1
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De Meyer A, Grones P, Van Damme D. How will I recognize you? Insights into endocytic cargo recognition in plants. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 75:102429. [PMID: 37523901 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2023.102429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2023] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
The plasma membrane (PM) houses a wide variety of proteins, facilitating interactions between the cell and its surroundings. Perception of external stimuli leads to selective internalization of membrane proteins via endocytosis. A multitude of endocytic signals affect protein internalization; however, their coordination and the exact mechanism of their recognition still remain elusive. In this review, we summarized the up-to-date knowledge of different internalization signals in PM cargo proteins and their involvement during protein trafficking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas De Meyer
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Peter Grones
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Daniel Van Damme
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium.
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2
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Bialek W, Collawn JF, Bartoszewski R. Ubiquitin-Dependent and Independent Proteasomal Degradation in Host-Pathogen Interactions. Molecules 2023; 28:6740. [PMID: 37764516 PMCID: PMC10536765 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28186740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Ubiquitin, a small protein, is well known for tagging target proteins through a cascade of enzymatic reactions that lead to protein degradation. The ubiquitin tag, apart from its signaling role, is paramount in destabilizing the modified protein. Here, we explore the complex role of ubiquitin-mediated protein destabilization in the intricate proteolysis process by the 26S proteasome. In addition, the significance of the so-called ubiquitin-independent pathway and the role of the 20S proteasome are considered. Next, we discuss the ubiquitin-proteasome system's interplay with pathogenic microorganisms and how the microorganisms manipulate this system to establish infection by a range of elaborate pathways to evade or counteract host responses. Finally, we focus on the mechanisms that rely either on (i) hijacking the host and on delivering pathogenic E3 ligases and deubiquitinases that promote the degradation of host proteins, or (ii) counteracting host responses through the stabilization of pathogenic effector proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wojciech Bialek
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wrocław, 50-383 Wrocław, Poland
| | - James F. Collawn
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA;
| | - Rafal Bartoszewski
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA;
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3
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Hawkins TJ, Kopischke M, Duckney PJ, Rybak K, Mentlak DA, Kroon JTM, Bui MT, Richardson AC, Casey M, Alexander A, De Jaeger G, Kalde M, Moore I, Dagdas Y, Hussey PJ, Robatzek S. NET4 and RabG3 link actin to the tonoplast and facilitate cytoskeletal remodelling during stomatal immunity. Nat Commun 2023; 14:5848. [PMID: 37730720 PMCID: PMC10511709 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-41337-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Members of the NETWORKED (NET) family are involved in actin-membrane interactions. Here we show that two members of the NET family, NET4A and NET4B, are essential for normal guard cell actin reorganization, which is a process critical for stomatal closure in plant immunity. NET4 proteins interact with F-actin and with members of the Rab7 GTPase RABG3 family through two distinct domains, allowing for simultaneous localization to actin filaments and the tonoplast. NET4 proteins interact with GTP-bound, active RABG3 members, suggesting their function being downstream effectors. We also show that RABG3b is critical for stomatal closure induced by microbial patterns. Taken together, we conclude that the actin cytoskeletal remodelling during stomatal closure involves a molecular link between actin filaments and the tonoplast, which is mediated by the NET4-RABG3b interaction. We propose that stomatal closure to microbial patterns involves the coordinated action of immune-triggered osmotic changes and actin cytoskeletal remodelling likely driving compact vacuolar morphologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J Hawkins
- Department of Biosciences, University of Durham, South Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK
| | - Michaela Kopischke
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
- LMU Munich Biocenter, Großhadener Strasse 4, 82152, Planegg, DE, Germany
| | - Patrick J Duckney
- Department of Biosciences, University of Durham, South Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK
| | - Katarzyna Rybak
- LMU Munich Biocenter, Großhadener Strasse 4, 82152, Planegg, DE, Germany
| | - David A Mentlak
- Department of Biosciences, University of Durham, South Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK
| | - Johan T M Kroon
- Department of Biosciences, University of Durham, South Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK
| | - Mai Thu Bui
- Gregor Mendel Institute (GMI), Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna BioCenter, Vienna, AUT, Austria
| | | | - Mary Casey
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | | | - Geert De Jaeger
- VIB-University Ghent, Center for Plant System Biology, Technologiepark 927, 9052, Ghent, BE, Belgium
| | - Monika Kalde
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Rd., Oxford, OX1 3RB, UK
| | - Ian Moore
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Rd., Oxford, OX1 3RB, UK
| | - Yasin Dagdas
- Gregor Mendel Institute (GMI), Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna BioCenter, Vienna, AUT, Austria
| | - Patrick J Hussey
- Department of Biosciences, University of Durham, South Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK.
| | - Silke Robatzek
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK.
- LMU Munich Biocenter, Großhadener Strasse 4, 82152, Planegg, DE, Germany.
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4
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Roberts CG, Franklin TG, Pruneda JN. Ubiquitin-targeted bacterial effectors: rule breakers of the ubiquitin system. EMBO J 2023; 42:e114318. [PMID: 37555693 PMCID: PMC10505922 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2023114318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Regulation through post-translational ubiquitin signaling underlies a large portion of eukaryotic biology. This has not gone unnoticed by invading pathogens, many of which have evolved mechanisms to manipulate or subvert the host ubiquitin system. Bacteria are particularly adept at this and rely heavily upon ubiquitin-targeted virulence factors for invasion and replication. Despite lacking a conventional ubiquitin system of their own, many bacterial ubiquitin regulators loosely follow the structural and mechanistic rules established by eukaryotic ubiquitin machinery. Others completely break these rules and have evolved novel structural folds, exhibit distinct mechanisms of regulation, or catalyze foreign ubiquitin modifications. Studying these interactions can not only reveal important aspects of bacterial pathogenesis but also shed light on unexplored areas of ubiquitin signaling and regulation. In this review, we discuss the methods by which bacteria manipulate host ubiquitin and highlight aspects that follow or break the rules of ubiquitination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cameron G Roberts
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & ImmunologyOregon Health & Science UniversityPortlandORUSA
| | - Tyler G Franklin
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & ImmunologyOregon Health & Science UniversityPortlandORUSA
| | - Jonathan N Pruneda
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & ImmunologyOregon Health & Science UniversityPortlandORUSA
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5
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Langin G, González-Fuente M, Üstün S. The Plant Ubiquitin-Proteasome System as a Target for Microbial Manipulation. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2023; 61:351-375. [PMID: 37253695 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-phyto-021622-110443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The plant immune system perceives pathogens to trigger defense responses. In turn, pathogens secrete effector molecules to subvert these defense responses. The initiation and maintenance of defense responses involve not only de novo synthesis of regulatory proteins and enzymes but also their regulated degradation. The latter is achieved through protein degradation pathways such as the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS). The UPS regulates all stages of immunity, from the perception of the pathogen to the execution of the response, and, therefore, constitutes an ideal candidate for microbial manipulation of the host. Pathogen effector molecules interfere with the plant UPS through several mechanisms. This includes hijacking general UPS functions or perturbing its ability to degrade specific targets. In this review, we describe how the UPS regulates different immunity-related processes and how pathogens subvert this to promote disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gautier Langin
- Centre for Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany;
- Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | | | - Suayib Üstün
- Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
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6
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Li P, Li W, Zhou X, Situ J, Xie L, Xi P, Yang B, Kong G, Jiang Z. Peronophythora litchii RXLR effector P. litchii avirulence homolog 202 destabilizes a host ethylene biosynthesis enzyme. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 193:756-774. [PMID: 37232407 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiad311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Oomycete pathogens can secrete hundreds of effectors into plant cells to interfere with the plant immune system during infection. Here, we identified a Arg-X-Leu-Arg (RXLR) effector protein from the most destructive pathogen of litchi (Litchi chinensis Sonn.), Peronophythora litchii, and named it P. litchii avirulence homolog 202 (PlAvh202). PlAvh202 could suppress cell death triggered by infestin 1 or avirulence protein 3a/resistance protein 3a in Nicotiana benthamiana and was essential for P. litchii virulence. In addition, PlAvh202 suppressed plant immune responses and promoted the susceptibility of N. benthamiana to Phytophthora capsici. Further research revealed that PlAvh202 could suppress ethylene (ET) production by targeting and destabilizing plant S-adenosyl-L-methionine synthetase (SAMS), a key enzyme in the ET biosynthesis pathway, in a 26S proteasome-dependent manner without affecting its expression. Transient expression of LcSAMS3 induced ET production and enhanced plant resistance, whereas inhibition of ET biosynthesis promoted P. litchii infection, supporting that litchi SAMS (LcSAMS) and ET positively regulate litchi immunity toward P. litchii. Overall, these findings highlight that SAMS can be targeted by the oomycete RXLR effector to manipulate ET-mediated plant immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Li
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control/Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Wen Li
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control/Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Xiaofan Zhou
- Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Junjian Situ
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control/Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Lizhu Xie
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control/Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Pinggen Xi
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control/Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Bo Yang
- College of Grassland Science/Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Guanghui Kong
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control/Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Zide Jiang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control/Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
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7
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Sharma S, Prasad A, Prasad M. Ubiquitination from the perspective of plant pathogens. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2023; 74:4367-4376. [PMID: 37226440 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The constant battle of survival between pathogens and host plants has played a crucial role in shaping the course of their co-evolution. However, the major determinants of the outcome of this ongoing arms race are the effectors secreted by pathogens into host cells. These effectors perturb the defense responses of plants to promote successful infection. In recent years, extensive research in the area of effector biology has reported an increase in the repertoire of pathogenic effectors that mimic or target the conserved ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. The role of the ubiquitin-mediated degradation pathway is well known to be indispensable for various aspects of a plant's life, and thus targeting or mimicking it seems to be a smart strategy adopted by pathogens. Therefore, this review summarizes recent findings on how some pathogenic effectors mimic or act as one of the components of the ubiquitin-proteasome machinery while others directly target the plant's ubiquitin-proteasome system.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ashish Prasad
- Department of Botany, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra, India
| | - Manoj Prasad
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, New Delhi, India
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
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8
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Nomura K, Imboden LA, Tanaka H, He SY. Multiple host targets of Pseudomonas effector protein HopM1 form a protein complex regulating apoplastic immunity and water homeostasis. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.07.31.551310. [PMID: 37577537 PMCID: PMC10418078 DOI: 10.1101/2023.07.31.551310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial type III effector proteins injected into the host cell play a critical role in mediating bacterial interactions with plant and animal hosts. Notably, some bacterial effectors are reported to target sequence-unrelated host proteins with unknown functional relationships. The Pseudomonas syringae effector HopM1 is such an example; it interacts with and/or degrades several HopM1-interacting (MIN) Arabidopsis proteins, including HopM1-interacting protein 2 (MIN2/RAD23), HopM1-interacting protein 7 (MIN7/BIG5), HopM1-interacting protein 10 (MIN10/14-3-3ĸ), and HopM1-interacting protein 13 (MIN13/BIG2). In this study, we purified the MIN7 complex formed in planta and found that it contains MIN7, MIN10, MIN13, as well as a tetratricopeptide repeat protein named HLB1. Mutational analysis showed that, like MIN7, HLB1 is required for pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP)-, effector-, and benzothiadiazole (BTH)-triggered immunity. HLB1 is recruited to the trans-Golgi network (TGN)/early endosome (EE) in a MIN7-dependent manner. Both min7 and hlb1 mutant leaves contained elevated water content in the leaf apoplast and artificial water infiltration into the leaf apoplast was sufficient to phenocopy immune-suppressing phenotype of HopM1. These results suggest that multiple HopM1-targeted MIN proteins form a protein complex with a dual role in modulating water level and immunity in the apoplast, which provides an explanation for the dual phenotypes of HopM1 during bacterial pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kinya Nomura
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Lori Alice Imboden
- Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Hirokazu Tanaka
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 214-0033, Japan
| | - Sheng Yang He
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
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9
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Chen L, Torii KU. Signaling in plant development and immunity through the lens of the stomata. Curr Biol 2023; 33:R733-R742. [PMID: 37433278 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2023.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/13/2023]
Abstract
The proper development and function of stomata - turgor-driven valves for efficient gas-exchange and water control - impact plant survival and productivity. It has become apparent that various receptor kinases regulate stomatal development and immunity. Although stomatal development and immunity occur over different cellular time scales, their signaling components and regulatory modules are strikingly similar, and often shared. In this review, we survey the current knowledge of stomatal development and immunity signaling components, and provide a synthesis and perspectives on the key concepts to further understand the conservation and specificity of these two signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangliang Chen
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Keiko U Torii
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA.
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10
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Iakovidis M, Chung EH, Saile SC, Sauberzweig E, El Kasmi F. The emerging frontier of plant immunity's core hubs. FEBS J 2023; 290:3311-3335. [PMID: 35668694 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The ever-growing world population, increasingly frequent extreme weather events and conditions, emergence of novel devastating crop pathogens and the social strive for quality food products represent a huge challenge for current and future agricultural production systems. To address these challenges and find realistic solutions, it is becoming more important by the day to understand the complex interactions between plants and the environment, mainly the associated organisms, but in particular pathogens. In the past several years, research in the fields of plant pathology and plant-microbe interactions has enabled tremendous progress in understanding how certain receptor-based plant innate immune systems function to successfully prevent infections and diseases. In this review, we highlight and discuss some of these new ground-breaking discoveries and point out strategies of how pathogens counteract the function of important core convergence hubs of the plant immune system. For practical reasons, we specifically place emphasis on potential applications that can be detracted by such discoveries and what challenges the future of agriculture has to face, but also how these challenges could be tackled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michail Iakovidis
- Horticultural Genetics and Biotechnology Department, Mediterranean Agricultural Institute of Chania, Greece
| | - Eui-Hwan Chung
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences & Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Svenja C Saile
- Centre for Plant Molecular Biology, University of Tübingen, Germany
| | - Elke Sauberzweig
- Centre for Plant Molecular Biology, University of Tübingen, Germany
| | - Farid El Kasmi
- Centre for Plant Molecular Biology, University of Tübingen, Germany
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11
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Bender KW, Zipfel C. Paradigms of receptor kinase signaling in plants. Biochem J 2023; 480:835-854. [PMID: 37326386 PMCID: PMC10317173 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20220372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Plant receptor kinases (RKs) function as key plasma-membrane localized receptors in the perception of molecular ligands regulating development and environmental response. Through the perception of diverse ligands, RKs regulate various aspects throughout the plant life cycle from fertilization to seed set. Thirty years of research on plant RKs has generated a wealth of knowledge on how RKs perceive ligands and activate downstream signaling. In the present review, we synthesize this body of knowledge into five central paradigms of plant RK signaling: (1) RKs are encoded by expanded gene families, largely conserved throughout land plant evolution; (2) RKs perceive many different kinds of ligands through a range of ectodomain architectures; (3) RK complexes are typically activated by co-receptor recruitment; (4) post-translational modifications fulfill central roles in both the activation and attenuation of RK-mediated signaling; and, (5) RKs activate a common set of downstream signaling processes through receptor-like cytoplasmic kinases (RLCKs). For each of these paradigms, we discuss key illustrative examples and also highlight known exceptions. We conclude by presenting five critical gaps in our understanding of RK function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle W. Bender
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Zürich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Zürich, 8008 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Cyril Zipfel
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Zürich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Zürich, 8008 Zürich, Switzerland
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, NR4 7UH Norwich, U.K
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12
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Raffeiner M, Zhu S, González-Fuente M, Üstün S. Interplay between autophagy and proteasome during protein turnover. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 28:698-714. [PMID: 36801193 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2023.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Protein homeostasis is epitomized by an equilibrium between protein biosynthesis and degradation: the 'life and death' of proteins. Approximately one-third of newly synthesized proteins are degraded. As such, protein turnover is required to maintain cellular integrity and survival. Autophagy and the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) are the two principal degradation pathways in eukaryotes. Both pathways orchestrate many cellular processes during development and upon environmental stimuli. Ubiquitination of degradation targets is used as a 'death' signal by both processes. Recent findings revealed a direct functional link between both pathways. Here, we summarize key findings in the field of protein homeostasis, with an emphasis on the newly revealed crosstalk between both degradation machineries and how it is decided which pathway facilitates target degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margot Raffeiner
- Eberhard-Karls-Universität Tübingen, Zentrum für Molekular Biologie der Pflanzen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; Faculty of Biology & Biotechnology, Ruhr-University of Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Shanshuo Zhu
- Eberhard-Karls-Universität Tübingen, Zentrum für Molekular Biologie der Pflanzen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; Faculty of Biology & Biotechnology, Ruhr-University of Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Manuel González-Fuente
- Eberhard-Karls-Universität Tübingen, Zentrum für Molekular Biologie der Pflanzen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; Faculty of Biology & Biotechnology, Ruhr-University of Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Suayib Üstün
- Eberhard-Karls-Universität Tübingen, Zentrum für Molekular Biologie der Pflanzen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; Faculty of Biology & Biotechnology, Ruhr-University of Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany.
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13
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Sheikh AH, Zacharia I, Pardal AJ, Dominguez-Ferreras A, Sueldo DJ, Kim JG, Balmuth A, Gutierrez JR, Conlan BF, Ullah N, Nippe OM, Girija AM, Wu CH, Sessa G, Jones AME, Grant MR, Gifford ML, Mudgett MB, Rathjen JP, Ntoukakis V. Dynamic changes of the Prf/Pto tomato resistance complex following effector recognition. Nat Commun 2023; 14:2568. [PMID: 37142566 PMCID: PMC10160066 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-38103-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In both plants and animals, nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat (NLR) immune receptors play critical roles in pathogen recognition and activation of innate immunity. In plants, NLRs recognise pathogen-derived effector proteins and initiate effector-triggered immunity (ETI). However, the molecular mechanisms that link NLR-mediated effector recognition and downstream signalling are not fully understood. By exploiting the well-characterised tomato Prf/Pto NLR resistance complex, we identified the 14-3-3 proteins TFT1 and TFT3 as interacting partners of both the NLR complex and the protein kinase MAPKKKα. Moreover, we identified the helper NRC proteins (NLR-required for cell death) as integral components of the Prf /Pto NLR recognition complex. Notably our studies revealed that TFTs and NRCs interact with distinct modules of the NLR complex and, following effector recognition, dissociate facilitating downstream signalling. Thus, our data provide a mechanistic link between activation of immune receptors and initiation of downstream signalling cascades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arsheed H Sheikh
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
- Center for Desert Agriculture, BESE Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Iosif Zacharia
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Alonso J Pardal
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | | | - Daniela J Sueldo
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Hogskoleringen 1, 7491, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Jung-Gun Kim
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Alexi Balmuth
- J.R. Simplot Company, Boise, ID, USA
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Jose R Gutierrez
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Brendon F Conlan
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Acton, 2601, ACT, Australia
| | - Najeeb Ullah
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Olivia M Nippe
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Anil M Girija
- School of Plant Sciences and Food Security, Tel-Aviv University, 69978, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Chih-Hang Wu
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Guido Sessa
- School of Plant Sciences and Food Security, Tel-Aviv University, 69978, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | | | - Murray R Grant
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Miriam L Gifford
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
- Warwick Integrative Synthetic Biology Centre, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Mary Beth Mudgett
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - John P Rathjen
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Acton, 2601, ACT, Australia
| | - Vardis Ntoukakis
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK.
- Warwick Integrative Synthetic Biology Centre, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK.
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14
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Wang D, Wei L, Liu T, Ma J, Huang K, Guo H, Huang Y, Zhang L, Zhao J, Tsuda K, Wang Y. Suppression of ETI by PTI priming to balance plant growth and defense through an MPK3/MPK6-WRKYs-PP2Cs module. MOLECULAR PLANT 2023; 16:903-918. [PMID: 37041748 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2023.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Pattern-triggered immunity (PTI) and effector-triggered immunity (ETI) are required for host defense against pathogens. Although PTI and ETI are intimately connected, the underlying molecular mechanisms remain elusive. In this study, we demonstrate that flg22 priming attenuates Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 (Pst) AvrRpt2-induced hypersensitive cell death, resistance, and biomass reduction in Arabidopsis. Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) are key signaling regulators of PTI and ETI. The absence of MPK3 and MPK6 significantly reduces pre-PTI-mediated ETI suppression (PES). We found that MPK3/MPK6 interact with and phosphorylate the downstream transcription factor WRKY18, which regulates the expression of AP2C1 and PP2C5, two genes encoding protein phosphatases. Furthermore, we observed that the PTI-suppressed ETI-triggered cell death, MAPK activation, and growth retardation are significantly attenuated in wrky18/40/60 and ap2c1 pp2c5 mutants. Taken together, our results suggest that the MPK3/MPK6-WRKYs-PP2Cs module underlies PES and is essential for the maintenance of plant fitness during ETI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dacheng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biological Interactions and Crop Health, Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Disease and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lirong Wei
- Key Laboratory of Biological Interactions and Crop Health, Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Disease and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ting Liu
- Key Laboratory of Biological Interactions and Crop Health, Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Disease and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jinbiao Ma
- Key Laboratory of Biological Interactions and Crop Health, Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Disease and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Keyi Huang
- Key Laboratory of Biological Interactions and Crop Health, Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Disease and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Huimin Guo
- Key Laboratory of Biological Interactions and Crop Health, Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Disease and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yufen Huang
- Key Laboratory of Biological Interactions and Crop Health, Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Disease and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biological Interactions and Crop Health, Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Disease and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jing Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Biological Interactions and Crop Health, Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Disease and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Kenichi Tsuda
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Hubei Key Lab of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yiming Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biological Interactions and Crop Health, Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Disease and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.
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15
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Sakata N, Fujikawa T, Uke A, Ishiga T, Ichinose Y, Ishiga Y. HexR Transcription Factor Contributes to Pseudomonas cannabina pv. alisalensis Virulence by Coordinating Type Three Secretion System Genes. Microorganisms 2023; 11:microorganisms11041025. [PMID: 37110448 PMCID: PMC10145369 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11041025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Pseudomonas cannabina pv. alisalensis (Pcal) causes bacterial blight on cabbage. We previously conducted a screening for reduced virulence using Tn5 transposon mutants and identified one of the transcriptional factors, HexR, as a potential Pcal virulence factor. However, the role of HexR in plant pathogenic Pseudomonas virulence has not been investigated well. Here, we demonstrated that the Pcal hexR mutant showed reduced disease symptoms and bacterial populations on cabbage, indicating that HexR contributes to Pcal virulence. We used RNA-seq analysis to characterize the genes regulated by HexR. We found that several type three secretion system (T3SS)-related genes had lower expression of the Pcal hexR mutant. Five genes were related to T3SS machinery, two genes were related to type three helper proteins, and three genes encoded type three effectors (T3Es). We also confirmed that T3SS-related genes, including hrpL, avrPto, hopM1, and avrE1, were also down-regulated in the Pcal hexR mutant both in culture and in vivo by using RT-qPCR. T3SS functions to suppress plant defense in host plants and induce hypersensitive response (HR) cell death in non-host plants. Therefore, we investigated the expression profiles of cabbage defense-related genes, including PR1 and PR5, and found that the expressions of these genes were greater in the Pcal hexR mutant. We also demonstrated that the hexR mutant did not induce HR cell death in non-host plants, indicating that HexR contributes in causing HR in nonhost plants. Together, these results indicate that the mutation in hexR leads to a reduction in the T3SS-related gene expression and thus an impairment in plant defense suppression, reducing Pcal virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanami Sakata
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba 305-8572, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Takashi Fujikawa
- Institute of Plant Protection, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Tsukuba 305-8666, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Ayaka Uke
- Biological Resources and Post-Harvest Division, Japan International Research Center for Agricultural Sciences (JIRCAS), Tsukuba 305-8686, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Takako Ishiga
- Tsukuba-Plant Innovation Research Center (T-PIRC), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8572, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Yuki Ichinose
- Graduate School of Environmental, Life, Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Okayama, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Ishiga
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba 305-8572, Ibaraki, Japan
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16
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Lu Y, Zhang Y, Lian N, Li X. Membrane Dynamics Regulated by Cytoskeleton in Plant Immunity. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24076059. [PMID: 37047032 PMCID: PMC10094514 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The plasma membrane (PM), which is composed of a lipid layer implanted with proteins, has diverse functions in plant responses to environmental triggers. The heterogenous dynamics of lipids and proteins in the plasma membrane play important roles in regulating cellular activities with an intricate pathway that orchestrates reception, signal transduction and appropriate response in the plant immune system. In the process of the plasma membrane participating in defense responses, the cytoskeletal elements have important functions in a variety of ways, including regulation of protein and lipid dynamics as well as vesicle trafficking. In this review, we summarized how the plasma membrane contributed to plant immunity and focused on the dynamic process of cytoskeleton regulation of endocytosis and exocytosis and propose future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqing Lu
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
- Institute of Tree Development and Genome Editing, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
- Institute of Tree Development and Genome Editing, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Na Lian
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
- Institute of Tree Development and Genome Editing, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Xiaojuan Li
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
- Institute of Tree Development and Genome Editing, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
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17
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De Ryck J, Van Damme P, Goormachtig S. From prediction to function: Current practices and challenges towards the functional characterization of type III effectors. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1113442. [PMID: 36846751 PMCID: PMC9945535 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1113442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The type III secretion system (T3SS) is a well-studied pathogenicity determinant of many bacteria through which effectors (T3Es) are translocated into the host cell, where they exercise a wide range of functions to deceive the host cell's immunity and to establish a niche. Here we look at the different approaches that are used to functionally characterize a T3E. Such approaches include host localization studies, virulence screenings, biochemical activity assays, and large-scale omics, such as transcriptomics, interactomics, and metabolomics, among others. By means of the phytopathogenic Ralstonia solanacearum species complex (RSSC) as a case study, the current advances of these methods will be explored, alongside the progress made in understanding effector biology. Data obtained by such complementary methods provide crucial information to comprehend the entire function of the effectome and will eventually lead to a better understanding of the phytopathogen, opening opportunities to tackle it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joren De Ryck
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium,Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Ghent, Belgium,iRIP Unit, Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Petra Van Damme
- iRIP Unit, Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sofie Goormachtig
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium,Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Ghent, Belgium,*Correspondence: Sofie Goormachtig,
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18
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Sakata N, Ishiga Y. Prevention of Stomatal Entry as a Strategy for Plant Disease Control against Foliar Pathogenic Pseudomonas Species. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:plants12030590. [PMID: 36771673 PMCID: PMC9919041 DOI: 10.3390/plants12030590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 01/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The genus Pseudomonas includes some of the most problematic and studied foliar bacterial pathogens. Generally, in a successful disease cycle there is an initial epiphytic lifestyle on the leaf surface and a subsequent aggressive endophytic stage inside the leaf apoplast. Leaf-associated bacterial pathogens enter intercellular spaces and internal leaf tissues by natural surface opening sites, such as stomata. The stomatal crossing is complex and dynamic, and functional genomic studies have revealed several virulence factors required for plant entry. Currently, treatments with copper-containing compounds, where authorized and admitted, and antibiotics are commonly used against bacterial plant pathogens. However, strains resistant to these chemicals occur in the fields. Therefore, the demand for alternative control strategies has been increasing. This review summarizes efficient strategies to prevent bacterial entry. Virulence factors required for entering the leaf in plant-pathogenic Pseudomonas species are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanami Sakata
- Correspondence: (N.S.); (Y.I.); Tel./Fax: (+81)-029-853-4792 (Y.I.)
| | - Yasuhiro Ishiga
- Correspondence: (N.S.); (Y.I.); Tel./Fax: (+81)-029-853-4792 (Y.I.)
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19
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Chen N, Shao Q, Lu Q, Li X, Gao Y. Transcriptome analysis reveals differential transcription in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) following inoculation with Ralstonia solanacearum. Sci Rep 2022; 12:22137. [PMID: 36550145 PMCID: PMC9780229 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-26693-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) is a major Solanaceae crop worldwide and is vulnerable to bacterial wilt (BW) caused by Ralstonia solanacearum during the production process. BW has become a growing concern that could enormously deplete the tomato yield from 50 to 100% and decrease the quality. Research on the molecular mechanism of tomato regulating BW resistance is still limited. In this study, two tomato inbred lines (Hm 2-2, resistant to BW; and BY 1-2, susceptible to BW) were used to explore the molecular mechanism of tomato in response to R. solanacearum infection by RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) technology. We identified 1923 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between Hm 2-2 and BY 1-2 after R. solanacearum inoculation. Among these DEGs, 828 were up-regulated while 1095 were down-regulated in R-3dpi (Hm 2-2 at 3 days post-inoculation with R. solanacearum) vs. R-mock (mock-inoculated Hm 2-2); 1087 and 2187 were up- and down-regulated, respectively, in S-3dpi (BY 1-2 at 3 days post-inoculation with R. solanacearum) vs. S-mock (mock-inoculated BY 1-2). Moreover, Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analysis revealed that the largest amount of DEGs were annotated with the Biological Process terms, followed by Cellular Component and Molecular Function terms. A total of 114, 124, 85, and 89 regulated (or altered) pathways were identified in R-3dpi vs. R-mock, S-3dpi vs. S-mock, R-mock vs. S-mock, and R-3dpi vs. S-3dpi comparisons, respectively, by Kyoto Encyclopaedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis. These clarified the molecular function and resistance pathways of DEGs. Furthermore, quantitative RT-PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis confirmed the expression patterns of eight randomly selected DEGs, which suggested that the RNA-seq results were reliable. Subsequently, in order to further verify the reliability of the transcriptome data and the accuracy of qRT-PCR results, WRKY75, one of the eight DEGs was silenced by virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) and the defense response of plants to R. solanacearum infection was analyzed. In conclusion, the findings of this study provide profound insight into the potential mechanism of tomato in response to R. solanacearum infection, which lays an important foundation for future studies on BW.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Chen
- grid.449868.f0000 0000 9798 3808College of Life Science and Resources and Environment, Yichun University, Yichun, 336000 China
| | - Qin Shao
- grid.449868.f0000 0000 9798 3808College of Life Science and Resources and Environment, Yichun University, Yichun, 336000 China
| | - Qineng Lu
- grid.449868.f0000 0000 9798 3808College of Life Science and Resources and Environment, Yichun University, Yichun, 336000 China
| | - Xiaopeng Li
- grid.449868.f0000 0000 9798 3808College of Life Science and Resources and Environment, Yichun University, Yichun, 336000 China
| | - Yang Gao
- grid.449868.f0000 0000 9798 3808College of Life Science and Resources and Environment, Yichun University, Yichun, 336000 China
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20
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Zhao R, Cao Y, Ge Y, Xu J, Li R, Yang M, Chen Y, Wu D, Xiao J, Li R. Single-Molecule and Vesicle Trafficking Analysis of Ubiquitination Involved in the Activity of Ammonium Transporter AMT1;3 in Arbidopsis under High Ammonium Stress. Cells 2022; 11:cells11223651. [PMID: 36429077 PMCID: PMC9688738 DOI: 10.3390/cells11223651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 11/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants absorb nitrogen from the soil using ammonium transporters (AMTs). Plants can precisely regulate AMT1;3 levels using sophisticated regulatory systems, ensuring adequate nitrogen uptake without hazardous ammonium production. Here, we demonstrated that ubiquitylation can contribute to AMT1;3 degradation under high ammonium stress. Using the ubiquitin site mutant AMT1;3K75R,K233R-EGFP, we demonstrated that the loss of ubiquitination affects the dynamic characteristics of AMT1;3 proteins on the plasma membrane and markedly inhibits the endocytosis of AMT1;3 proteins under high ammonium stress. AMT1;3K75R,K233R-EGFP plants also showed inhibition of protein degradation that targets the vesicular pathway after being exposed to high levels of ammonium. Our findings showed that the dynamic properties, endocytosis, and vesicle trafficking pathways of AMT1;3 proteins are altered in AMT1;3K75R,K233R-EGFP under high ammonium conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Zhao
- National Engineering Research Center of Tree Breeding and Ecological Restoration, College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
- Institute of Tree Development and Genome Editing, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yangyang Cao
- National Engineering Research Center of Tree Breeding and Ecological Restoration, College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
- Institute of Tree Development and Genome Editing, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
- Shijiazhuang Zhonghua Avenue Primary School, Shijiazhuang 050000, China
| | - Yanrui Ge
- National Engineering Research Center of Tree Breeding and Ecological Restoration, College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
- Institute of Tree Development and Genome Editing, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Jing Xu
- National Engineering Research Center of Tree Breeding and Ecological Restoration, College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
- Institute of Tree Development and Genome Editing, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Ruofan Li
- National Engineering Research Center of Tree Breeding and Ecological Restoration, College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
- Institute of Tree Development and Genome Editing, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Mei Yang
- National Engineering Research Center of Tree Breeding and Ecological Restoration, College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
- Institute of Tree Development and Genome Editing, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yingying Chen
- National Engineering Research Center of Tree Breeding and Ecological Restoration, College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
- Institute of Tree Development and Genome Editing, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Dingjie Wu
- National Engineering Research Center of Tree Breeding and Ecological Restoration, College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
- Institute of Tree Development and Genome Editing, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Jianwei Xiao
- National Engineering Research Center of Tree Breeding and Ecological Restoration, College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
- Institute of Tree Development and Genome Editing, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Ruili Li
- National Engineering Research Center of Tree Breeding and Ecological Restoration, College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
- Institute of Tree Development and Genome Editing, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
- Correspondence:
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21
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Bundalovic-Torma C, Lonjon F, Desveaux D, Guttman DS. Diversity, Evolution, and Function of Pseudomonas syringae Effectoromes. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2022; 60:211-236. [PMID: 35537470 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-phyto-021621-121935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Pseudomonas syringae is an evolutionarily diverse bacterial species complex and a preeminent model for the study of plant-pathogen interactions due in part to its remarkably broad host range. A critical feature of P. syringae virulence is the employment of suites of type III secreted effector (T3SE) proteins, which vary widely in composition and function. These effectors act on a variety of plant intracellular targets to promote pathogenesis but can also be avirulence factors when detected by host immune complexes. In this review, we survey the phylogenetic diversity (PD) of the P. syringae effectorome, comprising 70 distinct T3SE families identified to date, and highlight how avoidance of host immune detection has shaped effectorome diversity through functional redundancy, diversification, and horizontal transfer. We present emerging avenues for research and novel insights that can be gained via future investigations of plant-pathogen interactions through the fusion of large-scale interaction screens and phylogenomic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fabien Lonjon
- Department of Cell & Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; ,
| | - Darrell Desveaux
- Department of Cell & Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; ,
- Centre for the Analysis of Genome Evolution & Function, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - David S Guttman
- Department of Cell & Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; ,
- Centre for the Analysis of Genome Evolution & Function, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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22
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What's new in protein kinase/phosphatase signalling in the control of plant immunity? Essays Biochem 2022; 66:621-634. [PMID: 35723080 PMCID: PMC9528078 DOI: 10.1042/ebc20210088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Plant immunity is crucial to plant health but comes at an expense. For optimal plant growth, tight immune regulation is required to prevent unnecessary rechannelling of valuable resources. Pattern- and effector-triggered immunity (PTI/ETI) represent the two tiers of immunity initiated after sensing microbial patterns at the cell surface or pathogen effectors secreted into plant cells, respectively. Recent evidence of PTI-ETI cross-potentiation suggests a close interplay of signalling pathways and defense responses downstream of perception that is still poorly understood. This review will focus on controls on plant immunity through phosphorylation, a universal and key cellular regulatory mechanism. Rather than a complete overview, we highlight “what’s new in protein kinase/phosphatase signalling” in the immunity field. In addition to phosphoregulation of components in the pattern recognition receptor (PRR) complex, we will cover the actions of the major immunity-relevant intracellular protein kinases/phosphatases in the ‘signal relay’, namely calcium-regulated kinases (e.g. calcium-dependent protein kinases, CDPKs), mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), and various protein phosphatases. We discuss how these factors define a phosphocode that generates cellular decision-making ‘logic gates’, which contribute to signalling fidelity, amplitude, and duration. To underscore the importance of phosphorylation, we summarize strategies employed by pathogens to subvert plant immune phosphopathways. In view of recent game-changing discoveries of ETI-derived resistosomes organizing into calcium-permeable pores, we speculate on a possible calcium-regulated phosphocode as the mechanistic control of the PTI-ETI continuum.
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23
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Bai R, Li H, Du W, Niu N, Li W, Gao Q, Yao C, Zhou Z, Bao W, Che M, Zhao Y, Zhou B, Wang Y, Wuriyanghan H. Decoy engineering of the receptor-like cytoplasmic kinase StPBS1 to defend against virus infection in potato. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2022; 23:901-908. [PMID: 35393767 PMCID: PMC9104261 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Potato virus Y (PVY) is an important pathogen of potato (Solanum tuberosum). Although the PBS1-RPS5 immune system is well documented in Arabidopsis thaliana, it has not been reported in potato. In Arabidopsis, the bacterial effector AvrPphB cleaves AtPBS1 to trigger an immune response. Here, we show that the AvrPphB-triggered immune response is mediated by StPBS1, a close homologue of AtPBS1 in potato. However, downstream signalling of StPBS1 was mediated by unknown resistance (R) proteins other than potato orthologues of AtRPS5 and HvPBR1, which is important for HvPBS1 signalling in barley. Immune signalling of StPBS1 is mediated by the AvrPphB C-terminal cleavage domain and an STKPQ motif, in contrast to AtPBS1-mediated immunity in which both AvrPphB cleavage fragments and an SEMPH motif are essential. The cleavage sequence of AvrPphB in StPBS1 was replaced with that of the PVY NIa-Pro protease to obtain StPBS1NIa . StPBS1NIa overexpression potato displayed stronger immunity to PVY infection than did the StPBS1 transgenic lines. StPBS1NIa was cleaved at the expected target site by NIa-Pro protease from PVY. Thus, we characterized the function of StPBS1 in potato immunity and provide a biotechnology control method for PVY via transformation of decoy-engineered StPBS1NIa .
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Affiliation(s)
- Runyao Bai
- Key Laboratory of Forage and Endemic Crop BiotechnologyMinistry of EducationSchool of Life SciencesInner Mongolia UniversityHohhotChina
| | - Huanhuan Li
- Key Laboratory of Forage and Endemic Crop BiotechnologyMinistry of EducationSchool of Life SciencesInner Mongolia UniversityHohhotChina
| | - Wenjia Du
- Key Laboratory of Forage and Endemic Crop BiotechnologyMinistry of EducationSchool of Life SciencesInner Mongolia UniversityHohhotChina
| | - Niu Niu
- Key Laboratory of Forage and Endemic Crop BiotechnologyMinistry of EducationSchool of Life SciencesInner Mongolia UniversityHohhotChina
| | - Wenxia Li
- Key Laboratory of Forage and Endemic Crop BiotechnologyMinistry of EducationSchool of Life SciencesInner Mongolia UniversityHohhotChina
| | - Qican Gao
- Key Laboratory of Forage and Endemic Crop BiotechnologyMinistry of EducationSchool of Life SciencesInner Mongolia UniversityHohhotChina
| | - Chongyang Yao
- Key Laboratory of Forage and Endemic Crop BiotechnologyMinistry of EducationSchool of Life SciencesInner Mongolia UniversityHohhotChina
| | - Zikai Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Forage and Endemic Crop BiotechnologyMinistry of EducationSchool of Life SciencesInner Mongolia UniversityHohhotChina
| | - Wenhua Bao
- Key Laboratory of Forage and Endemic Crop BiotechnologyMinistry of EducationSchool of Life SciencesInner Mongolia UniversityHohhotChina
| | - Mingjia Che
- Key Laboratory of Forage and Endemic Crop BiotechnologyMinistry of EducationSchool of Life SciencesInner Mongolia UniversityHohhotChina
| | - Yongxiu Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Forage and Endemic Crop BiotechnologyMinistry of EducationSchool of Life SciencesInner Mongolia UniversityHohhotChina
| | - Bin Zhou
- Crop Research Institute of Anhui Academy of Agricultural SciencesHefeiChina
| | - Yaohui Wang
- School of Biological Science and TechnologyBaotou Teachers CollegeBaotouChina
| | - Hada Wuriyanghan
- Key Laboratory of Forage and Endemic Crop BiotechnologyMinistry of EducationSchool of Life SciencesInner Mongolia UniversityHohhotChina
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24
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Smalley S, Hellmann H. Review: Exploring possible approaches using ubiquitylation and sumoylation pathways in modifying plant stress tolerance. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 319:111275. [PMID: 35487671 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2022.111275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Ubiquitin and similar proteins, such as SUMO, are utilized by plants to modify target proteins to rapidly change their stability and activity in cells. This review will provide an overview of these crucial protein interactions with a focus on ubiquitylation and sumoylation in plants and how they contribute to stress tolerance. The work will also explore possibilities to use these highly conserved pathways for novel approaches to generate more robust crop plants better fit to cope with abiotic and biotic stress situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Smalley
- Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, United States
| | - Hanjo Hellmann
- Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, United States.
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25
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Iswanto ABB, Vu MH, Pike S, Lee J, Kang H, Son GH, Kim J, Kim SH. Pathogen effectors: What do they do at plasmodesmata? MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2022; 23:795-804. [PMID: 34569687 PMCID: PMC9104267 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Plants perceive an assortment of external cues during their life cycle, including abiotic and biotic stressors. Biotic stress from a variety of pathogens, including viruses, oomycetes, fungi, and bacteria, is considered to be a substantial factor hindering plant growth and development. To hijack the host cell's defence machinery, plant pathogens have evolved sophisticated attack strategies mediated by numerous effector proteins. Several studies have indicated that plasmodesmata (PD), symplasmic pores that facilitate cell-to-cell communication between a cell and neighbouring cells, are one of the targets of pathogen effectors. However, in contrast to plant-pathogenic viruses, reports of fungal- and bacterial-encoded effectors that localize to and exploit PD are limited. Surprisingly, a recent study of PD-associated bacterial effectors has shown that a number of bacterial effectors undergo cell-to-cell movement via PD. Here we summarize and highlight recent advances in the study of PD-associated fungal/oomycete/bacterial effectors. We also discuss how pathogen effectors interfere with host defence mechanisms in the context of PD regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arya Bagus Boedi Iswanto
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Four Program)Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research CenterGyeongsang National UniversityJinjuRepublic of Korea
| | - Minh Huy Vu
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Four Program)Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research CenterGyeongsang National UniversityJinjuRepublic of Korea
| | - Sharon Pike
- Division of Plant SciencesChristopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center and Interdisciplinary Plant GroupUniversity of MissouriColumbiaMissouriUSA
| | - Jihyun Lee
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Four Program)Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research CenterGyeongsang National UniversityJinjuRepublic of Korea
| | - Hobin Kang
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Four Program)Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research CenterGyeongsang National UniversityJinjuRepublic of Korea
| | - Geon Hui Son
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Four Program)Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research CenterGyeongsang National UniversityJinjuRepublic of Korea
| | - Jae‐Yean Kim
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Four Program)Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research CenterGyeongsang National UniversityJinjuRepublic of Korea
- Division of Life ScienceGyeongsang National UniversityJinjuRepublic of Korea
| | - Sang Hee Kim
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Four Program)Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research CenterGyeongsang National UniversityJinjuRepublic of Korea
- Division of Life ScienceGyeongsang National UniversityJinjuRepublic of Korea
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26
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Stegmann M, Zecua-Ramirez P, Ludwig C, Lee HS, Peterson B, Nimchuk ZL, Belkhadir Y, Hückelhoven R. RGI-GOLVEN signaling promotes cell surface immune receptor abundance to regulate plant immunity. EMBO Rep 2022; 23:e53281. [PMID: 35229426 PMCID: PMC9066070 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202153281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant immune responses must be tightly controlled for proper allocation of resources for growth and development. In plants, endogenous signaling peptides regulate developmental and growth‐related processes. Recent research indicates that some of these peptides also have regulatory functions in the control of plant immune responses. This classifies these peptides as phytocytokines as they show analogies with metazoan cytokines. However, the mechanistic basis for phytocytokine‐mediated regulation of plant immunity remains largely elusive. Here, we identify GOLVEN2 (GLV2) peptides as phytocytokines in Arabidopsis thaliana. GLV2 signaling enhances sensitivity of plants to elicitation with immunogenic bacterial elicitors and contributes to resistance against virulent bacterial pathogens. GLV2 is perceived by ROOT MERISTEM GROWTH FACTOR 1 INSENSITIVE (RGI) receptors. RGI mutants show reduced elicitor sensitivity and enhanced susceptibility to bacterial infection. RGI3 forms ligand‐induced complexes with the pattern recognition receptor (PRR) FLAGELLIN SENSITIVE 2 (FLS2), suggesting that RGIs are part of PRR signaling platforms. GLV2‐RGI signaling promotes PRR abundance independent of transcriptional regulation and controls plant immunity via a previously undescribed mechanism of phytocytokine activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Stegmann
- Phytopathology, School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Patricia Zecua-Ramirez
- Phytopathology, School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Christina Ludwig
- Bavarian Center for Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry (BayBioMS), Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Ho-Seok Lee
- Gregor Mendel Institute (GMI), Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria
| | - Brenda Peterson
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Zachary L Nimchuk
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Youssef Belkhadir
- Gregor Mendel Institute (GMI), Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria
| | - Ralph Hückelhoven
- Phytopathology, School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
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27
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Kitazawa Y, Iwabuchi N, Maejima K, Sasano M, Matsumoto O, Koinuma H, Tokuda R, Suzuki M, Oshima K, Namba S, Yamaji Y. A phytoplasma effector acts as a ubiquitin-like mediator between floral MADS-box proteins and proteasome shuttle proteins. THE PLANT CELL 2022; 34:1709-1723. [PMID: 35234248 PMCID: PMC9048881 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koac062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Plant pathogenic bacteria have developed effectors to manipulate host cell functions to facilitate infection. A certain number of effectors use the conserved ubiquitin-proteasome system in eukaryotic to proteolyze targets. The proteasome utilization mechanism is mainly mediated by ubiquitin interaction with target proteins destined for degradation. Phyllogens are a family of protein effectors produced by pathogenic phytoplasmas that transform flowers into leaves in diverse plants. Here, we present a noncanonical mechanism for phyllogen action that involves the proteasome and is ubiquitin-independent. Phyllogens induce proteasomal degradation of floral MADS-box transcription factors (MTFs) in the presence of RADIATION-SENSITIVE23 (RAD23) shuttle proteins, which recruit ubiquitinated proteins to the proteasome. Intracellular localization analysis revealed that phyllogen induced colocalization of MTF with RAD23. The MTF/phyllogen/RAD23 ternary protein complex was detected not only in planta but also in vitro in the absence of ubiquitin, showing that phyllogen directly mediates interaction between MTF and RAD23. A Lys-less nonubiquitinated phyllogen mutant induced degradation of MTF or a Lys-less mutant of MTF. Furthermore, the method of sequential formation of the MTF/phyllogen/RAD23 protein complex was elucidated, first by MTF/phyllogen interaction and then RAD23 recruitment. Phyllogen recognized both the evolutionarily conserved tetramerization region of MTF and the ubiquitin-associated domain of RAD23. Our findings indicate that phyllogen functionally mimics ubiquitin as a mediator between MTF and RAD23.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yugo Kitazawa
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Biology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Nozomu Iwabuchi
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Biology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | | | - Momoka Sasano
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Biology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Oki Matsumoto
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Biology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Koinuma
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Biology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Tokuda
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Biology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Masato Suzuki
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Biology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Kenro Oshima
- Faculty of Bioscience and Applied Chemistry, Hosei University, Tokyo 184-8584, Japan
| | - Shigetou Namba
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Biology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Yamaji
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Biology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
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28
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Ngou BPM, Ding P, Jones JDG. Thirty years of resistance: Zig-zag through the plant immune system. THE PLANT CELL 2022; 34:1447-1478. [PMID: 35167697 PMCID: PMC9048904 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koac041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 251] [Impact Index Per Article: 125.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the plant immune system is crucial for using genetics to protect crops from diseases. Plants resist pathogens via a two-tiered innate immune detection-and-response system. The first plant Resistance (R) gene was cloned in 1992 . Since then, many cell-surface pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) have been identified, and R genes that encode intracellular nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat receptors (NLRs) have been cloned. Here, we provide a list of characterized PRRs and NLRs. In addition to immune receptors, many components of immune signaling networks were discovered over the last 30 years. We review the signaling pathways, physiological responses, and molecular regulation of both PRR- and NLR-mediated immunity. Recent studies have reinforced the importance of interactions between the two immune systems. We provide an overview of interactions between PRR- and NLR-mediated immunity, highlighting challenges and perspectives for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pingtao Ding
- Author for correspondence: (B.P.M.N.); (P.D.); (J.J.)
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29
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Schulman P, Ribeiro THC, Fokar M, Chalfun-Junior A, Lally RD, Paré PW, de Medeiros FHV. A Microbial Fermentation Product Induces Defense-Related Transcriptional Changes and the Accumulation of Phenolic Compounds in Glycine max. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2022; 112:862-871. [PMID: 34622696 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-06-21-0227-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
With the progressive loss of fungicide efficacy against Phakopsora pachyrhizi, the causal agent of Asian soybean rust (ASR), alternative methods to protect soybean crops are needed. Resistance induction is a low impact alternative and/or supplement to fungicide applications that fortifies innate plant defenses against pathogens. Here, we show that a microbial fermentation product (MFP) induces plant defenses in soybean, and transcriptional induction is enhanced with the introduction of ASR. MFP-treated plants exhibited 1,011 and 1,877 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) 12 and 60 h after treatment, respectively, compared with water controls. MFP plants exposed to the pathogen 48 h after application and sampled 12 h later (for a total of 60 h) had 2,401 DEGs compared with control. The plant defense genes PR1, PR2, IPER, PAL, and CHS were induced with MFP application, and induction was enhanced with ASR. Enriched pathways associated with pathogen defense included plant-pathogen interactions, MAPK signaling pathways, phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, glutathione metabolism, flavonoid metabolism, and isoflavonoid metabolism. In field conditions, elevated antioxidant peroxidase activities and phenolic accumulation were measured with MFP treatment; however, improved ASR control or enhanced crop yield were not observed. MFP elicitation differences between field and laboratory grown plants necessitates further testing to identify best practices for effective disease management with MFP-treated soybean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Schulman
- Empresa de Assistência Técnica e Extensão Rural do Estado Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 30441-194, Brazil
| | - Thales H C Ribeiro
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências Naturais, Universidade Federal de Lavras, Lavras, Minas Gerais 37200-900, Brazil
| | - Mohamed Fokar
- Center for Biotechnology & Genomics, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, U.S.A
| | - Antonio Chalfun-Junior
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências Naturais, Universidade Federal de Lavras, Lavras, Minas Gerais 37200-900, Brazil
| | | | - Paul W Paré
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, U.S.A
| | - Flávio H V de Medeiros
- Departamento de Fitopatologia, Escola de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal de Lavras, Lavras, Minas Gerais 37200-900, Brazil
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30
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Weiß L, Gaelings L, Reiner T, Mergner J, Kuster B, Fehér A, Hensel G, Gahrtz M, Kumlehn J, Engelhardt S, Hückelhoven R. Posttranslational modification of the RHO of plants protein RACB by phosphorylation and cross-kingdom conserved ubiquitination. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0258924. [PMID: 35333858 PMCID: PMC8956194 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0258924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Small RHO-type G-proteins act as signaling hubs and master regulators of polarity in eukaryotic cells. Their activity is tightly controlled, as defective RHO signaling leads to aberrant growth and developmental defects. Two major processes regulate G-protein activity: canonical shuttling between different nucleotide bound states and posttranslational modification (PTM), of which the latter can support or suppress RHO signaling, depending on the individual PTM. In plants, regulation of Rho of plants (ROPs) signaling activity has been shown to act through nucleotide exchange and GTP hydrolysis, as well as through lipid modification, but there is little data available on phosphorylation or ubiquitination of ROPs. Hence, we applied proteomic analyses to identify PTMs of the barley ROP RACB. We observed in vitro phosphorylation by barley ROP binding kinase 1 and in vivo ubiquitination of RACB. Comparative analyses of the newly identified RACB phosphosites and human RHO protein phosphosites revealed conservation of modified amino acid residues, but no overlap of actual phosphorylation patterns. However, the identified RACB ubiquitination site is conserved in all ROPs from Hordeum vulgare, Arabidopsis thaliana and Oryza sativa and in mammalian Rac1 and Rac3. Point mutation of this ubiquitination site leads to stabilization of RACB. Hence, this highly conserved lysine residue may regulate protein stability across different kingdoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Weiß
- Chair of Phytopathology, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Freising, Germany
| | - Lana Gaelings
- Chair of Phytopathology, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Freising, Germany
| | - Tina Reiner
- Chair of Phytopathology, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Freising, Germany
| | - Julia Mergner
- Chair of Proteomics and Bioanalytics, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Freising, Germany
| | - Bernhard Kuster
- Chair of Proteomics and Bioanalytics, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Freising, Germany
- Bavarian Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry Center (BayBioMS), TUM, Freising, Germany
| | - Attila Fehér
- Chair of Plant Biology, University of Szeged, and Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Centre, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Götz Hensel
- Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Manfred Gahrtz
- Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Jochen Kumlehn
- Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Stefan Engelhardt
- Chair of Phytopathology, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Freising, Germany
| | - Ralph Hückelhoven
- Chair of Phytopathology, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Freising, Germany
- * E-mail:
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31
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Murakami T, Katsuragi Y, Hirai H, Wataya K, Kondo M, Che FS. Distribution of flagellin CD2-1, flg22, and flgII-28 recognition systems in plant species and regulation of plant immune responses through these recognition systems. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2022; 86:490-501. [PMID: 35040954 DOI: 10.1093/bbb/zbac007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The first layer of active plant immunity relies upon the recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), and the induction of PTI. Flagellin is the major protein component of the bacterial flagellum. Flagellin-derived peptide fragments such as CD2-1, flg22, and flgII-28 function as PAMPs in most higher plants. To determine the distribution of CD2-1, flg22, and flgII-28 recognition systems within plant species, the inducibility of PTI by CD2-1, flg22, and flgII-28 in 8 plant species, including monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous plants, was investigated. CD2-1 caused PTI responses in Oryza sativa, Brachypodium distachyon, and Asparagus persicus; flg22 caused PTI responses in Phyllostachys nigra, A. persicus, Arabidopsis thaliana, Nicotiana tabacum, Solanum lycopersicum, and Lotus japonicus; and flgII-28 caused PTI responses only in S. lycopersicum. Furthermore, quantitative analysis of FLS2 receptor revealed that the responsiveness of flg22 in plants was dependent on the expression level of the receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiko Murakami
- Graduate School of Biosciences, Nagahama Institute of Bio-Science and Technology, Nagahama, Shiga, Japan
| | - Yuya Katsuragi
- Department of Bio-Science, Nagahama Institute of Bio-Science and Technology, Nagahama, Shiga, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Hirai
- Department of Bio-Science, Nagahama Institute of Bio-Science and Technology, Nagahama, Shiga, Japan
| | - Koki Wataya
- Department of Bio-Science, Nagahama Institute of Bio-Science and Technology, Nagahama, Shiga, Japan
| | - Machiko Kondo
- Department of Bio-Science, Nagahama Institute of Bio-Science and Technology, Nagahama, Shiga, Japan
| | - Fang-Sik Che
- Graduate School of Biosciences, N a gahama Institute of Bio-Science and Technology, Nagahama, Shiga, Japan.,Department of Bio-Science, Nagahama Institute of Bio-Science and Technology, Nagahama, Shiga, Japan.,Genome Editing Research Institute, Nagahama Institute of Bio-Science and Technology, Nagahama, Shiga, Japan
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32
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Wang Y, Pruitt RN, Nürnberger T, Wang Y. Evasion of plant immunity by microbial pathogens. Nat Rev Microbiol 2022; 20:449-464. [PMID: 35296800 DOI: 10.1038/s41579-022-00710-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Plant pathogenic viruses, bacteria, fungi and oomycetes cause destructive diseases in natural habitats and agricultural settings, thereby threatening plant biodiversity and global food security. The capability of plants to sense and respond to microbial infection determines the outcome of plant-microorganism interactions. Host-adapted microbial pathogens exploit various infection strategies to evade or counter plant immunity and eventually establish a replicative niche. Evasion of plant immunity through dampening host recognition or the subsequent immune signalling and defence execution is a crucial infection strategy used by different microbial pathogens to cause diseases, underpinning a substantial obstacle for efficient deployment of host genetic resistance genes for sustainable disease control. In this Review, we discuss current knowledge of the varied strategies microbial pathogens use to evade the complicated network of plant immunity for successful infection. In addition, we discuss how to exploit this knowledge to engineer crop resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.,The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Rory N Pruitt
- Centre for Molecular Biology of Plants (ZMBP), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Thorsten Nürnberger
- Centre for Molecular Biology of Plants (ZMBP), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Yuanchao Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China. .,The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.
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33
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Niu Y, Fu S, Chen G, Wang H, Wang Y, Hu J, Jin X, Zhang M, Lu M, He Y, Wang D, Chen Y, Zhang Y, Coll NS, Valls M, Zhao C, Chen Q, Lu H. Different epitopes of Ralstonia solanacearum effector RipAW are recognized by two Nicotiana species and trigger immune responses. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2022; 23:188-203. [PMID: 34719088 PMCID: PMC8743020 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Diverse pathogen effectors convergently target conserved components in plant immunity guarded by intracellular nucleotide-binding domain leucine-rich repeat receptors (NLRs) and activate effector-triggered immunity (ETI), often causing cell death. Little is known of the differences underlying ETI in different plants triggered by the same effector. In this study, we demonstrated that effector RipAW triggers ETI on Nicotiana benthamiana and Nicotiana tabacum. Both the first 107 amino acids (N1-107 ) and RipAW E3-ligase activity are required but not sufficient for triggering ETI on N. benthamiana. However, on N. tabacum, the N1-107 fragment is essential and sufficient for inducing cell death. The first 60 amino acids of the protein are not essential for RipAW-triggered cell death on either N. benthamiana or N. tabacum. Furthermore, simultaneous mutation of both R75 and R78 disrupts RipAW-triggered ETI on N. tabacum, but not on N. benthamiana. In addition, N. tabacum recognizes more RipAW orthologs than N. benthamiana. These data showcase the commonalities and specificities of RipAW-activated ETI in two evolutionally related species, suggesting Nicotiana species have acquired different abilities to perceive RipAW and activate plant defences during plant-pathogen co-evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid AreasCollege of AgronomyNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
| | - Shouyang Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid AreasCollege of AgronomyNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
| | - Gong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid AreasCollege of AgronomyNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
| | - Huijuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid AreasCollege of AgronomyNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
| | - Yisa Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid AreasCollege of AgronomyNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
| | - JinXue Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid AreasCollege of AgronomyNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
| | - Xin Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid AreasCollege of AgronomyNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
| | - Mancang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid AreasCollege of AgronomyNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
| | - Mingxia Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid AreasCollege of AgronomyNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
| | - Yizhe He
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid AreasCollege of AgronomyNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
| | - Dongdong Wang
- Shaanxi Key State Laboratory of Crop HeterosisNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
| | - Yue Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid AreasCollege of AgronomyNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
| | - Yong Zhang
- College of Food Science and EngineeringNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
- College of Resources and EnvironmentSouthwest UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Núria S. Coll
- Interdisciplinary Research Center for Agriculture Green Development in Yangtze River BasinSoutheast UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Marc Valls
- Interdisciplinary Research Center for Agriculture Green Development in Yangtze River BasinSoutheast UniversityChongqingChina
- Centre for Research in Agricultural GenomicsCSIC‐IRTA‐UAB‐UBBellaterraCataloniaSpain
| | - Cuizhu Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid AreasCollege of AgronomyNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
| | - Qin Chen
- Shaanxi Key State Laboratory of Crop HeterosisNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
| | - Haibin Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid AreasCollege of AgronomyNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
- Department of GeneticsUniversity of BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain
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34
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Gronnier J, Franck CM, Stegmann M, DeFalco TA, Abarca A, von Arx M, Dünser K, Lin W, Yang Z, Kleine-Vehn J, Ringli C, Zipfel C. Regulation of immune receptor kinase plasma membrane nanoscale organization by a plant peptide hormone and its receptors. eLife 2022; 11:74162. [PMID: 34989334 PMCID: PMC8791635 DOI: 10.7554/elife.74162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Spatial partitioning is a propensity of biological systems orchestrating cell activities in space and time. The dynamic regulation of plasma membrane nano-environments has recently emerged as a key fundamental aspect of plant signaling, but the molecular components governing it are still mostly unclear. The receptor kinase FERONIA (FER) controls ligand-induced complex formation of the immune receptor kinase FLAGELLIN SENSING 2 (FLS2) with its co-receptor BRASSINOSTEROID-INSENSITIVE 1-ASSOCIATED KINASE 1 (BAK1), and perception of the endogenous peptide hormone RAPID ALKALANIZATION FACTOR 23 (RALF23) by FER inhibits immunity. Here, we show that FER regulates the plasma membrane nanoscale organization of FLS2 and BAK1. Our study demonstrates that akin to FER, leucine-rich repeat (LRR) extensin proteins (LRXs) contribute to RALF23 responsiveness and regulate BAK1 nanoscale organization and immune signaling. Furthermore, RALF23 perception leads to rapid modification of FLS2 and BAK1 nanoscale organization, and its inhibitory activity on immune signaling relies on FER kinase activity. Our results suggest that perception of RALF peptides by FER and LRXs actively modulates plasma membrane nanoscale organization to regulate cell surface signaling by other ligand-binding receptor kinases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Gronnier
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology and Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Christina M Franck
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology and Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Martin Stegmann
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas A DeFalco
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology and Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Alicia Abarca
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology and Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Michelle von Arx
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology and Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Kai Dünser
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Wenwei Lin
- FAFU-UCR Joint Center for Horticultural Biology and Metabolomics Center, Haixia, Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Zhenbiao Yang
- FAFU-UCR Joint Center for Horticultural Biology and Metabolomics Center, Haixia, Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jürgen Kleine-Vehn
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christoph Ringli
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology and Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Cyril Zipfel
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology and Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
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35
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Song GC, Jeon J, Choi HK, Sim H, Kim S, Ryu C. Bacterial type III effector-induced plant C8 volatiles elicit antibacterial immunity in heterospecific neighbouring plants via airborne signalling. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2022; 45:236-247. [PMID: 34708407 PMCID: PMC9298316 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Upon sensing attack by pathogens and insect herbivores, plants release complex mixtures of volatile compounds. Here, we show that the infection of lima bean (Phaseolus lunatus L.) plants with the non-host bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato led to the production of microbe-induced plant volatiles (MIPVs). Surprisingly, the bacterial type III secretion system, which injects effector proteins directly into the plant cytosol to subvert host functions, was found to prime both intra- and inter-specific defense responses in neighbouring wild tobacco (Nicotiana benthamiana) plants. Screening of each of 16 effectors using the Pseudomonas fluorescens effector-to-host analyser revealed that an effector, HopP1, was responsible for immune activation in receiver tobacco plants. Further study demonstrated that 1-octen-3-ol, 3-octanone and 3-octanol are novel MIPVs emitted by the lima bean plant in a HopP1-dependent manner. Exposure to synthetic 1-octen-3-ol activated immunity in tobacco plants against a virulent pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. tabaci. Our results show for the first time that a bacterial type III effector can trigger the emission of C8 plant volatiles that mediate defense priming via plant-plant interactions. These results provide novel insights into the role of airborne chemicals in bacterial pathogen-induced inter-specific plant-plant interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geun Cheol Song
- Molecular Phytobacteriology LaboratoryInfectious Disease Research Center, KRIBBDaejeonSouth Korea
| | - Je‐Seung Jeon
- Molecular Phytobacteriology LaboratoryInfectious Disease Research Center, KRIBBDaejeonSouth Korea
| | - Hye Kyung Choi
- Molecular Phytobacteriology LaboratoryInfectious Disease Research Center, KRIBBDaejeonSouth Korea
| | - Hee‐Jung Sim
- Environmental Chemistry Research GroupKorea Institute of Toxicology (KIT)JinjuSouth Korea
| | - Sang‐Gyu Kim
- Department of Biological SciencesKorea Advanced Institute of Science and TechnologyDaejeonSouth Korea
| | - Choong‐Min Ryu
- Molecular Phytobacteriology LaboratoryInfectious Disease Research Center, KRIBBDaejeonSouth Korea
- Biosystems and Bioengineering ProgramUniversity of Science and Technology (UST)DaejeonSouth Korea
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Ma A, Zhang D, Wang G, Wang K, Li Z, Gao Y, Li H, Bian C, Cheng J, Han Y, Yang S, Gong Z, Qi J. Verticillium dahliae effector VDAL protects MYB6 from degradation by interacting with PUB25 and PUB26 E3 ligases to enhance Verticillium wilt resistance. THE PLANT CELL 2021; 33:3675-3699. [PMID: 34469582 PMCID: PMC8643689 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koab221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Verticillium wilt is a severe plant disease that causes massive losses in multiple crops. Increasing the plant resistance to Verticillium wilt is a critical challenge worldwide. Here, we report that the hemibiotrophic Verticillium dahliae-secreted Asp f2-like protein VDAL causes leaf wilting when applied to cotton leaves in vitro but enhances the resistance to V. dahliae when overexpressed in Arabidopsis or cotton without affecting the plant growth and development. VDAL protein interacts with Arabidopsis E3 ligases plant U-box 25 (PUB25) and PUB26 and is ubiquitinated by PUBs in vitro. However, VDAL is not degraded by PUB25 or PUB26 in planta. Besides, the pub25 pub26 double mutant shows higher resistance to V. dahliae than the wild-type. PUBs interact with the transcription factor MYB6 in a yeast two-hybrid screen. MYB6 promotes plant resistance to Verticillium wilt while PUBs ubiquitinate MYB6 and mediate its degradation. VDAL competes with MYB6 for binding to PUBs, and the role of VDAL in increasing Verticillium wilt resistance depends on MYB6. Taken together, these results suggest that plants evolute a strategy to utilize the invaded effector protein VDAL to resist the V. dahliae infection without causing a hypersensitive response (HR); alternatively, hemibiotrophic pathogens may use some effectors to keep plant cells alive during its infection in order to take nutrients from host cells. This study provides the molecular mechanism for plants increasing disease resistance when overexpressing some effector proteins without inducing HR, and may promote searching for more genes from pathogenic fungi or bacteria to engineer plant disease resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aifang Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Dingpeng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32608, USA
| | - Guangxing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Kai Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475001, China
| | - Zhen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yuanhui Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Hengchang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Chao Bian
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
- Department of Plant Biology and Genome Center, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Jinkui Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yinan Han
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Shuhua Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Zhizhong Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
- College of Life Science, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China
| | - Junsheng Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
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Denne NL, Hiles RR, Kyrysyuk O, Iyer-Pascuzzi AS, Mitra RM. Ralstonia solanacearum Effectors Localize to Diverse Organelles in Solanum Hosts. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2021; 111:2213-2226. [PMID: 33720750 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-10-20-0483-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Phytopathogenic bacteria secrete type III effector (T3E) proteins directly into host plant cells. T3Es can interact with plant proteins and frequently manipulate plant host physiological or developmental processes. The proper subcellular localization of T3Es is critical for their ability to interact with plant targets, and knowledge of T3E localization can be informative for studies of effector function. Here we investigated the subcellular localization of 19 T3Es from the phytopathogenic bacteria Ralstonia pseudosolanacearum and Ralstonia solanacearum. Approximately 45% of effectors in our library localize to both the plant cell periphery and the nucleus, 15% exclusively to the cell periphery, 15% exclusively to the nucleus, and 25% to other organelles, including tonoplasts and peroxisomes. Using tomato hairy roots, we show that T3E localization is similar in both leaves and roots and is not impacted by Solanum species. We find that in silico prediction programs are frequently inaccurate, highlighting the value of in planta localization experiments. Our data suggest that Ralstonia targets a wide diversity of cellular organelles and provides a foundation for developing testable hypotheses about Ralstonia effector function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina L Denne
- Department of Biology, Carleton College, Northfield, MN 55057
| | - Rachel R Hiles
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology and Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | | | - Anjali S Iyer-Pascuzzi
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology and Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | - Raka M Mitra
- Department of Biology, Carleton College, Northfield, MN 55057
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38
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Leaf Transcriptome Analysis of Broomcorn Millet Uncovers Key Genes and Pathways in Response to Sporisorium destruens. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22179542. [PMID: 34502461 PMCID: PMC8430493 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22179542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Broomcorn millet (Panicum miliaceum L.) affected by smut (caused by the pathogen Sporisorium destruens) has reduced production yields and quality. Determining the tolerance of broomcorn millet varieties is essential for smut control. This study focuses on the differences in the phenotypes, physiological characteristics, and transcriptomes of resistant and susceptible broomcorn millet varieties under Sporisorium destruens stress. In diseased broomcorn millet, the plant height and stem diameter were reduced, while the number of nodes increased. After infection, the activities of superoxide dismutase and peroxidase decreased, and malondialdehyde and relative chlorophyll content (SPAD) decreased. Transcriptome analysis showed 514 and 5452 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the resistant and susceptible varieties, respectively. The Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analysis of DEGs showed that pathways related to plant disease resistance, such as phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, plant–pathogen interaction, and plant hormone signal transduction, were significantly enriched. In addition, the transcriptome changes of cluster leaves and normal leaves in diseased broomcorn millet were analysed. Gene ontology and KEGG enrichment analyses indicated that photosynthesis played an important role in both varieties. These findings lay a foundation for future research on the molecular mechanism of the interaction between broomcorn millet and Sporisorium destruens.
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39
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Gough C, Sadanandom A. Understanding and Exploiting Post-Translational Modifications for Plant Disease Resistance. Biomolecules 2021; 11:1122. [PMID: 34439788 PMCID: PMC8392720 DOI: 10.3390/biom11081122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants are constantly threatened by pathogens, so have evolved complex defence signalling networks to overcome pathogen attacks. Post-translational modifications (PTMs) are fundamental to plant immunity, allowing rapid and dynamic responses at the appropriate time. PTM regulation is essential; pathogen effectors often disrupt PTMs in an attempt to evade immune responses. Here, we cover the mechanisms of disease resistance to pathogens, and how growth is balanced with defence, with a focus on the essential roles of PTMs. Alteration of defence-related PTMs has the potential to fine-tune molecular interactions to produce disease-resistant crops, without trade-offs in growth and fitness.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ari Sadanandom
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, Stockton Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK;
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40
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Ramachandran P, J BJ, Maupin-Furlow JA, Uthandi S. Bacterial effectors mimicking ubiquitin-proteasome pathway tweak plant immunity. Microbiol Res 2021; 250:126810. [PMID: 34246833 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2021.126810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Plant pathogenic Gram-negative bacteria evade the host plant immune system by secreting Type III (T3E) and Type IV effector (T4E) proteins into the plant cytoplasm. Mostly T3Es are secreted into the plant cells to establish pathogenicity by affecting the vital plant process viz. metabolic pathways, signal transduction and hormonal regulation. Ubiquitin-26S proteasome system (UPS) exists as one of the important pathways in plants to control plant immunity and various cellular processes by employing several enzymes and enzyme components. Pathogenic and non-pathogenic bacteria are found to secrete effectors into plants with structural and/or functional similarity to UPS pathway components like ubiquitin E3 ligases, F-box domains, cysteine proteases, inhibitor of host UPS or its components, etc. The bacterial effectors mimic UPS components and target plant resistance proteins for degradation by proteasomes, thereby taking control over the host cellular activities as a strategy to exert virulence. Thus, the bacterial effectors circumvent plant cellular pathways leading to infection and disease development. This review highlights known bacterial T3E and T4E proteins that function and interfere with the ubiquitination pathway to regulate the immune system of plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyadharshini Ramachandran
- Biocatalysts Laboratory, Department of Agricultural Microbiology, Directorate of Natural Resource Management, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Beslin Joshi J
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, Centre for Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Julie A Maupin-Furlow
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA; Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Sivakumar Uthandi
- Biocatalysts Laboratory, Department of Agricultural Microbiology, Directorate of Natural Resource Management, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India.
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O’Malley MR, Anderson JC. Regulation of the Pseudomonas syringae Type III Secretion System by Host Environment Signals. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9061227. [PMID: 34198761 PMCID: PMC8228185 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9061227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 05/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudomonas syringae are Gram-negative, plant pathogenic bacteria that use a type III secretion system (T3SS) to disarm host immune responses and promote bacterial growth within plant tissues. Despite the critical role for type III secretion in promoting virulence, T3SS-encoding genes are not constitutively expressed by P. syringae and must instead be induced during infection. While it has been known for many years that culturing P. syringae in synthetic minimal media can induce the T3SS, relatively little is known about host signals that regulate the deployment of the T3SS during infection. The recent identification of specific plant-derived amino acids and organic acids that induce T3SS-inducing genes in P. syringae has provided new insights into host sensing mechanisms. This review summarizes current knowledge of the regulatory machinery governing T3SS deployment in P. syringae, including master regulators HrpRS and HrpL encoded within the T3SS pathogenicity island, and the environmental factors that modulate the abundance and/or activity of these key regulators. We highlight putative receptors and regulatory networks involved in linking the perception of host signals to the regulation of the core HrpRS–HrpL pathway. Positive and negative regulation of T3SS deployment is also discussed within the context of P. syringae infection, where contributions from distinct host signals and regulatory networks likely enable the fine-tuning of T3SS deployment within host tissues. Last, we propose future research directions necessary to construct a comprehensive model that (a) links the perception of host metabolite signals to T3SS deployment and (b) places these host–pathogen signaling events in the overall context of P. syringae infection.
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Schreiber KJ, Chau-Ly IJ, Lewis JD. What the Wild Things Do: Mechanisms of Plant Host Manipulation by Bacterial Type III-Secreted Effector Proteins. Microorganisms 2021; 9:1029. [PMID: 34064647 PMCID: PMC8150971 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9051029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Phytopathogenic bacteria possess an arsenal of effector proteins that enable them to subvert host recognition and manipulate the host to promote pathogen fitness. The type III secretion system (T3SS) delivers type III-secreted effector proteins (T3SEs) from bacterial pathogens such as Pseudomonas syringae, Ralstonia solanacearum, and various Xanthomonas species. These T3SEs interact with and modify a range of intracellular host targets to alter their activity and thereby attenuate host immune signaling. Pathogens have evolved T3SEs with diverse biochemical activities, which can be difficult to predict in the absence of structural data. Interestingly, several T3SEs are activated following injection into the host cell. Here, we review T3SEs with documented enzymatic activities, as well as T3SEs that facilitate virulence-promoting processes either indirectly or through non-enzymatic mechanisms. We discuss the mechanisms by which T3SEs are activated in the cell, as well as how T3SEs modify host targets to promote virulence or trigger immunity. These mechanisms may suggest common enzymatic activities and convergent targets that could be manipulated to protect crop plants from infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl J. Schreiber
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94710, USA; (K.J.S.); (I.J.C.-L.)
| | - Ilea J. Chau-Ly
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94710, USA; (K.J.S.); (I.J.C.-L.)
| | - Jennifer D. Lewis
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94710, USA; (K.J.S.); (I.J.C.-L.)
- Plant Gene Expression Center, United States Department of Agriculture, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94710, USA
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Effectors of Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici Suppressing the Pathogenic-Associated Molecular Pattern-Triggered Immune Response Were Screened by Transient Expression of Wheat Protoplasts. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22094985. [PMID: 34067160 PMCID: PMC8125866 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst) is an important pathogen of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) stripe rust, and the effector protein secreted by haustoria is a very important component involved in the pathogenic process. Although the candidate effector proteins secreted by Pst haustoria have been predicted to be abundant, few have been functionally validated. Our study confirmed that chitin and flg22 could be used as elicitors of the pathogenic-associated molecular pattern-triggered immune (PTI) reaction in wheat leaves and that TaPr-1-14 could be used as a marker gene to detect the PTI reaction. In addition, the experimental results were consistent in wheat protoplasts. A rapid and efficient method for screening and identifying the effector proteins of Pst was established by using the wheat protoplast transient expression system. Thirty-nine Pst haustorial effector genes were successfully cloned and screened for expression in the protoplast. We identified three haustorial effector proteins, PSEC2, PSEC17, and PSEC45, that may inhibit the response of wheat to PTI. These proteins are localized in the somatic cytoplasm and nucleus of wheat protoplasts and are highly expressed during the infection and parasitism of wheat.
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44
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Nakano M, Ichinose Y, Mukaihara T. Ralstonia solanacearum Type III Effector RipAC Targets SGT1 to Suppress Effector-Triggered Immunity. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 61:2067-2076. [PMID: 32991707 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcaa122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Ralstonia solanacearum injects type III effectors into host cells to cause bacterial wilt in Solanaceae plants. To identify R. solanacearum effectors that suppress effector-triggered immunity (ETI) in plants, we evaluated R. solanacearum RS1000 effectors for their ability to suppress a hypersensitive response (HR) induced by the avirulence (Avr) effector RipAA in Nicotiana benthamiana. Out of the 11 effectors tested, 4 suppressed RipAA-triggered HR cell death. Among them, RipAC contains tandem repeats of the leucine-rich repeat (LRR) motif, which serves as the structural scaffold for a protein-protein interaction. We found that the LRR domain of RipAC was indispensable for the suppression of HR cell death during the recognition of RipAA and another Avr effector RipP1. By yeast two-hybrid screening, we identified N. benthamiana SGT1, an adaptor protein that forms a molecular chaperone complex with RAR1, as a host factor of the RipAC target. RipAC interacted with NbSGT1 in yeast and plant cells. Upon the formation of the molecular chaperone complex, the presence of RipAC markedly inhibits the interaction between NbSGT1 and NbRAR1. The RipAA- and RipP1-triggered HR cell deaths were not observed in NbSGT1-silenced plants. The introduction of RipAC was complementary to the reduced growth of the R. solanacearum mutant strain in N. benthamiana. These findings indicate that R. solanacearum uses RipAC to subvert the NbSGT1-mediated formation of the molecular chaperone complex and suppress ETI responses during the recognition of Avr effectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahito Nakano
- Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, 1-1-1 Tsushima-naka, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-8530 Japan
| | - Yuki Ichinose
- Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, 1-1-1 Tsushima-naka, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-8530 Japan
| | - Takafumi Mukaihara
- Research Institute for Biological Sciences, Okayama (RIBS), 7549-1 Yoshikawa, Kibichuo-cho, Okayama, 716-1241 Japan
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45
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Kawaguchi T, Nakamura M, Hirai H, Furukawa T, Kondo M, Che FS. AKSF1 Isolated From the Rice-Virulent Strain Acidovorax avenae K1 Is a Novel Effector That Suppresses PAMP-Triggered Immunity in Rice. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2021; 34:186-197. [PMID: 33135963 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-10-20-0271-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Microbial pathogens deliver effectors into plant cells to suppress plant immune responses and modulate host metabolism in order to support infection processes. We sought to determine if the Acidovorax avenae rice-virulent K1 strain can suppress pathogen-associated molecular pattern-triggered immunity (PTI) induced by flagellin isolated from the rice-avirulent N1141 strain. The flagellin-triggered PTI, including H2O2 generation, callose deposition, and expression of several immune-related genes were strongly suppressed in K1 preinoculated cultured rice cells in a type III secretion system (T3SS)-dependent manner. By screening 4,562 transposon-tagged mutants based on their suppression ability, we found that 156 transposon-tagged K1 mutants lost the ability to suppress PTI induction. Mutant sequence analysis, comprehensive expression analysis using RNA sequencing, and the prediction of secretion through T3SS showed that a protein named A. avenae K1 suppression factor 1 (AKSF1) suppresses flagellin-triggered PTI in rice. Translocation of AKSF1 protein into rice cells is dependent on the T3SS during infection, an AKSF1-disruption mutant lost the ability to suppress PTI responses, and expression of AKSF1 in the AKSF1-disruption mutant complemented the suppression activity. When AKSF1-disruption mutants were inoculated into the host rice plant, reduction of the disease symptoms and suppression of bacterial growth were observed. Taken together, our results demonstrate that AKSF1 is a novel effector that can suppress the PTI in a host rice plant.[Formula: see text] The author(s) have dedicated the work to the public domain under the Creative Commons CC0 "No Rights Reserved" license by waiving all of his or her rights to the work worldwide under copyright law, including all related and neighboring rights, to the extent allowed by law. 2021.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takemasa Kawaguchi
- Department of Bio-Science, Nagahama Institute of Bio-Science and Technology, 1266, Tamura, Nagahama, Shiga 526-0829, Japan
| | - Minami Nakamura
- Graduate School of Biosciences, Nagahama Institute of Bio-Science and Technology, 1266, Tamura, Nagahama, Shiga 526-0829, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Hirai
- Department of Bio-Science, Nagahama Institute of Bio-Science and Technology, 1266, Tamura, Nagahama, Shiga 526-0829, Japan
| | - Takehito Furukawa
- Department of Bio-Science, Nagahama Institute of Bio-Science and Technology, 1266, Tamura, Nagahama, Shiga 526-0829, Japan
| | - Machiko Kondo
- Department of Bio-Science, Nagahama Institute of Bio-Science and Technology, 1266, Tamura, Nagahama, Shiga 526-0829, Japan
| | - Fang-Sik Che
- Department of Bio-Science, Nagahama Institute of Bio-Science and Technology, 1266, Tamura, Nagahama, Shiga 526-0829, Japan
- Graduate School of Biosciences, Nagahama Institute of Bio-Science and Technology, 1266, Tamura, Nagahama, Shiga 526-0829, Japan
- Genome Editing Research Institute, Nagahama Institute of Bio-Science and Technology, 1281-8, Tamura, Nagahama, Shiga 526-0829, Japan
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Gao C, Sun P, Wang W, Tang D. Arabidopsis E3 ligase KEG associates with and ubiquitinates MKK4 and MKK5 to regulate plant immunity. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 63:327-339. [PMID: 32877006 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.13007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades are highly conserved signaling modules that regulate plant immune responses. The Arabidopsis thaliana Raf-like MAPK kinase kinase ENHANCED DISEASE RESISTANCE1 (EDR1) is a key negative regulator of plant immunity that affects the protein levels of MKK4 and MKK5, two important MAPK cascade members, but the underlying mechanism is poorly understood. Here, genome-wide phosphorylation analysis demonstrated that the E3 ligase KEEP ON GOING (KEG) is phosphorylated in the edr1 mutant but not the wild type, suggesting that EDR1 negatively affects KEG phosphorylation. The identified phosphorylation sites in KEG appear to be important for its accumulation. The keg-4 mutant, a previously identified edr1 suppressor, enhances susceptibility to the powdery mildew pathogen Golovinomyces cichoracearum. In addition, MKK4 and MKK5 protein levels are reduced in the keg-4 mutant. Furthermore, we demonstrate that MKK4 and MKK5 associate with full-length KEG, but not with truncated KEG-RK or KEG-RKA, and that KEG ubiquitinates and mediates the degradation of MKK4 and MKK5. Taken together, these results indicate that MKK4 and MKK5 protein levels are regulated by KEG via ubiquitination, uncovering a mechanism by which plants fine-tune immune responses by regulating the homeostasis of key MAPK cascade members via ubiquitination and degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenyang Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Control of Fujian-Taiwan Crop Pests, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Plant Immunity Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
- Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Pengwei Sun
- Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Control of Fujian-Taiwan Crop Pests, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Plant Immunity Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Dingzhong Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Control of Fujian-Taiwan Crop Pests, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Plant Immunity Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
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47
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Li Z, Variz H, Chen Y, Liu SL, Aung K. Plasmodesmata-Dependent Intercellular Movement of Bacterial Effectors. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021. [PMID: 33959138 DOI: 10.1101/2020.12.10.420240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Pathogenic microorganisms deliver protein effectors into host cells to suppress host immune responses. Recent findings reveal that phytopathogens manipulate the function of plant cell-to-cell communication channels known as plasmodesmata (PD) to promote diseases. Several bacterial and filamentous pathogen effectors have been shown to regulate PD in their host cells. A few effectors of filamentous pathogens have been reported to move from the infected cells to neighboring plant cells through PD; however, it is unclear whether bacterial effectors can traffic through PD in plants. In this study, we determined the intercellular movement of Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato (Pst) DC3000 effectors between adjoining plant cells in Nicotiana benthamiana. We observed that at least 16 Pst DC3000 effectors have the capacity to move from transformed cells to the surrounding plant cells. The movement of the effectors is largely dependent on their molecular weights. The expression of PD regulators, Arabidopsis PD-located protein PDLP5 and PDLP7, leads to PD closure and inhibits the PD-dependent movement of a bacterial effector in N. benthamiana. Similarly, a 22-amino acid peptide of bacterial flagellin (flg22) treatment induces PD closure and suppresses the movement of a bacterial effector in N. benthamiana. Among the mobile effectors, HopAF1 and HopA1 are localized to the plasma membrane (PM) in plant cells. Interestingly, the PM association of HopAF1 does not negatively affect the PD-dependent movement. Together, our findings demonstrate that bacterial effectors are able to move intercellularly through PD in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongpeng Li
- Department of Genetics, Development, and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Haris Variz
- Department of Genetics, Development, and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Yani Chen
- Department of Genetics, Development, and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Su-Ling Liu
- Department of Genetics, Development, and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Kyaw Aung
- Department of Genetics, Development, and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
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48
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Li Z, Variz H, Chen Y, Liu SL, Aung K. Plasmodesmata-Dependent Intercellular Movement of Bacterial Effectors. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:640277. [PMID: 33959138 PMCID: PMC8095247 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.640277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Pathogenic microorganisms deliver protein effectors into host cells to suppress host immune responses. Recent findings reveal that phytopathogens manipulate the function of plant cell-to-cell communication channels known as plasmodesmata (PD) to promote diseases. Several bacterial and filamentous pathogen effectors have been shown to regulate PD in their host cells. A few effectors of filamentous pathogens have been reported to move from the infected cells to neighboring plant cells through PD; however, it is unclear whether bacterial effectors can traffic through PD in plants. In this study, we determined the intercellular movement of Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato (Pst) DC3000 effectors between adjoining plant cells in Nicotiana benthamiana. We observed that at least 16 Pst DC3000 effectors have the capacity to move from transformed cells to the surrounding plant cells. The movement of the effectors is largely dependent on their molecular weights. The expression of PD regulators, Arabidopsis PD-located protein PDLP5 and PDLP7, leads to PD closure and inhibits the PD-dependent movement of a bacterial effector in N. benthamiana. Similarly, a 22-amino acid peptide of bacterial flagellin (flg22) treatment induces PD closure and suppresses the movement of a bacterial effector in N. benthamiana. Among the mobile effectors, HopAF1 and HopA1 are localized to the plasma membrane (PM) in plant cells. Interestingly, the PM association of HopAF1 does not negatively affect the PD-dependent movement. Together, our findings demonstrate that bacterial effectors are able to move intercellularly through PD in plants.
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49
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Song W, Forderer A, Yu D, Chai J. Structural biology of plant defence. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 229:692-711. [PMID: 32880948 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Plants employ the innate immune system to discriminate between self and invaders through two types of immune receptors, one on the plasma membrane and the other in the intracellular space. The immune receptors on the plasma membrane are pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) that can perceive pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) or host-derived damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) leading to pattern-triggered immunity (PTI). Particular pathogens are capable of overcoming PTI by secreting specific effectors into plant cells to perturb different components of PTI signalling through various mechanisms. Most of the immune receptors from the intracellular space are the nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat receptors (NLRs), which specifically recognize pathogen-secreted effectors to mediate effector-triggered immunity (ETI). In this review, we will summarize recent progress in structural studies of PRRs, NLRs, and effectors, and discuss how these studies shed light on ligand recognition and activation mechanisms of the two types of immune receptors and the diversified mechanisms used by effectors to manipulate plant immune signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Song
- Max-Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, 50829, Germany
- Institute of Biochemistry, University of Cologne, Cologne, 50923, Germany
| | - Alexander Forderer
- Max-Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, 50829, Germany
- Institute of Biochemistry, University of Cologne, Cologne, 50923, Germany
| | - Dongli Yu
- Max-Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, 50829, Germany
- Institute of Biochemistry, University of Cologne, Cologne, 50923, Germany
| | - Jijie Chai
- Max-Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, 50829, Germany
- Institute of Biochemistry, University of Cologne, Cologne, 50923, Germany
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50
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HOS15 is a transcriptional corepressor of NPR1-mediated gene activation of plant immunity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:30805-30815. [PMID: 33199617 PMCID: PMC7720166 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2016049117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune responses protect organisms against biotic challenges but can also produce deleterious effects, such as inflammation and necrosis. This growth-defense trade-off necessitates fine control of immune responses, including the activation of defense gene expression. The transcriptional coactivator NPR1 is a key regulatory hub of immune activation in plant cells. Surprisingly, full activation of NPR1-activated defense genes requires proteasome-mediated degradation of NPR1 induced by a CUL3-based E3 ubiquitin ligase complex. Our work demonstrates that HOS15 is the specificity determinant of a CUL1-based E3 ubiquitin ligase complex that limits defense gene expression by targeting NPR1 for proteasome-mediated degradation. Thus, distinct ubiquitin-based degradation pathways coordinately modulate the timing and amplitude of transcriptional outputs during plant defense. Transcriptional regulation is a complex and pivotal process in living cells. HOS15 is a transcriptional corepressor. Although transcriptional repressors generally have been associated with inactive genes, increasing evidence indicates that, through poorly understood mechanisms, transcriptional corepressors also associate with actively transcribed genes. Here, we show that HOS15 is the substrate receptor for an SCF/CUL1 E3 ubiquitin ligase complex (SCFHOS15) that negatively regulates plant immunity by destabilizing transcriptional activation complexes containing NPR1 and associated transcriptional activators. In unchallenged conditions, HOS15 continuously eliminates NPR1 to prevent inappropriate defense gene expression. Upon defense activation, HOS15 preferentially associates with phosphorylated NPR1 to stimulate rapid degradation of transcriptionally active NPR1 and thus limit the extent of defense gene expression. Our findings indicate that HOS15-mediated ubiquitination and elimination of NPR1 produce effects contrary to those of CUL3-containing ubiquitin ligase that coactivate defense gene expression. Thus, HOS15 plays a key role in the dynamic regulation of pre- and postactivation host defense.
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