorant responses in the AWA olfactory neurons. Instead, continuous IFT differentially modulates response dynamics in AWA. Upon acute inhibition of IFT, cilia-destined odorant receptors are shunted to ectopic branches emanating from the cilia base. Spatial segregation of receptors in these branches from a cilia-restricted regulatory kinase results in odorant desensitization defects, highlighting the importance of precise organization of signaling molecules at sensory endings in regulating response dynamics. We also find that adaptation of AWA responses upon repeated exposure to an odorant is mediated by IFT-driven removal of its cognate receptor, whereas adaptation to a second odorant is regulated via IFT-independent mechanisms. Our results reveal unexpected complexity in the contribution of IFT and cilia organization to the regulation of responses even within a single chemosensory neuron type, and establish a critical role for these processes in the precise modulation of olfactory behaviors.
Collapse
|
4
|
Werner S, Okenve-Ramos P, Hehlert P, Zitouni S, Priya P, Mendonça S, Sporbert A, Spalthoff C, Göpfert MC, Jana SC, Bettencourt-Dias M. IFT88 maintains sensory function by localising signalling proteins along Drosophila cilia. Life Sci Alliance 2024; 7:e202302289. [PMID: 38373798 PMCID: PMC10876440 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202302289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Ciliary defects cause several ciliopathies, some of which have late onset, suggesting cilia are actively maintained. Still, we have a poor understanding of the mechanisms underlying their maintenance. Here, we show Drosophila melanogaster IFT88 (DmIFT88/nompB) continues to move along fully formed sensory cilia. We further identify Inactive, a TRPV channel subunit involved in Drosophila hearing and negative-gravitaxis behaviour, and a yet uncharacterised Drosophila Guanylyl Cyclase 2d (DmGucy2d/CG34357) as DmIFT88 cargoes. We also show DmIFT88 binding to the cyclase´s intracellular part, which is evolutionarily conserved and mutated in several degenerative retinal diseases, is important for the ciliary localisation of DmGucy2d. Finally, acute knockdown of both DmIFT88 and DmGucy2d in ciliated neurons of adult flies caused defects in the maintenance of cilium function, impairing hearing and negative-gravitaxis behaviour, but did not significantly affect ciliary ultrastructure. We conclude that the sensory ciliary function underlying hearing in the adult fly requires an active maintenance program which involves DmIFT88 and at least two of its signalling transmembrane cargoes, DmGucy2d and Inactive.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sascha Werner
- https://ror.org/04b08hq31 Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Pilar Okenve-Ramos
- https://ror.org/04b08hq31 Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Philip Hehlert
- Department of Cellular Neurobiology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Sihem Zitouni
- https://ror.org/04b08hq31 Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Oeiras, Portugal
- Institut de Génétique Humaine (IGH), UMR, 9002 CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Pranjali Priya
- National Centre for Biological Sciences- TIFR, Bangalore, India
| | - Susana Mendonça
- https://ror.org/04b08hq31 Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Oeiras, Portugal
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Anje Sporbert
- Advanced Light Microscopy, Max Delbrück Centrum for Molecular Medicine Berlin in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian Spalthoff
- Department of Cellular Neurobiology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Martin C Göpfert
- Department of Cellular Neurobiology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Swadhin Chandra Jana
- https://ror.org/04b08hq31 Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Oeiras, Portugal
- National Centre for Biological Sciences- TIFR, Bangalore, India
| | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Das P, Mekonnen B, Alkhofash R, Ingle AV, Workman EB, Feather A, Zhang G, Chasen N, Liu P, Lechtreck KF. The Small Interactor of PKD2 protein promotes the assembly and ciliary entry of the Chlamydomonas PKD2-mastigoneme complexes. J Cell Sci 2024; 137:jcs261497. [PMID: 38063216 PMCID: PMC10846610 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.261497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024] Open
Abstract
In Chlamydomonas, the channel polycystin 2 (PKD2) is primarily present in the distal region of cilia, where it is attached to the axoneme and mastigonemes, extracellular polymers of MST1. In a smaller proximal ciliary region that lacks mastigonemes, PKD2 is more mobile. We show that the PKD2 regions are established early during ciliogenesis and increase proportionally in length as cilia elongate. In chimeric zygotes, tagged PKD2 rapidly entered the proximal region of PKD2-deficient cilia, whereas the assembly of the distal region was hindered, suggesting that axonemal binding of PKD2 requires de novo assembly of cilia. We identified the protein Small Interactor of PKD2 (SIP), a PKD2-related, single-pass transmembrane protein, as part of the PKD2-mastigoneme complex. In sip mutants, stability and proteolytic processing of PKD2 in the cell body were reduced and PKD2-mastigoneme complexes were absent from the cilia. Like the pkd2 and mst1 mutants, sip mutant cells swam with reduced velocity. Cilia of the pkd2 mutant beat with an increased frequency but were less efficient in moving the cells, suggesting a structural role for the PKD2-SIP-mastigoneme complex in increasing the effective surface of Chlamydomonas cilia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Poulomi Das
- Department of Cellular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Betlehem Mekonnen
- Department of Cellular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Rama Alkhofash
- Department of Cellular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Abha V. Ingle
- Department of Computer Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - E. Blair Workman
- Department of Cellular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Alec Feather
- Department of Cellular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Gui Zhang
- Department of Cellular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Nathan Chasen
- Department of Cellular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Peiwei Liu
- Department of Cellular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Karl F. Lechtreck
- Department of Cellular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Mayor S, Bhat A, Kusumi A. A Survey of Models of Cell Membranes: Toward a New Understanding of Membrane Organization. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2023; 15:a041394. [PMID: 37643877 PMCID: PMC10547391 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a041394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
The cell membrane, the boundary that separates living cells from their environment, has been the subject of study for over a century. The fluid-mosaic model of Singer and Nicolson in 1972 proposed the plasma membrane as a two-dimensional fluid composed of lipids and proteins. Fifty years hence, advances in biophysical and biochemical tools, particularly optical imaging techniques, have allowed for a better understanding of the physical nature, organization, and composition of cell membranes. This has been made possible by visualizing membrane heterogeneities and their dynamics and appreciating the asymmetrical arrangement of lipids in living cell membranes. Despite these advances, mechanisms underlying the local spatiotemporal organization of membrane components remain unclear. This review surveys various models of membrane organization, culminating in a new model that incorporates nonequilibrium processes and forces exerted by interactions with extramembrane elements such as the actin cytoskeleton. The proposed model provides a comprehensive understanding of membrane organization, taking into account the dynamic nature of the cell membrane and its interactions with its immediate environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Satyajit Mayor
- National Centre for Biological Science, TIFR, Bangalore 560065, India
| | - Abrar Bhat
- National Centre for Biological Science, TIFR, Bangalore 560065, India
| | - Akihiro Kusumi
- Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Onna, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan; Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (iCeMS), Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Saravanan S, Trischler D, Bower R, Porter M, Lechtreck K. In vivo imaging reveals independent intraflagellar transport of the nexin-dynein regulatory complex subunits DRC2 and DRC4. Mol Biol Cell 2023; 34:br2. [PMID: 36598807 PMCID: PMC9930527 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e22-11-0524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Many axonemal proteins enter cilia and flagella on intraflagellar transport (IFT) trains, which move bidirectionally along the axonemal microtubules. Certain axonemal substructures including the radial spokes and outer dynein arms are preassembled in the cell body and transported as multisubunit complexes into flagella by IFT. Here, we used in vivo imaging to analyze the transport and assembly of DRC2 and DRC4, two core subunits of the nexin-dynein regulatory complex (N-DRC). Tagged DRC2 moved by IFT in mutants lacking DRC4 and vice versa, showing that they do not depend on each other for IFT. Simultaneous imaging of tagged DRC2 and DRC4, expressed from transgenes that rescue a corresponding double mutant, mostly showed transport on separate IFT trains, but occasional cotransports were also observed. The results demonstrate that DRC2 and DRC4 are transported largely independently of each other into flagella. These studies suggest that the N-DRC assembles onto the axoneme by the stepwise addition of subunits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sahana Saravanan
- Department of Cellular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602
| | - Douglas Trischler
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Development, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Raqual Bower
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Development, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Mary Porter
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Development, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Karl Lechtreck
- Department of Cellular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Abstract
The assembly and maintenance of most cilia and eukaryotic flagella depends on intraflagellar transport (IFT), the bidirectional movement of multi-megadalton IFT trains along the axonemal microtubules. These IFT trains function as carriers, moving ciliary proteins between the cell body and the organelle. Whereas tubulin, the principal protein of cilia, binds directly to IFT particle proteins, the transport of other ciliary proteins and complexes requires adapters that link them to the trains. Large axonemal substructures, such as radial spokes, outer dynein arms and inner dynein arms, assemble in the cell body before attaching to IFT trains, using the adapters ARMC2, ODA16 and IDA3, respectively. Ciliary import of several membrane proteins involves the putative adapter tubby-like protein 3 (TULP3), whereas membrane protein export involves the BBSome, an octameric complex that co-migrates with IFT particles. Thus, cells employ a variety of adapters, each of which is substoichiometric to the core IFT machinery, to expand the cargo range of the IFT trains. This Review summarizes the individual and shared features of the known cargo adapters and discusses their possible role in regulating the transport capacity of the IFT pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karl Lechtreck
- Department of Cellular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Clupper M, Gill R, Elsayyid M, Touroutine D, Caplan JL, Tanis JE. Kinesin-2 motors differentially impact biogenesis of extracellular vesicle subpopulations shed from sensory cilia. iScience 2022; 25:105262. [PMID: 36304122 PMCID: PMC9593189 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.105262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are bioactive lipid-bilayer enclosed particles released from nearly all cells. One specialized site for EV shedding is the primary cilium. Here, we discover the conserved ion channel CLHM-1 as a ciliary EV cargo. Imaging of EVs released from sensory neuron cilia of Caenorhabditis elegans expressing fluorescently tagged CLHM-1 and TRP polycystin-2 channel PKD-2 shows enrichment of these cargoes in distinct EV subpopulations that are differentially shed in response to mating partner availability. PKD-2 alone is present in EVs shed from the cilium distal tip, whereas CLHM-1 EVs bud from a secondary site(s), including the ciliary base. Heterotrimeric and homodimeric kinesin-2 motors have discrete impacts on PKD-2 and CLHM-1 colocalization in both cilia and EVs. Total loss of kinesin-2 activity decreases shedding of PKD-2 but not CLHM-1 EVs. Our data demonstrate that anterograde intraflagellar transport is required for selective enrichment of protein cargoes into heterogeneous EVs with different signaling potentials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Clupper
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - Rachael Gill
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - Malek Elsayyid
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - Denis Touroutine
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - Jeffrey L. Caplan
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - Jessica E. Tanis
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Differentiated dynamic response in C. elegans chemosensory cilia. Cell Rep 2022; 41:111471. [DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
|
11
|
van Krugten J, Danné N, Peterman EJG. A local interplay between diffusion and intraflagellar transport distributes TRPV-channel OCR-2 along C. elegans chemosensory cilia. Commun Biol 2022; 5:720. [PMID: 35858995 PMCID: PMC9300729 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-03683-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
To survive, Caenorhabditis elegans depends on sensing soluble chemicals with transmembrane proteins (TPs) in the cilia of its chemosensory neurons. Cilia rely on intraflagellar transport (IFT) to facilitate the distribution of cargo, such as TPs, along the ciliary axoneme. Here, we use fluorescence imaging of living worms and perform single-molecule tracking experiments to elucidate the dynamics underlying the ciliary distribution of the sensory TP OCR-2. Quantitative analysis reveals that the ciliary distribution of OCR-2 depends on an intricate interplay between transport modes that depends on the specific location in the cilium: in dendrite and transition zone, directed transport is predominant. Along the cilium motion is mostly due to normal diffusion together with a small fraction of directed transport, while at the ciliary tip subdiffusion dominates. These insights in the role of IFT and diffusion in ciliary dynamics contribute to a deeper understanding of ciliary signal transduction and chemosensing. Single-molecule tracking of the sensory transmembrane protein OCR-2 in C. elegans reveals an interplay of transport modes during intraflagellar transport in the cilium.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jaap van Krugten
- LaserLaB and Department of Physics and Astronomy, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Noémie Danné
- LaserLaB and Department of Physics and Astronomy, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Erwin J G Peterman
- LaserLaB and Department of Physics and Astronomy, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Rux D, Helbig K, Han B, Cortese C, Koyama E, Han L, Pacifici M. Primary Cilia Direct Murine Articular Cartilage Tidemark Patterning Through Hedgehog Signaling and Ambulatory Load. J Bone Miner Res 2022; 37:1097-1116. [PMID: 35060644 PMCID: PMC9177786 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.4506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 01/01/2022] [Accepted: 01/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Articular cartilage (AC) is essential for body movement but is highly susceptible to degenerative diseases and has poor self-repair capacity. To improve current subpar regenerative treatments, developmental mechanisms of AC should be clarified and, specifically, how its postnatal multizone organization is acquired. Primary cilia are cell surface organelles crucial for mammalian tissue morphogenesis. Although their importance for chondrocyte function is appreciated, their specific roles in postnatal AC morphogenesis remain unclear. To explore these mechanisms, we used a murine conditional loss-of-function approach (Ift88-flox) targeting joint-lineage progenitors (Gdf5Cre) and monitored postnatal knee AC development. Joint formation and growth up to juvenile stages were largely unaffected. However, mature AC (aged 2 months) exhibited disorganized extracellular matrix, decreased aggrecan and collagen II due to reduced gene expression (not increased catabolism), and marked reduction of AC modulus by 30%-50%. In addition, and unexpectedly, we discovered that tidemark patterning was severely disrupted, as was hedgehog signaling, and exhibited specificity based on regional load-bearing functions of AC. Interestingly, Prg4 expression was markedly increased in highly loaded sites in mutants. Together, our data provide evidence that primary cilia orchestrate postnatal AC morphogenesis including tidemark topography, zonal matrix composition, and ambulation load responses. © 2022 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research (ASBMR).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Rux
- Translational Research Program in Pediatric Orthopaedics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Kimberly Helbig
- Translational Research Program in Pediatric Orthopaedics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Biao Han
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Health Systems, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Courtney Cortese
- Translational Research Program in Pediatric Orthopaedics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Eiki Koyama
- Translational Research Program in Pediatric Orthopaedics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Lin Han
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Health Systems, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Maurizio Pacifici
- Translational Research Program in Pediatric Orthopaedics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Ul Islam T, Wang Y, Aggarwal I, Cui Z, Eslami Amirabadi H, Garg H, Kooi R, Venkataramanachar BB, Wang T, Zhang S, Onck PR, den Toonder JMJ. Microscopic artificial cilia - a review. LAB ON A CHIP 2022; 22:1650-1679. [PMID: 35403636 PMCID: PMC9063641 DOI: 10.1039/d1lc01168e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Cilia are microscopic hair-like external cell organelles that are ubiquitously present in nature, also within the human body. They fulfill crucial biological functions: motile cilia provide transportation of fluids and cells, and immotile cilia sense shear stress and concentrations of chemical species. Inspired by nature, scientists have developed artificial cilia mimicking the functions of biological cilia, aiming at application in microfluidic devices like lab-on-chip or organ-on-chip. By actuating the artificial cilia, for example by a magnetic field, an electric field, or pneumatics, microfluidic flow can be generated and particles can be transported. Other functions that have been explored are anti-biofouling and flow sensing. We provide a critical review of the progress in artificial cilia research and development as well as an evaluation of its future potential. We cover all aspects from fabrication approaches, actuation principles, artificial cilia functions - flow generation, particle transport and flow sensing - to applications. In addition to in-depth analyses of the current state of knowledge, we provide classifications of the different approaches and quantitative comparisons of the results obtained. We conclude that artificial cilia research is very much alive, with some concepts close to industrial implementation, and other developments just starting to open novel scientific opportunities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tanveer Ul Islam
- Microsystems, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5612 AE, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven University of Technology, 5612 AJ, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Ye Wang
- Microsystems, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5612 AE, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven University of Technology, 5612 AJ, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Ishu Aggarwal
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Zhiwei Cui
- Microsystems, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5612 AE, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven University of Technology, 5612 AJ, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Hossein Eslami Amirabadi
- Microsystems, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5612 AE, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven University of Technology, 5612 AJ, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Hemanshul Garg
- Microsystems, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5612 AE, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Roel Kooi
- Microsystems, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5612 AE, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven University of Technology, 5612 AJ, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Bhavana B Venkataramanachar
- Microsystems, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5612 AE, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven University of Technology, 5612 AJ, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Tongsheng Wang
- Microsystems, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5612 AE, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven University of Technology, 5612 AJ, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Shuaizhong Zhang
- Microsystems, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5612 AE, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
- Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, Heisenbergstr. 3, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Patrick R Onck
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jaap M J den Toonder
- Microsystems, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5612 AE, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven University of Technology, 5612 AJ, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Jana SC, Dutta P, Jain A, Singh A, Adusumilli L, Girotra M, Kumari D, Shirolikar S, Ray K. Kinesin-2 transports Orco into the olfactory cilium of Drosophila melanogaster at specific developmental stages. PLoS Genet 2021; 17:e1009752. [PMID: 34411092 PMCID: PMC8407544 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1009752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The cilium, the sensing centre for the cell, displays an extensive repertoire of receptors for various cell signalling processes. The dynamic nature of ciliary signalling indicates that the ciliary entry of receptors and associated proteins must be regulated and conditional. To understand this process, we studied the ciliary localisation of the odour-receptor coreceptor (Orco), a seven-pass transmembrane protein essential for insect olfaction. Little is known about when and how Orco gets into the cilia. Here, using Drosophila melanogaster, we show that the bulk of Orco selectively enters the cilia on adult olfactory sensory neurons in two discrete, one-hour intervals after eclosion. A conditional loss of heterotrimeric kinesin-2 during this period reduces the electrophysiological response to odours and affects olfactory behaviour. We further show that Orco binds to the C-terminal tail fragments of the heterotrimeric kinesin-2 motor, which is required to transfer Orco from the ciliary base to the outer segment and maintain within an approximately four-micron stretch at the distal portion of the ciliary outer-segment. The Orco transport was not affected by the loss of critical intraflagellar transport components, IFT172/Oseg2 and IFT88/NompB, respectively, during the adult stage. These results highlight a novel developmental regulation of seven-pass transmembrane receptor transport into the cilia and indicate that ciliary signalling is both developmentally and temporally regulated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Swadhin Chandra Jana
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai, India
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência (IGC), Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Priya Dutta
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai, India
| | - Akanksha Jain
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai, India
| | - Anjusha Singh
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai, India
| | - Lavanya Adusumilli
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai, India
| | - Mukul Girotra
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai, India
| | - Diksha Kumari
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai, India
| | - Seema Shirolikar
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai, India
| | - Krishanu Ray
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai, India
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Fu S, Meng H, Inamdar S, Das B, Gupta H, Wang W, Thompson CL, Knight MM. Activation of TRPV4 by mechanical, osmotic or pharmaceutical stimulation is anti-inflammatory blocking IL-1β mediated articular cartilage matrix destruction. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2021; 29:89-99. [PMID: 33395574 PMCID: PMC7799379 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2020.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Cartilage health is maintained in response to a range of mechanical stimuli including compressive, shear and tensile strains and associated alterations in osmolality. The osmotic-sensitive ion channel Transient Receptor Potential Vanilloid 4 (TRPV4) is required for mechanotransduction. Mechanical stimuli inhibit interleukin-1β (IL-1β) mediated inflammatory signalling, however the mechanism is unclear. This study aims to clarify the role of TRPV4 in this response. DESIGN TRPV4 activity was modulated glycogen synthase kinase (GSK205 antagonist or GSK1016790 A (GSK101) agonist) in articular chondrocytes and cartilage explants in the presence or absence of IL-1β, mechanical (10% cyclic tensile strain (CTS), 0.33 Hz, 24hrs) or osmotic loading (200mOsm, 24hrs). Nitric oxide (NO), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and sulphated glycosaminoglycan (sGAG) release and cartilage biomechanics were analysed. Alterations in post-translational tubulin modifications and primary cilia length regulation were examined. RESULTS In isolated chondrocytes, mechanical loading inhibited IL-1β mediated NO and PGE2 release. This response was inhibited by GSK205. Similarly, osmotic loading was anti-inflammatory in cells and explants, this response was abrogated by TRPV4 inhibition. In explants, GSK101 inhibited IL-1β mediated NO release and prevented cartilage degradation and loss of mechanical properties. Upon activation, TRPV4 cilia localisation was increased resulting in histone deacetylase 6 (HDAC6)-dependent modulation of soluble tubulin and altered cilia length regulation. CONCLUSION Mechanical, osmotic or pharmaceutical activation of TRPV4 regulates HDAC6-dependent modulation of ciliary tubulin and is anti-inflammatory. This study reveals for the first time, the potential of TRPV4 manipulation as a novel therapeutic mechanism to supress pro-inflammatory signalling and cartilage degradation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Fu
- Centre for Predictive In Vitro Models, School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, UK.
| | - H Meng
- Centre for Predictive In Vitro Models, School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, UK.
| | - S Inamdar
- Centre for Predictive In Vitro Models, School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, UK.
| | - B Das
- Centre for Predictive In Vitro Models, School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, UK
| | - H Gupta
- Centre for Predictive In Vitro Models, School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, UK.
| | - W Wang
- Centre for Predictive In Vitro Models, School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, UK.
| | - C L Thompson
- Centre for Predictive In Vitro Models, School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, UK.
| | - M M Knight
- Centre for Predictive In Vitro Models, School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Hu J, Harris PC. Regulation of polycystin expression, maturation and trafficking. Cell Signal 2020; 72:109630. [PMID: 32275942 PMCID: PMC7269868 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2020.109630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The major autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) genes, PKD1 and PKD2, are wildly expressed at the organ and tissue level. PKD1 encodes polycystin 1 (PC1), a large membrane associated receptor-like protein that can complex with the PKD2 product, PC2. Various cellular locations have been described for both PC1, including the plasma membrane and extracellular vesicles, and PC2, especially the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), but compelling evidence indicates that the primary cilium, a sensory organelle, is the key site for the polycystin complex to prevent PKD. As with other membrane proteins, the ER biogenesis pathway is key to appropriately folding, performing quality control, and exporting fully folded PC1 to the Golgi apparatus. There is a requirement for binding with PC2 and cleavage of PC1 at the GPS for this folding and export to occur. Six different monogenic defects in this pathway lead to cystic disease development, with PC1 apparently particularly sensitive to defects in this general protein processing pathway. Trafficking of membrane proteins, and the polycystins in particular, through the Golgi to the primary cilium have been analyzed in detail, but at this time, there is no clear consensus on a ciliary targeting sequence required to export proteins to the cilium. After transitioning though the trans-Golgi network, polycystin-bearing vesicles are likely sorted to early or recycling endosomes and then transported to the ciliary base, possibly via docking to transition fibers (TF). The membrane-bound polycystin complex then undergoes facilitated trafficking through the transition zone, the diffusion barrier at the base of the cilium, before entering the cilium. Intraflagellar transport (IFT) may be involved in moving the polycystins along the cilia, but data also indicates other mechanisms. The ciliary polycystin complex can be ubiquitinated and removed from cilia by internalization at the ciliary base and may be sent back to the plasma membrane for recycling or to lysosomes for degradation. Monogenic defects in processes regulating the protein composition of cilia are associated with syndromic disorders involving many organ systems, reflecting the pleotropic role of cilia during development and for tissue maintenance. Many of these ciliopathies have renal involvement, likely because of faulty polycystin signaling from cilia. Understanding the expression, maturation and trafficking of the polycystins helps understand PKD pathogenesis and suggests opportunities for therapeutic intervention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinghua Hu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA; Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
| | - Peter C Harris
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA; Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Fisher S, Kuna D, Caspary T, Kahn RA, Sztul E. ARF family GTPases with links to cilia. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2020; 319:C404-C418. [PMID: 32520609 PMCID: PMC7500214 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00188.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The ADP-ribosylation factor (ARF) superfamily of regulatory GTPases, including both the ARF and ARF-like (ARL) proteins, control a multitude of cellular functions, including aspects of vesicular traffic, lipid metabolism, mitochondrial architecture, the assembly and dynamics of the microtubule and actin cytoskeletons, and other pathways in cell biology. Considering their general utility, it is perhaps not surprising that increasingly ARF/ARLs have been found in connection to primary cilia. Here, we critically evaluate the current knowledge of the roles four ARF/ARLs (ARF4, ARL3, ARL6, ARL13B) play in cilia and highlight key missing information that would help move our understanding forward. Importantly, these GTPases are themselves regulated by guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) that activate them and by GTPase-activating proteins (GAPs) that act as both effectors and terminators of signaling. We believe that the identification of the GEFs and GAPs and better models of the actions of these GTPases and their regulators will provide a much deeper understanding and appreciation of the mechanisms that underly ciliary functions and the causes of a number of human ciliopathies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Skylar Fisher
- 1Department of Biochemistry, Emory University
School of Medicine, Atlanta,
Georgia
| | - Damian Kuna
- 2Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative
Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham,
Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Tamara Caspary
- 3Department of Human Genetics, Emory
University School of Medicine, Atlanta,
Georgia
| | - Richard A. Kahn
- 1Department of Biochemistry, Emory University
School of Medicine, Atlanta,
Georgia
| | - Elizabeth Sztul
- 2Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative
Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham,
Birmingham, Alabama
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Jacobson K, Liu P, Lagerholm BC. The Lateral Organization and Mobility of Plasma Membrane Components. Cell 2020; 177:806-819. [PMID: 31051105 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2019.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Revised: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Over the last several decades, an impressive array of advanced microscopic and analytical tools, such as single-particle tracking and nanoscopic fluorescence correlation spectroscopy, has been applied to characterize the lateral organization and mobility of components in the plasma membrane. Such analysis can tell researchers about the local dynamic composition and structure of membranes and is important for predicting the outcome of membrane-based reactions. However, owing to the unresolved complexity of the membrane and the structures peripheral to it, identification of the detailed molecular origin of the interactions that regulate the organization and mobility of the membrane has not proceeded quickly. This Perspective presents an overview of how cell-surface structure may give rise to the types of lateral mobility that are observed and some potentially fruitful future directions to elucidate the architecture of these structures in more molecular detail.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ken Jacobson
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
| | - Ping Liu
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics-Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074 Hubei, China
| | - B Christoffer Lagerholm
- Wolfson Imaging Centre Oxford, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Headley Way, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Yang H, Huang K. Dissecting the Vesicular Trafficking Function of IFT Subunits. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 7:352. [PMID: 32010685 PMCID: PMC6974671 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2019.00352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Intraflagellar transport (IFT) was initially identified as a transport machine with multiple protein subunits, and it is essential for the assembly, disassembly, and maintenance of cilium/flagellum, which serves as the nexus of extracellular-to-intracellular signal integration. To date, in addition to its well-established and indispensable roles in ciliated cells, most IFT subunits have presented more general functions of vesicular trafficking in the non-ciliated cells. Thus, this review aims to summarize the recent progress on the vesicular trafficking functions of the IFT subunits and to highlight the issues that may arise in future research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huihui Yang
- Key Laboratory of Algal Biology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.,Institute of Hydrobiology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Kaiyao Huang
- Key Laboratory of Algal Biology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Mijalkovic J, Girard J, van Krugten J, van Loo J, Zhang Z, Loseva E, Oswald F, Peterman EJG. Cutting off ciliary protein import: intraflagellar transport after dendritic femtosecond-laser ablation. Mol Biol Cell 2020; 31:324-334. [PMID: 31940255 PMCID: PMC7183794 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e18-06-0399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary cilia, organelles protruding from the surface of eukaryotic cells, act as cellular antennae to detect and transmit signals from the extracellular environment. They are built and maintained by continuous cycles of intraflagellar transport (IFT), where ciliary proteins are transported between the ciliary base and tip. These proteins originate from the cell body because cilia lack protein synthesis machinery. How input from the cell body affects IFT and ciliary function is not well understood. Here, we use femtosecond-laser ablation to perturb the dendritic input of proteins to chemosensory cilia in living Caenorhabditis elegans. Using fluorescence microscopy, we visualize and quantify the real-time response of ciliary proteins to dendritic ablation. We find that the response occurs in three distinct stages. First, IFT dynein is activated within seconds, redistributing IFT components toward the ciliary base; second, the ciliary axoneme shortens and motors slow down; and third, motors leave the cilium. Depletion of ATP by adding azide also results in IFT slowdown and IFT components leaving the cilium, but not in activation of retrograde IFT. These results indicate that laser ablation triggers a specific mechanism important for IFT regulation that allows the cilium to rapidly adapt to changes in the outside environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jona Mijalkovic
- LaserLaB and Department of Physics and Astronomy, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jules Girard
- LaserLaB and Department of Physics and Astronomy, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jaap van Krugten
- LaserLaB and Department of Physics and Astronomy, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jasmijn van Loo
- LaserLaB and Department of Physics and Astronomy, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Zhiqing Zhang
- LaserLaB and Department of Physics and Astronomy, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Elizaveta Loseva
- LaserLaB and Department of Physics and Astronomy, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Felix Oswald
- LaserLaB and Department of Physics and Astronomy, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Erwin J G Peterman
- LaserLaB and Department of Physics and Astronomy, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Oswald F, Prevo B, Acar S, Peterman EJG. Interplay between Ciliary Ultrastructure and IFT-Train Dynamics Revealed by Single-Molecule Super-resolution Imaging. Cell Rep 2020; 25:224-235. [PMID: 30282031 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Revised: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Cilia are built and maintained by intraflagellar transport (IFT), driving IFT trains back and forth along the ciliary axoneme. How IFT brings about the intricate ciliary structure and how this structure affects IFT are not well understood. We identify, using single-molecule super-resolution imaging of IFT components in living C. elegans, ciliary subdomains, enabling correlation of IFT-train dynamics to ciliary ultra-structure. In the transition zone, IFT dynamics are impaired, resulting in frequent pauses. At the ciliary base and tip, IFT trains show intriguing turnaround dynamics. Surprisingly, deletion of IFT motor kinesin-II not only affects IFT-train dynamics but also alters ciliary structure. Super-resolution imaging in these mutant animals suggests that the arrangement of IFT trains with respect to the axonemal microtubules is different than in wild-type animals. Our results reveal a complex, mutual interplay between ciliary ultrastructure and IFT-train dynamics, highlighting the importance of physical cues in the control of IFT dynamics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Felix Oswald
- Department of Physics and LaserLaB Amsterdam, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, 1081HV, the Netherlands
| | - Bram Prevo
- Department of Physics and LaserLaB Amsterdam, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, 1081HV, the Netherlands
| | - Seyda Acar
- Department of Physics and LaserLaB Amsterdam, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, 1081HV, the Netherlands
| | - Erwin J G Peterman
- Department of Physics and LaserLaB Amsterdam, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, 1081HV, the Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Mijalkovic J, van Krugten J, Oswald F, Acar S, Peterman EJG. Single-Molecule Turnarounds of Intraflagellar Transport at the C. elegans Ciliary Tip. Cell Rep 2019; 25:1701-1707.e2. [PMID: 30428341 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.10.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Revised: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cilia are microtubule-based sensing hubs that rely on intraflagellar transport (IFT) for their development, maintenance, and function. Kinesin-2 motors transport IFT trains, consisting of IFT proteins and cargo, from ciliary base to tip. There, trains turn around and are transported back by IFT dynein. The mechanism of tip turnaround has remained elusive. Here, we employ single-molecule fluorescence microscopy of IFT components in the tips of phasmid cilia of living C. elegans. Analysis of the trajectories reveals that while motor proteins and IFT-A particle component CHE-11 mostly turn around immediately, the IFT-B particle component OSM-6 pauses for several seconds. Our data indicate that IFT trains disassemble into at least IFT-A, IFT-B, IFT-dynein, and OSM-3 complexes at the tip, where OSM-6 is temporarily retained or undergoes modification, prior to train reassembly and retrograde transport. The single-molecule approach used here is a valuable tool to study how directional switches occur in microtubule-based transport processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jona Mijalkovic
- LaserLaB and Department of Physics and Astronomy, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1081, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jaap van Krugten
- LaserLaB and Department of Physics and Astronomy, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1081, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Felix Oswald
- LaserLaB and Department of Physics and Astronomy, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1081, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Seyda Acar
- LaserLaB and Department of Physics and Astronomy, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1081, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Erwin J G Peterman
- LaserLaB and Department of Physics and Astronomy, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1081, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Abstract
Primary cilia project in a single copy from the surface of most vertebrate cell types; they detect and transmit extracellular cues to regulate diverse cellular processes during development and to maintain tissue homeostasis. The sensory capacity of primary cilia relies on the coordinated trafficking and temporal localization of specific receptors and associated signal transduction modules in the cilium. The canonical Hedgehog (HH) pathway, for example, is a bona fide ciliary signalling system that regulates cell fate and self-renewal in development and tissue homeostasis. Specific receptors and associated signal transduction proteins can also localize to primary cilia in a cell type-dependent manner; available evidence suggests that the ciliary constellation of these proteins can temporally change to allow the cell to adapt to specific developmental and homeostatic cues. Consistent with important roles for primary cilia in signalling, mutations that lead to their dysfunction underlie a pleiotropic group of diseases and syndromic disorders termed ciliopathies, which affect many different tissues and organs of the body. In this Review, we highlight central mechanisms by which primary cilia coordinate HH, G protein-coupled receptor, WNT, receptor tyrosine kinase and transforming growth factor-β (TGFβ)/bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signalling and illustrate how defects in the balanced output of ciliary signalling events are coupled to developmental disorders and disease progression.
Collapse
|
24
|
Jacobson K, Kapustina M. Going with the Flow (or Not). Biophys J 2019; 117:791-792. [PMID: 31422823 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2019.07.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ken Jacobson
- Department of Cell Biology & Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Maryna Kapustina
- Department of Cell Biology & Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Bloodgood RA, Tetreault J, Sloboda RD. The flagellar membrane glycoprotein FMG-1B Is necessary for expression of force at the flagellar surface. J Cell Sci 2019; 132:jcs.233429. [DOI: 10.1242/jcs.233429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In addition to bend propagation for swimming, Chlamydomonas cells use their flagella to glide along a surface. When polystyrene microspheres are added to cells, they attach to and move along the flagellar surface, thus serving as a proxy for gliding that can be used to assay for the flagellar components required for gliding motility. Gliding and microsphere movement are dependent on intraflagellar transport (IFT). Circumstantial evidence suggests that mechanical coupling of the IFT force-transducing machinery to a substrate is mediated by the flagellar transmembrane glycoprotein FMG-1B. Cells carrying an insertion in the 5’-UTR of the FMG-1B gene lack FMG-1B protein, yet assemble normal length flagella despite the loss of the major protein component of the flagellar membrane. Transmission electron microscopy shows a complete loss of the glycocalyx normally observed on the flagellar surface, suggesting it is composed of the ectodomains of FMG-1B molecules. Microsphere movements and gliding motility are also greatly reduced in the 5’-UTR mutant. Together, these data provide the first rigorous demonstration that FMG-1B is necessary for the normal expression of force at the flagellar surface in Chlamydomonas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert A. Bloodgood
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Joseph Tetreault
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03750, USA
| | - Roger D. Sloboda
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03750, USA
- The Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Trafficking of ciliary membrane proteins by the intraflagellar transport/BBSome machinery. Essays Biochem 2018; 62:753-763. [PMID: 30287585 DOI: 10.1042/ebc20180030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Revised: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Bardet-Biedl syndrome (BBS) is a rare inherited disease caused by defects in the BBSome, an octameric complex of BBS proteins. The BBSome is conserved in most organisms with cilia, which are microtubule (MT)-based cell organelles that protrude from the cell surface and function in motility and sensing. Cilia assembly, maintenance, and function require intraflagellar transport (IFT), a bidirectional motility of multi-megadalton IFT trains propelled by molecular motors along the ciliary MTs. IFT has been shown to transport structural proteins, including tubulin, into growing cilia. The BBSome is an adapter for the transport of ciliary membrane proteins and cycles through cilia via IFT. While both the loss and the abnormal accumulation of ciliary membrane proteins have been observed in bbs mutants, recent data converge on a model where the BBSome mainly functions as a cargo adapter for the removal of certain transmembrane and peripheral membrane proteins from cilia. Here, we review recent data on the ultrastructure of the BBSome and how the BBSome recognizes its cargoes and mediates their removal from cilia.
Collapse
|
27
|
Roberts AJ. Emerging mechanisms of dynein transport in the cytoplasm versus the cilium. Biochem Soc Trans 2018; 46:967-982. [PMID: 30065109 PMCID: PMC6103457 DOI: 10.1042/bst20170568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2018] [Revised: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Two classes of dynein power long-distance cargo transport in different cellular contexts. Cytoplasmic dynein-1 is responsible for the majority of transport toward microtubule minus ends in the cell interior. Dynein-2, also known as intraflagellar transport dynein, moves cargoes along the axoneme of eukaryotic cilia and flagella. Both dyneins operate as large ATP-driven motor complexes, whose dysfunction is associated with a group of human disorders. But how similar are their mechanisms of action and regulation? To examine this question, this review focuses on recent advances in dynein-1 and -2 research, and probes to what extent the emerging principles of dynein-1 transport could apply to or differ from those of the less well-understood dynein-2 mechanoenzyme.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anthony J Roberts
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Birkbeck, University of London, Malet Street, London, U.K.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
He K, Ma X, Xu T, Li Y, Hodge A, Zhang Q, Torline J, Huang Y, Zhao J, Ling K, Hu J. Axoneme polyglutamylation regulated by Joubert syndrome protein ARL13B controls ciliary targeting of signaling molecules. Nat Commun 2018; 9:3310. [PMID: 30120249 PMCID: PMC6098020 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-05867-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Tubulin polyglutamylation is a predominant axonemal post-translational modification. However, if and how axoneme polyglutamylation is essential for primary cilia and contribute to ciliopathies are unknown. Here, we report that Joubert syndrome protein ARL13B controls axoneme polyglutamylation, which is marginally required for cilia stability but essential for cilia signaling. ARL13B interacts with RAB11 effector FIP5 to promote cilia import of glutamylase TTLL5 and TTLL6. Hypoglutamylation caused by a deficient ARL13B-RAB11-FIP5 trafficking pathway shows no effect on ciliogenesis, but promotes cilia disassembly and, importantly, impairs cilia signaling by disrupting the proper anchoring of sensory receptors and trafficking of signaling molecules. Remarkably, depletion of deglutamylase CCP5, the predominant cilia deglutamylase, effectively restores hypoglutamylation-induced cilia defects. Our study reveals a paradigm that tubulin polyglutamylation is a major contributor for cilia signaling and suggests a potential therapeutic strategy by targeting polyglutamylation machinery to promote ciliary targeting of signaling machineries and correct signaling defects in ciliopathies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kai He
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
- Mayo Translational PKD Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Xiaoyu Ma
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
- Mayo Translational PKD Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Tao Xu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
- Mayo Translational PKD Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
- Mayo Translational PKD Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Allen Hodge
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Qing Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Julia Torline
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Yan Huang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Jian Zhao
- Translational Medical Center for Stem Cell Therapy, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200120, China
| | - Kun Ling
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Jinghua Hu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA.
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA.
- Mayo Translational PKD Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Morthorst SK, Christensen ST, Pedersen LB. Regulation of ciliary membrane protein trafficking and signalling by kinesin motor proteins. FEBS J 2018; 285:4535-4564. [PMID: 29894023 DOI: 10.1111/febs.14583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Revised: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Primary cilia are antenna-like sensory organelles that regulate a substantial number of cellular signalling pathways in vertebrates, both during embryonic development as well as in adulthood, and mutations in genes coding for ciliary proteins are causative of an expanding group of pleiotropic diseases known as ciliopathies. Cilia consist of a microtubule-based axoneme core, which is subtended by a basal body and covered by a bilayer lipid membrane of unique protein and lipid composition. Cilia are dynamic organelles, and the ability of cells to regulate ciliary protein and lipid content in response to specific cellular and environmental cues is crucial for balancing ciliary signalling output. Here we discuss mechanisms involved in regulation of ciliary membrane protein trafficking and signalling, with main focus on kinesin-2 and kinesin-3 family members.
Collapse
|
30
|
Liu H, Li W, Zhang Y, Zhang Z, Shang X, Zhang L, Zhang S, Li Y, Somoza AV, Delpi B, Gerton GL, Foster JA, Hess RA, Pazour GJ, Zhang Z. IFT25, an intraflagellar transporter protein dispensable for ciliogenesis in somatic cells, is essential for sperm flagella formation. Biol Reprod 2018; 96:993-1006. [PMID: 28430876 DOI: 10.1093/biolre/iox029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Intraflagellar transport (IFT) is a conserved mechanism essential for the assembly and maintenance of most eukaryotic cilia and flagella. However, IFT25, a component of the IFT complex, is not required for the formation of cilia in somatic tissues. In mice, the gene is highly expressed in the testis, and its expression is upregulated during the final phase when sperm flagella are formed. To investigate the role of IFT25 in sperm flagella formation, the gene was specifically disrupted in male germ cells. All homozygous knockout mice survived to adulthood and did not show any gross abnormalities. However, all homozygous knockout males were completely infertile. Sperm numbers were reduced and these sperm were completely immotile. Multiple morphological abnormalities were observed in sperm, including round heads, short and bent tails, with some tails showing branched flagella and others with frequent abnormal thicknesses, as well as swollen tips of the tail. Transmission electron microscopy revealed that flagellar accessory structures, including the fibrous sheath and outer dense fibers, were disorganized, and most sperm had also lost the "9+2" microtubule structure. In the testis, IFT25 forms a complex with other IFT proteins. In Ift25 knockout testes, IFT27, an IFT25 binding partner, was missing, and IFT20 and IFT81 levels were also reduced. Our findings suggest that IFT25, although not necessary for the formation of cilia in somatic cells, is indispensable for sperm flagellum formation and male fertility in mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hong Liu
- School of Public Health and Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Hazard Identification and Control, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Yong Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA.,Department of Dermatology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhengang Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA.,Department of Gastroenterology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Xuejun Shang
- Department of Andrology, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University, School of Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Ling Zhang
- School of Public Health and Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Hazard Identification and Control, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Shiyang Zhang
- School of Public Health and Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Hazard Identification and Control, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Yanwei Li
- Department of Computer Science, Wellesley College, Wellesley, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Andres V Somoza
- Department of Humanities and Sciences, Honor College, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Brandon Delpi
- Department of Biology, Randolph-Macon College, Ashland, Virginia, USA
| | - George L Gerton
- Center for Research on Reproduction and Women's Health Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - James A Foster
- Department of Biology, Randolph-Macon College, Ashland, Virginia, USA
| | - Rex A Hess
- Comparative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Gregory J Pazour
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Zhibing Zhang
- School of Public Health and Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Hazard Identification and Control, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Liu P, Weinreb V, Ridilla M, Betts L, Patel P, de Silva AM, Thompson NL, Jacobson K. Rapid, directed transport of DC-SIGN clusters in the plasma membrane. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2017; 3:eaao1616. [PMID: 29134199 PMCID: PMC5677337 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aao1616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
C-type lectins, including dendritic cell-specific intercellular adhesion molecule-3-grabbing nonintegrin (DC-SIGN), are all-purpose pathogen receptors that exist in nanoclusters in plasma membranes of dendritic cells. A small fraction of these clusters, obvious from the videos, can undergo rapid, directed transport in the plane of the plasma membrane at average speeds of more than 1 μm/s in both dendritic cells and MX DC-SIGN murine fibroblasts ectopically expressing DC-SIGN. Surprisingly, instantaneous speeds can be considerably greater. In MX DC-SIGN cells, many cluster trajectories are colinear with microtubules that reside close to the ventral membrane, and the microtubule-depolymerizing drug, nocodazole, markedly reduced the areal density of directed movement trajectories, suggesting a microtubule motor-driven transport mechanism; by contrast, latrunculin A, which affects the actin network, did not depress this movement. Rapid, retrograde movement of DC-SIGN may be an efficient mechanism for bringing bound pathogen on the leading edge and projections of dendritic cells to the perinuclear region for internalization and processing. Dengue virus bound to DC-SIGN on dendritic projections was rapidly transported toward the cell center. The existence of this movement within the plasma membrane points to an unexpected lateral transport mechanism in mammalian cells and challenges our current concepts of cortex-membrane interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ping Liu
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Violetta Weinreb
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Marc Ridilla
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Laurie Betts
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Pratik Patel
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Aravinda M. de Silva
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Nancy L. Thompson
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Ken Jacobson
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Corresponding author.
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Prevo B, Scholey JM, Peterman EJG. Intraflagellar transport: mechanisms of motor action, cooperation, and cargo delivery. FEBS J 2017; 284:2905-2931. [PMID: 28342295 PMCID: PMC5603355 DOI: 10.1111/febs.14068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2016] [Revised: 02/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Intraflagellar transport (IFT) is a form of motor-dependent cargo transport that is essential for the assembly, maintenance, and length control of cilia, which play critical roles in motility, sensory reception, and signal transduction in virtually all eukaryotic cells. During IFT, anterograde kinesin-2 and retrograde IFT dynein motors drive the bidirectional transport of IFT trains that deliver cargo, for example, axoneme precursors such as tubulins as well as molecules of the signal transduction machinery, to their site of assembly within the cilium. Following its discovery in Chlamydomonas, IFT has emerged as a powerful model system for studying general principles of motor-dependent cargo transport and we now appreciate the diversity that exists in the mechanism of IFT within cilia of different cell types. The absence of heterotrimeric kinesin-2 function, for example, causes a complete loss of both IFT and cilia in Chlamydomonas, but following its loss in Caenorhabditis elegans, where its primary function is loading the IFT machinery into cilia, homodimeric kinesin-2-driven IFT persists and assembles a full-length cilium. Generally, heterotrimeric kinesin-2 and IFT dynein motors are thought to play widespread roles as core IFT motors, whereas homodimeric kinesin-2 motors are accessory motors that mediate different functions in a broad range of cilia, in some cases contributing to axoneme assembly or the delivery of signaling molecules but in many other cases their ciliary functions, if any, remain unknown. In this review, we focus on mechanisms of motor action, motor cooperation, and motor-dependent cargo delivery during IFT.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bram Prevo
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, CA, USA
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Jonathan M Scholey
- Department of Molecular & Cell Biology, University of California Davis, CA, USA
| | - Erwin J G Peterman
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and LaserLaB Amsterdam, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Pedersen LB, Mogensen JB, Christensen ST. Endocytic Control of Cellular Signaling at the Primary Cilium. Trends Biochem Sci 2016; 41:784-797. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2016.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2016] [Revised: 06/03/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
|
34
|
Arendt D, Benito-Gutierrez E, Brunet T, Marlow H. Gastric pouches and the mucociliary sole: setting the stage for nervous system evolution. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2016; 370:rstb.2015.0286. [PMID: 26554050 PMCID: PMC4650134 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2015.0286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Prerequisite for tracing nervous system evolution is understanding of the body plan, feeding behaviour and locomotion of the first animals in which neurons evolved. Here, a comprehensive scenario is presented for the diversification of cell types in early metazoans, which enhanced feeding efficiency and led to the emergence of larger animals that were able to move. Starting from cup-shaped, gastraea-like animals with outer and inner choanoflagellate-like cells, two major innovations are discussed that set the stage for nervous system evolution. First, the invention of a mucociliary sole entailed a switch from intra- to extracellular digestion and increased the concentration of nutrients flowing into the gastric cavity. In these animals, an initial nerve net may have evolved via division of labour from mechanosensory-contractile cells in the lateral body wall, enabling coordinated movement of the growing body that involved both mucociliary creeping and changes of body shape. Second, the inner surface of the animals folded into metameric series of gastric pouches, which optimized nutrient resorption and allowed larger body sizes. The concomitant acquisition of bilateral symmetry may have allowed more directed locomotion and, with more demanding coordinative tasks, triggered the evolution of specialized nervous subsystems. Animals of this organizational state would have resembled Ediacarian fossils such as Dickinsonia and may have been close to the cnidarian–bilaterian ancestor. In the bilaterian lineage, the mucociliary sole was used mostly for creeping, or frequently lost. One possible remnant is the enigmatic Reissner's fibre in the ventral neural tube of cephalochordates and vertebrates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Detlev Arendt
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Meyerhofstrasse 1, 69012 Heidelberg, Germany Centre for Organismal Studies, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 230, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Thibaut Brunet
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Meyerhofstrasse 1, 69012 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Heather Marlow
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Meyerhofstrasse 1, 69012 Heidelberg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Mourão A, Christensen ST, Lorentzen E. The intraflagellar transport machinery in ciliary signaling. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2016; 41:98-108. [PMID: 27393972 DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2016.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Cilia and flagella on eukaryotic cells are slender microtubule-based projections surrounded by a membrane with a unique lipid and protein composition. It is now appreciated that cilia in addition to their established roles in motility also constitute hubs for cellular signaling by sensing external environmental cues necessary for organ development and maintenance of human health. Pathways reported to rely on the cilium organelle include Hedgehog, TGF-β, Wnt, PDGFRα, integrin and DNA damage repair signaling. An emerging theme in ciliary signaling is the requirement for active transport of signaling components into and out of the cilium proper. Here, we review the current state-of-the-art regarding the importance of intraflagellar transport and BBSome multi-subunit complexes in ciliary signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- André Mourão
- Department of Structural Cell Biology, Max-Planck-Institute of Biochemistry, Am Klopferspitz 18, D-82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Søren T Christensen
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 13, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Esben Lorentzen
- Department of Structural Cell Biology, Max-Planck-Institute of Biochemistry, Am Klopferspitz 18, D-82152 Martinsried, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Ludington WB, Ishikawa H, Serebrenik YV, Ritter A, Hernandez-Lopez RA, Gunzenhauser J, Kannegaard E, Marshall WF. A systematic comparison of mathematical models for inherent measurement of ciliary length: how a cell can measure length and volume. Biophys J 2016; 108:1361-1379. [PMID: 25809250 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2014.12.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2014] [Revised: 12/15/2014] [Accepted: 12/19/2014] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cells control organelle size with great precision and accuracy to maintain optimal physiology, but the mechanisms by which they do so are largely unknown. Cilia and flagella are simple organelles in which a single measurement, length, can represent size. Maintenance of flagellar length requires an active transport process known as intraflagellar transport, and previous measurements suggest that a length-dependent feedback regulates intraflagellar transport. But the question remains: how is a length-dependent signal produced to regulate intraflagellar transport appropriately? Several conceptual models have been suggested, but testing these models quantitatively requires that they be cast in mathematical form. Here, we derive a set of mathematical models that represent the main broad classes of hypothetical size-control mechanisms currently under consideration. We use these models to predict the relation between length and intraflagellar transport, and then compare the predicted relations for each model with experimental data. We find that three models-an initial bolus formation model, an ion current model, and a diffusion-based model-show particularly good agreement with available experimental data. The initial bolus and ion current models give mathematically equivalent predictions for length control, but fluorescence recovery after photobleaching experiments rule out the initial bolus model, suggesting that either the ion current model or a diffusion-based model is more likely correct. The general biophysical principles of the ion current and diffusion-based models presented here to measure cilia and flagellar length can be generalized to measure any membrane-bound organelle volume, such as the nucleus and endoplasmic reticulum.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- William B Ludington
- Department of Biophysics and Biochemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Hiroaki Ishikawa
- Department of Biophysics and Biochemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Yevgeniy V Serebrenik
- Department of Biophysics and Biochemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Alex Ritter
- Physiology Course, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, Massachusetts
| | | | - Julia Gunzenhauser
- Physiology Course, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, Massachusetts
| | - Elisa Kannegaard
- Department of Biophysics and Biochemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Wallace F Marshall
- Department of Biophysics and Biochemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California.
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Vannuccini E, Paccagnini E, Cantele F, Gentile M, Dini D, Fino F, Diener D, Mencarelli C, Lupetti P. Two classes of short intraflagellar transport train with different 3D structures are present in Chlamydomonas flagella. J Cell Sci 2016; 129:2064-74. [PMID: 27044756 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.183244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2015] [Accepted: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Intraflagellar transport (IFT) is responsible for the bidirectional trafficking of molecular components required for the elongation and maintenance of eukaryotic cilia and flagella. Cargo is transported by IFT 'trains', linear rows of multiprotein particles moved by molecular motors along the axonemal doublets. We have previously described two structurally distinct categories of 'long' and 'short' trains. Here, we analyse the relative number of these trains throughout flagellar regeneration and show that long trains are most abundant at the beginning of flagellar growth whereas short trains gradually increase in number as flagella elongate. These observations are incompatible with the previous hypothesis that short trains are derived solely from the reorganization of long trains at the flagellar tip. We demonstrate with electron tomography the existence of two distinct ultrastructural organizations for the short trains, we name these 'narrow' and 'wide', and provide the first 3D model of the narrow short trains. These trains are characterized by tri-lobed units, which repeat longitudinally every 16 nm and contact protofilament 7 of the B-tubule. Functional implications of the new structural evidence are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Vannuccini
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Eugenio Paccagnini
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Francesca Cantele
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Camillo Golgi 19, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Mariangela Gentile
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Daniele Dini
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Federica Fino
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Dennis Diener
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, 219 Prospect Street, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Caterina Mencarelli
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Pietro Lupetti
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Ciliary Extracellular Vesicles: Txt Msg Organelles. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2016; 36:449-57. [PMID: 26983828 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-016-0345-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2015] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Cilia are sensory organelles that protrude from cell surfaces to monitor the surrounding environment. In addition to its role as sensory receiver, the cilium also releases extracellular vesicles (EVs). The release of sub-micron sized EVs is a conserved form of intercellular communication used by all three kingdoms of life. These extracellular organelles play important roles in both short and long range signaling between donor and target cells and may coordinate systemic responses within an organism in normal and diseased states. EV shedding from ciliated cells and EV-cilia interactions are evolutionarily conserved phenomena, yet remarkably little is known about the relationship between the cilia and EVs and the fundamental biology of EVs. Studies in the model organisms Chlamydomonas and Caenorhabditis elegans have begun to shed light on ciliary EVs. Chlamydomonas EVs are shed from tips of flagella and are bioactive. Caenorhabditis elegans EVs are shed and released by ciliated sensory neurons in an intraflagellar transport-dependent manner. Caenorhabditis elegans EVs play a role in modulating animal-to-animal communication, and this EV bioactivity is dependent on EV cargo content. Some ciliary pathologies, or ciliopathies, are associated with abnormal EV shedding or with abnormal cilia-EV interactions. Until the 21st century, both cilia and EVs were ignored as vestigial or cellular junk. As research interest in these two organelles continues to gain momentum, we envision a new field of cell biology emerging. Here, we propose that the cilium is a dedicated organelle for EV biogenesis and EV reception. We will also discuss possible mechanisms by which EVs exert bioactivity and explain how what is learned in model organisms regarding EV biogenesis and function may provide insight to human ciliopathies.
Collapse
|
39
|
Taschner M, Weber K, Mourão A, Vetter M, Awasthi M, Stiegler M, Bhogaraju S, Lorentzen E. Intraflagellar transport proteins 172, 80, 57, 54, 38, and 20 form a stable tubulin-binding IFT-B2 complex. EMBO J 2016; 35:773-90. [PMID: 26912722 PMCID: PMC4818760 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201593164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Accepted: 01/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Intraflagellar transport (IFT) relies on the IFT complex and is required for ciliogenesis. The IFT‐B complex consists of 9–10 stably associated core subunits and six “peripheral” subunits that were shown to dissociate from the core structure at moderate salt concentration. We purified the six “peripheral” IFT‐B subunits of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii as recombinant proteins and show that they form a stable complex independently of the IFT‐B core. We suggest a nomenclature of IFT‐B1 (core) and IFT‐B2 (peripheral) for the two IFT‐B subcomplexes. We demonstrate that IFT88, together with the N‐terminal domain of IFT52, is necessary to bridge the interaction between IFT‐B1 and B2. The crystal structure of IFT52N reveals highly conserved residues critical for IFT‐B1/IFT‐B2 complex formation. Furthermore, we show that of the three IFT‐B2 subunits containing a calponin homology (CH) domain (IFT38, 54, and 57), only IFT54 binds αβ‐tubulin as a potential IFT cargo, whereas the CH domains of IFT38 and IFT57 mediate the interaction with IFT80 and IFT172, respectively. Crystal structures of IFT54 CH domains reveal that tubulin binding is mediated by basic surface‐exposed residues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Taschner
- Department of Structural Cell Biology, Max-Planck-Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Kristina Weber
- Department of Structural Cell Biology, Max-Planck-Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany
| | - André Mourão
- Department of Structural Cell Biology, Max-Planck-Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Melanie Vetter
- Department of Structural Cell Biology, Max-Planck-Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Mayanka Awasthi
- Department of Structural Cell Biology, Max-Planck-Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Marc Stiegler
- Department of Structural Cell Biology, Max-Planck-Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Sagar Bhogaraju
- Department of Structural Cell Biology, Max-Planck-Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Esben Lorentzen
- Department of Structural Cell Biology, Max-Planck-Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
O'Hagan R, Barr MM. Kymographic Analysis of Transport in an Individual Neuronal Sensory Cilium in Caenorhabditis elegans. Methods Mol Biol 2016; 1454:107-22. [PMID: 27514919 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-3789-9_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Intraflagellar Transport (IFT) is driven by molecular motors that travel upon microtubule-based ciliary axonemes. In the single-celled alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, movement of a single anterograde IFT motor, heterotrimeric kinesin-II, is required to generate two identical motile flagella. The function of this canonical anterograde IFT motor is conserved among all eukaryotes, yet multicellular organisms can generate cilia of diverse structures and functions, ranging from simple threadlike non-motile primary cilia to the elaborate cilia that make up rod and cone photoreceptors in the retina. An emerging theme is that additional molecular motors modulate the canonical IFT machinery to give rise to differing ciliary morphologies. Therefore, a complete understanding of the trafficking of ciliary receptors, as well as the biogenesis, maintenance, specialization, and function of cilia, requires the characterization of motor molecules.Here, we describe in detail our method for measuring the motility of proteins in cilia or dendrites of C. elegans male-specific CEM ciliated sensory neurons using time-lapse microscopy and kymography of green fluorescent protein (GFP)-tagged motors, receptors, and cargos. We describe, as a specific example, OSM-3::GFP puncta moving in cilia, but also include (Fig. 1) with settings that have worked well for us measuring movement of heterotrimeric kinesin-II, IFT particles, and the polycystin TRP channel PKD-2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert O'Hagan
- Human Genetics Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 145 Bevier Rd., Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA.
| | - Maureen M Barr
- Human Genetics Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 145 Bevier Rd., Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Lechtreck KF. IFT-Cargo Interactions and Protein Transport in Cilia. Trends Biochem Sci 2015; 40:765-778. [PMID: 26498262 PMCID: PMC4661101 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2015.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 226] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Revised: 09/07/2015] [Accepted: 09/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The motile and sensory functions of cilia and flagella are indispensable for human health. Cilia assembly requires a dedicated protein shuttle, intraflagellar transport (IFT), a bidirectional motility of multi-megadalton protein arrays along ciliary microtubules. IFT functions as a protein carrier delivering hundreds of distinct proteins into growing cilia. IFT-based protein import and export continue in fully grown cilia and are required for ciliary maintenance and sensing. Large ciliary building blocks might depend on IFT to move through the transition zone, which functions as a ciliary gate. Smaller, freely diffusing proteins, such as tubulin, depend on IFT to be concentrated or removed from cilia. As I discuss here, recent work provides insights into how IFT interacts with its cargoes and how the transport is regulated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karl F Lechtreck
- Department of Cellular Biology, University of Georgia, 635C Biological Science Building, 1000 Cedar Street, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Larsch J, Flavell SW, Liu Q, Gordus A, Albrecht DR, Bargmann CI. A Circuit for Gradient Climbing in C. elegans Chemotaxis. Cell Rep 2015; 12:1748-60. [PMID: 26365196 PMCID: PMC5045890 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2015.08.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Revised: 07/20/2015] [Accepted: 08/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Animals have a remarkable ability to track dynamic sensory information. For example, the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans can locate a diacetyl odor source across a 100,000-fold concentration range. Here, we relate neuronal properties, circuit implementation, and behavioral strategies underlying this robust navigation. Diacetyl responses in AWA olfactory neurons are concentration and history dependent; AWA integrates over time at low odor concentrations, but as concentrations rise, it desensitizes rapidly through a process requiring cilia transport. After desensitization, AWA retains sensitivity to small odor increases. The downstream AIA interneuron amplifies weak odor inputs and desensitizes further, resulting in a stereotyped response to odor increases over three orders of magnitude. The AWA-AIA circuit drives asymmetric behavioral responses to odor increases that facilitate gradient climbing. The adaptation-based circuit motif embodied by AWA and AIA shares computational properties with bacterial chemotaxis and the vertebrate retina, each providing a solution for maintaining sensitivity across a dynamic range.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Larsch
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Lulu and Anthony Wang Laboratory of Neural Circuits and Behavior, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Steven W Flavell
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Lulu and Anthony Wang Laboratory of Neural Circuits and Behavior, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Qiang Liu
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Lulu and Anthony Wang Laboratory of Neural Circuits and Behavior, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Andrew Gordus
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Lulu and Anthony Wang Laboratory of Neural Circuits and Behavior, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Dirk R Albrecht
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Lulu and Anthony Wang Laboratory of Neural Circuits and Behavior, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Cornelia I Bargmann
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Lulu and Anthony Wang Laboratory of Neural Circuits and Behavior, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
BBS4 and BBS5 show functional redundancy in the BBSome to regulate the degradative sorting of ciliary sensory receptors. Sci Rep 2015; 5:11855. [PMID: 26150102 PMCID: PMC4493597 DOI: 10.1038/srep11855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2014] [Accepted: 04/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Cilia harbor sensory receptors for various signaling cascades critical for vertebrate development. However, the mechanisms underlying the ciliary homeostasis of sensory receptors remain elusive. Here, we demonstrate that BBS-4 and BBS-5, two distinct BBSome components, show unexpected functional redundancy in the context of cilia in C. elegans. BBS-4 directly interacts with BBS-5 and the interaction can be disrupted by a conserved mutation identified in human BBS4. Surprisingly, we found that BBS-4 and BBS-5 act redundantly in the BBSome to regulate the ciliary removal, rather than the ciliary entry or retrograde IFT transport, of various sensory receptors. Further analyses indicate that co-depletion of BBS-4 and BBS-5 disrupts the lysosome-targeted degradative sorting of ciliary sensory receptors. Moreover, mammalian BBS4 and BBS5 also interact directly and coordinate the ciliary removal of polycystin 2. Hence, we reveal a novel and highly conserved role for the BBSome in fine-tuning ciliary signaling by regulating the ciliary removal of sensory receptors for lysosomal degradation.
Collapse
|
44
|
Maguire JE, Silva M, Nguyen KCQ, Hellen E, Kern AD, Hall DH, Barr MM. Myristoylated CIL-7 regulates ciliary extracellular vesicle biogenesis. Mol Biol Cell 2015; 26:2823-32. [PMID: 26041936 PMCID: PMC4571341 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e15-01-0009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2015] [Accepted: 05/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The cilium both releases and binds to extracellular vesicles (EVs). EVs may be used by cells as a form of intercellular communication and mediate a broad range of physiological and pathological processes. The mammalian polycystins (PCs) localize to cilia, as well as to urinary EVs released from renal epithelial cells. PC ciliary trafficking defects may be an underlying cause of autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (PKD), and ciliary-EV interactions have been proposed to play a central role in the biology of PKD. In Caenorhabditis elegans and mammals, PC1 and PC2 act in the same genetic pathway, act in a sensory capacity, localize to cilia, and are contained in secreted EVs, suggesting ancient conservation. However, the relationship between cilia and EVs and the mechanisms generating PC-containing EVs remain an enigma. In a forward genetic screen for regulators of C. elegans PKD-2 ciliary localization, we identified CIL-7, a myristoylated protein that regulates EV biogenesis. Loss of CIL-7 results in male mating behavioral defects, excessive accumulation of EVs in the lumen of the cephalic sensory organ, and failure to release PKD-2::GFP-containing EVs to the environment. Fatty acylation, such as myristoylation and palmitoylation, targets proteins to cilia and flagella. The CIL-7 myristoylation motif is essential for CIL-7 function and for targeting CIL-7 to EVs. C. elegans is a powerful model with which to study ciliary EV biogenesis in vivo and identify cis-targeting motifs such as myristoylation that are necessary for EV-cargo association and function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julie E Maguire
- Department of Genetics and Human Genetics Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854
| | - Malan Silva
- Department of Genetics and Human Genetics Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854
| | - Ken C Q Nguyen
- Center for C. elegans Anatomy, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461
| | - Elizabeth Hellen
- Department of Genetics and Human Genetics Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854
| | - Andrew D Kern
- Department of Genetics and Human Genetics Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854
| | - David H Hall
- Center for C. elegans Anatomy, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461
| | - Maureen M Barr
- Department of Genetics and Human Genetics Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Li W, Yi P, Ou G. Somatic CRISPR-Cas9-induced mutations reveal roles of embryonically essential dynein chains in Caenorhabditis elegans cilia. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 208:683-92. [PMID: 25778918 PMCID: PMC4362450 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201411041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
CRISPR–Cas9-induced mutations in intraflagellar transport (IFT) motors reveal that IFT-specific dynein and cytoplasmic dynein have unique compositions but share components and regulatory mechanisms. Cilium formation and maintenance require intraflagellar transport (IFT). Although much is known about kinesin-2–driven anterograde IFT, the composition and regulation of retrograde IFT-specific dynein remain elusive. Components of cytoplasmic dynein may participate in IFT; however, their essential roles in cell division preclude functional studies in postmitotic cilia. Here, we report that inducible expression of the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)–Cas9 system in Caenorhabditis elegans generated conditional mutations in IFT motors and particles, recapitulating ciliary defects in their null mutants. Using this method to bypass the embryonic requirement, we show the following: the dynein intermediate chain, light chain LC8, and lissencephaly-1 regulate retrograde IFT; the dynein light intermediate chain functions in dendrites and indirectly contributes to ciliogenesis; and the Tctex and Roadblock light chains are dispensable for cilium assembly. Furthermore, we demonstrate that these components undergo biphasic IFT with distinct transport frequencies and turnaround behaviors. Together, our results suggest that IFT–dynein and cytoplasmic dynein have unique compositions but also share components and regulatory mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Li
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Peishan Yi
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Guangshuo Ou
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Abstract
Cilia and flagella are closely related centriole-nucleated protrusions of the cell with roles in motility and signal transduction. Two of the best-studied signalling pathways organized by cilia are the transduction cascade for the morphogen Hedgehog in vertebrates and the mating pathway that initiates gamete fusion in the unicellular green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. What is the role of cilia in these signalling transduction cascades? In both Hedgehog and mating pathways, all signalling intermediates have been found to localize to cilia, and, for some signalling factors, ciliary localization is regulated by pathway activation. Given a concentration factor of three orders of magnitude provided by translocating a protein into the cilium, the compartment model proposes that cilia act as miniaturized reaction tubes bringing signalling factors and processing enzymes in close proximity. On the other hand, the scaffolding model views the intraflagellar transport machinery, whose primary function is to build cilia and flagella, as a molecular scaffold for the mating transduction cascade at the flagellar membrane. While these models may coexist, it is hoped that a precise understanding of the mechanisms that govern signalling inside cilia will provide a satisfying answer to the question 'how do cilia organize signalling?'. This review covers the evidence supporting each model of signalling and outlines future directions that may address which model applies in given biological settings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maxence V Nachury
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA 94305, USA
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Santi-Rocca J, Chenouard N, Fort C, Lagache T, Olivo-Marin JC, Bastin P. Imaging intraflagellar transport in trypanosomes. Methods Cell Biol 2015; 127:487-508. [PMID: 25837405 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mcb.2015.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Trypanosoma brucei is a flagellated eukaryotic pathogen responsible for sleeping sickness in central Africa. Because of the presence of a long motile flagellum (>20 μm) and its amenity to genetic manipulation, it is becoming an attractive model to study the assembly and the functions of cilia and flagella. In recent years, several aspects have been investigated, especially intraflagellar transport (IFT) that has been exhaustively characterized at the light microscopy level. In this manuscript, we review various methods to express fluorescent fusion proteins and to record IFT in living trypanosomes in normal or mutant contexts. We present an approach for separating anterograde and retrograde IFT, hence facilitating quantification of train speed, frequency, and size. A statistical analysis to discriminate different subpopulations of IFT trains is also summarized. These methods have proven their efficiency for the study of IFT in trypanosomes and could be applied to any other organism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julien Santi-Rocca
- Trypanosome Cell Biology Unit, Institut Pasteur & CNRS URA2581, Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Chenouard
- Bio Image Analysis Unit, Institut Pasteur & CNRS URA2582, Paris, France
| | - Cécile Fort
- Trypanosome Cell Biology Unit, Institut Pasteur & CNRS URA2581, Paris, France
| | - Thibault Lagache
- Bio Image Analysis Unit, Institut Pasteur & CNRS URA2582, Paris, France
| | | | - Philippe Bastin
- Trypanosome Cell Biology Unit, Institut Pasteur & CNRS URA2581, Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Williams CL, McIntyre JC, Norris SR, Jenkins PM, Zhang L, Pei Q, Verhey K, Martens JR. Direct evidence for BBSome-associated intraflagellar transport reveals distinct properties of native mammalian cilia. Nat Commun 2014; 5:5813. [PMID: 25504142 PMCID: PMC4284812 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms6813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2014] [Accepted: 11/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Cilia dysfunction underlies a class of human diseases with variable penetrance in different organ systems. Across eukaryotes, intraflagellar transport (IFT) facilitates cilia biogenesis and cargo trafficking, but our understanding of mammalian IFT is insufficient. Here we perform live analysis of cilia ultrastructure, composition and cargo transport in native mammalian tissue using olfactory sensory neurons. Proximal and distal axonemes of these neurons show no bias towards IFT kinesin-2 choice, and Kif17 homodimer is dispensable for distal segment IFT. We identify Bardet-Biedl syndrome proteins (BBSome) as bona fide constituents of IFT in olfactory sensory neurons, and show that they exist in 1:1 stoichiometry with IFT particles. Conversely, subpopulations of peripheral membrane proteins, as well as transmembrane olfactory signalling pathway components, are capable of IFT but with significantly less frequency and/or duration. Our results yield a model for IFT and cargo trafficking in native mammalian cilia and may explain the penetrance of specific ciliopathy phenotypes in olfactory neurons.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Corey L. Williams
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, 1200 Newell Drive, PO Box 100267, Gainesville, Florida 32610, USA
| | - Jeremy C. McIntyre
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, 1200 Newell Drive, PO Box 100267, Gainesville, Florida 32610, USA
| | - Stephen R. Norris
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, 3041 Biomedical Science Research Building (BSRB), Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Paul M. Jenkins
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan Medical School, 1301 MSRB III, 1150 West Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-5632, USA
| | - Lian Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, 1200 Newell Drive, PO Box 100267, Gainesville, Florida 32610, USA
| | - Qinglin Pei
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Florida, RM5225, 2004 Mowry Road, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA
| | - Kristen Verhey
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, 3041 Biomedical Science Research Building (BSRB), Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Jeffrey R. Martens
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, 1200 Newell Drive, PO Box 100267, Gainesville, Florida 32610, USA
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Braunreiter K, Hamlin S, Lyman-Gingerich J. Identification and characterization of a novel allele of Caenorhabditis elegans bbs-7. PLoS One 2014; 9:e113737. [PMID: 25486278 PMCID: PMC4259304 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0113737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2014] [Accepted: 10/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary cilia play a role in the sensation of and response to the surrounding environment. Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) have primary cilia only on the distal tips of some dendrites. In order to better understand the relationship between receptor localization to cilia, cilia structure and cilia function, we have characterized a mutation originally identified in a forward genetic screen for mutants with defective PKD-2 ciliary localization. Through behavioral assays and examination of the structure of cilia in the cil-5 (my13) mutant animals, we have found that my13 disrupts not only receptor localization, but also some cilia-mediated sensory behaviors and cilia structural integrity. We have identified the my13 lesion and found that it is a missense mutation in bbs-7, an ortholog of human BBS-7, a gene known to affect human cilia and to be involved in Bardet-Biedl syndrome. Finally, we show that bbs-7(my13) also affects the glia cells which support the cilia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kara Braunreiter
- Department of Biology, University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire, Phillips Hall 330, Eau Claire, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Shelby Hamlin
- Department of Biology, University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire, Phillips Hall 330, Eau Claire, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Jamie Lyman-Gingerich
- Department of Biology, University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire, Phillips Hall 330, Eau Claire, Wisconsin, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
O'Hagan R, Wang J, Barr MM. Mating behavior, male sensory cilia, and polycystins in Caenorhabditis elegans. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2014; 33:25-33. [PMID: 24977333 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2014.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2014] [Accepted: 06/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The investigation of Caenorhabditis elegans males and the male-specific sensory neurons required for mating behaviors has provided insight into the molecular function of polycystins and mechanisms that are needed for polycystin ciliary localization. In humans, polycystin 1 and polycystin 2 are needed for kidney function; loss of polycystin function leads to autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD). Polycystins localize to cilia in C. elegans and mammals, a finding that has guided research into ADPKD. The discovery that the polycystins form ciliary receptors in male-specific neurons needed for mating behaviors has also helped to unlock insights into two additional exciting new areas: the secretion of extracellular vesicles; and mechanisms of ciliary specialization. First, we will summarize the studies done in C. elegans regarding the expression, localization, and function of the polycystin 1 and 2 homologs, LOV-1 and PKD-2, and discuss insights gained from this basic research. Molecules that are co-expressed with the polycystins in the male-specific neurons may identify evolutionarily conserved molecular mechanisms for polycystin function and localization. We will discuss the finding that polycystins are secreted in extracellular vesicles that evoke behavioral change in males, suggesting that such vesicles provide a novel form of communication to conspecifics in the environment. In humans, polycystin-containing extracellular vesicles are secreted in urine and can be taken up by cilia, and quickly internalized. Therefore, communication by polycystin-containing extracellular vesicles may also use mechanisms that are evolutionarily conserved from nematode to human. Lastly, different cilia display structural and functional differences that specialize them for particular tasks, despite the fact that virtually all cilia are built by a conserved intraflagellar transport (IFT) mechanism and share some basic structural features. Comparative analysis of the male-specific cilia with the well-studied cilia of the amphid and phasmid neurons has allowed identification of molecules that specialize the male cilia. We will discuss the molecules that shape the male-specific cilia. The cell biology of cilia in male-specific neurons demonstrates that C. elegans can provide an excellent model of ciliary specialization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert O'Hagan
- Department of Genetics, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 145 Bevier Rd., Piscataway, NJ 08854
| | - Juan Wang
- Department of Genetics, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 145 Bevier Rd., Piscataway, NJ 08854
| | - Maureen M Barr
- Department of Genetics, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 145 Bevier Rd., Piscataway, NJ 08854
| |
Collapse
|