1
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Crow RS, Shaw CG, Grayfer L, Smith LC. Recombinant SpTransformer proteins are functionally diverse for binding and phagocytosis by three subtypes of sea urchin phagocytes. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1372904. [PMID: 38742116 PMCID: PMC11089230 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1372904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction The California purple sea urchin, Strongylocentrotus purpuratus, relies solely on an innate immune system to combat the many pathogens in the marine environment. One aspect of their molecular defenses is the SpTransformer (SpTrf) gene family that is upregulated in response to immune challenge. The gene sequences are highly variable both within and among animals and likely encode thousands of SpTrf isoforms within the sea urchin population. The native SpTrf proteins bind foreign targets and augment phagocytosis of a marine Vibrio. A recombinant (r)SpTrf-E1-Ec protein produced by E. coli also binds Vibrio but does not augment phagocytosis. Methods To address the question of whether other rSpTrf isoforms function as opsonins and augment phagocytosis, six rSpTrf proteins were expressed in insect cells. Results The rSpTrf proteins are larger than expected, are glycosylated, and one dimerized irreversibly. Each rSpTrf protein cross-linked to inert magnetic beads (rSpTrf::beads) results in different levels of surface binding and phagocytosis by phagocytes. Initial analysis shows that significantly more rSpTrf::beads associate with cells compared to control BSA::beads. Binding specificity was verified by pre-incubating the rSpTrf::beads with antibodies, which reduces the association with phagocytes. The different rSpTrf::beads show significant differences for cell surface binding and phagocytosis by phagocytes. Furthermore, there are differences among the three distinct types of phagocytes that show specific vs. constitutive binding and phagocytosis. Conclusion These findings illustrate the complexity and effectiveness of the sea urchin innate immune system driven by the natSpTrf proteins and the phagocyte cell populations that act to neutralize a wide range of foreign pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - L Courtney Smith
- Department of Biological Sciences, George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States
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2
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Fernández-Boo S, Machado A, Castro LFC, Azeredo R, Costas B. Unravelling the main immune repertoire of Paracentrotus lividus following Vibrio anguillarum bath challenge. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2024; 147:109431. [PMID: 38346567 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2024.109431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
Paracentrotus lividus is the most abundant echinoid species in the North East Atlantic Ocean and Mediterranean Sea. Although there is abundant genomic information of the species, there is no deep characterisation of the genes involved in the immune response. Here, a reference transcriptome of male and female coelomocytes was produced. The generated P. lividus transcriptome assembly has 203,511 transcripts, N50 transcript length of 1079 bp, and more than 90% estimated gene completeness in Eukaryota and Metazoa BUSCO databases, respectively. Differential gene expression analyses showed 54 and 55 up-regulated genes in P. lividus female and male coelomocyte tissues, respectively. These results suggest a similar immune gene repertoire between sexes. To examine the immune response, P. lividus was challenged with Vibrio anguillarum, one of the candidate pathogens for bald disease. Immune parameters were evaluated at cell and humoral levels, as well as the expression analysis of immune related genes at an early response stage. No differences were found at cellular and humoral levels with the exception of the increase of nitric oxide in perivisceral fluid of challenged animals. At the gene expression level, a total of 2721 genes were upregulated in challenged animals, 13.6 times higher expression than control group. Our analysis revealed that four major KEGG pathways were enriched in challenged animals: Autophagy (KEGG:04140), Endocytosis (KEGG:04144), Phagosome (KEGG:04145) and Protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum (KEGG:04141). Several toll-like receptors (TLR), scavenger receptors cysteine-rich (SRCR) or nucleotide-binding oligomerisation domain like receptors (NLR) were identified as major family genes for pathogen recognition and immune defence. This study provides a valuable transcriptomic resource and unfolds the molecular basis of immune response to V. anguillarum exposure. Overall, our findings contribute to the conservation effort of the P. lividus populations, as well as its sustainable exploitation in an aquaculture context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Fernández-Boo
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental (CIIMAR). Terminal de Cruzeiros Do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos S/n, 4450-208, Matosinhos, Portugal.
| | - André Machado
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental (CIIMAR). Terminal de Cruzeiros Do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos S/n, 4450-208, Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - L Filipe C Castro
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental (CIIMAR). Terminal de Cruzeiros Do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos S/n, 4450-208, Matosinhos, Portugal; Departamento de Biologia, Universidade Do Porto, Rua Do Campo Alegre, S/n, Edifício FC4, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal
| | - Rita Azeredo
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental (CIIMAR). Terminal de Cruzeiros Do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos S/n, 4450-208, Matosinhos, Portugal; Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar (ICBAS-UP), Universidade Do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
| | - Benjamin Costas
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental (CIIMAR). Terminal de Cruzeiros Do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos S/n, 4450-208, Matosinhos, Portugal; Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar (ICBAS-UP), Universidade Do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
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3
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Spurrell M, Oulhen N, Foster S, Perillo M, Wessel G. Gene regulatory divergence amongst echinoderms underlies appearance of pigment cells in sea urchin development. Dev Biol 2023; 494:13-25. [PMID: 36519720 PMCID: PMC9870932 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2022.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Larvae of the sea urchin, Strongylocentrotus purpuratus, have pigmented migratory cells implicated in immune defense and gut patterning. The transcription factor SpGcm activates the expression of many pigment cell-specific genes, including those involved in pigment biosynthesis (SpPks1 and SpFmo3) and immune related genes (e.g. SpMif5). Despite the importance of this cell type in sea urchins, pigmented cells are absent in larvae of the sea star, Patiria miniata. In this study, we tested the premises that sea stars lack genes to synthesize echinochrome pigment, that the genes are present but are not expressed in the larvae, or rather that the homologous gene expression does not contribute to echinochrome synthesis. Our results show that orthologs of sea urchin pigment cell-specific genes (PmPks1, PmFmo3-1 and PmMifL1-2) are present in the sea star genome and expressed in the larvae. Although no cell lineage homologous to migratory sea urchin pigment cells is present, dynamic gene activation accomplishes a similar spatial and temporal expression profile. The mechanisms regulating the expression of these genes, though, is highly divergent. In sea stars, PmGcm lacks the central role in pigment gene expression since it is not expressed in PmPks1 and PmFmo3-1-positive cells, and knockdown of Gcm does not abrogate pigment gene expression. Pigment genes are instead expressed in the coelomic mesoderm early in development before later being expressed in the ectoderm. These findings were supported by in situ RNA hybridization and comparative scRNA-seq analyses. We conclude that simply the coexpression of Pks1 and Fmo3 orthologs in cells of the sea star is not sufficient to underlie the emergence of the larval pigment cell in the sea urchin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxwell Spurrell
- Brown University, Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology & Biochemistry, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Nathalie Oulhen
- Brown University, Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology & Biochemistry, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Stephany Foster
- Brown University, Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology & Biochemistry, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Margherita Perillo
- Brown University, Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology & Biochemistry, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Gary Wessel
- Brown University, Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology & Biochemistry, Providence, RI, USA.
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4
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Queiroz V, Arizza V, Vazzana M, Custódio MR. Comparative evaluation of coelomocytes in Paracentrotus sea urchins: Description of new cell types and insights on spherulocyte maturation and sea urchin physiology. ZOOL ANZ 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcz.2022.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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5
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Barela Hudgell MA, Grayfer L, Smith LC. Coelomocyte populations in the sea urchin, Strongylocentrotus purpuratus, undergo dynamic changes in response to immune challenge. Front Immunol 2022; 13:940852. [PMID: 36119116 PMCID: PMC9471872 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.940852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The sea urchin, Strongylocentrotus purpuratus has seven described populations of distinct coelomocytes in the coelomic fluid that are defined by morphology, size, and for some types, by known functions. Of these subtypes, the large phagocytes are thought to be key to the sea urchin cellular innate immune response. The concentration of total coelomocytes in the coelomic fluid increases in response to pathogen challenge. However, there is no quantitative analysis of how the respective coelomocyte populations change over time in response to immune challenge. Accordingly, coelomocytes collected from immunoquiescent, healthy sea urchins were evaluated by flow cytometry for responses to injury and to challenge with either heat-killed Vibrio diazotrophicus, zymosan A, or artificial coelomic fluid, which served as the vehicle control. Responses to the initial injury of coelomic fluid collection or to injection of V. diazotrophicus show significant increases in the concentration of large phagocytes, small phagocytes, and red spherule cells after one day. Responses to zymosan A show decreases in the concentration of large phagocytes and increases in the concentration of small phagocytes. In contrast, responses to injections of vehicle result in decreased concentration of large phagocytes. When these changes in coelomocytes are evaluated based on proportions rather than concentration, the respective coelomocyte proportions are generally maintained in response to injection with V. diazotrophicus and vehicle. However, this is not observed in response to zymosan A and this lack of correspondence between proportions and concentrations may be an outcome of clearing these large particles by the large phagocytes. Variations in coelomocyte populations are also noted for individual sea urchins evaluated at different times for their responses to immune challenge compared to the vehicle. Together, these results demonstrate that the cell populations in sea urchin immune cell populations undergo dynamic changes in vivo in response to distinct immune stimuli and to injury and that these changes are driven by the responses of the large phagocyte populations.
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6
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Barela Hudgell MA, Grayfer L, Smith LC. A flow cytometry based approach to identify distinct coelomocyte subsets of the purple sea urchin, Strongylocentrotus purpuratus. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 130:104352. [PMID: 35065955 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2022.104352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The sea urchin, Strongylocentrotus purpuratus, possesses at least seven distinguishable cell populations in the coelomic fluid, which vary in morphology, size, and function. Of these, the large phagocytes, small phagocytes, and red spherule cells are thought to be key to the echinoid immune response. Because there are currently no effective and rapid means of evaluating sea urchin coelomocytes, we developed a flow cytometry based approach to identify these subsets from unseparated, unstained, live cells. In particular our gating strategy distinguishes between the large phagocytes, small phagocytes, red spherule cells, and a mixed population of vibratile cells and colorless spherule cells. This flow cytometry based analysis increases the speed and improves the reliability of coelomocyte analysis compared to differential cell counts by microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan A Barela Hudgell
- Department of Biological Sciences, George Washington University, Washington, DC, 20052, USA
| | - Leon Grayfer
- Department of Biological Sciences, George Washington University, Washington, DC, 20052, USA
| | - L Courtney Smith
- Department of Biological Sciences, George Washington University, Washington, DC, 20052, USA.
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7
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Immunomodulatory Function of Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP)-Functionalized Gold Nanoparticles in Vibrio-Stimulated Sea Urchin Immune Cells. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 11:nano11102646. [PMID: 34685085 PMCID: PMC8539316 DOI: 10.3390/nano11102646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the role of the gold nanoparticles functionalized with polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP–AuNPs) on the innate immune response against an acute infection caused by Vibrio anguillarum in an in vitro immunological nonmammalian next-generation model, the sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus. To profile the immunomodulatory function of PVP–AuNPs (0.1 μg mL−1) in sea urchin immune cells stimulated by Vibrio (10 μg mL−1) for 3 h, we focused on the baseline immunological state of the donor, and we analysed the topography, cellular metabolism, and expression of human cell surface antigens of the exposed cells, as well as the signalling leading the interaction between PVP–AuNPs and the Vibrio-stimulated cells. PVP–AuNPs are not able to silence the inflammatory signalling (TLR4/p38MAPK/NF-κB signalling) that involves the whole population of P. lividus immune cells exposed to Vibrio. However, our findings emphasise the ability of PVP–AuNPs to stimulate a subset of rare cells (defined here as Group 3) that express CD45 and CD14 antigens on their surface, which are known to be involved in immune cell maturation and macrophage activation in humans. Our evidence on how PVP–AuNPs may stimulate sea urchin immune cells represents an important starting point for planning new research work on the topic.
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8
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Andrade C, Oliveira B, Guatelli S, Martinez P, Simões B, Bispo C, Ferrario C, Bonasoro F, Rino J, Sugni M, Gardner R, Zilhão R, Coelho AV. Characterization of Coelomic Fluid Cell Types in the Starfish Marthasterias glacialis Using a Flow Cytometry/Imaging Combined Approach. Front Immunol 2021; 12:641664. [PMID: 33815394 PMCID: PMC8013778 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.641664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Coelomocytes is the generic name for a collection of cellular morphotypes, present in many coelomate animals, and highly variable among echinoderm classes. The roles attributed to the major types of these free circulating cells present in the coelomic fluid of echinoderms include immune response, phagocytic digestion and clotting. Our main aim in this study was to characterize coelomocytes found in the coelomic fluid of Marthasterias glacialis (class Asteroidea) by using a combination of flow cytometry (FC), imaging flow cytometry (IFC) and fluorescence plus transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Two coelomocyte populations (P1 and P2) identified through flow cytometry were subsequently studied in terms of abundance, morphology, ultrastructure, cell viability and cell cycle profiles. Ultrastructurally, P2 diploid cells were present as two main morphotypes, similar to phagocytes and vertebrate thrombocytes, whereas the smaller P1 cellular population was characterized by low mitotic activity, a relatively undifferentiated cytotype and a high nucleus/cytoplasm ratio. In the present study we could not rule out possible similarities between haploid P1 cells and stem-cell types in other animals. Additionally, we report the presence of two other morphotypes in P2 that could only be detected by fluorescence microscopy, as well as a morphotype revealed via combined microscopy/FC. This integrative experimental workflow combined cells physical separation with different microscopic image capture technologies, enabling us to better tackle the characterization of the heterogeneous composition of coelomocytes populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claúdia Andrade
- CEDOC, Chronic Diseases Research Centre, NOVA Medical School, Faculdade de Ciências Medicas, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
- Flow Cytometry SRL, Instituto Gulbenkian Ciencia, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Bárbara Oliveira
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Silvia Guatelli
- GAIA 2050 Center, Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Pedro Martinez
- Departament de Genètica, Microbiologia i Estadística, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- ICREA (Institut Català de Recerca i Estudis Avancats), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Beatriz Simões
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Claúdia Bispo
- Flow Cytometry SRL, Instituto Gulbenkian Ciencia, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Cinzia Ferrario
- GAIA 2050 Center, Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- Center for Complexity and Biosystems, Department of Physics, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesco Bonasoro
- GAIA 2050 Center, Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - José Rino
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Michela Sugni
- GAIA 2050 Center, Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- Center for Complexity and Biosystems, Department of Physics, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Rui Gardner
- Flow Cytometry SRL, Instituto Gulbenkian Ciencia, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Rita Zilhão
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Centro de Ecologia, Evolução e Alterações Ambientais, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Ana Varela Coelho
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal
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9
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Queiroz V, Muxel SM, Inguglia L, Chiaramonte M, Custódio MR. Comparative study of coelomocytes from Arbacia lixula and Lythechinus variegatus: Cell characterization and in vivo evidence of the physiological function of vibratile cells. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 110:1-9. [PMID: 33378698 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2020.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 12/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The knowledge on echinoderm coelomocytes has increased in recent years, but researchers still face a complex problem: how to obtain purified cells. Even flow cytometry being useful to address coelomocytes in suspension, the need for a method able to provide isolated cells is still noteworthy. Here, we use Imaging Flow Cytometry (IFC) to characterize the coelomocytes of two sea urchin species - Arbacia lixula and Lytechinus variegatus - and obtain gates to isolate cell populations. Then, we used these gates to study the physiological response of A. lixula coelomocytes during an induced immune challenge with Escherichia coli. An analysis of area and aspect ratio parameters of the flow cytometer allowed the identification of two main cell populations in the coelomic fluid: circular and elongated cells. A combination of this method with nucleus labeling using propidium iodide allowed the determination of gates containing isolated subpopulations of vibratile cells, red spherulocytes, and two phagocytes subpopulations in both species. We observed that during an induced bacterial immune challenge, A. lixula was able to modulate coelomocyte frequencies, increasing the phagocytes and decreasing red spherulocytes and vibratile cells. These results indicate that vibratile cells and red spherulocytes act by immobilizing and stoping bacterial growth, respectively, cooperating with phagocytes in the immune response. The use of IFC was fundamental not only to identify specific gates for the main coelomic subpopulations but also allowed the investigation on how echinoids modulate their physiological responses during immune challenges. Furthermore, we provide the first experimental evidence about the role of vibratile cells, corroborating its involvement with the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinicius Queiroz
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Sandra M Muxel
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luigi Inguglia
- Dept. STEBICEF, University of the Study of Palermo, Via Archirafi 18, 90123, Palermo, Italy
| | - Marco Chiaramonte
- Dept. STEBICEF, University of the Study of Palermo, Via Archirafi 18, 90123, Palermo, Italy
| | - Márcio R Custódio
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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10
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Steichele M, Sauermann LS, König AC, Hauck S, Böttger A. Ancestral role of TNF-R pathway in cell differentiation in the basal metazoan Hydra. J Cell Sci 2021; 134:224109. [PMID: 33277380 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.255422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumour necrosis factor receptors (TNF-Rs) and their ligands, tumour necrosis factors, are highly conserved proteins described in all metazoan phyla. They function as inducers of extrinsic apoptotic signalling and facilitate inflammation, differentiation and cell survival. TNF-Rs use distinct adaptor molecules to activate signalling cascades. Fas-associated protein with death domain (FADD) family adaptors often mediate apoptosis, and TNF-R-associated factor (TRAF) family adaptors mediate cell differentiation and inflammation. Most of these pathway components are conserved in cnidarians, and, here, we investigated the Hydra TNF-R. We report that it is related to the ectodysplasin receptor, which is involved in epithelial cell differentiation in mammals. In Hydra, it is localised in epithelial cells with incorporated nematocytes in tentacles and body column, indicating a similar function. Further experiments suggest that it interacts with the Hydra homologue of a TRAF adaptor, but not with FADD proteins. Hydra FADD proteins colocalised with Hydra caspases in death effector filaments and recruited caspases, suggesting that they are part of an apoptotic signalling pathway. Regulating epithelial cell differentiation via TRAF adaptors therefore seems to be an ancient function of TNF-Rs, whereas FADD-caspase interactions may be part of a separate apoptotic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona Steichele
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Department Biologie II, Groβhaderner Str. 2, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Munich, Germany
| | - Lara S Sauermann
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Department Biologie II, Groβhaderner Str. 2, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Munich, Germany
| | - Ann-Christine König
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Department Biologie II, Groβhaderner Str. 2, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Munich, Germany
| | - Stefanie Hauck
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Department Biologie II, Groβhaderner Str. 2, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Munich, Germany
| | - Angelika Böttger
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Department Biologie II, Groβhaderner Str. 2, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Munich, Germany
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Dettleff P, Villagra M, González J, Fuentes M, Estrada JM, Valenzuela C, Molina A, Valdés JA. Effect of bacterial LPS, poly I:C and temperature on the immune response of coelomocytes in short term cultures of red sea urchin (Loxechinus albus). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 107:187-193. [PMID: 32971271 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2020.09.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In echinoderms, the immune system plays a relevant role in defense against infection by pathogens. Particularly, in sea urchins, the immune system has been shown to be complex, especially in terms of the variety of immune genes and molecules described. A key component of the response to external pathogens are the Toll-like receptors (TLRs), which are a well-characterized class of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) that participate in the recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). Despite the fact that TLRs have been described in several sea urchin species, for the red sea urchin (Loxechinus albus), which is one of the most important sea urchins across the world in terms of fisheries, limited information on the TLR-mediated immune response exists. In the present study, for the first time, we evaluated the effect of thermal stress, LPS and poly I:C treatment on the coelomocyte immune response of Loxechinus albus to determine how these factors modulate TLR and strongylocin (antimicrobial peptides of echinoderms) responses. We show that the tlr3-like, tlr4-like, tlr6-like and tlr8-like transcripts are modulated by poly I:C, while LPS only modulates the tlr4-like response; there was no effect of temperature on TLR expression, as evaluated by RT-qPCR. Additionally, we showed that strongylocin-1 and strongylocin-2 are modulated in response to simulated viral infection with poly I:C, providing the first evidence of strongylocin expression in L. albus. Finally, we determined that temperature and LPS modify the viability of coelomocytes, while poly I:C treatment did not affect the viability of these cells. This study contributes to the knowledge of immune responses in sea urchins to improve the understanding of the role of TLRs and strongylocins in echinoderms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillip Dettleff
- Facultad de Ciencias de La Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile; Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), Víctor Lamas 1290, PO Box 160-C, Concepción, Chile
| | - Maximiliano Villagra
- Facultad de Ciencias de La Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile; Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), Víctor Lamas 1290, PO Box 160-C, Concepción, Chile
| | - Joaquín González
- Facultad de Ciencias de La Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile; Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), Víctor Lamas 1290, PO Box 160-C, Concepción, Chile
| | - Marcia Fuentes
- Facultad de Ciencias de La Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile; Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), Víctor Lamas 1290, PO Box 160-C, Concepción, Chile
| | - Juan Manuel Estrada
- Centro de Investigación Marina Quintay (CIMARQ), Universidad Andrés Bello, Quintay, Chile
| | - Cristian Valenzuela
- Facultad de Ciencias de La Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile; Grupo de Marcadores Inmunológicos, Laboratorio de Genética e Inmunología Molecular, Instituto de Biología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Alfredo Molina
- Facultad de Ciencias de La Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile; Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), Víctor Lamas 1290, PO Box 160-C, Concepción, Chile
| | - Juan Antonio Valdés
- Facultad de Ciencias de La Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile; Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), Víctor Lamas 1290, PO Box 160-C, Concepción, Chile.
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12
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Chiaramonte M, Arizza V, La Rosa S, Queiroz V, Mauro M, Vazzana M, Inguglia L. Allograft Inflammatory Factor AIF-1: early immune response in the Mediterranean sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus. ZOOLOGY 2020; 142:125815. [DOI: 10.1016/j.zool.2020.125815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Revised: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Capitão A, Lopes-Marques M, Páscoa I, Ruivo R, Mendiratta N, Fonseca E, Castro LFC, Santos MM. The Echinodermata PPAR: Functional characterization and exploitation by the model lipid homeostasis regulator tributyltin. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 263:114467. [PMID: 32278212 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Revised: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The wide ecological relevance of lipid homeostasis modulators in the environment has been increasingly acknowledged. Tributyltin (TBT), for instance, was shown to cause lipid modulation, not only in mammals, but also in fish, molluscs, arthropods and rotifers. In vertebrates, TBT is known to interact with a nuclear receptor heterodimer module, formed by the retinoid X receptor (RXR) and the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR). These modulate the expression of genes involved in lipid homeostasis. In the present work, we isolated for the first time the complete coding region of the Echinodermata (Paracentrotus lividus) gene orthologues of PPAR and RXR and evaluated the ability of a model lipid homeostasis modulator, TBT, to interfere with the lipid metabolism in this species. Our results demonstrate that TBT alters the gonadal fatty acid composition and gene expression patterns: yielding sex-specific responses in fatty acid levels, including the decrease of eicosapentaenoic acid (C20:5 n-3, EPA) in males, and increase of arachidonic acid (20:4n-6, ARA) in females, and upregulation of long-chain acyl-CoA synthetase (acsl), ppar and rxr. Furthermore, an in vitro test using COS-1 cells as host and chimeric receptors with the ligand binding domain (LBD) of P. lividus PPAR and RXR shows that organotins (TBT and TPT (Triphenyltin)) suppressed activity of the heterodimer PPAR/RXR in a concentration-dependent manner. Together, these results suggest that TBT acts as a lipid homeostasis modulator at environmentally relevant concentrations in Echinodermata and highlight a possible conserved mode of action via the PPAR/RXR heterodimer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Capitão
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR/CIMAR), University of Porto (U.Porto), Matosinhos, Portugal; Faculty of Sciences (FCUP), Department of Biology, University of Porto (U.Porto), Porto, Portugal
| | - Mónica Lopes-Marques
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR/CIMAR), University of Porto (U.Porto), Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Inês Páscoa
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR/CIMAR), University of Porto (U.Porto), Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Raquel Ruivo
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR/CIMAR), University of Porto (U.Porto), Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Nicolau Mendiratta
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR/CIMAR), University of Porto (U.Porto), Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Elza Fonseca
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR/CIMAR), University of Porto (U.Porto), Matosinhos, Portugal; Faculty of Sciences (FCUP), Department of Biology, University of Porto (U.Porto), Porto, Portugal
| | - L Filipe C Castro
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR/CIMAR), University of Porto (U.Porto), Matosinhos, Portugal; Faculty of Sciences (FCUP), Department of Biology, University of Porto (U.Porto), Porto, Portugal.
| | - Miguel Machado Santos
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR/CIMAR), University of Porto (U.Porto), Matosinhos, Portugal; Faculty of Sciences (FCUP), Department of Biology, University of Porto (U.Porto), Porto, Portugal.
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Changes in the proteome of sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus coelomocytes in response to LPS injection into the body cavity. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0228893. [PMID: 32074628 PMCID: PMC7030939 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0228893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The immune system of echinoderm sea urchins is characterised by a high degree of complexity that is not completely understood. The Mediterranean sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus coelomocytes mediate immune responses through phagocytosis, encapsulation of non-self particles, and production of diffusible factors including antimicrobial molecules. Details of these processes, and molecular pathways driving these mechanisms, are still to be fully elucidated. Principal findings In the present study we treated the sea urchin P. lividus with the bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and collected coelomocytes at different time-points (1, 3, 6 and 24 hours). We have shown, using label-free quantitative mass spectrometry, how LPS is able to modulate the coelomocyte proteome and to effect cellular pathways, such as endocytosis and phagocytosis, as soon as the immunomodulating agent is injected. The present study has also shown that treatment can modulate various cellular processes such as cytoskeleton reorganisation, and stress and energetic homeostasis. Conclusions Our data demonstrates, through mass spectrometry and the following functional annotation bioinformatics analysis, how the bacterial wall constituent is sufficient to set off an immune response inducing cytoskeleton reorganisation, the appearance of clusters of heat shock proteins (Hsp) and histone proteins and the activation of the endocytic and phagocytic pathways. Data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD008439.
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Romero A, Aranguren R, Moreira R, Novoa B, Figueras A. Integrated transcriptomic and functional immunological approach for assessing the invasiveness of bivalve alien species. Sci Rep 2019; 9:19879. [PMID: 31882949 PMCID: PMC6934813 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-56421-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2018] [Accepted: 11/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Biological invasions started when humans moved species beyond their normal geographic limits. Bivalves are the most notoriously invasive species in subtidal aquatic environments. Next-generation sequencing technologies are applied to understand the molecular mechanisms involved in the invasion. The ecological immunology focuses on the role of immunity in invasion, and its magnitude could help to predict the invasiveness of alien species. A remarkable case of invasion has been reported in the Ría de Vigo (Spain) by the black pygmy mussel Xenostrobus securis. In Galicia, the Mediterranean mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis is the predominant cultured bivalve species. Can we predict the invasiveness of alien bivalve species by analyzing their immune response? Can X. securis represent a risk for the autochthonous mussel? We evaluated the suitability of the immune-related hypotheses in our model by using an integrated transcriptomic and functional immunological approach. Our analysis suggests lower immune capabilities in X. securis compared to M. galloprovincialis, probably due to the relocation of energetic resources from the immune response to vital physiological processes to cope with salinity stress. This multidisciplinary approach will help us understand how the immune response can be influenced by the adaptive process and how this immune response can influence the invasion process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Romero
- Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas (CSIC), Eduardo Cabello 6, 36208, Vigo, Spain
| | - Raquel Aranguren
- Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas (CSIC), Eduardo Cabello 6, 36208, Vigo, Spain
| | - Rebeca Moreira
- Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas (CSIC), Eduardo Cabello 6, 36208, Vigo, Spain
| | - Beatriz Novoa
- Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas (CSIC), Eduardo Cabello 6, 36208, Vigo, Spain.
| | - Antonio Figueras
- Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas (CSIC), Eduardo Cabello 6, 36208, Vigo, Spain
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Pita L, Hoeppner MP, Ribes M, Hentschel U. Differential expression of immune receptors in two marine sponges upon exposure to microbial-associated molecular patterns. Sci Rep 2018; 8:16081. [PMID: 30382170 PMCID: PMC6208332 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-34330-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2018] [Accepted: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The innate immune system helps animals to navigate the microbial world. The response to microbes relies on the specific recognition of microbial-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs) by immune receptors. Sponges (phylum Porifera), as early-diverging animals, provide insights into conserved mechanisms for animal-microbe crosstalk. However, experimental data is limited. We adopted an experimental approach followed by RNA-Seq and differential gene expression analysis in order to characterise the sponge immune response. Two Mediterranean species, Aplysina aerophoba and Dysidea avara, were exposed to a “cocktail” of MAMPs (lipopolysaccharide and peptidoglycan) or to sterile artificial seawater (control) and sampled 1 h, 3 h, and 5 h post-treatment for RNA-Seq. The response involved, first and foremost, a higher number of differentially-expressed genes in A. aerophoba than D. avara. Secondly, while both species constitutively express a diverse repertoire of immune receptors, they differed in their expression profiles upon MAMP challenge. The response in D. avara was mediated by increased expression of two NLR genes, whereas the response in A. aerophoba involved SRCR and GPCR genes. From the set of annotated genes we infer that both species activated apoptosis in response to MAMPs while in A. aerophoba phagocytosis was additionally stimulated. Our study assessed for the first time the transcriptomic responses of sponges to MAMPs and revealed conserved and species-specific features of poriferan immunity as well as genes potentially relevant to animal-microbe interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucía Pita
- RD3 Marine Microbiology, GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Kiel, Germany.
| | - Marc P Hoeppner
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Marta Ribes
- Institute of Marine Science, CSIC, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ute Hentschel
- RD3 Marine Microbiology, GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Kiel, Germany.,Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel (CAU), Kiel, Germany
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Fernández-Boo S, Pedrosa-Oliveira MH, Afonso A, Arenas F, Rocha F, Valente LMP, Costas B. Annual assessment of the sea urchin (Paracentrotus lividus) humoral innate immune status: Tales from the north Portuguese coast. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2018; 141:128-137. [PMID: 30139531 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2018.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Revised: 08/04/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Innate immune status of the sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus population from two different rocky shore beaches in the northern Portuguese coast was evaluated for a period of one year. Although some ecological studies regarding the effect of toxics on the immune parameters of the sea urchin were made in Portuguese waters, there is a current lack of knowledge concerning their immune status all over the year. In perspective of a changing ecosystem in these waters due to global warming and colonization of new species, it is important to assess the status of the major species living in the area. In this way, immune parameters such as total protein content, nitric oxide concentration, haemolytic activity, protease activity, lysozyme concentration and bactericidal activity were evaluated in the perivisceral coelomic fluid, and were correlated with the gonadal index of the population and water parameters. Also, the spawning period can upset some immune status parameters, and others such as haemolytic activity and bactericidal activity against Vibrio anguillarum, showed a clear correlation with the gonad maturation status. The knowledge of the basal immune status of the species could serve as ecological indicator of some stress agent or contaminant into the field; also, coelomic fluid is suggested as good quality marker to assess the immune status of sea urchins.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Fernández-Boo
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental (CIIMAR), University of Porto, Avenida General Norton de Matos, S/N, 4450-208, Matosinhos, Portugal.
| | - M H Pedrosa-Oliveira
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar (ICBAS-UP), University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
| | - A Afonso
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental (CIIMAR), University of Porto, Avenida General Norton de Matos, S/N, 4450-208, Matosinhos, Portugal; Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar (ICBAS-UP), University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
| | - F Arenas
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental (CIIMAR), University of Porto, Avenida General Norton de Matos, S/N, 4450-208, Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - F Rocha
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental (CIIMAR), University of Porto, Avenida General Norton de Matos, S/N, 4450-208, Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - L M P Valente
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental (CIIMAR), University of Porto, Avenida General Norton de Matos, S/N, 4450-208, Matosinhos, Portugal; Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar (ICBAS-UP), University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
| | - B Costas
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental (CIIMAR), University of Porto, Avenida General Norton de Matos, S/N, 4450-208, Matosinhos, Portugal; Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar (ICBAS-UP), University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
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Coates CJ, McCulloch C, Betts J, Whalley T. Echinochrome A Release by Red Spherule Cells Is an Iron-Withholding Strategy of Sea Urchin Innate Immunity. J Innate Immun 2017; 10:119-130. [PMID: 29212075 DOI: 10.1159/000484722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellular immune defences in sea urchins are shared amongst the coelomocytes - a heterogeneous population of cells residing in the coelomic fluid (blood equivalent) and tissues. The most iconic coelomocyte morphotype is the red spherule cell (or amebocyte), so named due to the abundance of cytoplasmic vesicles containing the naphthoquinone pigment echinochrome A. Despite their identification over a century ago, and evidence of antiseptic properties, little progress has been made in characterising the immunocompetence of these cells. Upon exposure of red spherule cells from sea urchins, i.e., Paracentrotus lividus and Psammechinus miliaris, to microbial ligands, intact microbes, and damage signals, we observed cellular degranulation and increased detection of cell-free echinochrome in the coelomic fluid ex vivo. Treatment of the cells with ionomycin, a calcium-specific ionophore, confirmed that an increase in intracellular levels of Ca2+ is a trigger of echinochrome release. Incubating Gram-positive/negative bacteria as well as yeast with lysates of red spherule cells led to significant reductions in colony-forming units. Such antimicrobial properties were counteracted by the addition of ferric iron (Fe3+), suggesting that echinochrome acts as a primitive iron chelator in echinoid biological defences.
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