1
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Zhang N, Pan L, Liao Q, Tong R, Li Y. Potential molecular mechanism underlying the harmed haemopoiesis upon Benzo[a]pyrene exposure in Chlamys farreri. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 141:109032. [PMID: 37640119 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2023.109032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P), a ubiquitous contamination in the marine environments, has the potential to impact the immune response of bivalves by affecting the hemocyte parameters, especially total hemocyte count (THC). THC is mainly determined by haematopoietic mechanisms and apoptosis of hemocytes. Many studies have found that B[a]P can influence the proliferation and differentiation of hemocytes. However, the link between the toxic mechanisms of haematopoietic and environmental pollutants is not explicitly stated. This study is to investigate the toxic effects of B[a]P on haematopoietic mechanisms in C. farreri. Through the tissue expression distribution experiment and EDU assay, gill is identified as a potential haematopoietic tissue in C. farreri. Subsequently, the scallops were exposed to B[a]P (0.05, 0.5, 5 μg/L) for 1d, 3d, 6d, 10d and 15d. Then BPDE content, DNA damage, gene expression of haematopoietic factors and haematopoietic related pathways were determined in gill and hemocytes. The results showed that the expression of CDK2 was significantly decreased under B[a]P exposure through three pathways: RYR/IP3-calcium, BPDE-CHK1 and Notch pathway, resulting in cell cycle arrest. In addition, B[a]P also significantly reduced the number of proliferating hemocytes by affecting the Wnt pathway. Meanwhile, B[a]P can significantly increase the content of ROS, causing a downregulation of FOXO gene expression. The gene expression of Notch pathway and ERK pathway was also detected. The present study suggested that B[a]P disturbed differentiation by multiple pathways. Furthermore, the expression of SOX11 and CD9 were significantly decreased, which directly indicated that differentiation of hemocytes was disturbed. In addition, phagocytosis, phenoloxidase activity and THC were also significant decreased. In summary, the impairment of haematopoietic activity in C. farreri further causes immunotoxicity under B[a]P exposure. This study will improve our understanding of the immunotoxicity mechanism of bivalve under B[a]P exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, PR China
| | - Luqing Pan
- The Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, PR China.
| | - Qilong Liao
- The Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, PR China
| | - Ruixue Tong
- The Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, PR China
| | - Yaobing Li
- The Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, PR China
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2
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Wang F, Yang Z, Li J, Ma Y, Tu Y, Zeng X, Wang Q, Jiang Y, Huang S, Yi Q. The involvement of hypoxia inducible factor-1α on the proportion of three types of haemocytes in Chinese mitten crab under hypoxia stress. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 140:104598. [PMID: 36511346 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2022.104598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Hypoxia triggers diverse cell physiological processes, and the hypoxia inducible factors (HIFs) are a family of heterodimeric transcription factors that function as master regulators to respond to hypoxia in different cells. However, the knowledge about the hypoxic responses especially cell alteration mediated by HIFs under hypoxia stress is still limited in crustaceans. In the present study, a hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) gene was identified (designed as EsHIF-1α). The relative mRNA expression level of EsHIF-1α was highest in hyalinocytes and lowest in granulocytes among three types of haemocytes in crabs. Hypoxia could significantly increase the EsHIF-1α protein expression level in haemocytes. Meanwhile, the proportion of hyalinocytes began to increase from 3 h post hypoxia treatment, and reached the highest level at 24 h. However, the opposite variation in proportion of granulocytes was observed under hypoxia stress. Further investigation showed that the inhibition of EsHIF-1α induced by KC7F2 (HIF-1α inhibitor) could lead to the significant decrease in the proportion of hyalinocytes under hypoxia stress, and also resulted in an increase of granulocytes proportion. While, after EsHIF-1α was activated by IOX4 (HIF-1α activator), the proportion of hyalinocytes was significantly up-regulated and the proportion of granulocytes was significantly down-regulated under post hypoxia treatment. These results collectively suggested that EsHIF-1α was involved in the regulation of proportion of three types of haemocytes induced by hypoxia stress, which provided vital insight into the understanding of the crosstalk between hypoxia and cell development in invertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengchi Wang
- College of Aquaculture and Life Science, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 11026, China
| | - Zhichao Yang
- College of Aquaculture and Life Science, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 11026, China
| | - Jiaming Li
- College of Aquaculture and Life Science, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 11026, China
| | - Yuhan Ma
- College of Aquaculture and Life Science, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 11026, China
| | - Yuhan Tu
- College of Aquaculture and Life Science, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 11026, China
| | - Xiaorui Zeng
- College of Aquaculture and Life Science, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 11026, China
| | - Qingyao Wang
- College of Aquaculture and Life Science, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 11026, China
| | - Yusheng Jiang
- College of Aquaculture and Life Science, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 11026, China
| | - Shu Huang
- College of Aquaculture and Life Science, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 11026, China.
| | - Qilin Yi
- College of Aquaculture and Life Science, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 11026, China.
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3
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Söderhäll I, Söderhäll K. Blood cell formation in crustaceans. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 131:1335-1342. [PMID: 36216230 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2022.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 09/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
In crustacean animals the hemocytes are key players in immunity and of crucial importance for the health of the animals. Hemocytes are mainly produced in the hematopoietic tissue and from there released into the circulation where they finally mature. In this review we summarize the latest findings about crustacean hemocyte formation. The role of the extracellular matrix and crosslinking enzyme transglutaminase is discussed. Moreover, important growth factors, transcriptional regulation and recent findings about inducers of hematopoiesis are covered. Finally, we discuss the use of different markers for classification of crustacean hemocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Söderhäll
- Department of Organismal Biology, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18A, SE-752 36, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Kenneth Söderhäll
- Department of Organismal Biology, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18A, SE-752 36, Uppsala, Sweden.
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4
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Wang L, Liu F, Zhang G, Su H, Sun J. A novel Ush transcription factor involving in hematopoiesis of Eriocheir sinensis. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2021; 259:110703. [PMID: 34915123 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2021.110703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 12/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The FOG transcriptional factor is a co-regulator that recognizes and binds to the GATA N-terminal zinc-finger domain and participates in hemocyte production and differentiation. In this study, an FOG-like gene, Ush, was characterized from Eriocheir sinensis, which consists of an 897 bp full-length open reading frame, encoding a polypeptide of 298 amino acids with four ZnF_C2H2 domains. The EsUsh mRNA transcripts were mainly expressed in the hematopoietic tissue (HPT) and hemocytes, and were significantly higher in hyalinocytes than semi-granulocytes and granulocytes, which were separated by Percoll gradient centrifugation. The transcription levels of EsUsh were found to be significantly upregulated in HPT, but downregulated in hemocytes after exsanguination. By using flow cytometry to determine the percentage of hemocyte sub-population after exsanguination, the percentage of hyalinocytes was found to significantly downregulated, while the percentage of granulocytes was significantly upregulated. Silencing EsUsh by dsRNA interference significantly decreased the percentage of hyalinocytes and small granulocytes, and increased the percentage of medium granulocytes and large granulocytes. Such findings suggest that EsUsh might be involved in hemocyte production and differentiation, especially in promoting hyalinocyte formation and limiting granulocyte generation and differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyan Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Animal and Plant Resistance, College of Life Science, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin 300387, China,.
| | - Fang Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Animal and Plant Resistance, College of Life Science, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin 300387, China
| | - Guangcheng Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Animal and Plant Resistance, College of Life Science, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin 300387, China
| | - Hui Su
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Animal and Plant Resistance, College of Life Science, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin 300387, China
| | - Jinsheng Sun
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Animal and Plant Resistance, College of Life Science, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin 300387, China,.
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5
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Rapid regulation of hemocyte homeostasis in crayfish and its manipulation by viral infection. FISH AND SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY REPORTS 2021; 2:100035. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fsirep.2021.100035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 10/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
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6
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Li F, Zheng Z, Li H, Fu R, Xu L, Yang F. Crayfish hemocytes develop along the granular cell lineage. Sci Rep 2021; 11:13099. [PMID: 34162929 PMCID: PMC8222279 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-92473-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the central role of hemocytes in crustacean immunity, the process of hemocyte differentiation and maturation remains unclear. In some decapods, it has been proposed that the two main types of hemocytes, granular cells (GCs) and semigranular cells (SGCs), differentiate along separate lineages. However, our current findings challenge this model. By tracking newly produced hemocytes and transplanted cells, we demonstrate that almost all the circulating hemocytes of crayfish belong to the GC lineage. SGCs and GCs may represent hemocytes of different developmental stages rather than two types of fully differentiated cells. Hemocyte precursors produced by progenitor cells differentiate in the hematopoietic tissue (HPT) for 3 ~ 4 days. Immature hemocytes are released from HPT in the form of SGCs and take 1 ~ 3 months to mature in the circulation. GCs represent the terminal stage of development. They can survive for as long as 2 months. The changes in the expression pattern of marker genes during GC differentiation support our conclusions. Further analysis of hemocyte phagocytosis indicates the existence of functionally different subpopulations. These findings may reshape our understanding of crustacean hematopoiesis and may lead to reconsideration of the roles and relationship of circulating hemocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Li
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetic Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, 184# Daxue Road, Xiamen, 361005, China. .,Fujian Key Laboratory of Marine Genetic Resources, Xiamen, 361005, China.
| | - Zaichao Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetic Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, 184# Daxue Road, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Hongyu Li
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetic Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, 184# Daxue Road, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Rongrong Fu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetic Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, 184# Daxue Road, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Limei Xu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetic Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, 184# Daxue Road, Xiamen, 361005, China.,Fujian Key Laboratory of Marine Genetic Resources, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Feng Yang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetic Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, 184# Daxue Road, Xiamen, 361005, China. .,Fujian Key Laboratory of Marine Genetic Resources, Xiamen, 361005, China.
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7
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Jia Z, Jiang S, Wang M, Wang X, Liu Y, Lv Z, Song X, Li Y, Wang L, Song L. Identification of a Novel Pattern Recognition Receptor DM9 Domain Containing Protein 4 as a Marker for Pro-Hemocyte of Pacific Oyster Crassostrea gigas. Front Immunol 2021; 11:603270. [PMID: 33643289 PMCID: PMC7907646 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.603270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
DM9 refers to an uncharacterized protein domain that is originally discovered in Drosophila melanogaster. Two proteins with DM9 repeats have been recently identified from Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas as mannose-specific binding pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs). In the present study, a novel member of DM9 domain containing protein (designated as CgDM9CP-4) was identified from C. gigas. CgDM9CP-4, about 16 kDa with only two tandem DM9 domains, was highly enriched in hemocytes and gill. The transcripts level of CgDM9CP-4 in circulating hemocytes were decreased after LPS, PGN and Vibrio splendidus stimulations. The recombinant protein of CgDM9CP-4 (rCgDM9CP-4) displayed a broad binding spectrum towards various pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) (LPS, PGN, β-glucan and Mannose) and microorganisms (Staphylococcus aureus, Micrococcus luteus, V. splendidus, V. anguillarum, Escherichia coli, Pichia pastoris and Yarrowia lipolytica). CgDM9CP-4 was mostly expressed in gill and some of the hemocytes. Flow cytometry analysis demonstrated that the CgDM9CP-4-positive hemocytes accounted for 7.3% of the total hemocytes, and they were small in size and less in granularity. CgDM9CP-4 was highly expressed in non-phagocytes (~82% of total hemocytes). The reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the expression levels of cytokines in CgDM9CP-4-positive hemocytes were much lower than that in CgDM9CP-4-negative hemocytes. The mRNA expression level of CgDM9CP-4 in hemocytes was decreased after RNAi of hematopoietic-related factors (CgGATA, CgRunt, CgSCL, and CgNotch). In addition, CgDM9CP-4-positive cells were found to be much more abundant in hemocytes from gill than that from hemolymph, with most of them located in the gill filament. All these results suggested that CgDM9CP-4 was a novel member of PRR that expressed in undifferentiated pro-hemocytes to mediate immune recognition of pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihao Jia
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, China.,Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Shuai Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Mengqiang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiudan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Yu Liu
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, China.,Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, China
| | - Zhao Lv
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiaorui Song
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, China.,Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, China
| | - Yiqun Li
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Lingling Wang
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, China.,Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, China.,Functional Laboratory of Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Process, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Linsheng Song
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, China.,Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, China.,Functional Laboratory of Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Process, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China.,Southern Laboratory of Ocean Science and Engineering (Guangdong, Zhuhai), Zhuhai, China
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8
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Kumar P, Sivaperumal P, Manigandan V, Rajaram R, Hussain M. Assessment of potential human health risk due to heavy metal contamination in edible finfish and shellfish collected around Ennore coast, India. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:8151-8167. [PMID: 33058079 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-10764-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This study aims to estimate anthropogenic sources of pollutants such as heavy metals that pollute or poison the commercial marine finfish and shellfish present around the Ennore coastal area and to identify, quantify and manage the associated risks for the betterment of society. The levels of toxic heavy metal concentrations from monitoring and surveillance of copper, chromium, cadmium, mercury, lead and zinc heavy metals were estimated from water, sediment and commercial marine finfish and shellfish samples that were collected for study. The individual mean bioaccumulation index (IMBI) and Metal Pollution Index (MPI) values varied between finfish and shellfish. Target hazard quotient (THQ) index values were calculated, and copper and zinc were found to be elevated at levels affecting children in particular. Thus, efforts are urgently needed to resolve the current and potential risks associated with the negative impact of heavy metal intake from seafood on human health. This study attempts to identify levels of metal contamination and corresponding risk factors with regard to human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pandion Kumar
- Center for Environmental Nuclear Research, Directorate of Research, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, 603203, India
| | - Pitchiah Sivaperumal
- Department of Pharmacology, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical & Technical Sciences, Chennai, 600077, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | | | - Rajendran Rajaram
- Department of Marine Science, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, 620024, India
| | - Mohamed Hussain
- P.G. and Research Department of Zoology, Jamal Mohamed College (Autonomous), Affiliated to Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, 620020, India
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9
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Thansa K, Kruangkum T, Pudgerd A, Chaichandee L, Amparyup P, Suebsing R, Chotwiwatthanakun C, Vanichviriyakit R, Sritunyalucksana K. Establishment of hematopoietic tissue primary cell cultures from the giant freshwater prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii. Cytotechnology 2021; 73:141-157. [PMID: 33927472 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-021-00451-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/10/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The giant freshwater prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii is one of the most important aquaculture species in Southeast Asia. In this study, in vitro culture of its hematopoietic tissue cells was achieved and characterized for use as a tool to study its pathogens that cause major farm losses. By transmission electron microscopy, the ultrastructure of the primary culture cells was similar to that of cells lining intact hematopoietic tissue lobes. Proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) (a marker for hematopoietic stem cell proliferation) was detected in some of the cultured cells by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing and flow cytometry. Using a specific staining method to detect phenoloxidase activity and using PCR to detect expression markers for semigranular and granular hemocytes (e.g., prophenoloxidase activating enzyme and prophenoloxidase) revealed that some of the primary cells were able to differentiate into mature hemocytes within 24 h. These results showed that some cells in the cultures were hematopoietic stem cells that could be used to study other interesting research topics (e.g. host pathogen interactions and development of an immortal hematopoietic stem cell line).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwanta Thansa
- Aquatic Animal Health Research Team (AQHT), Integrative Aquaculture Biotechnology Research Group (AAQG), National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Yothi Office, Rama VI Road, Ratchathewi, Bangkok, 10400 Thailand
| | - Thanapong Kruangkum
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama VI Road, Ratchathewi, Bangkok, 10400 Thailand.,Faculty of Science, Center of Excellence for Shrimp Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (CENTEX Shrimp), Mahidol University, Rama VI Road, Ratchathewi, Bangkok, 10400 Thailand
| | - Arnon Pudgerd
- Faculty of Science, Center of Excellence for Shrimp Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (CENTEX Shrimp), Mahidol University, Rama VI Road, Ratchathewi, Bangkok, 10400 Thailand.,Division of Anatomy, School of Medical Science, University of Phayao, 19 Moo 2, Maeka, Muang, Phayao, 56000 Thailand
| | - Lamai Chaichandee
- Faculty of Science, Center of Excellence for Shrimp Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (CENTEX Shrimp), Mahidol University, Rama VI Road, Ratchathewi, Bangkok, 10400 Thailand
| | - Piti Amparyup
- Marine Biotechnology Research Team (AMBT), Integrative Aquaculture Biotechnology Research Group (AAQG), National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Phayathai Road, Ratchathewi, Bangkok, 10330 Thailand.,Faculty of Science, The Center of Excellence for Marine Biotechnology, Chulalongkorn University, Phayathai Road, Wang Mai, Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10330 Thailand
| | - Rungkarn Suebsing
- Aquatic Animal Health Research Team (AQHT), Integrative Aquaculture Biotechnology Research Group (AAQG), National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Yothi Office, Rama VI Road, Ratchathewi, Bangkok, 10400 Thailand
| | - Charoonroj Chotwiwatthanakun
- Faculty of Science, Center of Excellence for Shrimp Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (CENTEX Shrimp), Mahidol University, Rama VI Road, Ratchathewi, Bangkok, 10400 Thailand.,Mahidol University, Nakhonsawan Campus, Phayuha Khiri, Nakhonsawan, 60130 Thailand
| | - Rapeepun Vanichviriyakit
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama VI Road, Ratchathewi, Bangkok, 10400 Thailand.,Faculty of Science, Center of Excellence for Shrimp Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (CENTEX Shrimp), Mahidol University, Rama VI Road, Ratchathewi, Bangkok, 10400 Thailand
| | - Kallaya Sritunyalucksana
- Aquatic Animal Health Research Team (AQHT), Integrative Aquaculture Biotechnology Research Group (AAQG), National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Yothi Office, Rama VI Road, Ratchathewi, Bangkok, 10400 Thailand
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10
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Wang L, Chen H, Wang L, Song L. An insulin-like peptide serves as a regulator of glucose metabolism in the immune response of Chinese mitten crab Eriocheir sinensis. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 108:103686. [PMID: 32205179 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2020.103686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2020] [Revised: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A robust immune response against invading pathogens greatly depends on the balance of metabolism, which could be vigorously modulated by insulin/IGF signaling (IIS) pathway in vertebrates. However, knowledge on the IIS pathway, especially the function of insulin-like peptides (ILPs) in invertebrates remained largely unknown. In the present study, a novel ILP was identified from Eriocheir sinensisis (designated EsILP). The coding sequence of EsILP was of 216 bp, which encoded a polypeptide of 71 amino acids containing an IlGF-like domain with four conserved cysteine residues. The mRNA transcripts of EsILP were found to be expressed dominantly in eyestalks and hepatopancreas, and EsILP protein was found to be distributed in the anterior median area of thoracic ganglion mass and the edges of hepatic tubules correspondingly. After Aeromonas hydrophila stimulation, EsILP transcripts were significantly increased at 3, 12 and 24 h post-stimulation in eyestalks and 6 and 48 h in hemocytes, respectively. In contrast, the expression level of EsILP decreased significantly in hepatopancreas from 6 h to 12 h after the stimulation. The glucose level in the hemolymph of crabs was significantly decreased from 6 to 12 h after the injection of recombinant EsILP. These results collectively demonstrated that the ancient ILP protein in E. sinensisis could negatively regulate glucose metabolism and participate in the immune response of the crabs against pathogen infection, which provided clues for the further investigation about the evolution and function of the IIS pathway in invertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China; Qingdao Key Laboratory for Marine Fish Breeding and Biotechnology, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Hao Chen
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Lingling Wang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China; Laboratory of Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266235, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Linsheng Song
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China; Laboratory of Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266235, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China.
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11
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Zeng J, Peng S, Zhong S, Zhang H. The Spermatozoal Ultrastructure of the Chinese Mitten Crab ( Eriocheir sinensis). J Microsc Ultrastruct 2019; 7:181-184. [PMID: 31803572 PMCID: PMC6880317 DOI: 10.4103/jmau.jmau_48_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The Chinese mitten crab (Eriocheir sinensis) is an economically important aquatic species in China. The artificial breeding crabs are also increasing in number day by day. However, knowledge about spermatozoal organization of the crab is still very limited. Aims and Objectives: In the present study, the spermatozoal ultrastructure of the E. sinensis is illustrated for improving artificial breeding technique. Materials and Methods: The spermatozoa are observed by light microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. Results: Spermatozoa are located in the lumen of seminiferous tubules. The spermatocytes and spermatids are observed in the wall of seminiferous tubules. The spermatophores are both present in the lumen of vas deferens and seminal vesicles. A mature spermatozoon consists of a central electron dense acrosome and a peripheral electron lucent nucleus within structures-organelles complex. The acrosome is divided into three zones, including inner acrosome zone, outer acrosome zone and zonal texture. The centre of acrosome is the perforatorium within parallel arranged perforatorial tubules along vertical axis. The highest electron dense operculum surrounds the head side of perforatorium. Conclusion: The ultrastructure of spermatozoa of E. sinensis is illustrated. In particular, the outermost part of the acrosome appears as concentric circles and is described as zonal texture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zeng
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, China.,Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Shasha Peng
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Shengwei Zhong
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, China.,Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
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Pudgerd A, Chotwiwatthanakun C, Kruangkum T, Itsathitphaisarn O, Sritunyalucksana K, Vanichviriyakit R. The hematopoietic organ of Macrobrachium rosenbergii: Structure, organization and immune status. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 88:415-423. [PMID: 30872029 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Revised: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The hematopoietic organ (HO) of the giant freshwater prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii is a discrete, whitish mass located in the epigastric region of the cephalothorax, posterior to the brain. It is composed of hematopoietic cells arranged in a thick layer of numerous lobules that surround a central hemal sinus from which they are separated by a thin sheath. At the center of the sinus is the muscular cor frontale. The lobules extend radially outward from the sinus in three developmental zones. Basal Zone 1 nearest the sinus contains large hematopoietic stem cells with euchromatic nuclei that stain positive for proliferation cell nuclear antigen (PCNA). Zone 2 contains smaller, actively dividing cells as indicated by positive 5-bromo-20-deoxyuridine (BrdU) staining. Distal Zone 3 contains small, loosely packed cells with heterochromatic nuclei, many cytoplasmic granules and vesicles indicating that they will eventually differentiate into hemocytes and enter circulation. Three main arteries, namely the ophthalmic and the 2 branches of the antennary, connect the heart to the HO. Use of India ink and 0.1 μm fluorescent micro-beads injected into the heart revealed that the cor frontale could immediately remove foreign particles from hemolymph by filtration. Fluorescent beads were also detected in the hematopoietic tissue at 30 min after injection, indicating that it could be penetrated by foreign particles. However, the fluorescent signal completely disappeared from the whole HO after 4 h, indicating its role in removal of foreign particles. In conclusion, the present study demonstrated for the first time the detailed histological structures of the HO of M. rosenbergii and its relationship to hematopoiesis and removal of foreign particles from hemolymph.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnon Pudgerd
- Center of Excellence for Shrimp Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (Centex Shrimp), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama VI Rd., Bangkok, 10400, Thailand; Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama VI Rd., Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Charoonroj Chotwiwatthanakun
- Center of Excellence for Shrimp Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (Centex Shrimp), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama VI Rd., Bangkok, 10400, Thailand; Mahidol University, Nakhonsawan Campus, Nakhonsawan, 60000, Thailand
| | - Thanapong Kruangkum
- Center of Excellence for Shrimp Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (Centex Shrimp), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama VI Rd., Bangkok, 10400, Thailand; Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama VI Rd., Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Ornchuma Itsathitphaisarn
- Center of Excellence for Shrimp Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (Centex Shrimp), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama VI Rd., Bangkok, 10400, Thailand; Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama VI Rd., Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Kallaya Sritunyalucksana
- Center of Excellence for Shrimp Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (Centex Shrimp), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama VI Rd., Bangkok, 10400, Thailand; Shrimp-pathogen Interaction (SPI) Laboratory, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Yothi Office, Rama VI Rd., Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Rapeepun Vanichviriyakit
- Center of Excellence for Shrimp Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (Centex Shrimp), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama VI Rd., Bangkok, 10400, Thailand; Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama VI Rd., Bangkok, 10400, Thailand.
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Li Q, Ren Y, Luan L, Zhang J, Qiao G, Wang Y, Ye S, Li R. Localization and characterization of hematopoietic tissues in adult sea cucumber, Apostichopus japonicus. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 84:1-7. [PMID: 30253179 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2018.09.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2018] [Revised: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus rely on the efficient innate immune mechanisms against invaders, in which the consumption and regeneration of coelomocytes take place at the same time. In the present study, histological features of putative hematopoietic tissues (HPTs) including the rete mirabile, the respiratory tree, the polian vesicle and the coelomic epithelium were characterized. The distribution of transcription factor GATA1 in coelomocytes and putative HPTs was examined by immunohistochemistry. In addition, cell proliferation using EdU labeling and coelomocyte distribution in different tissues using monoclonal antibody labeling were analyzed to further confirm the HPTs. The results showed that two homologs of GATA1 were detected with molecular weight of 43 and 90 kDa in coelomocytes, rete mirabile, respiratory tree and polian vesicle, whereas no signals were detected in the coelomic epithelium. A few cells were detected to be EdU-positive for coelomocytes, which accounted for approximately 9.5%. In the rete mirabile and the respiratory tree, the EdU signals were strong in cells of the tube wall. In the polian vesicle, numerous EdU-positive cells were detected in the cyst wall. In the coelomic epithelium, little EdU signaling was detected. Immunohistochemistry analysis by mAb 3F6 against A. japonicus coelomocytes showed that positive signals were observed in the tube wall of the rete mirabile, respiratory tree, cyst wall of the polian vesicle and in the coelomocyte antrum of coelomic epithelium. These results suggest that the rete mirabile, respiratory tree and polian vesicle are the HPTs of A. japonicus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Li
- Department of Ocean Technology, College of Marine and Biology Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng, 224051, China
| | - Yuan Ren
- Department of Ocean Technology, College of Marine and Biology Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng, 224051, China; Key Laboratory of Mariculture & Stock Enhancement in North China's Sea, Ministry of Agriculture, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Linlin Luan
- Department of Ocean Technology, College of Marine and Biology Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng, 224051, China; Key Laboratory of Mariculture & Stock Enhancement in North China's Sea, Ministry of Agriculture, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Jialin Zhang
- Department of Ocean Technology, College of Marine and Biology Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng, 224051, China
| | - Guo Qiao
- Department of Ocean Technology, College of Marine and Biology Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng, 224051, China
| | - Yinan Wang
- Department of Ocean Technology, College of Marine and Biology Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng, 224051, China
| | - Shigen Ye
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture & Stock Enhancement in North China's Sea, Ministry of Agriculture, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Ruijun Li
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture & Stock Enhancement in North China's Sea, Ministry of Agriculture, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China.
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Jia Z, Wang M, Wang X, Xu J, Wang L, Zhang H, Song L. A Prokineticin (PK)-like cytokine from Chinese mitten crab Eriocheir sinensis promotes the production of hemocytes via reactive oxygen species. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 77:419-428. [PMID: 29609030 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2018.03.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Revised: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/30/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Astakine is a cytokine-like factor containing a prokineticin domain, which directly participates in hematopoiesis and blood cell differentiation. In the present study, a novel Astakine gene was identified from Chinese mitten crab Eriocheir sinensis (designated as EsAst). The full-length cDNA of EsAst was of 1163 bp, consisting of a 5' untranslated region (UTR) of 120 bp, a 3' UTR of 656 bp, and an open reading frame (ORF) of 387 bp encoding a polypeptide of 128 amino acids. There were a signal peptide and a prokineticin domain with nine conserved cysteine residues in the deduced amino acid sequence of EsAst. EsAst shared higher similarity with Astakines from Penaeus monodon and Pacifastacus leniusculus, and it was closely clustered with the Astakine from shrimp P. monodon in the phylogenetic tree. The EsAst mRNA transcript was higher expressed in hemocytes and hepatopancreas. The relative expression level of EsAst in hemocytes was continuously increased from 1.5 to 48 h after Vibro anguillarum challenge compared that in the untreated control group. After Pichia pastoris GS115 challenge, the relative expression level of EsAst in hemocytes was also up-regulated. After rEsAst injection, ROS levels in HPT cells were also increased at 12 and 24 h, and the total hemocyte counts were also significantly increased at 6, 9, 12, and 24 h post rEsAst injection. The interference of EsAst expression with dsRNA injection could delay the recovery of hemocytes production post A. hydrophila stimulation. When mitochondrial complexes I was knock down by dsRNA, ROS levels were decreased and THCs were also decreased. Recovery of hemocyte production inducing by A. hydrophila stimulation and rEsAst injection were delayed with dsEsbc1 injection. When ROS levels were increased after RNAi of Lon protease, THCs were also increased. The expression levels of five genes (EsJNK, EsSTAT, EsPI3K, EsAKT1, EsP70S6K) involved in SAPK-JNK and mTOR signaling pathways were up-regulated at 12 and 24 h in rEsAst group and EsLon dsRNA group compared with that in EGFP dsRNA group, and were similar to the trend of ROS levels. These results collectively suggested that EsAst should be a novel Astakine to promote the production of hemocytes in a ROS-dependent way in E. sinensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihao Jia
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Mengqiang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Xiudan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jiachao Xu
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lingling Wang
- Functional Laboratory of Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Process, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266071, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Huan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Linsheng Song
- Functional Laboratory of Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Process, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266071, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China.
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15
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Jia Z, Wang M, Wang X, Wang L, Qiu L, Song L. Transcriptome sequencing reveals the involvement of reactive oxygen species in the hematopoiesis from Chinese mitten crab Eriocheir sinensis. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 82:94-103. [PMID: 29307815 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2017.12.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2017] [Revised: 12/29/2017] [Accepted: 12/30/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced in vivo during various electron transfer reactions are generally kept at a certain level since they are harmful to cells. However, it can sensitize hematopoietic progenitors to differentiation, and plays a signaling role in the regulation of hematopoietic cell fate. In the present study, the transcriptomes of crab HPT and hemocytes were sequenced using the Ion Torrent Proton sequencing platform. A total of 51,229,690 single end reads were obtained from six single-end libraries, which were assembled into 31346 unireads as reference. After mapping and transcript assembling, 362 differently expressed genes were identified and 301 of them were deemed to be more abundant in HPT. GO annotation revealed that they were mostly implicated in DNA, RNA and protein synthesis, cell division, mitochondria activities and energy metabolism. The expression level of mitochondrial complexes I (mitochondrial NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase) which was the main natural producers of mitochondrial ROS was found to be 8.6-fold (p < 0.01) higher in HPT than that in hemocytes. In hemocytes, the proteinase genes associated with proPO activation from the 61 up-regulated genes in hemocytes were the main up-regulated genes which might be the potential markers for mature hemocytes. ROS level in HPT cells was relatively higher which was confirmed with the high expression level of mitochondria related genes identified by transcriptome sequencing. After the ROS level was depressed by N-acetyl-l-cysteine (NAC), the production of hemocytes from HPT was inhibited, and the recovery of the total hemocytes counts was delayed. These results collectively indicated that the genes in redox system were more active in HPT, and ROS could function as an important modulator in the hematopoiesis of crab and promote the production of hemocytes from HPT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihao Jia
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Mengqiang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Xiudan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Lingling Wang
- Functional Laboratory of Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Process, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Limei Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Linsheng Song
- Functional Laboratory of Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Process, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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16
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Yang B, Jia Y, Jia Z, Wang W, Song X, Li Y, Yi Q, Wang L, Song L. The cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (CDK2) mediates hematopoiesis through G1-to-S transition in Chinese mitten crab Eriocheir sinensis. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 81:156-166. [PMID: 29198777 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2017.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Revised: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs), a family of cell cycle-related serine/threonine kinases, participate in various biological processes, and play crucial roles in the innate immunity. In the present study, a CDK2 (designed as EsCDK2) with a serine/threonine protein kinase catalytic domain was identified from Chinese mitten crab (Eriocheir sinensis). The full-length cDNA sequence of EsCDK2 was of 2405 bp with an open reading frame (ORF) of 909 bp. EsCDK2 shared 66%-81% sequence similarities with previously identified CDK2s. It was clustered with the CDK2 from Penaeus monodon in the invertebrate branch of the phylogenetic tree. The mRNA transcripts of EsCDK2 were highly expressed in hematopoietic tissue (HPT) and gonad, while lower in hemocytes, heart, gills, and muscle. EsCDK2 protein distributed in both cytoplasm and nucleus of HPT cells. The expression of EsCDK2 mRNA in HPT was significantly up-regulated and peaked at 3 h post stimulations with Aeromonas hydrophila (2.31-fold, p < 0.05) and Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (2.02-fold, p < 0.05). After exsanguination, the total hemocyte counts (THC) decreased significantly to 0.42 × 107/ml (0.39-fold, p < 0.05) at 0.5 h, then returned to a normal level at 6 h, while the mRNA expression of EsCDK2 in HPT cells was up-regulated at the early phase from 0.5 h to 6 h. After injection of EsCDK2-dsRNA, the mRNA expression level of EsCDK2 in HPT and THC both decreased to 0.53-fold (p < 0.01) and 0.78-fold (p < 0.05) at 24 h, respectively, and the percentage of new-born hemocytes in HPT also decreased significantly from 37.7% to 16.3% (0.43-fold, p < 0.01). After knocking down of EsCDK2, THC decreased dramatically at 6 h (0.65-fold, p < 0.01) post exsanguination, while returned normal at 6 h in PBS group. After interference of EsCDK2 mRNA expression, the percentage of G0-G1 phase cells significantly increased to 85.01% (1.26-fold, p < 0.01), while S phase and G2-M phase cells significantly decreased to 7.92% (0.46-fold, p < 0.01) and 7.07% (0.43-fold, p < 0.01) respectively, indicating that the cell cycle of HPT cells arrested at G1 phase. These results collectively demonstrated that EsCDK2 participated in the regeneration of hemocytes or hematopoiesis by regulating the transition from G1 to S phase in the cell cycle, and involves in the innate immune responses of E. sinensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Yang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yunke Jia
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhihao Jia
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Weilin Wang
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology & Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Xiaorui Song
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology & Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Yannan Li
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology & Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Qilin Yi
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology & Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Lingling Wang
- Functional Laboratory of Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266235, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology & Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Linsheng Song
- Functional Laboratory of Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266235, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology & Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China.
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Jia Z, Wang M, Zhang H, Wang X, Lv Z, Wang L, Song L. Identification of a clip domain serine proteinase involved in immune defense in Chinese mitten crab Eriocheir sinensis. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 74:332-340. [PMID: 29305333 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2017.12.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Revised: 12/25/2017] [Accepted: 12/28/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Clip-domain serine proteinase is an important serine proteinase family involved in many biological processes, which is only found in invertebrates. In the present study, the full-length cDNA of a clip domain serine proteinase (designed as EsCDSP) gene was cloned from Chinese mitten crab Eriocheir sinensis using rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE) technique. It was of 1488 bp with an open reading frame (ORF) of 1134 bp encoding a polypeptide of 377 amino acids. There were a signal peptide, a clip domain, and a Tryp_SPc domain in the deduced amino acid sequence of EsCDSP. Highly conserved cysteine residues were identified in the clip domain and Tryp_SPc domain. EsCDSP shared similarities of 40%-61% with CDSPs from Penaeus monodon (ACP19562.1), Scylla paramamosain (CCW43200.1), Drosophila melanogaster (NP_649734.2) and Delia antiqua (AAW57295.1). It was clustered with other CDSPs from crabs in the phylogenetic tree. EsCDSP transcript was highly expressed in hemocytes and it could response to the stimulations of Vibro anguillarum and Pichia pastoris. rEsCDSP could activate proPO system and significantly increase the PO activity of HLS. In addition, rEsCDSP could bond to Aeromonas hydrophila, Vibro anguillarum and Vibro alginolyticus, and reduced the mortality rate causing by pathogen infection. All the results suggested that EsCDSP was an important immune response participator involved in activation of the proPO system of crab.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihao Jia
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Mengqiang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Huan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Xiudan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhao Lv
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lingling Wang
- Functional Laboratory of Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Process, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Linsheng Song
- Functional Laboratory of Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Process, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266071, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology & Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China.
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18
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Li Y, Jia Z, Yi Q, Song X, Liu Y, Jia Y, Wang L, Song L. A novel GATA-like zinc finger transcription factor involving in hematopoiesis of Eriocheir sinensis. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 74:363-371. [PMID: 29325712 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2018.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2017] [Revised: 01/01/2018] [Accepted: 01/05/2018] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
GATA transcription factor is a family of DNA-binding proteins that can recognize and bind to sequence of (A/T) GATA (A/G). In the present study, a GATA-like protein (named as EsGLP) was characterized from Eriocheir sinensis, including an 834 bp full length open reading frame of EsGLP, encoding a polypeptide of 277 amino acids. The deduced amino acid sequence of EsGLP contained one conserved GATA-type zinc finger of the form Cys-X2-Cys-X17-Cys-X2-Cys, with four cysteine sites. The EsGLP mRNA transcripts were mainly detected in the hematopoietic tissue, hepatopancreas and gonad. The recombinant EsGLP protein was prepared for the antibody production. The EsGLP protein was mainly distributed in the edge of lobules in the HPT and the cytoplasm of hemocytes. The mRNA transcripts of EsGLP in hemocytes were significantly decreased at 24 h (0.39-fold and 0.27-fold, p < .05) and 48 h (0.35-fold and 0.16-fold, p < .05) after LPS and Aeromonas hydrophila stimulation, respectively. However, one peak of EsGLP mRNA transcripts were recorded at 24 h (8.71-fold, p < .05) in HPT after A. hydrophila stimulation. The expression level of EsGLP mRNA in HPT was significantly up-regulated at 2 h, 2.5 h and 9 h (41.74-fold, 45.38-fold and 26.07-fold, p < .05) after exsanguination stimulation. When EsGLP gene expression was inhibited by the injection of double-stranded RNA, both the total hemocytes counts and the rate of EdU-positive hemocytes were significantly decreased (0.32-fold and 0.56-fold compared to that in control group, p < .05). All these results suggested that EsGLP was an important regulatory factor in E. sinensis which involved in the hemocytes generation and the immune response against invading pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yannan Li
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China; Laboratory of Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Process, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Zhihao Jia
- Key laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Qilin Yi
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China; Laboratory of Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Process, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Xiaorui Song
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China; Laboratory of Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Process, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Yu Liu
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China; Laboratory of Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Process, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Yunke Jia
- Key laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Lingling Wang
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China; Laboratory of Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Process, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Linsheng Song
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China; Laboratory of Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Process, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266071, China.
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Jia Z, Wang L, Jiang S, Sun M, Wang M, Yi Q, Song L. Functional characterization of hemocytes from Chinese mitten crab Eriocheir sinensis by flow cytometry. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 69:15-25. [PMID: 28826623 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2017.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2017] [Revised: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Hemocytes comprise a diversity of cell types with functional and structural heterogeneity, and they play key roles in the host defense of invertebrates. In the present study, the hemocytes from Chinese mitten crab Eriocheir sinensis were directly separated into two groups by flow cytometry. The hemocytes in P1 group were full of round and abundant granules with deeply staining cytoplasm, while P2 hemocytes were more diverse with a wide range of sizes and less granularity. Both P1 and P2 hemocytes exhibited phagocytic ability, but the phagocytic rate of P1 hemocytes increased which was significantly higher than that of P2 hemocytes after LPS stimulations. The levels of ROS production and intracellular Calcium as well as lysosome content were higher in P1 hemocytes than that in P2 hemocytes under both normal and immune-activated situations. The genes involved in phagocytosis, antimicrobial and antioxidant activities were mainly expressed in P1 hemocytes, while the genes involved in proPO activation system were highly expressed in P2 hemocytes. These results collectively suggested that P1 hemocytes were the main immunocompetent hemocytes in Chinese mitten crab and P2 hemocytes mainly participated in proPO activation system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihao Jia
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lingling Wang
- Functional Laboratory of Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Process, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Shuai Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Mingzhe Sun
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Mengqiang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Qilin Yi
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology & Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Linsheng Song
- Functional Laboratory of Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Process, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266071, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology & Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China.
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Wang L, Chen H, Xu J, Xu Q, Wang M, Zhao D, Wang L, Song L. Crustacean hyperglycemic hormones directly modulate the immune response of hemocytes in shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 62:164-174. [PMID: 28089897 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2017.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2016] [Revised: 12/26/2016] [Accepted: 01/06/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A robust immune response against invading pathogens is crucial for host to survive, which depends greatly on the well balance of metabolism. Increasing evidence has indicated that some metabolic hormones, such as insulin, could modulate immune responses directly. Crustacean hyperglycemic hormone (CHH) family is a group of ecdysozoans-specific peptide hormone involved in glucose metabolism and other biological events. In the present study, two members of CHH family (designated as LvCHH I and LvCHH II) in shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei with one and two crustacean neurohormone domains respectively were chosen to investigate their putative modulatory roles in both glucose metabolism and immune response. LvCHH I and LvCHH II were both expressed in the sinus gland and lamina ganglionalis of eyestalks and were significantly induced after white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) infection. Meanwhile, significant increases of hemolymph glucose levels were observed in shrimp at 12 and 24 h after WSSV infection while the glucose inside the hemocytes decreased at 6 h and then increased at 12 h. Gain-of-function of rLvCHHs was subsequently conducted in vivo by injecting the recombinant proteins (rLvCHH I and rLvCHH II). The hemolymph glucose increased significantly from 0.5 h to 3 h after the shrimps received an injection of rLvCHH I, while it decreased at 0.5 h and increased afterward at 3 h post rLvCHH II injection. At the meantime, significant decreases of reactive oxygen species level in hemocytes were observed at 3 h and 6 h post rLvCHH I injection, while it remained unchanged in rLvCHH II injection group. rLvCHH I and rLvCHH II could bind to the cytomembrane of primary shrimp hemocytes in vitro, and the expressions of superoxide dismutase and LvRelish increased when the hemocytes were incubated with rLvCHH I for 3 h. Meanwhile, the expression of antimicrobial peptides, crustin and penaeidin-4, were also induced by rLvCHH I and rLvCHH II. These results demonstrated that host immune response, in addition to glucose metabolism, could be directly modulated by LvCHH family, and the present study provided new insights into the immunomodulation role of metabolic hormones in invertebrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hao Chen
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jianchao Xu
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qingsong Xu
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Mengqiang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Depeng Zhao
- Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China
| | - Lingling Wang
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Linsheng Song
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China.
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Jia Z, Wang M, Wang X, Wang L, Song L. The receptor for activated C kinase 1 (RACK1) functions in hematopoiesis through JNK activation in Chinese mitten crab Eriocheir sinensis. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 57:252-261. [PMID: 27542616 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2016.08.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2016] [Revised: 08/08/2016] [Accepted: 08/13/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Receptor for activated C kinase 1 (RACK1) is a WD-domain repeating protein which involves in the mediation of various biological processes, including innate immune response. In the present study, a RACK1 (designed as EsRACK1) gene from Chinese mitten crab E. sinensis was cloned by rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE) technique. The full-length cDNA sequence of EsRACK1 was of 1117 bp with an open reading frame (ORF) of 957 bp encoding a polypeptide of 318 amino acids containing seven WD repeats. EsRACK1 shared 62%-99% similarities with previously identified RACK1s in amino acid sequence, and it was clustered with the RACK1 from Pacifastacus leniusculus in the phylogenetic tree. The mRNA transcripts of EsRACK1 were constitutively expressed in various tissues with the highest expression level in hepatopancreas. The expression of EsRACK1 mRNA in hemocytes were significantly up-regulated post the stimulations with Vibrio anguillarum and Pichia pastoris. After exposure to CdCl2 and pentachlorophenol, the transcripts of EsRACK1 in hemocytes were up-regulated at the late phase from 12 h. When EsRACK1 was knocked down by dsRNA based RNAi, the total hemocyte counts, new-born hemocytes and phosphorylation of JNK were all significantly decreased. In addition, EsRACK1 transcription and phosphorylation of JNK were both decreased in hematopoietic tissue post Aeromonas hydrophila challenge. All the results suggested that EsRACK1 was involved in the innate immune response of the crab and participated in the production of new-born hemocytes through activation of JNK.
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MESH Headings
- Aeromonas hydrophila/physiology
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Arthropod Proteins/chemistry
- Arthropod Proteins/genetics
- Arthropod Proteins/metabolism
- Base Sequence
- Brachyura/drug effects
- Brachyura/genetics
- Brachyura/immunology
- Brachyura/microbiology
- DNA, Complementary/genetics
- DNA, Complementary/metabolism
- Hematopoiesis/drug effects
- Herbicides/toxicity
- Immunity, Innate
- Metals, Heavy/toxicity
- Phylogeny
- Pichia/physiology
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Receptors for Activated C Kinase
- Receptors, Cell Surface/chemistry
- Receptors, Cell Surface/genetics
- Receptors, Cell Surface/metabolism
- Sequence Alignment
- Tissue Distribution
- Up-Regulation
- Vibrio/physiology
- Water Pollutants, Chemical/toxicity
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihao Jia
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Mengqiang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Xiudan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lingling Wang
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture & Stock Enhancement in North China's Sea, Ministry of Agriculture, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Linsheng Song
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture & Stock Enhancement in North China's Sea, Ministry of Agriculture, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China.
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Zhang H, Yu P, Zhong S, Ge T, Peng S, Zhou Z, Guo X. Gliocyte and synapse analyses in cerebral ganglia of the Chinese mitten crab, Eriocheir sinensis: ultrastructural study. Eur J Histochem 2016; 60:2655. [PMID: 27734995 PMCID: PMC5062632 DOI: 10.4081/ejh.2016.2655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2016] [Revised: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 07/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The Chinese mitten crab Eriocheir sinensis is an economically important aquatic species in China. Many studies on gene structure, breeding, and diseases of the crab have been reported. However, knowledge about the organization of the nerve system of the crab remains largely unknown. To study the ultrastructure of the cerebral ganglia of E. sinensis and to compare the histological findings regarding the nerve systems of crustaceans, the cerebral ganglia were observed by transmission electron microscopy. The results showed that four types of gliocytes, including type I, II, III, and IV gliocytes were located in the cerebral ganglia. In addition, three types of synapses were present in the cerebral ganglia, including unidirectional synapses, bidirectional synapses, and combined type synapses.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Zhang
- Jiangxi Agricultural University.
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