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Sharma S, Alizadeh M, Pratt S, Stamatikos A, Abdelaziz K. Differential Expression of Key Immune Markers in the Intestinal Tract of Developing Chick Embryos. Vet Sci 2025; 12:186. [PMID: 40005946 PMCID: PMC11860313 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci12020186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2024] [Revised: 01/31/2025] [Accepted: 02/17/2025] [Indexed: 02/27/2025] Open
Abstract
Research on the immunological development of lymphoid organs in chicks has been extensive, yet a significant gap exists in our understanding of innate immunity during embryonic life within the intestinal tract. This study investigated the developmental trajectory of intestinal immunity in chick embryos by evaluating basal gene expression levels of key immune markers at embryonic days (ED) 14, 17, and 20. The results indicated variable expression levels of cytokines, antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), and Toll-like receptor (TLRs) genes throughout the intestinal tract. Most cytokines and chemokines exhibited elevated expression in the cecum, while AMPs, including avian-β-defensins (AvBDs) and cathelicidins (CATHs) genes, showed increased levels in the jejunum at ED20. The findings from the developmental trajectory analysis of these genes revealed elevated expression levels of cytokines, including interferon (IFN)-γ, interleukin (IL)-6, IL-13, and transforming-growth factor (TGF)-β in the cecum at ED20. However, no consistent patterns were observed for AvBDs, CATHs, and TLRs, as their expression varied across different developmental stages of the chick embryo. These findings significantly contribute to our understanding of intestinal immune system development in chick embryos and provide a foundation for further research aimed at enhancing immune capabilities, especially in segments with lower expression levels of immunomodulatory genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shreeya Sharma
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA; (S.S.); (S.P.)
| | - Mohammadali Alizadeh
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada;
| | - Scott Pratt
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA; (S.S.); (S.P.)
| | - Alexis Stamatikos
- Department of Food, Nutrition, and Packaging Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA;
| | - Khaled Abdelaziz
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA; (S.S.); (S.P.)
- Clemson University School of Health Research (CUSHR), Clemson, SC 29634, USA
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2
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Ayalew H, Xu C, Adane A, Sanchez ALB, Li S, Wang J, Wu S, Qiu K, Qi G, Zhang H. Ontogeny and function of the intestinal epithelial and innate immune cells during early development of chicks: to explore in ovo immunomodulatory nutrition. Poult Sci 2025; 104:104607. [PMID: 39693955 PMCID: PMC11720616 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2024.104607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2024] [Revised: 11/23/2024] [Accepted: 11/26/2024] [Indexed: 12/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) and innate immune cells in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) of chickens play crucial roles in pathogens defense and maintaining gut health. However, their effectiveness influenced with their developmental and functional stages during pre and post hatch periods of chick. During embryonic development, differentiation and migration of these innate immune systems are tightly regulated by diverse cellular and molecular factors. The maturation and functionality of IECs are histologically evident starting embryonic day (ED) 14. Moreover, the innate immun cells, such as dendritic cells (DCs), macrophages, natural killer (NK) cells, and gamma-delta (γδ) T cells have showed developmental expression varation, while most identified by the 3rd days of incubation and capable of responsing to their cognate ligands of pathogens by ED 17, it may not efficient during posthatch period. In modern poultry production, in ovo feeding of bioactive substances is a topic of interest to maximize the protection capability of hatched chicks by enhancing improvement on the development of innate immune systems. However, their actions and effects on each distinct innate immune involved response are inconsistent and not clearly understood. Thus, summarizing the ontogeny and function of IECs, innate immunity systems, and interaction mechanisms of in ovo feeding of bioactive substances could provide baseline information for designing targeted in ovo feeding interventions to modulate cell waise specific innate immune systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Habtamu Ayalew
- Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Animal Products on Feed Hazards (Beijing) of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Feed Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; University of Gondar, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Po. Box 196, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Changchun Xu
- Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Animal Products on Feed Hazards (Beijing) of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Feed Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Assefa Adane
- University of Gondar, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Po. Box 196, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Astrid Lissette Barreto Sanchez
- Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Animal Products on Feed Hazards (Beijing) of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Feed Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Siman Li
- Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Animal Products on Feed Hazards (Beijing) of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Feed Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Animal Products on Feed Hazards (Beijing) of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Feed Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Shugeng Wu
- Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Animal Products on Feed Hazards (Beijing) of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Feed Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Kai Qiu
- Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Animal Products on Feed Hazards (Beijing) of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Feed Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Guanghai Qi
- Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Animal Products on Feed Hazards (Beijing) of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Feed Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Haijun Zhang
- Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Animal Products on Feed Hazards (Beijing) of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Feed Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China.
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3
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Liu PY, Liaw J, Soutter F, Ortiz JJ, Tomley FM, Werling D, Gundogdu O, Blake DP, Xia D. Multi-omics analysis reveals regime shifts in the gastrointestinal ecosystem in chickens following anticoccidial vaccination and Eimeria tenella challenge. mSystems 2024; 9:e0094724. [PMID: 39287379 PMCID: PMC11494932 DOI: 10.1128/msystems.00947-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2024] [Accepted: 08/27/2024] [Indexed: 09/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Coccidiosis, caused by Eimeria parasites, significantly impacts poultry farm economics and animal welfare. Beyond its direct impact on health, Eimeria infection disrupts enteric microbial populations leading to dysbiosis and increases vulnerability to secondary diseases such as necrotic enteritis, caused by Clostridium perfringens. The impact of Eimeria infection or anticoccidial vaccination on host gastrointestinal phenotypes and enteric microbiota remains understudied. In this study, the metabolomic profiles and microbiota composition of chicken caecal tissue and contents were evaluated concurrently during a controlled experimental vaccination and challenge trial. Cobb500 broilers were vaccinated with a Saccharomyces cerevisiae-vectored anticoccidial vaccine and challenged with 15,000 Eimeria tenella oocysts. Assessment of caecal pathology and quantification of parasite load revealed correlations with alterations to caecal microbiota and caecal metabolome linked to infection and vaccination status. Infection heightened microbiota richness with increases in potentially pathogenic species, while vaccination elevated beneficial Bifidobacterium. Using a multi-omics factor analysis, data on caecal microbiota and metabolome were integrated and distinct profiles for healthy, infected, and recovering chickens were identified. Healthy and recovering chickens exhibited higher vitamin B metabolism linked to short-chain fatty acid-producing bacteria, whereas essential amino acid and cell membrane lipid metabolisms were prominent in infected and vaccinated chickens. Notably, vaccinated chickens showed distinct metabolites related to the enrichment of sphingolipids, important components of nerve cells and cell membranes. Our integrated multi-omics model revealed latent biomarkers indicative of vaccination and infection status, offering potential tools for diagnosing infection, monitoring vaccination efficacy, and guiding the development of novel treatments or controls.IMPORTANCEAdvances in anticoccidial vaccines have garnered significant attention in poultry health management. However, the intricacies of vaccine-induced alterations in the chicken gut microbiome and its subsequent impact on host metabolism remain inadequately explored. This study delves into the metabolic and microbiotic shifts in chickens post-vaccination, employing a multi-omics integration analysis. Our findings highlight a notable synergy between the microbiome composition and host-microbe interacted metabolic pathways in vaccinated chickens, differentiating them from infected or non-vaccinated cohorts. These insights pave the way for more targeted and efficient approaches in poultry disease control, enhancing both the efficacy of vaccines and the overall health of poultry populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Po-Yu Liu
- Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, London, United Kingdom
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Biomedical Science and Environmental Biology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Janie Liaw
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - José Jaramillo Ortiz
- Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, London, United Kingdom
- Centre for Vaccinology and Regenerative Medicine, Royal Veterinary College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Fiona M. Tomley
- Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Dirk Werling
- Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, London, United Kingdom
- Centre for Vaccinology and Regenerative Medicine, Royal Veterinary College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ozan Gundogdu
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Damer P. Blake
- Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, London, United Kingdom
- Centre for Vaccinology and Regenerative Medicine, Royal Veterinary College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Dong Xia
- Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, London, United Kingdom
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Mo J, Segovia K, Chrzastek K, Briggs K, Kapczynski DR. Morphologic characterization and cytokine response of chicken bone-marrow derived dendritic cells to infection with high and low pathogenic avian influenza virus. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1374838. [PMID: 39281683 PMCID: PMC11401072 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1374838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 08/15/2024] [Indexed: 09/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are professional antigen-presenting cells, which are key components of the immune system and involved in early immune responses. DCs are specialized in capturing, processing, and presenting antigens to facilitate immune interactions. Chickens infected with avian influenza virus (AIV) demonstrate a wide range of clinical symptoms, based on pathogenicity of the virus. Low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) viruses typically induce mild clinical signs, whereas high pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) induce more severe disease, which can lead to death. For this study, chicken bone marrow-derived DC (ckBM-DC)s were produced and infected with high and low pathogenic avian influenza viruses of H5N2 or H7N3 subtypes to characterize innate immune responses, study effect on cell morphologies, and evaluate virus replication. A strong proinflammatory response was observed at 8 hours post infection, via upregulation of chicken interleukin-1β and stimulation of the interferon response pathway. Microscopically, the DCs underwent morphological changes from classic elongated dendrites to a more general rounded shape that eventually led to cell death with the presence of scattered cellular debris. Differences in onset of morphologic changes were observed between H5 and H7 subtypes. Increases in viral titers demonstrated that both HPAI and LPAI are capable of infecting and replicating in DCs. The increase in activation of infected DCs may be indicative of a dysregulated immune response typically seen with HPAI infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jongsuk Mo
- Exotic and Emerging Avian Disease Research Unit, U.S National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Athens, GA, United States
| | | | - Klaudia Chrzastek
- Pathology and Animal Sciences, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Addlestone, United Kingdom
| | - Kelsey Briggs
- Exotic and Emerging Avian Disease Research Unit, U.S National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Athens, GA, United States
| | - Darrell R Kapczynski
- Exotic and Emerging Avian Disease Research Unit, U.S National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Athens, GA, United States
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Ghahramani Z, Mosleh N, Shomali T, Nazifi S, Khodakaram-Tafti A. A study on selected responses and immune structures of broiler chickens with experimental colibacillosis with or without florfenicol administration. BMC Vet Res 2024; 20:371. [PMID: 39155372 PMCID: PMC11331695 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-024-04232-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2024] [Accepted: 08/12/2024] [Indexed: 08/20/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Colibacillosis in broiler chickens is associated with economic loss and localized or systemic infection. Usually, the last resort is antibacterial therapy. Insight into the disease pathogenesis, host responses and plausible immunomodulatory effects of the antibacterials is important in choosing antibacterial agent and optimization of the treatment. Selected responses of broiler chickens experimentally infected with Escherichia coli (E. coli) and also those treated with florfenicol are evaluated in this study. Chickens (n = 70, 5 weeks old) were randomly assigned to four groups. The control groups included normal control (NC) and intratracheal infection control (ITC) (received sterile bacterial medium). The experimental groups consisted of intratracheal infection (IT) that received bacterial suspension and intratracheal infection with florfenicol administration (ITF) group. RESULTS Florfenicol reversed the decreased albumin/globulin ratio to the level of control groups (p > 0.05). Serum interleukin 10 (IL-10) and interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) concentrations decreased in IT birds as compared to NC group. Florfenicol decreased the serum interleukin 6 (IL-6) concentration as compared to IT group. Milder signs of inflammation, septicemia, and left shift were observed in the leukogram of the ITF group. Florfenicol decreased the severity of histopathological lesions in lungs and liver. Depletion of lymphoid tissue was detected in spleen, thymus and bursa of IT group but was absent in ITF birds. The number of colony forming units of E. coli in liver samples of ITF group was only slightly lower than IT birds. CONCLUSIONS Experimental E. coli infection of chickens by intratracheal route is associated with remarkable inflammatory responses as shown by changes in biochemical and hematological parameters. Histopathological lesions in lymphoid organs (especially in the spleen) were also prominent. Florfenicol has positive immunomodulatory effects and improves many of the lesions before the full manifestation of its antibacterial effects. These effects of florfenicol should be considered in pharmacotherapy decision-making process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Ghahramani
- Avian Diseases Research Center, Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Najmeh Mosleh
- Avian Diseases Research Center, Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Tahoora Shomali
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Basic Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, P.O. Box 71441-69155, Shiraz, Iran.
| | - Saeed Nazifi
- Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
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Franzo G, Dotto G, Lupini C, Legnardi M, Tucciarone CM, Poletto F, Catelli E, Graziosi G, Cecchinato M, Pasotto D. Exploring Variability: Inflammation Mediator Levels across Tissues and Time in Poultry Experimentally Infected by the G1a and G6 Genogroups of Infectious Bursal Disease Virus (IBDV). Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:1619. [PMID: 38891666 PMCID: PMC11171315 DOI: 10.3390/ani14111619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2024] [Revised: 05/27/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) is a significant burden for poultry production and market due to both direct disease and induced immunosuppression. In the present study, the expression of different cytokines in the bursa of Fabricius and thymus was evaluated during a 28-day-long experimental infection with two strains classified in the G1a (Classical) and G6 (ITA) genogroups. Although both strains significantly affected and modulated the expression of different molecules, the G6 strain seemed to induce a delayed immune response or suppress it more promptly. A recovery in the expression of several mediators was observed in the G1a-infected group at the end of the study, but not in the G6 one, further supporting a more persistent immunosuppression. This evidence fits with the higher replication level previously reported for the G6 and with the clinical outcome, as this genotype, although subclinical, has often been considered more immunosuppressive. However, unlike other studies focused on shorter time periods after infection, the patterns observed in this paper were highly variable and complex, depending on the strain, tissue, and time point, and characterized by a non-negligible within-group variability. Besides confirming the strain/genogroup effect on immune system modulation, the present study suggests the usefulness of longer monitoring activities after experimental infection to better understand the complex patterns and interactions with the host response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Franzo
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padova, 35020 Legnaro, Italy; (G.D.); (M.L.); (C.M.T.); (F.P.); (M.C.); (D.P.)
| | - Giorgia Dotto
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padova, 35020 Legnaro, Italy; (G.D.); (M.L.); (C.M.T.); (F.P.); (M.C.); (D.P.)
| | - Caterina Lupini
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40064 Ozzano dell’Emilia, Italy; (C.L.); (E.C.); (G.G.)
| | - Matteo Legnardi
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padova, 35020 Legnaro, Italy; (G.D.); (M.L.); (C.M.T.); (F.P.); (M.C.); (D.P.)
| | - Claudia Maria Tucciarone
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padova, 35020 Legnaro, Italy; (G.D.); (M.L.); (C.M.T.); (F.P.); (M.C.); (D.P.)
| | - Francesca Poletto
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padova, 35020 Legnaro, Italy; (G.D.); (M.L.); (C.M.T.); (F.P.); (M.C.); (D.P.)
| | - Elena Catelli
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40064 Ozzano dell’Emilia, Italy; (C.L.); (E.C.); (G.G.)
| | - Giulia Graziosi
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40064 Ozzano dell’Emilia, Italy; (C.L.); (E.C.); (G.G.)
| | - Mattia Cecchinato
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padova, 35020 Legnaro, Italy; (G.D.); (M.L.); (C.M.T.); (F.P.); (M.C.); (D.P.)
| | - Daniela Pasotto
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padova, 35020 Legnaro, Italy; (G.D.); (M.L.); (C.M.T.); (F.P.); (M.C.); (D.P.)
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John FA, Criollo V, Gaghan C, Armwood A, Holmes J, Thachil AJ, Crespo R, Kulkarni RR. Immunization of turkeys with Clostridium septicum alpha toxin-based recombinant subunit proteins can confer protection against experimental Clostridial dermatitis. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0302555. [PMID: 38683795 PMCID: PMC11057757 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0302555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Clostridial dermatitis (CD), caused by Clostridium septicum, is an emerging disease of increasing economic importance in turkeys. Currently, there are no effective vaccines for CD control. Here, two non-toxic domains of C. septicum alpha toxin, namely ntATX-D1 and ntATX-D2, were identified, cloned, and expressed in Escherichia coli as recombinant subunit proteins to investigate their use as potential vaccine candidates. Experimental groups consisted of a Negative control (NCx) that did not receive C. septicum challenge, while the adjuvant-only Positive control (PCx), ntATX-D1 immunization (D1) and ntATX-D2 immunization (D2) groups received C. septicum challenge. Turkeys were immunized subcutaneously with 100 μg of protein at 7, 8 and 9 weeks of age along with an oil-in-water nano-emulsion adjuvant, followed by C. septicum challenge at 11 weeks of age. Results showed that while 46.2% of birds in the PCx group died post-challenge, the rate of mortality in D1- or D2-immunization groups was 13.3%. The gross and histopathological lesions in the skin, muscle and spleen showed that the disease severity was highest in PCx group, while the D2-immunized birds had significantly lower lesion scores when compared to PCx. Gene expression analysis revealed that PCx birds had significantly higher expression of pro-inflammatory cytokine genes in the skin, muscle and spleen than the NCx group, while the D2 group had significantly lower expression of these genes compared to PCx. Peripheral blood cellular analysis showed increased frequencies of activated CD4+ and/or CD8+ cells in the D1 and D2-immunized groups. Additionally, the immunized turkeys developed antigen-specific serum IgY antibodies. Collectively, these findings indicate that ntATX proteins, specifically the ntATX-D2 can be a promising vaccine candidate for protecting turkeys against CD and that the protection mechanisms may include downregulation of C. septicum-induced inflammation and increased CD4+ and CD8+ cellular activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feba Ann John
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Valeria Criollo
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Carissa Gaghan
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Abigail Armwood
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Jennifer Holmes
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Anil J. Thachil
- Bacteriology & Mycology Division, Rollins Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Rocio Crespo
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Raveendra R. Kulkarni
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
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Mantzios T, Kiousi DE, Brellou GD, Papadopoulos GA, Economou V, Vasilogianni M, Kanari E, Petridou E, Giannenas I, Tellez-Isaias G, Pappa A, Galanis A, Tsiouris V. Investigation of Potential Gut Health Biomarkers in Broiler Chicks Challenged by Campylobacter jejuni and Submitted to a Continuous Water Disinfection Program. Pathogens 2024; 13:356. [PMID: 38787208 PMCID: PMC11124259 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13050356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The exploration of novel biomarkers to assess poultry health is of paramount importance, not only to enhance our understanding of the pathogenicity of zoonotic agents but also to evaluate the efficacy of novel treatments as alternatives to antibiotics. The present study aimed to investigate potential gut health biomarkers in broiler chicks challenged by Campylobacter jejuni and subjected to a continuous water disinfection program. A total of 144 one-day-old hatched broiler chicks were randomly allocated to four treatment groups with four replicates each, according to the following experimental design: Group A received untreated drinking water; Group B received drinking water treated with 0.01-0.05% v/v Cid 2000™ (hydrogen peroxide, acetic acid and paracetic acid); Group C was challenged by C. jejuni and received untreated drinking water; and Group D was challenged by C. jejuni and received drinking water treated with 0.01-0.05% v/v Cid 2000™. The use of Cid 2000™ started on day 1 and was applied in intervals until the end of the experiment at 36 days, while the C. jejuni challenge was applied on day 18. Potential biomarkers were investigated in serum, feces, intestinal tissue, intestinal content, and liver samples of broilers. Statistical analysis revealed significant increases (p < 0.001) in serum cortisol levels in C. jejuni-challenged broilers. Serum fluorescein isothiocyanate dextran (FITC-d) increased significantly (p = 0.004) in broilers challenged by C. jejuni and treated with drinking water disinfectant, while fecal ovotransferrin concentration also increased significantly (p < 0.001) in broilers that received the drinking water disinfectant alone. The gene expression levels of occludin (p = 0.003) and mucin-2 (p < 0.001) were significantly upregulated in broilers challenged by C. jejuni, while mucin-2 significantly increased in birds that were challenged and received the drinking water disinfectant (p < 0.001). TLR-4 expression levels were significantly (p = 0.013) decreased in both groups that received the drinking water disinfectant, compared to the negative control group. Finally, the C. jejuni challenge significantly increased (p = 0.032) the crypt depth and decreased (p = 0.021) the villus height-to-crypt-depth ratio in the ileum of birds, while the tested disinfectant product increased (p = 0.033) the villus height in the jejunum of birds. Furthermore, the counts of C. jejuni in the ceca of birds (p = 0.01), as well as its translocation rate to the liver of broilers (p = 0.001), were significantly reduced by the addition of the water disinfectant. This research contributes to novel insights into the intricate interplay of water disinfection and/or C. jejuni challenge with potential intestinal biomarkers. In addition, it emphasizes the need for continued research to unveil the underlying mechanisms, expands our understanding of broiler responses to these challenges and identifies breakpoints for further investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tilemachos Mantzios
- Unit of Avian Medicine, Clinic of Farm Animals, School of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 546 27 Thessaloniki, Greece;
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Democritus University of Thrace, 68 100 Alexandroupolis, Greece; (D.E.K.); (E.K.); (A.P.); (A.G.)
| | - Despoina E. Kiousi
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Democritus University of Thrace, 68 100 Alexandroupolis, Greece; (D.E.K.); (E.K.); (A.P.); (A.G.)
| | - Georgia D. Brellou
- Laboratory of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 546 27 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Georgios A. Papadopoulos
- Laboratory of Animal Husbandry, School of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece;
| | - Vangelis Economou
- Laboratory of Hygiene of Animal Food Products—Veterinary Public Health, School of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece;
| | - Marili Vasilogianni
- Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, London NW1 0TU, UK;
| | - Elisavet Kanari
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Democritus University of Thrace, 68 100 Alexandroupolis, Greece; (D.E.K.); (E.K.); (A.P.); (A.G.)
| | - Evanthia Petridou
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, School of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece;
| | - Ilias Giannenas
- Laboratory of Nutrition, School of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece;
| | | | - Aglaia Pappa
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Democritus University of Thrace, 68 100 Alexandroupolis, Greece; (D.E.K.); (E.K.); (A.P.); (A.G.)
| | - Alex Galanis
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Democritus University of Thrace, 68 100 Alexandroupolis, Greece; (D.E.K.); (E.K.); (A.P.); (A.G.)
| | - Vasilios Tsiouris
- Unit of Avian Medicine, Clinic of Farm Animals, School of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 546 27 Thessaloniki, Greece;
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9
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Hao G, Xiong C, Xiao J, He W, Zhu Y, Xu L, Jiang Q, Yang G. Evaluation of the immunoprotective effect of the recombinant Eimeria intestinalis rhoptry protein 25 and rhoptry protein 30 on New Zealand rabbits. Exp Parasitol 2024; 259:108719. [PMID: 38364954 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2024.108719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rabbit coccidiosis is a parasitism caused by either one or multiple co-infections of Eimeria species. Among them, Eimeria intestinalis is the primary pathogen responsible for diarrhea, growth retardation, and potential mortality in rabbits. Concerns regarding drug resistance and drug residues have led to the development of recombinant subunit vaccines targeting Eimeria species as a promising preventive measure. The aim of this study was to assess the immunoprotective efficacy of recombinant subunit vaccines comprising EiROP25 and EiROP30 (rhoptry proteins (ROPs)) against E. intestinalis infection in rabbits. METHODS Cloning, prokaryotic expression, and protein purification were performed to obtain EiROP25 and EiROP30. Five groups of fifty 35-day-old Eimeria-free rabbits were created (unchallenged control group, challenged control group, vector protein control group, rEiROP25 group, and rEiROP30 group), with 10 rabbits in each group. Rabbits in the rEiROP25 and rEiROP30 groups were immunized with the recombinant proteins (100 μg per rabbit) for primary and booster immunization (100 μg per rabbit) at a two-week intervals, and challenged with 7 × 104 oocysts per rabbit after an additional two-week interval. Two weeks after the challenge, the rabbits were euthanized for analysis. Weekly collections of rabbit sera were made to measure changes in specific IgG and cytokine level. Clinical symptoms and pathological changes after challenge were observed and recorded. At the conclusion of the animal experiment, lesion scores, the relative weight increase ratio, the oocyst reduction rate, and the anticoccidial index were computed. RESULTS Rabbits immunized with rEiROP25 and rEiROP30 exhibited relative weight gain ratios of 56.57% and 72.36%, respectively. Oocysts decreased by 78.14% and 84.06% for the rEiROP25 and rEiROP30 groups, respectively. The anticoccidial indexes were 140 and 155. Furthermore, there was a noticeable drop in intestinal lesions. After the primary immunization with rEiROP25 and rEiROP30, a week later, there was a notable rise in specific IgG levels, which remained elevated for two weeks following challenge (P < 0.05). Interleukin (IL)-2 levels increased markedly in the rEiROP25 group, whereas IL-2, interferon gamma (IFN-γ), and IL-4 levels increased substantially in the rEiROP30 group (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION Immunization of rabbits indicated that both rEiROP25 and rEiROP30 are capable of inducing an increase in specific antibody levels. rEiROP25 triggered a Th1-type immune protection response, while rEiROP30 elicited a Th1/Th2 mixed response. EiROP25 and EiROP30 can generate a moderate level of immune protection, with better efficacy observed for EiROP30. This study provides valuable insights for the promotion of recombinant subunit vaccines targeting rabbit E. intestinalis infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ge Hao
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, 611130, China
| | - Changming Xiong
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, 611130, China
| | - Jie Xiao
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, 611130, China
| | - Wei He
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, 611130, China
| | - Yuhua Zhu
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, 611130, China
| | - Liwen Xu
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, 611130, China
| | - Qing Jiang
- Ya'an Polytechnic College, Yaan, 625014, China.
| | - Guangyou Yang
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, 611130, China.
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10
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Pu X, Pan Y, Xiang Q, Lu M, Xu L, Yan R, Li X, Song X. Inhibitory effect of Eimeria maxima IFN-γ inhibitory molecules on the immune function of T cell subsets in chickens. Poult Sci 2023; 102:103098. [PMID: 37797491 PMCID: PMC10622878 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.103098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Revised: 09/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023] Open
Abstract
It has been reported that infection of chicken coccidian could inhibit the production of Th1 cytokine IFN-γ, thereby evading clearance by the host immune system. The present study aimed to have a further investigation into the effects of Eimeria maxima IFN-γ inhibitory molecules (EmHPSP-2 and EmHPSP-3) on the immune function of chicken peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and various T cell subsets. First, separated PBMC or sorted T cell subsets were used for incubation with recombinant proteins of EmHPSP-2 (rEmHPSP-2) and EmHPSP-3 (rEmHPSP-3). Subsequently, the effects of rEmHPSP-2 and rEmHPSP-3 on proliferative capacity, nitric oxide (NO) release and mRNA levels of cytokines of the above cells were detected. The sorting purity of CD8+, CD4+ CD25-, CD4+, and CD4+ CD25+ T cells was 93.01, 88.88, 87.04, and 81.26%, respectively. The NO release of PBMC was significantly inhibited by rEmHPSP-2 and rEmHPSP-3. The proliferation of PBMC and CD4+ T cells was significantly inhibited by rEmHPSP-2 and rEmHPSP-3, whereas CD8+, CD4+ CD25-, and CD4+ CD25+ T cells was significantly promoted by the 2 proteins. The 2 proteins significantly downregulated interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) mRNA level, upregulated the transcriptional levels of interleukin-10 (IL-10) and transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-β1) in PBMC. IFN-γ and IL-2 transcriptional levels were markedly inhibited in CD8+ T cells. IFN-γ transcriptional level was significantly inhibited, but IL-4 was promoted by rEmHPSP-2 and rEmHPSP-3 in CD4+ CD25- T cells. Meanwhile, the inhibitory effects of rEmHPSP-2 and rEmHPSP-3 on the transcriptional levels of IFN-γ and IL-2 were more obvious in CD4+ T cells containing CD25+ cells compared with the CD25+ cells depletion group. It was found that IL-10, TGF-β1, and cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen-4 (CTLA-4) mRNA levels were significantly upregulated upon stimulation of chicken CD4+ CD25+ T cells by proteins. This study is not only of great significance to clarify the immune evasion mechanism of chicken coccidia, but also provides candidate antigen molecules for development of a novel vaccine against chicken coccidiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianglin Pu
- Ministry of Education (MOE) Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Yangdong Pan
- Ministry of Education (MOE) Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Quanjia Xiang
- Ministry of Education (MOE) Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Mingmin Lu
- Ministry of Education (MOE) Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Lixin Xu
- Ministry of Education (MOE) Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Ruofeng Yan
- Ministry of Education (MOE) Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Xiangrui Li
- Ministry of Education (MOE) Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Xiaokai Song
- Ministry of Education (MOE) Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China.
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11
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Khan A, Afzal M, Rasool K, Ameen M, Qureshi NA. In-vivo anticoccidial efficacy of green synthesized iron-oxide nanoparticles using Ficus racemosa Linn leaf extract. (Moraceae) against Emeria tenella infection in broiler chicks. Vet Parasitol 2023; 321:110003. [PMID: 37586136 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2023.110003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
Coccidiosis is an acute gastrointestinal parasitic disease and causes approximately $2.80 to $3.27 per m2 loss in a broiler farm of a 33-day-old flock. In this study, iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) were green synthesized using the aqueous leaf extract of Ficus racemosa as a reducing and capping agent to reduce the emerging resistance in coccidia spores against conventional treatments and boost the immune level in broilers. These IONPs were evaluated for their impacts on the growth performance, biochemistry, blood profile, and histology in the coccidiodized broiler chicken with Emeria tenella under in vivo conditions. The characteristics and stability of particles were obtained using UV-Vis spectroscopy, Fourier transforms infrared (FTIR), X-Ray diffraction (XRD), energy dispersive X-ray absorption (EDX), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), zeta potential and zeta size. The results indicated that IONPs at the moderate dose of 15 mg/kg (p = 0.001) reduced the coccidial impacts by eliminating oocyst shedding per gram feces (up to 91%) and reducing clinical symptoms (lesions (LS = 0), bloody diarrhea (No), and mortality (0%) in chicken at day 10 of treatment as compared to the negative control group-B (infected & non-treated). A dose-dependent and time-dependent trend were observed during treatments (10, 15, and 20 mg/kg) of 1-3 weeks using IONPs against the coccidial impacts on the growth parameters (body weight gain, mean feed consumption, feed conversion ratio) and biochemistry (plasma glucose, total protein, uric acid, ALT, AST, and ALP) in chickens. Additionally, F. racemosa IONPs at a dose of 15 and 20 mg/kg significantly recovered the parasitized and highly damaged hepatocytes, liver tissues, and ceca tissues after 1-3 weeks of treatment in broiler chickens. Overall, the 15 mg/kg concentration of IONPs exhibited fast recovery and growth enhancement in coccidiodized broilers. Therefore, the 15 mg/kg dose of green synthesized IONPs using leaf extract of F. racemosa could be a potential and safe anticoccidial agent with targeted implications in the poultry industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asiya Khan
- Parasitology Lab, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Afzal
- Parasitology Lab, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan; Parasitology & Entomology Lab, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Sialkot, Daska Road 51040, Pakistan.
| | - Khadija Rasool
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Lahore Garrison University, 54792, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Ameen
- Parasitology & Entomology Lab, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Sialkot, Daska Road 51040, Pakistan
| | - Naveeda Akhtar Qureshi
- Parasitology Lab, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan.
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12
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Screening of Optimal CpG-Oligodeoxynucleotide for Anti-Inflammatory Responses in the Avian Macrophage Cell Line HD11. J Poult Sci 2023; 60:2023002. [PMID: 36756048 PMCID: PMC9884633 DOI: 10.2141/jpsa.2023002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
CpG-oligodeoxynucleotides (. CpG-ODNs ) have been shown to possess immunostimulatory features in both mammals and birds. However, compared to their proinflammatory effects, little is known about the anti-inflammatory responses triggered by CpG-ODN in avian cells. Hence, in this study, the anti-inflammatory response in the chicken macrophage cell line HD11 was characterized under stimulation with five types of CpG-ODNs: CpG-A1585, CpG-AD35, CpG-B1555, CpG-BK3, and CpG-C2395. Single-stimulus of CpG-B1555, CpG-BK3, or CpG-C2395 induced interleukin (IL)-10 expression without causing cell injury. The effects of pretreatment with CpG-ODNs before subsequent lipopolysaccharide stimulation were also evaluated. Interestingly, pretreatment with only CpG-C2395 resulted in high expression levels of IL-10 mRNA in the presence of lipopolysaccharide. Finally, gene expression analysis of inflammation-related cytokines and receptors revealed that pre-treatment with CpG-C2395 significantly reduced the mRNA expression of tumor necrosis factor-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and Toll-like receptor 4. Overall, these results shed light on the anti-inflammatory responses triggered by CpG-C2395 stimulation through a comparative analysis of five types of CpG-ODNs in chicken macrophages. These results also offer insights into the use of CpG-ODNs to suppress the expression of proinflammatory cytokines, which may be valuable in the prevention of avian infectious diseases in the poultry industry.
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13
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Lu M, Lee Y, Lillehoj HS. Evolution of developmental and comparative immunology in poultry: The regulators and the regulated. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 138:104525. [PMID: 36058383 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2022.104525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Avian has a unique immune system that evolved in response to environmental pressures in all aspects of innate and adaptive immune responses, including localized and circulating lymphocytes, diversity of immunoglobulin repertoire, and various cytokines and chemokines. All of these attributes make birds an indispensable vertebrate model for studying the fundamental immunological concepts and comparative immunology. However, research on the immune system in birds lags far behind that of humans, mice, and other agricultural animal species, and limited immune tools have hindered the adequate application of birds as disease models for mammalian systems. An in-depth understanding of the avian immune system relies on the detailed studies of various regulated and regulatory mediators, such as cell surface antigens, cytokines, and chemokines. Here, we review current knowledge centered on the roles of avian cell surface antigens, cytokines, chemokines, and beyond. Moreover, we provide an update on recent progress in this rapidly developing field of study with respect to the availability of immune reagents that will facilitate the study of regulatory and regulated components of poultry immunity. The new information on avian immunity and available immune tools will benefit avian researchers and evolutionary biologists in conducting fundamental and applied research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingmin Lu
- Animal Biosciences and Biotechnology Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, MD, 20705, USA.
| | - Youngsub Lee
- Animal Biosciences and Biotechnology Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, MD, 20705, USA.
| | - Hyun S Lillehoj
- Animal Biosciences and Biotechnology Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, MD, 20705, USA.
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14
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van der Eijk JA, Rommers JM, van Hattum T, Parmentier HK, Stockhofe-Zurwieden N, Aarnink AJ, Rebel JM. Respiratory health of broilers following chronic exposure to airborne endotoxin. Res Vet Sci 2022; 147:74-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2022.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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15
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Tráj P, Herrmann EM, Sebők C, Vörösházi J, Mackei M, Gálfi P, Kemény Á, Neogrády Z, Mátis G. Protective effects of chicoric acid on polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid exposed chicken hepatic cell culture mimicking viral damage and inflammation. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2022; 250:110427. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2022.110427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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16
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Wu Z, Hu T, Chintoan-Uta C, Macdonald J, Stevens MP, Sang H, Hume DA, Kaiser P, Balic A. Development of novel reagents to chicken FLT3, XCR1 and CSF2R for the identification and characterization of avian conventional dendritic cells. Immunology 2021; 165:171-194. [PMID: 34767637 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Conventional dendritic cells (cDC) are bone marrow-derived immune cells that play a central role in linking innate and adaptive immunity. cDCs efficiently uptake, process and present antigen to naïve T cells, driving clonal expansion of antigen-specific T-cell responses. In chicken, vital reagents are lacking for the efficient and precise identification of cDCs. In this study, we have developed several novel reagents for the identification and characterization of chicken cDCs. Chicken FLT3 cDNA was cloned and a monoclonal antibody to cell surface FLT3 was generated. This antibody identified a distinct FLT3HI splenic subset which lack expression of signature markers for B cells, T cells or monocyte/macrophages. By combining anti-FLT3 and CSF1R-eGFP transgenic expression, three major populations within the mononuclear phagocyte system were identified in the spleen. The cDC1 subset of mammalian cDCs express the chemokine receptor XCR1. To characterize chicken cDCs, a synthetic chicken chemokine (C motif) ligand (XCL1) peptide conjugated to Alexa Fluor 647 was developed (XCL1AF647 ). Flow cytometry staining of XCL1AF647 on splenocytes showed that all chicken FLT3HI cells exclusively express XCR1, supporting the hypothesis that this population comprises bona fide chicken cDCs. Further analysis revealed that chicken cDCs expressed CSF1R but lacked the expression of CSF2R. Collectively, the cell surface phenotypes of chicken cDCs were partially conserved with mammalian XCR1+ cDC1, with distinct differences in CSF1R and CSF2R expression compared with mammalian orthologues. These original reagents allow the efficient identification of chicken cDCs to investigate their important roles in the chicken immunity and diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiguang Wu
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, UK
| | - Tuanjun Hu
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, UK
| | | | - Joni Macdonald
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, UK
| | - Mark P Stevens
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, UK
| | - Helen Sang
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, UK
| | - David A Hume
- Translational Research Institute, Mater Research Institute-University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Qld, Australia
| | - Pete Kaiser
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, UK
| | - Adam Balic
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, UK
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17
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Emami NK, Dalloul RA. Centennial Review: Recent developments in host-pathogen interactions during necrotic enteritis in poultry. Poult Sci 2021; 100:101330. [PMID: 34280643 PMCID: PMC8318987 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2021.101330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 06/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Necrotic enteritis (NE) is a significant enteric disease in commercial poultry with considerable economic effect on profitability manifested by an estimated $6 billion in annual losses to the global industry. NE presents a unique challenge, being a complex enteric disease that often leads to either clinical (acute) or subclinical (chronic) form. The latter typically results in poor performance (reduced feed intake, weight gain and eventually higher feed conversion ratio [FCR]) with low mortality rates, and represents the greatest economic impact on poultry production. The use of antibiotic growth promoters (AGPs) has been an effective tool in protecting birds from enteric diseases by maintaining enteric health and modifying gut microbiota, thus improving broilers’ production efficiency and overall health. The removal of AGPs presented the poultry industry with several challenges, including reduced bird health and immunity as well as questioning the safety of poultry products. Consequently, research on antibiotic alternatives that can support gut health was intensified. Probiotics, prebiotics, essential oils, and organic acids were among various additives that have been tested for their efficacy against NE with some being effective but not to the level of AGPs. The focus of this review is on the relationship between NE pathogenesis, microbiome, and host immune responses, along with references to recent reviews addressing production aspects of NE. With a comprehensive understanding of these dynamic changes, new and programmed strategies could be developed to make use of the current products more effectively or build a stepping stone toward the development of a new generation of supplements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nima K Emami
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
| | - Rami A Dalloul
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
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18
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Zhao H, Zhu S, Zhao Q, Huang B, Liu G, Li Z, Wang L, Dong H, Han H. Molecular characterization and protective efficacy of a new conserved hypothetical protein of Eimeria tenella. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 28:40. [PMID: 33944773 PMCID: PMC8095096 DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2021037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Eimeria tenella is an obligate intracellular parasite that actively invades cecal epithelial cells of chickens. This parasite encodes a genome of more than 8000 genes. However, more than 70% of the gene models for this species are currently annotated as hypothetical proteins. In this study, a conserved hypothetical protein gene of E. tenella, designated EtCHP18905, was cloned and identified, and its immune protective effects were evaluated. The open reading frame of EtCHP18905 was 1053bp and encoded a protein of 350 amino acids with a molecular weight of 38.7kDa. The recombinant EtCHP18905 protein (rEtCHP18905) was expressed in E. coli. Using western blot, the recombinant protein was successfully recognized by anti GST-Tag monoclonal antibody and anti-sporozoites protein rabbit serum. Real-time quantitative PCR analysis revealed that the EtCHP18905 mRNA levels were higher in sporozoites than in unsporulated oocysts, sporulated oocysts and second-generation merozoites. Western blot analysis showed that EtCHP18905 protein expression levels were lower in sporozoites than in other stages. Immunofluorescence analysis indicated that the EtCHP18905 protein was located on the surface of sporozoites and second-generation merozoites. Inhibition experiments showed that the ability of sporozoites to invade host cells was significantly decreased after treatment with the anti-rEtCHP18905 polyclonal antibody. Vaccination with rEtCHP18905 protein was able to significantly decrease mean lesion scores and oocyst outputs as compared to non-vaccinated controls. The results suggest that the rEtCHP18905 protein can induce partial immune protection against infection with E. tenella and could be an effective candidate for the development of new vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanzhi Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, 200241 Shanghai, PR China
| | - Shunhai Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, 200241 Shanghai, PR China
| | - Qiping Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, 200241 Shanghai, PR China
| | - Bing Huang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, 200241 Shanghai, PR China
| | - Guiling Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, 200241 Shanghai, PR China - College of Life and Environment Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, 200234 Shanghai, PR China
| | - Zhihang Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, 200241 Shanghai, PR China - College of Life and Environment Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, 200234 Shanghai, PR China
| | - Lu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, 200241 Shanghai, PR China
| | - Hui Dong
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, 200241 Shanghai, PR China
| | - Hongyu Han
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, 200241 Shanghai, PR China
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19
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Bremner A, Kim S, Morris KM, Nolan MJ, Borowska D, Wu Z, Tomley F, Blake DP, Hawken R, Kaiser P, Vervelde L. Kinetics of the Cellular and Transcriptomic Response to Eimeria maxima in Relatively Resistant and Susceptible Chicken Lines. Front Immunol 2021; 12:653085. [PMID: 33841436 PMCID: PMC8027475 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.653085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Eimeria maxima is a common cause of coccidiosis in chickens, a disease that has a huge economic impact on poultry production. Knowledge of immunity to E. maxima and the specific mechanisms that contribute to differing levels of resistance observed between chicken breeds and between congenic lines derived from a single breed of chickens is required. This study aimed to define differences in the kinetics of the immune response of two inbred lines of White Leghorn chickens that exhibit differential resistance (line C.B12) or susceptibility (line 15I) to infection by E. maxima. Line C.B12 and 15I chickens were infected with E. maxima and transcriptome analysis of jejunal tissue was performed at 2, 4, 6 and 8 days post-infection (dpi). RNA-Seq analysis revealed differences in the rapidity and magnitude of cytokine transcription responses post-infection between the two lines. In particular, IFN-γ and IL-10 transcript expression increased in the jejunum earlier in line C.B12 (at 4 dpi) compared to line 15I (at 6 dpi). Line C.B12 chickens exhibited increases of IFNG and IL10 mRNA in the jejunum at 4 dpi, whereas in line 15I transcription was delayed but increased to a greater extent. RT-qPCR and ELISAs confirmed the results of the transcriptomic study. Higher serum IL-10 correlated strongly with higher E. maxima replication in line 15I compared to line C.B12 chickens. Overall, the findings suggest early induction of the IFN-γ and IL-10 responses, as well as immune-related genes including IL21 at 4 dpi identified by RNA-Seq, may be key to resistance to E. maxima.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abi Bremner
- Division of Infection and Immunity, The Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS, University of Edinburgh, Roslin, United Kingdom
| | - Sungwon Kim
- Division of Infection and Immunity, The Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS, University of Edinburgh, Roslin, United Kingdom.,Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, United Kingdom
| | - Katrina M Morris
- Division of Infection and Immunity, The Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS, University of Edinburgh, Roslin, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew John Nolan
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, United Kingdom
| | - Dominika Borowska
- Division of Infection and Immunity, The Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS, University of Edinburgh, Roslin, United Kingdom
| | - Zhiguang Wu
- Division of Infection and Immunity, The Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS, University of Edinburgh, Roslin, United Kingdom
| | - Fiona Tomley
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, United Kingdom
| | - Damer P Blake
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, United Kingdom
| | - Rachel Hawken
- Cobb-Vantress Inc., Siloam Springs, AR, United States
| | - Pete Kaiser
- Division of Infection and Immunity, The Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS, University of Edinburgh, Roslin, United Kingdom
| | - Lonneke Vervelde
- Division of Infection and Immunity, The Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS, University of Edinburgh, Roslin, United Kingdom
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20
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Nair DVT, Johnson TJ, Noll SL, Kollanoor Johny A. Effect of supplementation of a dairy-originated probiotic bacterium, Propionibacterium freudenreichii subsp. freudenreichii, on the cecal microbiome of turkeys challenged with multidrug-resistant Salmonella Heidelberg. Poult Sci 2020; 100:283-295. [PMID: 33357692 PMCID: PMC7772705 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2020.09.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A dairy-originated probiotic bacterium, Propionibacterium freudenreichii subsp. freudenreichii B3523 (PF) was found to be effective in reducing multidrug-resistant Salmonella Heidelberg (MDR SH) colonization in turkey poults (2-week-old) and growing (7-week-old) and finishing (12-week-old) turkeys. In this study, we explored the potential for microbiome modulation in the cecum of turkeys of different age groups due to PF supplementation in conjunction with MDR SH challenge. One-day-old commercial turkey poults were allocated to 3 treatment groups: negative control (N; turkeys without PF supplementation or SH challenge), SH control (S; turkeys challenged with SH without PF supplementation), and test group (P; turkeys supplemented with PF and challenged with SH). Turkeys were supplemented with 1010 CFU PF in 5-gallon (18.9 L) water until 7 or 12 week of age. At the 6th or 11th wk, turkeys were challenged with SH at 106 and 108 CFU/bird by crop gavage, respectively. After 2 and 7 d of challenge (2-d postinoculation [PI] and 7-d PI, respectively), cecal samples were collected and microbiome analysis was conducted using Illumina MiSeq. The experiments were repeated twice with 8 and 10 turkeys/group for 7- and 12-wk studies, respectively. Results indicated that the species richness and abundance (Shannon diversity index) was similar among the treatment groups. However, treatments caused apparent clustering of the samples among each other (P < 0.05). Firmicutes was the predominant phylum in the growing and finishing turkey cecum which was evenly distributed among the treatments except on wk 12 where the relative abundance of Firmicutes was significantly higher in P than in N (P = 0.02). The MDR SH challenge resulted in modulation of microflora such as Streptococcus, Gordonibacter, and Turicibacter (P < 0.05) in the S groups compared with the P and N groups, known to be associated with inflammatory responses in birds and mammals. The supplementation of PF increased the relative abundance of carbohydrate-fermenting and short-chain fatty acid–producing genera in the P group compared with the S group (P < 0.05). Moreover, the results revealed that PF supplementation potentially modulated the beneficial microbiota in the P group, which could mitigate SH carriage in turkeys.
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Affiliation(s)
- D V T Nair
- Department of Animal Science, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - T J Johnson
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - S L Noll
- Department of Animal Science, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - A Kollanoor Johny
- Department of Animal Science, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA.
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21
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French CE, Sales MA, Rochell SJ, Rodriguez A, Erf GF. Local and systemic inflammatory responses to lipopolysaccharide in broilers: new insights using a two-window approach. Poult Sci 2020; 99:6593-6605. [PMID: 33248575 PMCID: PMC7705052 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2020.09.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The inflammatory response involves a complex interplay of local tissue activities designed to recruit leukocytes and proteins from the blood to the infected tissue. For egg-type chickens, we established the growing feather (GF) as an accessible tissue test site to monitor tissue responses to injected test-material. For commercial broilers, whose health depends to a large extent on innate immune system functions, the GF test system offers an important novel window to directly assess their natural defenses. This study was conducted to adapt the GF test system for use in broilers, and use it to simultaneously examine local (GF) and systemic (blood) inflammatory responses initiated by GF pulp injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Specifically, GF of 12 male and 12 female, 5-week-old broilers were injected with LPS (16 GF/chicken; 1 μg LPS/GF). Blood and GF were collected at 0 (before), 6, and 24 h after GF injection. GF pulp was used to determine leukocyte-infiltration and gene-expression profiles, reactive-oxygen-species generation, and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity. Blood was used to determine blood cell profiles and SOD activity. A time effect (P ≤ 0.05) was observed for most aspects examined. In GF, LPS injection resulted in heterophil and monocyte infiltration reaching maximal levels at 6 and 24 h, respectively. Reactive-oxygen-species generation, SOD activity, and mRNA levels of IL-1β, IL-8, IL-6, IL-10, and cathelicidin B1 were elevated, whereas those of TNF-α, LITAF, SOD1, and SOD2 decreased after LPS injection. In blood, levels of heterophils and monocytes were elevated at 6 h, lymphocytes and RBC decreased at 6 h, and thrombocytes and SOD activity increased at 24 h. Assessment of LPS-induced activities at the site of inflammation (GF) provided novel and more relevant insights into temporal, qualitative, and quantitative aspects of inflammatory responses than blood. Knowledge generated from this dual-window approach may find direct application in identification of individuals with robust, balanced innate defenses and provide a platform for studying the effects of exogenous treatments (e.g., nutrients, probiotics, immunomodulators, etc.) on inflammatory responses taking place in a complex tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chelsea E French
- Division of Agriculture, Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
| | - Marites A Sales
- Division of Agriculture, Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
| | - Samuel J Rochell
- Division of Agriculture, Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
| | - Angeline Rodriguez
- Division of Agriculture, Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
| | - Gisela F Erf
- Division of Agriculture, Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA.
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22
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Vahsen T, Zapata L, Guabiraba R, Melloul E, Cordonnier N, Botterel F, Guillot J, Arné P, Risco-Castillo V. Cellular and molecular insights on the regulation of innate immune responses to experimental aspergillosis in chicken and turkey poults. Med Mycol 2020; 59:465-475. [PMID: 32844181 DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myaa069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Across the world, many commercial poultry flocks and captive birds are threatened by infection with Aspergillus fumigatus. Susceptibility to aspergillosis varies among birds; among galliform birds specifically, morbidity and mortality rates seem to be greater in turkeys than in chickens. Little is known regarding the features of avian immune responses after inhalation of Aspergillus conidia, and to date, scarce information on inflammatory responses during aspergillosis exists. Thus, in the present study, we aimed to improve our understanding of the interactions between A. fumigatus and economically relevant galliform birds in terms of local innate immune responses. Intra-tracheal aerosolization of A. fumigatus conidia in turkey and chicken poults led to more severe clinical signs and lung lesions in turkeys, but leukocyte recovery from lung lavages was higher in chickens at 1dpi only. Interestingly, only chicken CD8+ T lymphocyte proportions increased after infection. Furthermore, the lungs of infected chickens showed an early upregulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including IL-1β, IFN-γ and IL-6, whereas in turkeys, most of these cytokines showed a downregulation or a delayed upregulation. These results confirmed the importance of an early pro-inflammatory response to ensure the development of an appropriate anti-fungal immunity to avoid Aspergillus dissemination in the respiratory tract. In conclusion, we show for the first time that differences in local innate immune responses between chickens and turkeys during aspergillosis may determine the outcome of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Vahsen
- Dynamic research group EA 7380, Ecole nationale vétérinaire d'Alfort, UPEC, USC ANSES, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Laura Zapata
- Dynamic research group EA 7380, Ecole nationale vétérinaire d'Alfort, UPEC, USC ANSES, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | | | - Elise Melloul
- Dynamic research group EA 7380, Ecole nationale vétérinaire d'Alfort, UPEC, USC ANSES, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Nathalie Cordonnier
- Biopôle Alfort, Ecole nationale vétérinaire d'Alfort, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Françoise Botterel
- Dynamic research group EA 7380, Ecole nationale vétérinaire d'Alfort, UPEC, USC ANSES, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Jacques Guillot
- Dynamic research group EA 7380, Ecole nationale vétérinaire d'Alfort, UPEC, USC ANSES, Maisons-Alfort, France.,Biopôle Alfort, Ecole nationale vétérinaire d'Alfort, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Pascal Arné
- Dynamic research group EA 7380, Ecole nationale vétérinaire d'Alfort, UPEC, USC ANSES, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Veronica Risco-Castillo
- Dynamic research group EA 7380, Ecole nationale vétérinaire d'Alfort, UPEC, USC ANSES, Maisons-Alfort, France.,Biopôle Alfort, Ecole nationale vétérinaire d'Alfort, Maisons-Alfort, France
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23
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Lorenzoni AG, Rojas-Núñez I, Moore AF. Effect of Aspirin on the Intestinal Response to a Necrotic Enteritis Challenge. Avian Dis 2020; 63:686-692. [PMID: 31865684 DOI: 10.1637/aviandiseases-d-19-00093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The effect of aspirin on intestinal lesions was evaluated in birds undergoing an experimental challenge with Clostridium perfringens as part of a model for inducing subclinical necrotic enteritis (SNE). Broilers were raised on clean wood shavings and randomly assigned to three treatments: Uninfected (U), Infected (I), and Infected + Aspirin (I+A; 0.025% acetylsalicylic acid in drinking water during days 21-25). Birds in the I and I+A groups were gavaged with Eimeria maxima on day 18 and their feed was inoculated with C. perfringens (1 × 109 CFU/bird) during days 23-25. On day 26, birds were euthanatized, intestinal lesions were evaluated, and intestinal tissue was collected for qPCR assessment of genes thought to be involved in the immune response to SNE: IL-1β, IL-10, MMP-2, and MMP-7. Birds in the I+A group had more-severe and numerous lesions compared to the I group. For all genes except MMP-2, expression was upregulated in the I group compared to the U group, but did not differ between the I and I+A groups. These results indicate that aspirin exacerbated the intestinal lesions associated with this disease. Aspirin could play a role in the development of a reliable and consistent model for the induction of necrotic enteritis under experimental settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- A G Lorenzoni
- The Pennsylvania State University, Department of Animal Science, University Park, PA 16802,
| | - I Rojas-Núñez
- The Pennsylvania State University, Department of Animal Science, University Park, PA 16802
| | - A F Moore
- The Pennsylvania State University, Department of Animal Science, University Park, PA 16802
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24
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Lessard PA, Parker M, Bougri O, Shen B, Samoylov V, Broomhead J, Li X, Raab RM. Improved performance of Eimeria-infected chickens fed corn expressing a single-domain antibody against interleukin-10. NATURE FOOD 2020; 1:119-126. [PMID: 37127989 DOI: 10.1038/s43016-020-0029-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance is a significant challenge for human and animal health, and developing effective antibiotic-free treatments is a strategy to help mitigate microbial resistance. The global poultry industry faces growing challenges from Eimeria-induced coccidiosis, a serious enteric disease of chickens that currently requires treatment using ionophore antibiotics. Eimeria stimulates interleukin-10 (IL-10) expression in the small intestine and caecum of infected chickens, suppressing their immune response and facilitating disease progression. Single-domain antibodies raised from llamas immunized with chicken IL-10 (cIL-10) were developed that bind cIL-10 in vitro, block cIL-10 receptor binding and induce interferon gamma (IFN-γ) secretion from cIL-10-repressed primary chicken splenocytes. Single-domain antibodies expressed in transgenic corn demonstrated significant accumulation in phenotypically normal plants. When fed to Eimeria-challenged chickens, the transgenic corn significantly improved body weight gain (equal to that of salinomycin-treated animals), normalized the feed conversion ratio (to the same level as uninfected control animals), lowered E. tenella lesion scores to those of salinomycin-treated control animals, and reduced oocyst counts below those of infected untreated control animals. Here, we propose that transgenic corn may have a role in reducing the use of antibiotics in poultry production and maintaining animal health and productivity, and may contribute to efforts against global antimicrobial resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Binzhang Shen
- Agrivida, Inc., Woburn, MA, USA
- Unum Therapeutics, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Jon Broomhead
- Agrivida, Inc., Woburn, MA, USA
- Perstop US, St Louis, MO, USA
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25
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Bryson KJ, Garrido D, Esposito M, McLachlan G, Digard P, Schouler C, Guabiraba R, Trapp S, Vervelde L. Precision cut lung slices: a novel versatile tool to examine host-pathogen interaction in the chicken lung. Vet Res 2020; 51:2. [PMID: 31924278 PMCID: PMC6954617 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-019-0733-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The avian respiratory tract is a common entry route for many pathogens and an important delivery route for vaccination in the poultry industry. Immune responses in the avian lung have mostly been studied in vivo due to the lack of robust, relevant in vitro and ex vivo models mimicking the microenvironment. Precision-cut lung slices (PCLS) have the major advantages of maintaining the 3-dimensional architecture of the lung and includes heterogeneous cell populations. PCLS have been obtained from a number of mammalian species and from chicken embryos. However, as the embryonic lung is physiologically undifferentiated and immunologically immature, it is less suitable to examine complex host-pathogen interactions including antimicrobial responses. Here we prepared PCLS from immunologically mature chicken lungs, tested different culture conditions, and found that serum supplementation has a detrimental effect on the quality of PCLS. Viable cells in PCLS remained present for ≥ 40 days, as determined by viability assays and sustained motility of fluorescent mononuclear phagocytic cells. The PCLS were responsive to lipopolysaccharide stimulation, which induced the release of nitric oxide, IL-1β, type I interferons and IL-10. Mononuclear phagocytes within the tissue maintained phagocytic activity, with live cell imaging capturing interactions with latex beads and an avian pathogenic Escherichia coli strain. Finally, the PCLS were also shown to be permissive to infection with low pathogenic avian influenza viruses. Taken together, immunologically mature chicken PCLS provide a suitable model to simulate live organ responsiveness and cell dynamics, which can be readily exploited to examine host-pathogen interactions and inflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Jane Bryson
- Division of Infection and Immunity, The Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, Edinburgh, Scotland EH25 9RG UK
| | - Damien Garrido
- INRAE, Université de Tours, UMR ISP, Centre Val de Loire, 37380 Nouzilly, France
| | - Marco Esposito
- Division of Developmental Biology, The Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, Edinburgh, Scotland EH25 9RG UK
| | - Gerry McLachlan
- Division of Developmental Biology, The Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, Edinburgh, Scotland EH25 9RG UK
| | - Paul Digard
- Division of Infection and Immunity, The Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, Edinburgh, Scotland EH25 9RG UK
| | - Catherine Schouler
- INRAE, Université de Tours, UMR ISP, Centre Val de Loire, 37380 Nouzilly, France
| | - Rodrigo Guabiraba
- INRAE, Université de Tours, UMR ISP, Centre Val de Loire, 37380 Nouzilly, France
| | - Sascha Trapp
- INRAE, Université de Tours, UMR ISP, Centre Val de Loire, 37380 Nouzilly, France
| | - Lonneke Vervelde
- Division of Infection and Immunity, The Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, Edinburgh, Scotland EH25 9RG UK
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26
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Chaudhari AA, Kim WH, Lillehoj HS. Development and characterization of monoclonal antibodies specific for chicken interleukin-13 and their neutralizing effects in chicken primary monocytes. Poult Sci 2019; 99:772-782. [PMID: 32036977 PMCID: PMC7587669 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2019.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Revised: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Compared with mammals, the functionality of chicken cytokines is not well understood because of the unavailability of immune reagents. Mammalian interleukin (IL)-13 is an important Th2 type cytokine with well-known biological functions through its 2 receptors, IL-13 receptor (IL-13R)-α1 and IL-13Rα2. In the present study, we developed mouse monoclonal antibodies (mAb) against chIL-13 and further investigated their specificity in detecting endogenously produced chIL-13. Upon characterization of mAb using indirect ELISA and Western blot, the capture ELISA was developed for detecting chIL-13. Neutralizing effects were tested by measuring nitric oxide (NO) production and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression in primary chicken monocytes stimulated with chIL-13, lipopolysaccharide (LPS), chIL-13+LPS, or chIL-13+LPS+mAb. In addition, gene expression of chIL-13Rα1, chIL-13Rα2, and TGF-β1 was tested in chicken monocytes treated with chIL-13 or chIL-13+mAb. Based on indirect ELISA, 5 mAb that detected recombinant chIL-13 were identified, and all of them specifically detected recombinant chIL-13 protein by Western blotting. An optimal signal was obtained with 2 mAb (#9B11 and #10A2) in a pairing assay, and these 2 mAb were used in a capture assay. A neutralization assay further revealed that chIL-13 reduced LPS-stimulated NO production and iNOS expression in monocytes and macrophage cells, and the 2 mAb (#9B11 and #10A2) abrogated these effects. In addition, chIL-13-induced expressions of chIL-13Rα2 and TGF-β1 were neutralized by the 2 mAb. In summary, the present study showed that chIL-13 may be involved in the alternative activation of primary monocytes in chickens and that chIL-13 signaling may be regulated through chIL-13Rα2 binding and TGF-β1 secretion. Importantly, the newly developed anti-chIL-13 mAb will serve as valuable immune reagents for future studies on the biological activity of chIL-13 and its receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atul A Chaudhari
- Animal Biosciences and Biotechnology Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, ARS, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
| | - Woo H Kim
- Animal Biosciences and Biotechnology Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, ARS, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
| | - Hyun S Lillehoj
- Animal Biosciences and Biotechnology Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, ARS, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA.
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27
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Dobner M, Auerbach M, Mundt E, Icken W, Rautenschlein S. Genotype-associated differences in bursal recovery after infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) inoculation. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2019; 220:109993. [PMID: 31901750 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2019.109993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Revised: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
T-cell immune responses were shown to play an important role in the regulation of infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) replication and development of lesions in the bursa of Fabricius (BF) (bursal lesions) but also in the recovery from the infection. Studies suggested that the host-genotype influences T-cell responses during the acute phase of infection. Genotype-related differences in the recovery phase were not investigated so far. The present study used commercial broiler- (BT), layer- (LT), dual-purpose type (DT) chicken lines as well as a specific pathogen free (SPF) LT chicken as a reference for comparison of T-cell related differences in IBDV-immunopathogenesis not only in the early phase post inoculation (pi) but also in the recovery phase. The Deventer formula was used to determine the optimal time point of inoculation with an intermediate plus IBDV strain when maternally derived antibody (MDA) titers were below the calculated breakthrough level of the virus for all genotypes. Differences in the bursal lesion development, intrabursal CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell accumulation and numbers of IBDV-positive cells were determined. In addition, anti-IBDV antibody development and the relative amount of anti-inflammatory cytokine mRNA were recorded until 28 days post IBDV inoculation. Differences between the genotypes were observed in the duration and magnitude of bursal lesions, CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell infiltration as well as the presence of anti-inflammatory Interleukin (IL)-10 and Transforming growth factor (TGF) β4 cytokine mRNA (P < 0.05). While the investigated immune parameters were comparable between the genotypes at seven days pi, during 14, 21 and 28 days pi a delayed recovery process in LT and DT chickens compared to BT chickens was observed (P < 0.05). Furthermore, the age and residual MDA levels had a genotype-dependent influence on the onset of the anti-IBDV specific humoral and T-cell mediated immune responses. This study suggests, that the impact of T-cell immunity on the recovery process after IBDV infection may need to be considered further for the development of new breeding programs for disease resistant chicken lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Dobner
- Clinic for Poultry, University of Veterinary Medicine, Bünteweg 17, 30559 Hannover, Germany.
| | - Monika Auerbach
- Clinic for Poultry, University of Veterinary Medicine, Bünteweg 17, 30559 Hannover, Germany.
| | - Egbert Mundt
- Boehringer Ingelheim, Veterinary Research Center GmbH Co. KG, Bemeroderstr. 31, 30559 Hannover, Germany.
| | - Wiebke Icken
- Lohmann Tierzucht GmbH, Am Seedeich 9-11, 27472 Cuxhaven, Germany.
| | - Silke Rautenschlein
- Clinic for Poultry, University of Veterinary Medicine, Bünteweg 17, 30559 Hannover, Germany.
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28
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Chu Q, Zhang Y, Chen W, Jia R, Yu X, Wang Y, Li Y, Liu Y, Ye X, Yu L, Zheng X. Apios americana Medik flowers polysaccharide (AFP) alleviate Cyclophosphamide-induced immunosuppression in ICR mice. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 144:829-836. [PMID: 31734373 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.10.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2019] [Revised: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Immunosuppression refers to the suppression of the immune response. The immune function of immunocompromised people is not enough to resist bacterial, viral, fungal and other infections, leading to a series of diseases. A large number of experimental data show that polysaccharide compounds are immune modulators, which can enhance the body immunity with little toxic. Meanwhile, it can reduce the side effects of commonly used immunosuppressants, such as cytotoxicity, decreased ability of the body to fight infection, and inhibition of the reproduction of bone marrow hematopoietic cells. It can be used as oral or injectable drugs. In this study, a purified polysaccharide was primarily extracted from the flowers of Apios americana Medik (AAM), which can improve the immunosuppression induced by cyclophosphamide (CTX). The immunoenhancement effect of AFP was evaluated by measuring the body weight, immune organ index, cytokine secretion and antibody generated levels of CTX-induced mice. Our results showed that AFP could significantly improve the above immune indexes, which indicated AFP could alleviate immunosuppression induced by CTX. The study provided a theoretical basis for the promotion, development and application of AAM as a newly introduced food material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Chu
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, National Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Key Laboratory for Agro-Products Postharvest Handling of Ministry of Agriculture, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Fuli Institute of Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, People's Republic of China
| | - Yiru Zhang
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, National Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Key Laboratory for Agro-Products Postharvest Handling of Ministry of Agriculture, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Fuli Institute of Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Wen Chen
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, National Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Key Laboratory for Agro-Products Postharvest Handling of Ministry of Agriculture, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Fuli Institute of Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Ruoyi Jia
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, National Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Key Laboratory for Agro-Products Postharvest Handling of Ministry of Agriculture, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Fuli Institute of Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xin Yu
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, National Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Key Laboratory for Agro-Products Postharvest Handling of Ministry of Agriculture, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Fuli Institute of Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yaxuan Wang
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, National Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Key Laboratory for Agro-Products Postharvest Handling of Ministry of Agriculture, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Fuli Institute of Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yonglu Li
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, National Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Key Laboratory for Agro-Products Postharvest Handling of Ministry of Agriculture, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Fuli Institute of Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yangyang Liu
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, National Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Key Laboratory for Agro-Products Postharvest Handling of Ministry of Agriculture, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Fuli Institute of Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xiang Ye
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, National Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Key Laboratory for Agro-Products Postharvest Handling of Ministry of Agriculture, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Fuli Institute of Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Lushuang Yu
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, National Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Key Laboratory for Agro-Products Postharvest Handling of Ministry of Agriculture, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Fuli Institute of Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xiaodong Zheng
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, National Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Key Laboratory for Agro-Products Postharvest Handling of Ministry of Agriculture, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Fuli Institute of Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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Freem L, Summers KM, Gheyas AA, Psifidi A, Boulton K, MacCallum A, Harne R, O’Dell J, Bush SJ, Hume DA. Analysis of the Progeny of Sibling Matings Reveals Regulatory Variation Impacting the Transcriptome of Immune Cells in Commercial Chickens. Front Genet 2019; 10:1032. [PMID: 31803225 PMCID: PMC6870463 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2019.01032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
There is increasing recognition that the underlying genetic variation contributing to complex traits influences transcriptional regulation and can be detected at a population level as expression quantitative trait loci. At the level of an individual, allelic variation in transcriptional regulation of individual genes can be detected by measuring allele-specific expression in RNAseq data. We reasoned that extreme variants in gene expression could be identified by analysis of inbred progeny with shared grandparents. Commercial chickens have been intensively selected for production traits. Selection is associated with large blocks of linkage disequilibrium with considerable potential for co-selection of closely linked "hitch-hiker alleles" affecting traits unrelated to the feature being selected, such as immune function, with potential impact on the productivity and welfare of the animals. To test this hypothesis that there is extreme allelic variation in immune-associated genes we sequenced a founder population of commercial broiler and layer birds. These birds clearly segregated genetically based upon breed type. Each genome contained numerous candidate null mutations, protein-coding variants predicted to be deleterious and extensive non-coding polymorphism. We mated selected broiler-layer pairs then generated cohorts of F2 birds by sibling mating of the F1 generation. Despite the predicted prevalence of deleterious coding variation in the genomic sequence of the founders, clear detrimental impacts of inbreeding on survival and post-hatch development were detected in only one F2 sibship of 15. There was no effect on circulating leukocyte populations in hatchlings. In selected F2 sibships we performed RNAseq analysis of the spleen and isolated bone marrow-derived macrophages (with and without lipopolysaccharide stimulation). The results confirm the predicted emergence of very large differences in expression of individual genes and sets of genes. Network analysis of the results identified clusters of co-expressed genes that vary between individuals and suggested the existence of trans-acting variation in the expression in macrophages of the interferon response factor family that distinguishes the parental broiler and layer birds and influences the global response to lipopolysaccharide. This study shows that the impact of inbreeding on immune cell gene expression can be substantial at the transcriptional level, and potentially opens a route to accelerate selection using specific alleles known to be associated with desirable expression levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy Freem
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Kim M. Summers
- Mater Research Institute-University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia
| | - Almas A. Gheyas
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Androniki Psifidi
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Services, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kay Boulton
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Amanda MacCallum
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Rakhi Harne
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Jenny O’Dell
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen J. Bush
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - David A. Hume
- Mater Research Institute-University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia
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30
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Characterization and pathogenicity of fowl adenovirus serotype 4 isolated from eastern China. BMC Vet Res 2019; 15:373. [PMID: 31660972 PMCID: PMC6816224 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-019-2092-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fowl adenovirus outbreaks have occurred in China since June 2015. This virus is an emerging infectious disease that causes hydropericardium syndrome and inclusion body hepatitis (HPS-IBH), resulting in significant economic loss to poultry farmers. Five fowl adenovirus (FAdV) strains (HN, AQ, AH726, JS07 and AH712) were isolated from Jiangsu and Anhui provinces. RESULTS Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the five isolates belonged to species C fowl adenovirus serotype 4. An 11 amino-acid deletion in ORF29, relative to an older viral isolate, JSJ13, was observed for all five strains described here. In chicken experiments, 80-100% birds died after intramuscular inoculation and displayed lesions characteristic of HPS-IBH. The viral DNA copies were further detected by hexon-probe based real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in the chicken samples. The viral loads and cytokine profiles were recorded in all the organs after infections. Despite minor genetic differences, the 5 strains displayed significantly different tissue tropisms and cytokine profiles. CONCLUSIONS Our data enhance the current understanding some of the factors involved in the pathogenicity and genetic diversity of the FAdV serotype 4 (FAdV-4) in China. Our work provides theoretical support for the prevention and control of HPS-IBH in chickens.
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31
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Host⁻Microbe Interactions and Gut Health in Poultry-Focus on Innate Responses. Microorganisms 2019; 7:microorganisms7050139. [PMID: 31100860 PMCID: PMC6560434 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms7050139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Revised: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Commercial poultry are continually exposed to, frequently pathogenic, microorganisms, usually via mucosal surfaces such as the intestinal mucosa. Thus, understanding host–microbe interactions is vital. Many of these microorganisms may have no or limited contact with the host, while most of those interacting more meaningfully with the host will be dealt with by the innate immune response. Fundamentally, poultry have evolved to have immune responses that are generally appropriate and adequate for their acquired microbiomes, although this is challenged by commercial production practices. Innate immune cells and their functions, encompassing inflammatory responses, create the context for neutralising the stimulus and initiating resolution. Dysregulated inflammatory responses can be detrimental but, being a highly conserved biological process, inflammation is critical for host defence. Heterogeneity and functional plasticity of innate immune cells is underappreciated and offers the potential for (gut) health interventions, perhaps including exogenous opportunities to influence immune cell metabolism and thus function. New approaches could focus on identifying and enhancing decisive but less harmful immune processes, improving the efficiency of innate immune cells (e.g., targeted, efficient microbial killing) and promoting phenotypes that drive resolution of inflammation. Breeding strategies and suitable exogenous interventions offer potential solutions to enhance poultry gut health, performance and welfare.
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32
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Qin T, Ren Z, Yi L, Liu X, Luo Y, Long Y, Peng S, Li J, Ma Y, Wu Y, Huang Y. Immunological modulation effects of an acid Epimedium polysaccharide on immune response in chickens. Int Immunopharmacol 2019; 70:56-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2019.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2018] [Revised: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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33
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Broom LJ, Kogut MH. Deciphering desirable immune responses from disease models with resistant and susceptible chickens. Poult Sci 2019; 98:1634-1642. [PMID: 30534980 PMCID: PMC6414032 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pey535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Coccidiosis and necrotic enteritis (NE) are among the most significant diseases affecting the poultry industry. These diseases have become more prominent in the wake of policies to reduce the use of antibiotics in animal production. This has led to more research focused on better understanding the immune system and its responses to pathogen challenge, and thus developing informed strategies to exploit immune responses that can support enhanced disease resistance and growth performance. Some chicken breeds and lines show greater resistance or susceptibility to various diseases, and thus these birds maybe able to shed light on immune processes or pathways that contribute to the more resistant/susceptible state. This review attempts to identify potentially important genes that show some consistency in (relative) up or downregulation in key tissues between the resistant and susceptible chickens. For coccidiosis and NE, relative downregulation of IL-10 and (slightly less consistently) upregulation of IFN-γ appear to be features of more resistant birds. Data for IFN-α, IL-12, and IL-17D are currently less consistent. Gene expression data from NE studies have identified some potentially interesting, perhaps less well understood, immune-related genes (e.g., TCF12, BCL2, IRF2, TRAF3, TAB3, etc.,) that maybe associated with the resistant and/or susceptible phenotype. Salmonella and Campylobacter are important foodborne pathogens harbored by the chicken intestinal tract, while infectious bursal disease and infectious bronchitis are also important viral diseases of poultry. We, therefore, consider whether there are consistent features from resistant/susceptible disease models with these pathogens that relate to findings from the coccidiosis and NE studies. It is not anticipated that ideal immune responses to these pathogens will be identical but rather that consistent elements maybe identified that could help inform breeding or alternative strategies to support general disease resistance and enhanced (and efficient) flock productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leon J Broom
- Gut Health Consultancy, Exeter, Devon EX14 1QY, United Kingdom.,Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Michael H Kogut
- Southern Plains Agricultural Research Center, USDA-ARS, College Station, TX 77845, USA
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34
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Nihashi Y, Ono T, Kagami H, Takaya T. Toll-like receptor ligand-dependent inflammatory responses in chick skeletal muscle myoblasts. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 91:115-122. [PMID: 30389519 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2018.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Revised: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a group of sensory receptors which are capable of recognizing a microbial invasion and activating innate immune system responses, including inflammatory responses, in both immune and non-immune cells. However, TLR functions in chick myoblasts, which are myogenic precursor cells contributing to skeletal muscle development and growth, have not been studied. Here, we report the expression patterns of TLR genes as well as TLR ligand-dependent transcriptions of interleukin (IL) genes in primary-cultured chick myoblasts. Almost TLR genes were expressed both in layer and broiler myoblasts but TLR1A was detected only in embryonic layer chick myoblasts. Chick TLR1/2 ligands, Pam3CSK4 and FSL-1, induced inflammatory ILs in both layer and broiler myoblasts but a TLR4 ligand, lipopolysaccharide, scarcely promoted. This is the first report on TLR ligand-dependent inflammatory responses in chick myoblasts, which may provide useful information to chicken breeding and meat production industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuma Nihashi
- Department of Agriculture, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shinshu University, Japan
| | - Tamao Ono
- Department of Agriculture, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shinshu University, Japan; Department of Agricultural and Life Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Shinshu University, Japan; Department of Interdisciplinary Genome Sciences and Cell Metabolism, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Shinshu University, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kagami
- Department of Agriculture, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shinshu University, Japan; Department of Agricultural and Life Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Shinshu University, Japan
| | - Tomohide Takaya
- Department of Agriculture, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shinshu University, Japan; Department of Agricultural and Life Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Shinshu University, Japan; Department of Interdisciplinary Genome Sciences and Cell Metabolism, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Shinshu University, Japan.
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35
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Impact of Eimeria tenella Coinfection on Campylobacter jejuni Colonization of the Chicken. Infect Immun 2019; 87:IAI.00772-18. [PMID: 30510107 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00772-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Eimeria tenella can cause the disease coccidiosis in chickens. The direct and often detrimental impact of this parasite on chicken health, welfare, and productivity is well recognized; however, less is known about the secondary effects that infection may have on other gut pathogens. Campylobacter jejuni is the leading cause of human bacterial foodborne disease in many countries and has been demonstrated to exert negative effects on poultry welfare and production in some broiler lines. Previous studies have shown that concurrent Eimeria infection can influence the colonization and replication of bacteria, such as Clostridium perfringens and Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium. Through a series of in vivo coinfection experiments, this study evaluated the impact that E. tenella infection had on C. jejuni colonization of chickens, including the influence of variations in parasite dose and sampling time after bacterial challenge. Coinfection with E. tenella resulted in a significant increase in C. jejuni colonization in the cecum in a parasite dose-dependent manner but a significant decrease in C. jejuni colonization in the spleen and liver of chickens. The results were reproducible at 3 and 10 days after bacterial infection. This work highlights that E. tenella not only has a direct impact on the health and well-being of chickens but can have secondary effects on important zoonotic pathogens.
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36
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Boulton K, Nolan MJ, Wu Z, Riggio V, Matika O, Harman K, Hocking PM, Bumstead N, Hesketh P, Archer A, Bishop SC, Kaiser P, Tomley FM, Hume DA, Smith AL, Blake DP, Psifidi A. Dissecting the Genomic Architecture of Resistance to Eimeria maxima Parasitism in the Chicken. Front Genet 2018; 9:528. [PMID: 30534137 PMCID: PMC6275401 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2018.00528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Coccidiosis in poultry, caused by protozoan parasites of the genus Eimeria, is an intestinal disease with substantial economic impact. With the use of anticoccidial drugs under public and political pressure, and the comparatively higher cost of live-attenuated vaccines, an attractive complementary strategy for control is to breed chickens with increased resistance to Eimeria parasitism. Prior infection with Eimeria maxima leads to complete immunity against challenge with homologous strains, but only partial resistance to challenge with antigenically diverse heterologous strains. We investigate the genetic architecture of avian resistance to E. maxima primary infection and heterologous strain secondary challenge using White Leghorn populations of derived inbred lines, C.B12 and 15I, known to differ in susceptibility to the parasite. An intercross population was infected with E. maxima Houghton (H) strain, followed 3 weeks later by E. maxima Weybridge (W) strain challenge, while a backcross population received a single E. maxima W infection. The phenotypes measured were parasite replication (counting fecal oocyst output or qPCR for parasite numbers in intestinal tissue), intestinal lesion score (gross pathology, scale 0-4), and for the backcross only, serum interleukin-10 (IL-10) levels. Birds were genotyped using a high density genome-wide DNA array (600K, Affymetrix). Genome-wide association study located associations on chromosomes 1, 2, 3, and 5 following primary infection in the backcross population, and a suggestive association on chromosome 1 following heterologous E. maxima W challenge in the intercross population. This mapped several megabases away from the quantitative trait locus (QTL) linked to the backcross primary W strain infection, suggesting different underlying mechanisms for the primary- and heterologous secondary- responses. Underlying pathways for those genes located in the respective QTL for resistance to primary infection and protection against heterologous challenge were related mainly to immune response, with IL-10 signaling in the backcross primary infection being the most significant. Additionally, the identified markers associated with IL-10 levels exhibited significant additive genetic variance. We suggest this is a phenotype of interest to the outcome of challenge, being scalable in live birds and negating the requirement for single-bird cages, fecal oocyst counts, or slaughter for sampling (qPCR).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kay Boulton
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew J Nolan
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Zhiguang Wu
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Valentina Riggio
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Oswald Matika
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Kimberley Harman
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Paul M Hocking
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Nat Bumstead
- Enteric Immunology Group and Genetics and Genomics Group, Pirbright Institute, Woking, United Kingdom
| | - Pat Hesketh
- Enteric Immunology Group and Genetics and Genomics Group, Pirbright Institute, Woking, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Archer
- Enteric Immunology Group and Genetics and Genomics Group, Pirbright Institute, Woking, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen C Bishop
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Pete Kaiser
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Fiona M Tomley
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - David A Hume
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.,Mater Research Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Adrian L Smith
- Enteric Immunology Group and Genetics and Genomics Group, Pirbright Institute, Woking, United Kingdom.,Department of Zoology, Sir Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Damer P Blake
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Androniki Psifidi
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.,Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, London, United Kingdom.,Department of Clinical Sciences and Services, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hatfield, United Kingdom
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37
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Boulton K, Nolan MJ, Wu Z, Psifidi A, Riggio V, Harman K, Bishop SC, Kaiser P, Abrahamsen MS, Hawken R, Watson KA, Tomley FM, Blake DP, Hume DA. Phenotypic and genetic variation in the response of chickens to Eimeria tenella induced coccidiosis. Genet Sel Evol 2018; 50:63. [PMID: 30463512 PMCID: PMC6249784 DOI: 10.1186/s12711-018-0433-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Coccidiosis is a major contributor to losses in poultry production. With emerging constraints on the use of in-feed prophylactic anticoccidial drugs and the relatively high costs of effective vaccines, there are commercial incentives to breed chickens with greater resistance to this important production disease. To identify phenotypic biomarkers that are associated with the production impacts of coccidiosis, and to assess their covariance and heritability, 942 Cobb500 commercial broilers were subjected to a defined challenge with Eimeria tenella (Houghton). Three traits were measured: weight gain (WG) during the period of infection, caecal lesion score (CLS) post mortem, and the level of a serum biomarker of intestinal inflammation, i.e. circulating interleukin 10 (IL-10), measured at the height of the infection. RESULTS Phenotypic analysis of the challenged chicken cohort revealed a significant positive correlation between CLS and IL-10, with significant negative correlations of both these traits with WG. Eigenanalysis of phenotypic covariances between measured traits revealed three distinct eigenvectors. Trait weightings of the first eigenvector, (EV1, eigenvalue = 59%), were biologically interpreted as representing a response of birds that were susceptible to infection, with low WG, high CLS and high IL-10. Similarly, the second eigenvector represented infection resilience/resistance (EV2, 22%; high WG, low CLS and high IL-10), and the third eigenvector tolerance (EV3, 19%; high WG, high CLS and low IL-10), respectively. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) identified two SNPs that were associated with WG at the suggestive level. CONCLUSIONS Eigenanalysis separated the phenotypic impact of a defined challenge with E. tenella on WG, caecal inflammation/pathology, and production of IL-10 into three major eigenvectors, indicating that the susceptibility-resistance axis is not a single continuous quantitative trait. The SNPs identified by the GWAS for body weight were located in close proximity to two genes that are involved in innate immunity (FAM96B and RRAD).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kay Boulton
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, UK
| | - Matthew J. Nolan
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hatfield, UK
| | - Zhiguang Wu
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, UK
| | - Androniki Psifidi
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, UK
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Services, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hatfield, UK
| | - Valentina Riggio
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, UK
| | - Kimberley Harman
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hatfield, UK
| | - Stephen C. Bishop
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, UK
| | - Pete Kaiser
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, UK
| | | | - Rachel Hawken
- Cobb-Vantress Inc., PO Box 1030, Siloam Springs, AR USA
| | - Kellie A. Watson
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, UK
| | - Fiona M. Tomley
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hatfield, UK
| | - Damer P. Blake
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hatfield, UK
| | - David A. Hume
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, UK
- Mater Research Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, St. Lucia, QLD, Brisbane, Australia
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38
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Lee Y, Kim WH, Lee SJ, Lillehoj HS. Detection of chicken interleukin-10 production in intestinal epithelial cells and necrotic enteritis induced by Clostridium perfringens using capture ELISA. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2018; 204:52-58. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2018.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Revised: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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39
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Vagnozzi AE, Beltrán G, Zavala G, Read L, Sharif S, García M. Cytokine gene transcription in the trachea, Harderian gland, and trigeminal ganglia of chickens inoculated with virulent infectious laryngotracheitis virus (ILTV) strain. Avian Pathol 2018; 47:497-508. [PMID: 29963906 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2018.1492090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine how cytokine transcription profiles correlate with patterns of infectious laryngotracheitis virus (ILTV) replication in the trachea, Harderian gland, and trigeminal ganglia during the early and late stages of infection after intratracheal inoculation. Viral genomes and transcripts were detected in the trachea and Harderian gland but not in trigeminal ganglia. The onset of viral replication in the trachea was detected at day one post-infection and peaked by day three post-infection. The peak of pro-inflammatory (CXCLi2, IL-1β, IFN-γ) and anti-inflammatory (IL-13, IL-10) cytokine gene transcription, 5 days post-infection, coincided with the increased recruitment of inflammatory cells, extensive tissue damage, and limiting of virus replication in the trachea. In contrast, transcription of the IFN-β gene in the trachea remained unaffected suggesting that ILTV infection blocks type I interferon responses. In the Harderian gland, the most evident transcription change was the early and transient upregulation of the IFN-γ gene at 1 day post-infection, which suggests that the Harderian gland is prepared to rapidly respond to ILTV infection. Overall, results from this study suggest that regulation of Th1 effector cells and macrophage activity by Th1/2 cytokines was pertinent to maintain a balanced immune response capable of providing an adequate Th1-mediated protective immunity, while sustaining some immune homeostasis in preparation for the regeneration of the tracheal mucosa.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gabriela Beltrán
- b Poultry Diagnostic and Research Center, Department of Population Health , College of Veterinary Medicine University of Georgia , Athens , GA , USA
| | | | - Leah Read
- d Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College , University of Guelph , Guelph , ON , Canada
| | - Shayan Sharif
- d Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College , University of Guelph , Guelph , ON , Canada
| | - Maricarmen García
- b Poultry Diagnostic and Research Center, Department of Population Health , College of Veterinary Medicine University of Georgia , Athens , GA , USA
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40
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Broom LJ, Kogut MH. Inflammation: friend or foe for animal production? Poult Sci 2018; 97:510-514. [PMID: 29126317 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pex314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation is an essential immune response that seeks to contain microbial infection and repair damaged tissue. Increased pro-inflammatory mediators have been associated with enhanced resistance to a range of important poultry and pig pathogens. However, inflammation may also have undesirable consequences, including potentially exacerbating tissue damage and diverting nutrients away from productive purposes. The negative effects of inflammation have led to the active pursuit of anti-inflammatory feed additives and/or strategies. These approaches may, however, impair the ability of an animal to respond appropriately and effectively to the array of pathogens that are likely to be encountered in commercial production, and specifically young animals who may be particularly reliant on innate immune responses. Thus, promoting an animal's capacity to mount a rapid, acute inflammatory response to control and contain the infection and the timely transition to anti-inflammatory, tissue repair processes, and a homeostatic state are suggested as the optimum scenario to maintain an animal's resistance to pathogens and minimize non-productive nutrient losses. Important future studies will help to unravel the trade-offs, and relevant metabolic pathways, between robust immune defense and optimum productive performance, and thus provide real insight into methods to appropriately influence this relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leon J Broom
- Gut Health Consultancy, Exeter, Devon, United Kingdom.,Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Michael H Kogut
- Southern Plains Agricultural Research Center, USDA-ARS, College Station, TX 77845
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41
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Development of cross-protective Eimeria-vectored vaccines based on apical membrane antigens. Int J Parasitol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2018.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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42
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Martinez J, Chou W, Berghman L, Carey J. Evaluation of the effect of live LaSota Newcastle disease virus vaccine as primary immunization on immune development in broilers. Poult Sci 2018; 97:455-462. [DOI: 10.3382/ps/pex339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Zou X, Ji J, Wang J, Qu H, Shu DM, Guo FY, Luo CL. Dextran sulphate sodium (DSS) causes intestinal histopathology and inflammatory changes consistent with increased gut leakiness in chickens. Br Poult Sci 2018; 59:166-172. [PMID: 29262695 DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2017.1418498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
1. The clinical severity, histological changes, indicators of gut leakiness and inflammatory cytokine profiles were studied in chickens with dextran sulphate sodium (DSS)-induced intestinal inflammation. 2. The experimental groups (1.25%, 1.5% and 2.5% DSS) showed clinical signs, such as loose stools and weight loss, which increased with additional treatment days and, as expected, the effects of DSS-induced intestinal inflammation were time and dose-dependent. 3. After 10 d, histological manifestations were evident, including goblet cell depletion, mucus layer loss, significantly shorter villi and a thinner total ileal mucosa. 4. The d(-)-lactate value, which was used as a gut leakiness indicator, was significantly increased in the 2.5% DSS group. 5. Expression of the inflammatory cytokines interleukin-1Beta, tumour necrosis factor alpha and interleukin-10 in the serum significantly increased with DSS treatment. 6. This study indicates that the experimental intestinal inflammation induced by DSS is an ideal model to study the pathogenic mechanisms of intestinal inflammation in chickens and to test the efficacy of therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Zou
- a Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences , State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding , Guangzhou , China
| | - J Ji
- a Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences , State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding , Guangzhou , China
| | - J Wang
- a Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences , State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding , Guangzhou , China
| | - H Qu
- a Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences , State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding , Guangzhou , China
| | - D M Shu
- a Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences , State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding , Guangzhou , China
| | - F Y Guo
- a Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences , State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding , Guangzhou , China
| | - C L Luo
- a Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences , State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding , Guangzhou , China
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Young R, Bush SJ, Lefevre L, McCulloch MEB, Lisowski ZM, Muriuki C, Waddell LA, Sauter KA, Pridans C, Clark EL, Hume DA. Species-Specific Transcriptional Regulation of Genes Involved in Nitric Oxide Production and Arginine Metabolism in Macrophages. Immunohorizons 2018; 2:27-37. [PMID: 30467554 PMCID: PMC6245571 DOI: 10.4049/immunohorizons.1700073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Activated mouse macrophages metabolize arginine via NO synthase (NOS2) to produce NO as an antimicrobial effector. Published gene expression datasets provide little support for the activation of this pathway in human macrophages. Generation of NO requires the coordinated regulation of multiple genes. We have generated RNA-sequencing data from bone marrow-derived macrophages from representative rodent (rat), monogastric (pig and horse), and ruminant (sheep, goat, cattle, and water buffalo) species, and analyzed the expression of genes involved in arginine metabolism in response to stimulation with LPS. In rats, as in mice, LPS strongly induced Nos2, the arginine transporter Slc7a2, arginase 1 (Arg1), GTP cyclohydrolase (Gch1), and argininosuccinate synthase (Ass1). None of these responses was conserved across species. Only cattle and water buffalo showed substantial NOS2 induction. The species studied also differed in expression and regulation of arginase (ARG2, rather than ARG1), and amino acid transporters. Variation between species was associated with rapid promoter evolution. Differential induction of NOS2 and ARG2 between the ruminant species was associated with insertions of the Bov-A2 retrotransposon in the promoter region. Bov-A2 was shown to possess LPS-inducible enhancer activity in transfected RAW264.7 macrophages. Consistent with a function in innate immunity, NO production and arginine metabolism vary greatly between species and differences may contribute to pathogen host restriction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Young
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian EH25 9RG, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen J. Bush
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian EH25 9RG, United Kingdom
| | - Lucas Lefevre
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian EH25 9RG, United Kingdom
| | - Mary E. B. McCulloch
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian EH25 9RG, United Kingdom
| | - Zofia M. Lisowski
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian EH25 9RG, United Kingdom
| | - Charity Muriuki
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian EH25 9RG, United Kingdom
| | - Lindsey A. Waddell
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian EH25 9RG, United Kingdom
| | - Kristin A. Sauter
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian EH25 9RG, United Kingdom
| | - Clare Pridans
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian EH25 9RG, United Kingdom
| | - Emily L. Clark
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian EH25 9RG, United Kingdom
| | - David A. Hume
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian EH25 9RG, United Kingdom
- Mater Research–University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Brisbane, Queensland 4102, Australia
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Macdonald SE, Nolan MJ, Harman K, Boulton K, Hume DA, Tomley FM, Stabler RA, Blake DP. Effects of Eimeria tenella infection on chicken caecal microbiome diversity, exploring variation associated with severity of pathology. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0184890. [PMID: 28934262 PMCID: PMC5608234 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0184890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2017] [Accepted: 09/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Eimeria species cause the intestinal disease coccidiosis, most notably in poultry. While the direct impact of coccidiosis on animal health and welfare is clear, its influence on the enteric microbiota and by-stander effects on chicken health and production remains largely unknown, with the possible exception of Clostridium perfringens (necrotic enteritis). This study evaluated the composition and structure of the caecal microbiome in the presence or absence of a defined Eimeria tenella challenge infection in Cobb500 broiler chickens using 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing. The severity of clinical coccidiosis in individual chickens was quantified by caecal lesion scoring and microbial changes associated with different lesion scores identified. Following E. tenella infection the diversity of taxa within the caecal microbiome remained largely stable. However, infection induced significant changes in the abundance of some microbial taxa. The greatest changes were detected in birds displaying severe caecal pathology; taxa belonging to the order Enterobacteriaceae were increased, while taxa from Bacillales and Lactobacillales were decreased with the changes correlated with lesion severity. Significantly different profiles were also detected in infected birds which remained asymptomatic (lesion score 0), with taxa belonging to the genera Bacteroides decreased and Lactobacillus increased. Many differential taxa from the order Clostridiales were identified, with some increasing and others decreasing in abundance in Eimeria-infected animals. The results support the view that caecal microbiome dysbiosis associated with Eimeria infection contributes to disease pathology, and could be a target for intervention to mitigate the impact of coccidiosis on poultry productivity and welfare. This work highlights that E. tenella infection has a significant impact on the abundance of some caecal bacteria with notable differences detected between lesion score categories emphasising the importance of accounting for differences in caecal lesions when investigating the relationship between E. tenella and the poultry intestinal microbiome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E. Macdonald
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hatfield, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (SEM); (DPB)
| | - Matthew J. Nolan
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hatfield, United Kingdom
| | - Kimberley Harman
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hatfield, United Kingdom
| | - Kay Boulton
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, United Kingdom
| | - David A. Hume
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, United Kingdom
| | - Fiona M. Tomley
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hatfield, United Kingdom
| | - Richard A. Stabler
- Department of Pathogen Molecular Biology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Damer P. Blake
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hatfield, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (SEM); (DPB)
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Kundu K, Garg R, Kumar S, Mandal M, Tomley FM, Blake DP, Banerjee PS. Humoral and cytokine response elicited during immunisation with recombinant Immune Mapped protein-1 (EtIMP-1) and oocysts of Eimeria tenella. Vet Parasitol 2017; 244:44-53. [PMID: 28917316 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2017.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Revised: 07/16/2017] [Accepted: 07/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Eimeria tenella, the causative agent of caecal coccidiosis, is a pathogenic gut dwelling protozoan which can cause severe morbidity and mortality in farmed chickens. Immune mapped protein-1 (IMP-1) has been identified as an anticoccidial vaccine candidate; in the present study allelic polymorphism was assessed across the IMP-1 coding sequence in E. tenella isolates from four countries and compared with the UK reference Houghton strain. Nucleotide diversity was low, limited to expansion/contraction of a CAG triplet repeat and five substitutions, three of which were non-synonymous. The EtIMP-1 coding sequence from a cloned Indian E. tenella isolate was expressed in E. coli and purified as a His-tagged thioredoxin fusion protein. An in-vivo vaccination and challenge trial was conducted to test the vaccine potential of recombinant EtIMP-1 (rEtIMP-1) and to compare post-vaccination immune responses of chickens to those stimulated by live oocyst infection. Following challenge, parasite replication measured using quantitative PCR was significantly reduced in chickens that had been vaccinated with rEtIMP-1 (rIC group; 67% reduction compared to UC or unimmunised controls; 79% reduction compared to rTC group or recombinant thioredoxin mock-immunised controls, p<0.05), or the birds vaccinated by infection with oocysts (OC group, 90% compared to unimmunised controls). Chickens vaccinated with oocysts (OC) had significantly higher levels of interferon gamma in their serum post-challenge, compared to rEtIMP-1 vaccinated birds (rIC). Conversely rEtIMP-1 (rIC) vaccinated birds had significantly higher antigen specific serum IgY responses, correlating with higher serum IL-4 (both p<0.05).
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishnendu Kundu
- Division of Parasitology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, PIN-243122, India
| | - Rajat Garg
- Division of Parasitology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, PIN-243122, India
| | - Saroj Kumar
- Division of Parasitology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, PIN-243122, India
| | - Mrityunjay Mandal
- Division of Parasitology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, PIN-243122, India
| | - Fiona M Tomley
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, AL97TA, UK
| | - Damer P Blake
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, AL97TA, UK
| | - Partha Sarathi Banerjee
- Division of Parasitology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, PIN-243122, India.
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47
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Piazzon MC, Wentzel AS, Wiegertjes GF, Forlenza M. Carp Il10a and Il10b exert identical biological activities in vitro, but are differentially regulated in vivo. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 67:350-360. [PMID: 27586813 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2016.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Revised: 08/28/2016] [Accepted: 08/28/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We recently reported on the functional characterization of carp Il10. We showed that carp Il10 is able to downregulate proinflammatory activities by carp phagocytes and promote B cell proliferation, differentiation and antibody production as well as proliferation of memory T cells. Taking advantage of the recent annotation of the carp genome, we completed the sequence of a second il10 paralogue, named il10b, the presence of which was expected owing to the recent (8 million years ago) fourth round of whole genome duplication that occurred in common carp. In the present study we closely compared the two Il10 paralogues and show that Il10a and Il10b have almost identical gene structure, synteny, protein sequence as well as bioactivity on phagocytes. Although the two il10 paralogues show a large overlap in tissue expression, il10b has a low constitutive expression and is highly upregulated upon infection, whereas il10a is higher expressed under basal conditions but its gene expression remains constant during viral and parasitic infections. This differential regulation is most likely due to the observed differences in their promoter regions. Altogether our results demonstrate that gene duplication in carp, although recent, led to sub-functionalization and expression divergence rather than functional redundancy of the Il10 paralogues, yet with very similar protein sequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Carla Piazzon
- Cell Biology and Immunology Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, 6708 WD, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Annelieke S Wentzel
- Cell Biology and Immunology Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, 6708 WD, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Geert F Wiegertjes
- Cell Biology and Immunology Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, 6708 WD, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Maria Forlenza
- Cell Biology and Immunology Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, 6708 WD, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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