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Sullivan EL, Molloy KR, Dunn GA, Balanzar AL, Young AS, Loftis JM, Ablow JC, Nigg JT, Gustafsson HC. Adipokines measured during pregnancy and at birth are associated with infant negative affect. Brain Behav Immun 2024; 120:34-43. [PMID: 38772428 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2024.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2023] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 05/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increased adiposity during pregnancy may be related to offspring risk for mental health disorders, although the biological mechanisms are poorly understood. One promising hypothesis is that factors secreted from adipocytes such as leptin and adiponectin may explain this association. The current study examined whether pregnancy or umbilical cord blood concentrations of leptin and/or adiponectin a) predict elevated infant negative affect at 6 months (an early life marker of risk for psychopathology); and b) help explain the association between pregnancy adiposity and increased infant negative affect. METHODS Data came from a prospective cohort (N = 305) of pregnant individuals and their offspring. Second trimester adiposity was assessed using air displacement plethysmography. Concentrations of leptin and adiponectin were measured in second trimester plasma and umbilical cord plasma. Infant negative affect was assessed by standardized observation at 6 months. Second trimester inflammation was assessed using a comprehensive panel of cytokines. RESULTS Lower second trimester adiponectin was associated with elevated infant negative affect, and mediated the effect of pregnancy adiposity on infant negative affect. This association was independent of the effect of second trimester inflammation. Umbilical cord leptin also predicted higher infant negative affect and mediated the association between pregnancy adiposity and infant negative affect. CONCLUSIONS This is the first study to link pregnancy adiponectin or cord blood leptin to infant markers of risk for psychopathology, and the first to demonstrate that these adipokines mediate the association between pregnancy adiposity and offspring behavioral outcomes, suggesting novel markers of risk and potential mechanisms of effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elinor L Sullivan
- Department of Psychiatry, Oregon Health & Science University, United States; Center for Mental Health Innovation, Oregon Health & Science University, United States; Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primary Research Center, United States.
| | - Kelly R Molloy
- Department of Psychiatry, Oregon Health & Science University, United States; Center for Mental Health Innovation, Oregon Health & Science University, United States
| | - Geoffrey A Dunn
- Department of Psychiatry, Oregon Health & Science University, United States; Center for Mental Health Innovation, Oregon Health & Science University, United States
| | - Adriana L Balanzar
- Department of Psychiatry, Oregon Health & Science University, United States; Center for Mental Health Innovation, Oregon Health & Science University, United States
| | - Anna S Young
- Department of Psychiatry, Oregon Health & Science University, United States; Center for Mental Health Innovation, Oregon Health & Science University, United States
| | - Jennifer M Loftis
- Department of Psychiatry, Oregon Health & Science University, United States; VA Portland Health Care System, United States
| | | | - Joel T Nigg
- Department of Psychiatry, Oregon Health & Science University, United States; Center for Mental Health Innovation, Oregon Health & Science University, United States
| | - Hanna C Gustafsson
- Department of Psychiatry, Oregon Health & Science University, United States; Center for Mental Health Innovation, Oregon Health & Science University, United States
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2
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Jiménez-Sánchez L, Blesa Cábez M, Vaher K, Corrigan A, Thrippleton MJ, Bastin ME, Quigley AJ, Fletcher-Watson S, Boardman JP. Infant attachment does not depend on neonatal amygdala and hippocampal structure and connectivity. Dev Cogn Neurosci 2024; 67:101387. [PMID: 38692007 PMCID: PMC11070590 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2024.101387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Infant attachment is an antecedent of later socioemotional abilities, which can be adversely affected by preterm birth. The structural integrity of amygdalae and hippocampi may subserve attachment in infancy. We aimed to investigate associations between neonatal amygdalae and hippocampi structure and their whole-brain connections and attachment behaviours at nine months of age in a sample of infants enriched for preterm birth. In 133 neonates (median gestational age 32 weeks, range 22.14-42.14), we calculated measures of amygdala and hippocampal structure (volume, fractional anisotropy, mean diffusivity, neurite dispersion index, orientation dispersion index) and structural connectivity, and coded attachment behaviours (distress, fretfulness, attentiveness to caregiver) from responses to the Still-Face Paradigm at nine months. After multiple comparisons correction, there were no significant associations between neonatal amygdala or hippocampal structure and structural connectivity and attachment behaviours: standardised β values - 0.23 to 0.18, adjusted p-values > 0.40. Findings indicate that the neural basis of infant attachment in term and preterm infants is not contingent on the structure or connectivity of the amygdalae and hippocampi in the neonatal period, which implies that it is more widely distributed in early life and or that network specialisation takes place in the months after hospital discharge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Jiménez-Sánchez
- Translational Neuroscience PhD Programme, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK; Salvesen Mindroom Research Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Manuel Blesa Cábez
- Centre for Reproductive Health, Institute for Regeneration and Repair, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Kadi Vaher
- Centre for Reproductive Health, Institute for Regeneration and Repair, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Amy Corrigan
- Centre for Reproductive Health, Institute for Regeneration and Repair, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | | | - Mark E Bastin
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Alan J Quigley
- Department of Radiology, Royal Hospital for Children and Young People, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Sue Fletcher-Watson
- Salvesen Mindroom Research Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - James P Boardman
- Centre for Reproductive Health, Institute for Regeneration and Repair, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
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3
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Fernández de Gamarra-Oca L, Lucas-Jiménez O, Ontañón JM, Loureiro-Gonzalez B, Peña J, Ibarretxe-Bilbao N, García-Guerrero MA, Ojeda N, Zubiaurre-Elorza L. Amygdala structure and function and its associations with social-emotional outcomes in a low-risk preterm sample. Brain Struct Funct 2024; 229:477-488. [PMID: 38236400 PMCID: PMC10917835 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-023-02749-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
Amygdala atypical volume development and functional connectivity (FC) at small gestational ages (GA) have been found across childhood. This adult-oriented study assesses whether altered amygdala structure and function is present following low-risk preterm birth. T1-weighted and resting-state functional MRI images of 33 low-risk preterm (30-36 weeks' GA) and 29 full-term (37-42 weeks' GA) young adults of both sexes, aged between 20 and 32 years old, were analyzed using FreeSurfer (v6.0.0) and Coon Toolbox (v21.a). The social-emotional assessment included Happé's Strange Stories Test, the Moral Judgment Test, Delay-Discounting Test, Adult Self Report, and Emotion Regulation Questionnaire. No differences were found in social-emotional outcomes or amygdala volumes between the groups. Low-risk preterm young adults showed increased FC between the left amygdala, right amygdala and medial frontal cortex (MedFC) (F = 9.89, p-FWE = 0.009) at cluster level compared to their full-term peers. However, significant results at connection level were not observed between left and right amygdala. Lastly, increased FC at cluster level between the right amygdala and MedFC, and left amygdala and MedFC, was related to better social-emotional outcomes only in low-risk preterm young adults (F = 6.60, p-FWE = 0.036) at cluster level. At connection level, in contrast, only right amygdala-MedFC increased FC was significantly associated with better social-emotional outcomes. This study reveals that low-risk prematurity does not have an effect on social-emotional outcomes or structural amygdala volumes during young adulthood. However, individuals who were considered to be at a lower risk of exhibiting neurodevelopmental alterations following preterm birth demonstrated increased FC between the left and right amygdala and MedFC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - O Lucas-Jiménez
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Deusto, Bilbao, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - J M Ontañón
- OSATEK, MR Unit, Galdakao Hospital, Galdakao, Spain
| | - B Loureiro-Gonzalez
- Division of Neonatology, Biocruces Health Research Institute, Cruces University Hospital, Barakaldo, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - J Peña
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Deusto, Bilbao, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - N Ibarretxe-Bilbao
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Deusto, Bilbao, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - M A García-Guerrero
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Deusto, Bilbao, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - N Ojeda
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Deusto, Bilbao, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - L Zubiaurre-Elorza
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Deusto, Bilbao, Bizkaia, Spain.
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4
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Hu Y, Chen H, Li X, Larsen RJ, Sutton BP, Gao W, McElwain NL. Associations between infant amygdala functional connectivity and social engagement following a stressor: A preliminary investigation. Dev Sci 2024; 27:e13418. [PMID: 37340633 PMCID: PMC10730773 DOI: 10.1111/desc.13418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Revised: 05/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023]
Abstract
Functional architecture of the infant brain, especially functional connectivity (FC) within the amygdala network and between the amygdala and other networks (i.e., default-mode [DMN] and salience [SAL] networks), provides a neural basis for infant socioemotional functioning. Yet, little is known about the extent to which early within- and between-network amygdala FC are related to infant stress recovery across the first year of life. In this study, we examined associations between amygdala FC (i.e., within-network amygdala connectivity, and between-network amygdala connectivity with the DMN and SAL) at 3 months and infant recovery from a mild social stressor at 3, 6 and 9 months. At 3 months, thirty-five infants (13 girls) underwent resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging during natural sleep. Infants and their mothers completed the still-face paradigm at 3, 6, and 9 months, and infant stress recovery was assessed at each time point as the proportion of infant social engagement during the reunion episode. Bivariate correlations indicated that greater positive within-network amygdala FC and greater positive amygdala-SAL FC, but not amygdala-DMN FC, at 3 months predicted lower levels of stress recovery at 3 and 6 months, but were nonsignificant at 9 months. These findings provide preliminary evidence that early functional synchronization within the amygdala network, as well as segregation between the amygdala and the SAL, may contribute to infant stress recovery in the context of infant-mother interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yannan Hu
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Haitao Chen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Imaging, Biomedical Imaging Research Institute, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Xiaomei Li
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Ryan J. Larsen
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Bradley P. Sutton
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Wei Gao
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Imaging, Biomedical Imaging Research Institute, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Nancy L. McElwain
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
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5
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Merced-Nieves FM, Eitenbichler S, Goldson B, Zhang X, Klein DN, Bosquet Enlow M, Curtin P, Wright RO, Wright RJ. Associations between a metal mixture and infant negative affectivity: Effect modification by prenatal cortisol and infant sex. Child Dev 2024; 95:e47-e59. [PMID: 37610319 PMCID: PMC10840921 DOI: 10.1111/cdev.13997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
In-utero exposures interact in complex ways that influence neurodevelopment. Animal research demonstrates that fetal sex moderates the impact of joint exposure to metals and prenatal stress measures, including cortisol, on offspring socioemotional outcomes. Further research is needed in humans. We evaluated the joint association of prenatal exposures to a metal mixture and cortisol with infant negative affectivity, considering sex differences. Analyses included 226 (29% White, Non-Hispanic) mother-infant pairs with data on exposures and negative affectivity assessed using the Infant Behavior Questionnaire-Revised in 6-month-olds. Results showed that girls whose mothers had higher cortisol had significantly higher scores of Fear and Sadness with greater exposure to the mixture. Examining higher-order interactions may better elucidate the effects of prenatal exposure to metals and cortisol on socioemotional functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francheska M Merced-Nieves
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | | | - Brandon Goldson
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Xueying Zhang
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Daniel N Klein
- Department of Psychology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
| | - Michelle Bosquet Enlow
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Paul Curtin
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Institute for Exposomic Research, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Robert O Wright
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Institute for Exposomic Research, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Rosalind J Wright
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Institute for Exposomic Research, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
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6
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Marr MC, Graham AM, Feczko E, Nolvi S, Thomas E, Sturgeon D, Schifsky E, Rasmussen JM, Gilmore JH, Styner M, Entringer S, Wadhwa PD, Korja R, Karlsson H, Karlsson L, Buss C, Fair DA. Maternal Perinatal Stress Trajectories and Negative Affect and Amygdala Development in Offspring. Am J Psychiatry 2023; 180:766-777. [PMID: 37670606 DOI: 10.1176/appi.ajp.21111176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Maternal psychological stress during pregnancy is a common risk factor for psychiatric disorders in offspring, but little is known about how heterogeneity of stress trajectories during pregnancy affect brain systems and behavioral phenotypes in infancy. This study was designed to address this gap in knowledge. METHODS Maternal anxiety, stress, and depression were assessed at multiple time points during pregnancy in two independent low-risk mother-infant cohorts (N=115 and N=2,156). Trajectories in maternal stress levels in relation to infant negative affect were examined in both cohorts. Neonatal amygdala resting-state functional connectivity MRI was examined in a subset of one cohort (N=60) to explore the potential relationship between maternal stress trajectories and brain systems in infants relevant to negative affect. RESULTS Four distinct trajectory clusters, characterized by changing patterns of stress over time, and two magnitude clusters, characterized by severity of stress, were identified in the original mother-infant cohort (N=115). The magnitude clusters were not associated with infant outcomes. The trajectory characterized by increasing stress in late pregnancy was associated with blunted development of infant negative affect. This relationship was replicated in the second, larger cohort (N=2,156). In addition, the trajectories that included increasing or peak maternal stress in late pregnancy were related to stronger neonatal amygdala functional connectivity to the anterior insula and the ventromedial prefrontal cortex in the exploratory analysis. CONCLUSIONS The trajectory of maternal stress appears to be important for offspring brain and behavioral development. Understanding heterogeneity in trajectories of maternal stress and their influence on infant brain and behavioral development is critical to developing targeted interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mollie C Marr
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience (Marr, Graham, Sturgeon, Schifsky, Fair) and Department of Psychiatry (Graham, Fair), Oregon Health and Science University School of Medicine, Portland; Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (Marr); Department of Psychiatry, McLean Hospital, Belmont, Mass. (Marr); Masonic Institute for the Developing Brain, Institute of Child Development (Fair), and Department of Pediatrics (Feczko, Fair), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; Department of Psychology and Speech-Language Pathology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland (Nolvi, Korja); Institute of Medical Psychology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin (Nolvi, Entringer, Buss); Department of Neuroscience, Earlham College, Richmond, Ind. (Thomas); Development, Health, and Disease Research Program and Departments of Pediatrics, Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Obstetrics and Gynecology, and Epidemiology, University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine (Rasmussen, Entringer, Wadhwa, Buss); Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, Orange (Rasmussen, Entringer, Wadhwa, Buss); Departments of Psychiatry and Human Behavior (Entringer, Wadhwa), Obstetrics and Gynecology (Wadhwa), and Epidemiology (Wadhwa), University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, Orange; FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study, Turku Brain and Mind Center, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Turku (Korja, H. Karlsson, L. Karlsson); Centre for Population Health Research, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital (Korja, H. Karlsson, L. Karlsson); Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine (L. Karlsson) and Department of Psychiatry (H. Karlsson), Department of Clinical Medicine, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku; Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill (Gilmore); Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill (Styner)
| | - Alice M Graham
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience (Marr, Graham, Sturgeon, Schifsky, Fair) and Department of Psychiatry (Graham, Fair), Oregon Health and Science University School of Medicine, Portland; Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (Marr); Department of Psychiatry, McLean Hospital, Belmont, Mass. (Marr); Masonic Institute for the Developing Brain, Institute of Child Development (Fair), and Department of Pediatrics (Feczko, Fair), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; Department of Psychology and Speech-Language Pathology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland (Nolvi, Korja); Institute of Medical Psychology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin (Nolvi, Entringer, Buss); Department of Neuroscience, Earlham College, Richmond, Ind. (Thomas); Development, Health, and Disease Research Program and Departments of Pediatrics, Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Obstetrics and Gynecology, and Epidemiology, University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine (Rasmussen, Entringer, Wadhwa, Buss); Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, Orange (Rasmussen, Entringer, Wadhwa, Buss); Departments of Psychiatry and Human Behavior (Entringer, Wadhwa), Obstetrics and Gynecology (Wadhwa), and Epidemiology (Wadhwa), University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, Orange; FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study, Turku Brain and Mind Center, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Turku (Korja, H. Karlsson, L. Karlsson); Centre for Population Health Research, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital (Korja, H. Karlsson, L. Karlsson); Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine (L. Karlsson) and Department of Psychiatry (H. Karlsson), Department of Clinical Medicine, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku; Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill (Gilmore); Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill (Styner)
| | - Eric Feczko
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience (Marr, Graham, Sturgeon, Schifsky, Fair) and Department of Psychiatry (Graham, Fair), Oregon Health and Science University School of Medicine, Portland; Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (Marr); Department of Psychiatry, McLean Hospital, Belmont, Mass. (Marr); Masonic Institute for the Developing Brain, Institute of Child Development (Fair), and Department of Pediatrics (Feczko, Fair), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; Department of Psychology and Speech-Language Pathology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland (Nolvi, Korja); Institute of Medical Psychology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin (Nolvi, Entringer, Buss); Department of Neuroscience, Earlham College, Richmond, Ind. (Thomas); Development, Health, and Disease Research Program and Departments of Pediatrics, Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Obstetrics and Gynecology, and Epidemiology, University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine (Rasmussen, Entringer, Wadhwa, Buss); Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, Orange (Rasmussen, Entringer, Wadhwa, Buss); Departments of Psychiatry and Human Behavior (Entringer, Wadhwa), Obstetrics and Gynecology (Wadhwa), and Epidemiology (Wadhwa), University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, Orange; FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study, Turku Brain and Mind Center, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Turku (Korja, H. Karlsson, L. Karlsson); Centre for Population Health Research, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital (Korja, H. Karlsson, L. Karlsson); Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine (L. Karlsson) and Department of Psychiatry (H. Karlsson), Department of Clinical Medicine, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku; Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill (Gilmore); Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill (Styner)
| | - Saara Nolvi
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience (Marr, Graham, Sturgeon, Schifsky, Fair) and Department of Psychiatry (Graham, Fair), Oregon Health and Science University School of Medicine, Portland; Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (Marr); Department of Psychiatry, McLean Hospital, Belmont, Mass. (Marr); Masonic Institute for the Developing Brain, Institute of Child Development (Fair), and Department of Pediatrics (Feczko, Fair), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; Department of Psychology and Speech-Language Pathology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland (Nolvi, Korja); Institute of Medical Psychology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin (Nolvi, Entringer, Buss); Department of Neuroscience, Earlham College, Richmond, Ind. (Thomas); Development, Health, and Disease Research Program and Departments of Pediatrics, Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Obstetrics and Gynecology, and Epidemiology, University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine (Rasmussen, Entringer, Wadhwa, Buss); Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, Orange (Rasmussen, Entringer, Wadhwa, Buss); Departments of Psychiatry and Human Behavior (Entringer, Wadhwa), Obstetrics and Gynecology (Wadhwa), and Epidemiology (Wadhwa), University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, Orange; FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study, Turku Brain and Mind Center, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Turku (Korja, H. Karlsson, L. Karlsson); Centre for Population Health Research, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital (Korja, H. Karlsson, L. Karlsson); Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine (L. Karlsson) and Department of Psychiatry (H. Karlsson), Department of Clinical Medicine, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku; Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill (Gilmore); Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill (Styner)
| | - Elina Thomas
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience (Marr, Graham, Sturgeon, Schifsky, Fair) and Department of Psychiatry (Graham, Fair), Oregon Health and Science University School of Medicine, Portland; Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (Marr); Department of Psychiatry, McLean Hospital, Belmont, Mass. (Marr); Masonic Institute for the Developing Brain, Institute of Child Development (Fair), and Department of Pediatrics (Feczko, Fair), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; Department of Psychology and Speech-Language Pathology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland (Nolvi, Korja); Institute of Medical Psychology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin (Nolvi, Entringer, Buss); Department of Neuroscience, Earlham College, Richmond, Ind. (Thomas); Development, Health, and Disease Research Program and Departments of Pediatrics, Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Obstetrics and Gynecology, and Epidemiology, University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine (Rasmussen, Entringer, Wadhwa, Buss); Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, Orange (Rasmussen, Entringer, Wadhwa, Buss); Departments of Psychiatry and Human Behavior (Entringer, Wadhwa), Obstetrics and Gynecology (Wadhwa), and Epidemiology (Wadhwa), University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, Orange; FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study, Turku Brain and Mind Center, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Turku (Korja, H. Karlsson, L. Karlsson); Centre for Population Health Research, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital (Korja, H. Karlsson, L. Karlsson); Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine (L. Karlsson) and Department of Psychiatry (H. Karlsson), Department of Clinical Medicine, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku; Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill (Gilmore); Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill (Styner)
| | - Darrick Sturgeon
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience (Marr, Graham, Sturgeon, Schifsky, Fair) and Department of Psychiatry (Graham, Fair), Oregon Health and Science University School of Medicine, Portland; Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (Marr); Department of Psychiatry, McLean Hospital, Belmont, Mass. (Marr); Masonic Institute for the Developing Brain, Institute of Child Development (Fair), and Department of Pediatrics (Feczko, Fair), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; Department of Psychology and Speech-Language Pathology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland (Nolvi, Korja); Institute of Medical Psychology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin (Nolvi, Entringer, Buss); Department of Neuroscience, Earlham College, Richmond, Ind. (Thomas); Development, Health, and Disease Research Program and Departments of Pediatrics, Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Obstetrics and Gynecology, and Epidemiology, University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine (Rasmussen, Entringer, Wadhwa, Buss); Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, Orange (Rasmussen, Entringer, Wadhwa, Buss); Departments of Psychiatry and Human Behavior (Entringer, Wadhwa), Obstetrics and Gynecology (Wadhwa), and Epidemiology (Wadhwa), University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, Orange; FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study, Turku Brain and Mind Center, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Turku (Korja, H. Karlsson, L. Karlsson); Centre for Population Health Research, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital (Korja, H. Karlsson, L. Karlsson); Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine (L. Karlsson) and Department of Psychiatry (H. Karlsson), Department of Clinical Medicine, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku; Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill (Gilmore); Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill (Styner)
| | - Emma Schifsky
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience (Marr, Graham, Sturgeon, Schifsky, Fair) and Department of Psychiatry (Graham, Fair), Oregon Health and Science University School of Medicine, Portland; Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (Marr); Department of Psychiatry, McLean Hospital, Belmont, Mass. (Marr); Masonic Institute for the Developing Brain, Institute of Child Development (Fair), and Department of Pediatrics (Feczko, Fair), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; Department of Psychology and Speech-Language Pathology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland (Nolvi, Korja); Institute of Medical Psychology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin (Nolvi, Entringer, Buss); Department of Neuroscience, Earlham College, Richmond, Ind. (Thomas); Development, Health, and Disease Research Program and Departments of Pediatrics, Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Obstetrics and Gynecology, and Epidemiology, University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine (Rasmussen, Entringer, Wadhwa, Buss); Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, Orange (Rasmussen, Entringer, Wadhwa, Buss); Departments of Psychiatry and Human Behavior (Entringer, Wadhwa), Obstetrics and Gynecology (Wadhwa), and Epidemiology (Wadhwa), University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, Orange; FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study, Turku Brain and Mind Center, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Turku (Korja, H. Karlsson, L. Karlsson); Centre for Population Health Research, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital (Korja, H. Karlsson, L. Karlsson); Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine (L. Karlsson) and Department of Psychiatry (H. Karlsson), Department of Clinical Medicine, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku; Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill (Gilmore); Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill (Styner)
| | - Jerod M Rasmussen
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience (Marr, Graham, Sturgeon, Schifsky, Fair) and Department of Psychiatry (Graham, Fair), Oregon Health and Science University School of Medicine, Portland; Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (Marr); Department of Psychiatry, McLean Hospital, Belmont, Mass. (Marr); Masonic Institute for the Developing Brain, Institute of Child Development (Fair), and Department of Pediatrics (Feczko, Fair), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; Department of Psychology and Speech-Language Pathology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland (Nolvi, Korja); Institute of Medical Psychology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin (Nolvi, Entringer, Buss); Department of Neuroscience, Earlham College, Richmond, Ind. (Thomas); Development, Health, and Disease Research Program and Departments of Pediatrics, Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Obstetrics and Gynecology, and Epidemiology, University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine (Rasmussen, Entringer, Wadhwa, Buss); Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, Orange (Rasmussen, Entringer, Wadhwa, Buss); Departments of Psychiatry and Human Behavior (Entringer, Wadhwa), Obstetrics and Gynecology (Wadhwa), and Epidemiology (Wadhwa), University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, Orange; FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study, Turku Brain and Mind Center, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Turku (Korja, H. Karlsson, L. Karlsson); Centre for Population Health Research, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital (Korja, H. Karlsson, L. Karlsson); Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine (L. Karlsson) and Department of Psychiatry (H. Karlsson), Department of Clinical Medicine, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku; Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill (Gilmore); Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill (Styner)
| | - John H Gilmore
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience (Marr, Graham, Sturgeon, Schifsky, Fair) and Department of Psychiatry (Graham, Fair), Oregon Health and Science University School of Medicine, Portland; Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (Marr); Department of Psychiatry, McLean Hospital, Belmont, Mass. (Marr); Masonic Institute for the Developing Brain, Institute of Child Development (Fair), and Department of Pediatrics (Feczko, Fair), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; Department of Psychology and Speech-Language Pathology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland (Nolvi, Korja); Institute of Medical Psychology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin (Nolvi, Entringer, Buss); Department of Neuroscience, Earlham College, Richmond, Ind. (Thomas); Development, Health, and Disease Research Program and Departments of Pediatrics, Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Obstetrics and Gynecology, and Epidemiology, University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine (Rasmussen, Entringer, Wadhwa, Buss); Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, Orange (Rasmussen, Entringer, Wadhwa, Buss); Departments of Psychiatry and Human Behavior (Entringer, Wadhwa), Obstetrics and Gynecology (Wadhwa), and Epidemiology (Wadhwa), University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, Orange; FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study, Turku Brain and Mind Center, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Turku (Korja, H. Karlsson, L. Karlsson); Centre for Population Health Research, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital (Korja, H. Karlsson, L. Karlsson); Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine (L. Karlsson) and Department of Psychiatry (H. Karlsson), Department of Clinical Medicine, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku; Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill (Gilmore); Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill (Styner)
| | - Martin Styner
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience (Marr, Graham, Sturgeon, Schifsky, Fair) and Department of Psychiatry (Graham, Fair), Oregon Health and Science University School of Medicine, Portland; Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (Marr); Department of Psychiatry, McLean Hospital, Belmont, Mass. (Marr); Masonic Institute for the Developing Brain, Institute of Child Development (Fair), and Department of Pediatrics (Feczko, Fair), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; Department of Psychology and Speech-Language Pathology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland (Nolvi, Korja); Institute of Medical Psychology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin (Nolvi, Entringer, Buss); Department of Neuroscience, Earlham College, Richmond, Ind. (Thomas); Development, Health, and Disease Research Program and Departments of Pediatrics, Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Obstetrics and Gynecology, and Epidemiology, University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine (Rasmussen, Entringer, Wadhwa, Buss); Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, Orange (Rasmussen, Entringer, Wadhwa, Buss); Departments of Psychiatry and Human Behavior (Entringer, Wadhwa), Obstetrics and Gynecology (Wadhwa), and Epidemiology (Wadhwa), University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, Orange; FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study, Turku Brain and Mind Center, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Turku (Korja, H. Karlsson, L. Karlsson); Centre for Population Health Research, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital (Korja, H. Karlsson, L. Karlsson); Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine (L. Karlsson) and Department of Psychiatry (H. Karlsson), Department of Clinical Medicine, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku; Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill (Gilmore); Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill (Styner)
| | - Sonja Entringer
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience (Marr, Graham, Sturgeon, Schifsky, Fair) and Department of Psychiatry (Graham, Fair), Oregon Health and Science University School of Medicine, Portland; Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (Marr); Department of Psychiatry, McLean Hospital, Belmont, Mass. (Marr); Masonic Institute for the Developing Brain, Institute of Child Development (Fair), and Department of Pediatrics (Feczko, Fair), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; Department of Psychology and Speech-Language Pathology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland (Nolvi, Korja); Institute of Medical Psychology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin (Nolvi, Entringer, Buss); Department of Neuroscience, Earlham College, Richmond, Ind. (Thomas); Development, Health, and Disease Research Program and Departments of Pediatrics, Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Obstetrics and Gynecology, and Epidemiology, University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine (Rasmussen, Entringer, Wadhwa, Buss); Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, Orange (Rasmussen, Entringer, Wadhwa, Buss); Departments of Psychiatry and Human Behavior (Entringer, Wadhwa), Obstetrics and Gynecology (Wadhwa), and Epidemiology (Wadhwa), University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, Orange; FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study, Turku Brain and Mind Center, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Turku (Korja, H. Karlsson, L. Karlsson); Centre for Population Health Research, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital (Korja, H. Karlsson, L. Karlsson); Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine (L. Karlsson) and Department of Psychiatry (H. Karlsson), Department of Clinical Medicine, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku; Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill (Gilmore); Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill (Styner)
| | - Pathik D Wadhwa
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience (Marr, Graham, Sturgeon, Schifsky, Fair) and Department of Psychiatry (Graham, Fair), Oregon Health and Science University School of Medicine, Portland; Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (Marr); Department of Psychiatry, McLean Hospital, Belmont, Mass. (Marr); Masonic Institute for the Developing Brain, Institute of Child Development (Fair), and Department of Pediatrics (Feczko, Fair), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; Department of Psychology and Speech-Language Pathology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland (Nolvi, Korja); Institute of Medical Psychology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin (Nolvi, Entringer, Buss); Department of Neuroscience, Earlham College, Richmond, Ind. (Thomas); Development, Health, and Disease Research Program and Departments of Pediatrics, Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Obstetrics and Gynecology, and Epidemiology, University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine (Rasmussen, Entringer, Wadhwa, Buss); Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, Orange (Rasmussen, Entringer, Wadhwa, Buss); Departments of Psychiatry and Human Behavior (Entringer, Wadhwa), Obstetrics and Gynecology (Wadhwa), and Epidemiology (Wadhwa), University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, Orange; FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study, Turku Brain and Mind Center, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Turku (Korja, H. Karlsson, L. Karlsson); Centre for Population Health Research, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital (Korja, H. Karlsson, L. Karlsson); Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine (L. Karlsson) and Department of Psychiatry (H. Karlsson), Department of Clinical Medicine, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku; Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill (Gilmore); Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill (Styner)
| | - Riikka Korja
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience (Marr, Graham, Sturgeon, Schifsky, Fair) and Department of Psychiatry (Graham, Fair), Oregon Health and Science University School of Medicine, Portland; Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (Marr); Department of Psychiatry, McLean Hospital, Belmont, Mass. (Marr); Masonic Institute for the Developing Brain, Institute of Child Development (Fair), and Department of Pediatrics (Feczko, Fair), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; Department of Psychology and Speech-Language Pathology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland (Nolvi, Korja); Institute of Medical Psychology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin (Nolvi, Entringer, Buss); Department of Neuroscience, Earlham College, Richmond, Ind. (Thomas); Development, Health, and Disease Research Program and Departments of Pediatrics, Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Obstetrics and Gynecology, and Epidemiology, University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine (Rasmussen, Entringer, Wadhwa, Buss); Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, Orange (Rasmussen, Entringer, Wadhwa, Buss); Departments of Psychiatry and Human Behavior (Entringer, Wadhwa), Obstetrics and Gynecology (Wadhwa), and Epidemiology (Wadhwa), University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, Orange; FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study, Turku Brain and Mind Center, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Turku (Korja, H. Karlsson, L. Karlsson); Centre for Population Health Research, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital (Korja, H. Karlsson, L. Karlsson); Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine (L. Karlsson) and Department of Psychiatry (H. Karlsson), Department of Clinical Medicine, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku; Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill (Gilmore); Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill (Styner)
| | - Hasse Karlsson
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience (Marr, Graham, Sturgeon, Schifsky, Fair) and Department of Psychiatry (Graham, Fair), Oregon Health and Science University School of Medicine, Portland; Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (Marr); Department of Psychiatry, McLean Hospital, Belmont, Mass. (Marr); Masonic Institute for the Developing Brain, Institute of Child Development (Fair), and Department of Pediatrics (Feczko, Fair), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; Department of Psychology and Speech-Language Pathology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland (Nolvi, Korja); Institute of Medical Psychology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin (Nolvi, Entringer, Buss); Department of Neuroscience, Earlham College, Richmond, Ind. (Thomas); Development, Health, and Disease Research Program and Departments of Pediatrics, Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Obstetrics and Gynecology, and Epidemiology, University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine (Rasmussen, Entringer, Wadhwa, Buss); Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, Orange (Rasmussen, Entringer, Wadhwa, Buss); Departments of Psychiatry and Human Behavior (Entringer, Wadhwa), Obstetrics and Gynecology (Wadhwa), and Epidemiology (Wadhwa), University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, Orange; FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study, Turku Brain and Mind Center, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Turku (Korja, H. Karlsson, L. Karlsson); Centre for Population Health Research, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital (Korja, H. Karlsson, L. Karlsson); Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine (L. Karlsson) and Department of Psychiatry (H. Karlsson), Department of Clinical Medicine, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku; Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill (Gilmore); Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill (Styner)
| | - Linnea Karlsson
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience (Marr, Graham, Sturgeon, Schifsky, Fair) and Department of Psychiatry (Graham, Fair), Oregon Health and Science University School of Medicine, Portland; Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (Marr); Department of Psychiatry, McLean Hospital, Belmont, Mass. (Marr); Masonic Institute for the Developing Brain, Institute of Child Development (Fair), and Department of Pediatrics (Feczko, Fair), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; Department of Psychology and Speech-Language Pathology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland (Nolvi, Korja); Institute of Medical Psychology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin (Nolvi, Entringer, Buss); Department of Neuroscience, Earlham College, Richmond, Ind. (Thomas); Development, Health, and Disease Research Program and Departments of Pediatrics, Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Obstetrics and Gynecology, and Epidemiology, University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine (Rasmussen, Entringer, Wadhwa, Buss); Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, Orange (Rasmussen, Entringer, Wadhwa, Buss); Departments of Psychiatry and Human Behavior (Entringer, Wadhwa), Obstetrics and Gynecology (Wadhwa), and Epidemiology (Wadhwa), University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, Orange; FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study, Turku Brain and Mind Center, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Turku (Korja, H. Karlsson, L. Karlsson); Centre for Population Health Research, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital (Korja, H. Karlsson, L. Karlsson); Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine (L. Karlsson) and Department of Psychiatry (H. Karlsson), Department of Clinical Medicine, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku; Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill (Gilmore); Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill (Styner)
| | - Claudia Buss
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience (Marr, Graham, Sturgeon, Schifsky, Fair) and Department of Psychiatry (Graham, Fair), Oregon Health and Science University School of Medicine, Portland; Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (Marr); Department of Psychiatry, McLean Hospital, Belmont, Mass. (Marr); Masonic Institute for the Developing Brain, Institute of Child Development (Fair), and Department of Pediatrics (Feczko, Fair), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; Department of Psychology and Speech-Language Pathology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland (Nolvi, Korja); Institute of Medical Psychology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin (Nolvi, Entringer, Buss); Department of Neuroscience, Earlham College, Richmond, Ind. (Thomas); Development, Health, and Disease Research Program and Departments of Pediatrics, Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Obstetrics and Gynecology, and Epidemiology, University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine (Rasmussen, Entringer, Wadhwa, Buss); Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, Orange (Rasmussen, Entringer, Wadhwa, Buss); Departments of Psychiatry and Human Behavior (Entringer, Wadhwa), Obstetrics and Gynecology (Wadhwa), and Epidemiology (Wadhwa), University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, Orange; FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study, Turku Brain and Mind Center, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Turku (Korja, H. Karlsson, L. Karlsson); Centre for Population Health Research, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital (Korja, H. Karlsson, L. Karlsson); Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine (L. Karlsson) and Department of Psychiatry (H. Karlsson), Department of Clinical Medicine, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku; Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill (Gilmore); Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill (Styner)
| | - Damien A Fair
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience (Marr, Graham, Sturgeon, Schifsky, Fair) and Department of Psychiatry (Graham, Fair), Oregon Health and Science University School of Medicine, Portland; Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (Marr); Department of Psychiatry, McLean Hospital, Belmont, Mass. (Marr); Masonic Institute for the Developing Brain, Institute of Child Development (Fair), and Department of Pediatrics (Feczko, Fair), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; Department of Psychology and Speech-Language Pathology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland (Nolvi, Korja); Institute of Medical Psychology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin (Nolvi, Entringer, Buss); Department of Neuroscience, Earlham College, Richmond, Ind. (Thomas); Development, Health, and Disease Research Program and Departments of Pediatrics, Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Obstetrics and Gynecology, and Epidemiology, University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine (Rasmussen, Entringer, Wadhwa, Buss); Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, Orange (Rasmussen, Entringer, Wadhwa, Buss); Departments of Psychiatry and Human Behavior (Entringer, Wadhwa), Obstetrics and Gynecology (Wadhwa), and Epidemiology (Wadhwa), University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, Orange; FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study, Turku Brain and Mind Center, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Turku (Korja, H. Karlsson, L. Karlsson); Centre for Population Health Research, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital (Korja, H. Karlsson, L. Karlsson); Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine (L. Karlsson) and Department of Psychiatry (H. Karlsson), Department of Clinical Medicine, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku; Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill (Gilmore); Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill (Styner)
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7
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Cabral L, Calabro FJ, Rasmussen J, Foran W, Moore LA, Graham A, O'Connor TG, Wadhwa PD, Entringer S, Fair D, Buss C, Panigrahy A, Luna B. Gestational and postnatal age associations for striatal tissue iron deposition in early infancy. Dev Cogn Neurosci 2023; 63:101286. [PMID: 37549453 PMCID: PMC10423888 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2023.101286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Striatal development is crucial for later motor, cognitive, and reward behavior, but age-related change in striatal physiology during the neonatal period remains understudied. An MRI-based measure of tissue iron deposition, T2*, is a non-invasive way to probe striatal physiology neonatally, linked to dopaminergic processing and cognition in children and adults. Striatal subregions have distinct functions that may come online at different time periods in early life. To identify if there are critical periods before or after birth, we measured if striatal iron accrued with gestational age at birth [range= 34.57-41.85 weeks] or postnatal age at scan [range= 5-64 days], using MRI to probe the T2* signal in N = 83 neonates in three striatal subregions. We found iron increased with postnatal age in the pallidum and putamen but not the caudate. No significant relationship between iron and gestational age was observed. Using a subset of infants scanned at preschool age (N = 26), we show distributions of iron shift between time points. In infants, the pallidum had the least iron of the three regions but had the most by preschool age. Together, this provides evidence of distinct change for striatal subregions, a possible differentiation between motor and cognitive systems, identifying a mechanism that may impact future trajectories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Cabral
- Department of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
| | - Finnegan J Calabro
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Jerod Rasmussen
- Development, Health and Disease Research Program, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Will Foran
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Lucille A Moore
- Masonic Institute for the Developing Brain, University of Minnesota, USA
| | - Alice Graham
- Department of Psychiatry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Thomas G O'Connor
- Departments of Psychiatry, Neuroscience, and Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Pathik D Wadhwa
- Development, Health, and Disease Research Program, Departments of Pediatrics, Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Obstetrics and Gynecology, and Epidemiology, University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, CA, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, Orange, CA, USA; Departments of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Obstetrics and Gynecology, and Epidemiology, University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, Orange, CA, USA
| | - Sonja Entringer
- Development, Health, and Disease Research Program, Departments of Pediatrics, Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Obstetrics and Gynecology, and Epidemiology, University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, CA, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, Orange, CA, USA; Institute of Medical Psychology, Charité- Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Damien Fair
- Masonic Institute for the Developing Brain, University of Minnesota, USA
| | - Claudia Buss
- Development, Health, and Disease Research Program, Departments of Pediatrics, Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Obstetrics and Gynecology, and Epidemiology, University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, CA, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, Orange, CA, USA; Institute of Medical Psychology, Charité- Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ashok Panigrahy
- Department of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Beatriz Luna
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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8
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Cabral L, Calabro F, Rasmussen J, Foran W, Moore LA, Graham A, O'Connor TG, Wadhwa PD, Entringer S, Fair D, Buss C, Panigrahy A, Luna B. Gestational and postnatal age associations for striatal tissue iron deposition in early infancy. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.06.30.547249. [PMID: 37425933 PMCID: PMC10327226 DOI: 10.1101/2023.06.30.547249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
Striatal development is crucial for later motor, cognitive, and reward behavior, but age-related change in striatal physiology during the neonatal period remains understudied. An MRI-based measure of tissue iron deposition, T2*, is a non-invasive way to probe striatal physiology neonatally, linked to dopaminergic processing and cognition in children and adults. Striatal subregions have distinct functions that may come online at different time periods in early life. To identify if there are critical periods before or after birth, we measured if striatal iron accrued with gestational age at birth [range=34.57-41.85 weeks] or postnatal age at scan [range=5-64 days], using MRI to probe the T2* signal in N=83 neonates in three striatal subregions. We found iron increased with postnatal age in the pallidum and putamen but not the caudate. No significant relationship between iron and gestational age was observed. Using a subset of infants scanned at preschool age (N=26), we show distributions of iron shift between timepoints. In infants, the pallidum had the least iron of the three regions but had the most by preschool age. Together, this provides evidence of distinct change for striatal subregions, a possible differentiation between motor and cognitive systems, identifying a mechanism that may impact future trajectories. Highlights Neonatal striatal tissue iron can be measured using the T2* signal from rsfMRInT2* changed with postnatal age in the pallidum and putamen but not in the caudatenT2* did not change with gestational age in any of the three regionsPatterns of iron deposition (nT2*) among regions shift from infancy to preschool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Cabral
- Department of Radiology University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Finn Calabro
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jerod Rasmussen
- Development, Health and Disease Research Program, University of California, Irvine, California, USA 92697
| | - Will Foran
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Luci A Moore
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA 14642
| | - Alice Graham
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, United States
| | - Thomas G O'Connor
- Departments of Psychiatry, Neuroscience, and Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, USA 14642
| | - Pathik D Wadhwa
- Development, Health and Disease Research Program, University of California, Irvine, California, USA 92697
| | - Sonja Entringer
- Development, Health and Disease Research Program, University of California, Irvine, California, USA 92697
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Department of Medical Psychology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Damien Fair
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA 14642
| | - Claudia Buss
- Development, Health and Disease Research Program, University of California, Irvine, California, USA 92697
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Department of Medical Psychology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ashok Panigrahy
- Department of Radiology University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Beatriz Luna
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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9
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Nielsen AN, Graham AM, Sylvester CM. Baby Brains at Work: How Task-Based Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Can Illuminate the Early Emergence of Psychiatric Risk. Biol Psychiatry 2023; 93:880-892. [PMID: 36935330 PMCID: PMC10149573 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2023.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Psychiatric disorders are complex, often emerging from multiple atypical processes within specified domains over the course of development. Characterizing the development of the neural circuits supporting these domains may help break down the components of complex disorders and reveal variations in functioning associated with psychiatric risk. This review highlights the current and potential role of infant task-based functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) in elucidating the developmental neurobiology of psychiatric disorders. Task-fMRI measures evoked brain activity in response to specific stimuli through changes in the blood oxygen level-dependent signal. First, we review extant studies using task fMRI from birth through the first few years of life and synthesize current evidence for when, where, and how different neural computations are performed across the infant brain. Neural circuits for sensory perception, the perception of abstract categories, and the detection of statistical regularities have been characterized with task fMRI in infants, providing developmental context for identifying and interpreting variation in the functioning of neural circuits related to psychiatric risk. Next, we discuss studies that specifically examine variation in the functioning of these neural circuits during infancy in relation to risk for psychiatric disorders. These studies reveal when maturation of specific neural circuits diverges, the influence of environmental risk factors, and the potential utility for task fMRI to facilitate early treatment or prevention of later psychiatric problems. Finally, we provide considerations for future infant task-fMRI studies with the potential to advance understanding of both functioning of neural circuits during infancy and subsequent risk for psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley N Nielsen
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri.
| | - Alice M Graham
- Department of Psychiatry, Oregon Health and Sciences University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Chad M Sylvester
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
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10
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Planalp EM, Dowe KN, Alexander AL, Goldsmith HH, Davidson RJ, Dean DC. White matter microstructure predicts individual differences in infant fear (But not anger and sadness). Dev Sci 2023; 26:e13340. [PMID: 36367143 PMCID: PMC10079554 DOI: 10.1111/desc.13340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
We examine neural correlates of discrete expressions of negative emotionality in infants to determine whether the microstructure of white matter tracts at 1 month of age foreshadows the expression of specific negative emotions later in infancy. Infants (n = 103) underwent neuroimaging at 1-month, and mothers reported on infant fear, sadness, and anger at 6, 12, and 18 months using the Infant Behavior Questionnaire-Revised. Levels and developmental change in fear, sadness, and anger were estimated from mother reports. Relations between MRI and infant emotion indicated that 1-month white matter microstructure was differentially associated with level and change in infant fear, but not anger or sadness, in the left stria terminalis (p < 0.05, corrected), a tract that connects frontal and tempo-parietal regions and has been implicated in emerging psychopathology in adults. More relaxed constraints on significance (p < 0.10, corrected) revealed that fear was associated with lower white matter microstructure bilaterally in the inferior portion of the stria terminalis and regions within the sagittal stratum. Results suggest the neurobehavioral uniqueness of fear as early as 1 month of age in regions that are associated with potential longer-term outcomes. This work highlights the early neural precursors of fearfulness, adding to literature explaining the psychobiological accounts of affective development. HIGHLIGHTS: Expressions of infant fear and anger, but not sadness, increase from 6 to 18 months of age. Early neural architecture in the stria terminalis is related to higher initial levels and increasing fear in infancy. After accounting for fear, anger and sadness do not appear to be associated with differences in early white matter microstructure. This work identifies early neural precursors of fearfulness as early as 1-month of age.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kristin N Dowe
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Andrew L Alexander
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - H Hill Goldsmith
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Richard J Davidson
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Center for Healthy Minds, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Douglas C Dean
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
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11
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Banihashemi L, Schmithorst VJ, Bertocci MA, Samolyk A, Zhang Y, Lima Santos JP, Versace A, Taylor M, English G, Northrup JB, Lee VK, Stiffler R, Aslam H, Panigrahy A, Hipwell AE, Phillips ML. Neural Network Functional Interactions Mediate or Suppress WM-Emotional Behavior Relationships in Infants. Biol Psychiatry 2023:S0006-3223(23)01088-0. [PMID: 36918062 PMCID: PMC10365319 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2023.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Elucidating the neural basis of infant positive emotionality (PE) and negative emotionality (NE) can identify biomarkers of pathophysiological risk. Our goal was to determine how functional interactions among large-scale networks supporting emotional regulation influence WM microstructural-emotional behavior relationships in 3-month-old infants. We hypothesized that microstructural-emotional behavior relationships would be differentially mediated or suppressed by underlying resting-state functional connectivity (rsFC), particularly between Default Mode Network (DMN) and Central Executive Network (CEN) structures. METHODS The analytic sample comprised primary caregiver-infant dyads [52 infants (42% female, mean age at scan=15.10 weeks)], with infant neuroimaging and emotional behavior assessments at 3 months. Infant WM and rsFC were assessed by diffusion-weighted imaging/tractography and resting-state magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) during natural, non-sedated sleep. The Infant Behavior Questionnaire-R provided measures of infant PE and NE. RESULTS Following significant WM-emotional behavior relationships, multimodal analyses were performed using whole-brain voxelwise mediation. Results revealed that greater cingulum bundle volume was significantly associated with lower infant PE (ß = -0.263, p = 0.031); however, a pattern of lower rsFC between CEN and DMN structures suppressed this otherwise negative relationship. Greater uncinate fasciculus volume was significantly associated with lower infant NE (ß = -0.296, p = 0.022); however, lower orbitofrontal cortex (OFC)-amygdala rsFC, suppressed this otherwise negative relationship, while greater OFC-CEN rsFC mediated this relationship. CONCLUSIONS Functional interactions among neural networks have an important influence on WM microstructural-emotional behavior relationships in infancy. These relationships can elucidate neural mechanisms contributing to future behavioral and emotional problems in childhood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Layla Banihashemi
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Pittsburgh, PA.
| | - Vanessa J Schmithorst
- UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Department of Pediatric Radiology, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Michele A Bertocci
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Alyssa Samolyk
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Yicheng Zhang
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Pittsburgh, PA
| | | | - Amelia Versace
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Megan Taylor
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Gabrielle English
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Jessie B Northrup
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Vincent K Lee
- UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Department of Pediatric Radiology, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Richelle Stiffler
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Haris Aslam
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Ashok Panigrahy
- UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Department of Pediatric Radiology, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Alison E Hipwell
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Mary L Phillips
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Pittsburgh, PA
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12
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Rajasilta O, Häkkinen S, Björnsdotter M, Scheinin NM, Lehtola SJ, Saunavaara J, Parkkola R, Lähdesmäki T, Karlsson L, Karlsson H, Tuulari JJ. Maternal psychological distress associates with alterations in resting-state low-frequency fluctuations and distal functional connectivity of the neonate medial prefrontal cortex. Eur J Neurosci 2023; 57:242-257. [PMID: 36458867 PMCID: PMC10108202 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.15882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Prenatal stress exposure (PSE) has been observed to exert a programming effect on the developing infant brain, possibly with long-lasting consequences on temperament, cognitive functions and the risk for developing psychiatric disorders. Several prior studies have revealed that PSE associates with alterations in neonate functional connectivity in the prefrontal regions and amygdala. In this study, we explored whether maternal psychological symptoms measured during the 24th gestational week had associations with neonate resting-state network metrics. Twenty-one neonates (nine female) underwent resting-state fMRI scanning (mean gestation-corrected age at scan 26.95 days) to assess fractional amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation (fALFF) and regional homogeneity (ReHo). The ReHo/fALFF maps were used in multiple regression analysis to investigate whether maternal self-reported anxiety and/or depressive symptoms associate with neonate functional brain features. Maternal psychological distress (composite score of depressive and anxiety symptoms) was positively associated with fALFF in the neonate medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC). Anxiety and depressive symptoms, assessed separately, exhibited similar but weaker associations. Post hoc seed-based connectivity analyses further showed that distal connectivity of mPFC covaried with PSE. No associations were found between neonate ReHo and PSE. These results offer preliminary evidence that PSE may affect functional features of the developing brain during gestation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olli Rajasilta
- FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study, Turku Brain and Mind Center, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Suvi Häkkinen
- FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study, Turku Brain and Mind Center, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Malin Björnsdotter
- The Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Noora M Scheinin
- FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study, Turku Brain and Mind Center, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Satu J Lehtola
- FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study, Turku Brain and Mind Center, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Jani Saunavaara
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Riitta Parkkola
- Department of Radiology, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Tuire Lähdesmäki
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Linnea Karlsson
- FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study, Turku Brain and Mind Center, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Center for Population Health Research, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Finland
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Hasse Karlsson
- FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study, Turku Brain and Mind Center, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
- Center for Population Health Research, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Finland
| | - Jetro J Tuulari
- FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study, Turku Brain and Mind Center, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford (Sigrid Juselius Fellowship), Oxford, UK
- Turku Collegium for Science and Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
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13
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Coupling between prefrontal brain activity and respiratory sinus arrhythmia in infants and adults. Dev Cogn Neurosci 2022; 58:101184. [PMID: 36495790 PMCID: PMC9730144 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2022.101184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Self-regulation is an essential aspect of healthy child development. Even though infants depend on their caregivers for co-regulation during the first years, they begin to gain regulatory abilities through social interactions as well as their own developing agency and inhibitory control. These early regulatory abilities continue to increase with the development of both the prefrontal cortex and the vagal system. Importantly, theoretical accounts have suggested that the prefrontal cortex and the vagal system are linked through forward and backward feedback loops via the limbic system. Decreased coupling within this link is suggested to be associated with psychopathology. The primary goal of this study was to examine whether intrapersonal coupling of prefrontal brain activity and respiratory sinus arrhythmia is evident in infancy. Using the simultaneous assessment of functional near-infrared spectroscopy and electrocardiography, we used Cross-Recurrence Quantification Analysis to assess the coupling of prefrontal brain activity and respiratory sinus arrhythmia in 69 4- to 6-month-old infants and their mothers during a passive viewing condition. However, we did not find significant coupling between the PFC and RSA in infants and adult caregivers. Future studies could examine social contexts associated with greater emotional reactivity to deepen our understanding of the pathways involved in self-regulation.
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14
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Rahman F, Coull BA, Carroll KN, Wilson A, Just AC, Kloog I, Zhang X, Wright RJ, Chiu YHM. Prenatal PM 2.5 exposure and infant temperament at age 6 months: Sensitive windows and sex-specific associations. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 206:112583. [PMID: 34922978 PMCID: PMC8810739 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.112583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2021] [Revised: 12/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prenatal exposure to fine particulate matter with a diameter of ≤2.5 μm (PM2.5) has been linked to adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes in later childhood, while research on early infant behavior remains sparse. OBJECTIVES We examined associations between prenatal PM2.5 exposure and infant negative affectivity, a stable temperamental trait associated with longer-term behavioral and mental health outcomes. We also examined sex-specific effects. METHODS Analyses included 559 mother-infant pairs enrolled in the PRogramming of Intergenerational Stress Mechanisms (PRISM) cohort. Daily PM2.5 exposure based on geocoded residential address during pregnancy was estimated using a satellite-based spatiotemporal model. Domains of negative affectivity (Sadness, Distress to Limitations, Fear, Falling Reactivity) were assessed using the Infant Behavior Questionnaire-Revised (IBQ-R) when infants were 6 months old. Subscale scores were calculated as the mean of item-specific responses; the global Negative Affectivity (NA) score was derived by averaging the mean of the four subscale scores. Bayesian distributed lag interaction models (BDLIMs) were used to identify sensitive windows for prenatal PM2.5 exposure on global NA and its subscales, and to examine effect modification by sex. RESULTS Mothers were primarily racial/ethnic minorities (38% Black, 37% Hispanic), 40% had ≤12 years of education; most did not smoke during pregnancy (87%). In the overall sample, BDLIMs revealed that increased PM2.5 at mid-pregnancy was associated with higher global NA, Sadness, and Fear scores, after adjusting for covariates (maternal age, education, race/ethnicity, sex). Among boys, increased PM2.5 at early pregnancy was associated with decreased Fear scores, while exposure during late pregnancy was associated with increased Fear scores (cumulative effect estimate = 0.57, 95% CI: 0.03-1.41). Among girls, increased PM2.5 during mid-pregnancy was associated with higher Fear scores (cumulative effect estimate = 0.82, 95% CI: 0.05-1.91). CONCLUSIONS Prenatal PM2.5 exposure was associated with negative affectivity at age 6 months, and the sensitive windows may vary by subdomains and infant sex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fataha Rahman
- Kravis Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; The City College of New York, New York, NY, USA
| | - Brent A Coull
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kecia N Carroll
- Kravis Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ander Wilson
- Department of Statistics, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Allan C Just
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Itai Kloog
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Xueying Zhang
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Rosalind J Wright
- Kravis Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; The Institute for Exposomic Research, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yueh-Hsiu Mathilda Chiu
- Kravis Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; The Institute for Exposomic Research, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
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15
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Kanel D, Vanes LD, Ball G, Hadaya L, Falconer S, Counsell SJ, Edwards AD, Nosarti C. OUP accepted manuscript. Brain Commun 2022; 4:fcac009. [PMID: 35178519 PMCID: PMC8846580 DOI: 10.1093/braincomms/fcac009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Very preterm children are more likely to exhibit difficulties in socio-emotional processing than their term-born peers. Emerging socio-emotional problems may be partly due to alterations in limbic system development associated with infants’ early transition to extrauterine life. The amygdala is a key structure in this system and plays a critical role in various aspects of socio-emotional development, including emotion regulation. The current study tested the hypothesis that amygdala resting-state functional connectivity at term-equivalent age would be associated with socio-emotional outcomes in childhood. Participants were 129 very preterm infants (<33 weeks' gestation) who underwent resting-state functional MRI at term and received a neurodevelopmental assessment at 4–7 years (median = 4.64). Using the left and right amygdalae as seed regions, we investigated associations between whole-brain seed-based functional connectivity and three socio-emotional outcome factors which were derived using exploratory factor analysis (Emotion Moderation, Social Function and Empathy), controlling for sex, neonatal sickness, post-menstrual age at scan and social risk. Childhood Emotion Moderation scores were significantly associated with neonatal resting-state functional connectivity of the right amygdala with right parahippocampal gyrus and right middle occipital gyrus, as well as with functional connectivity of the left amygdala with the right thalamus. No significant associations were found between amygdalar resting-state functional connectivity and either Social Function or Empathy scores. The current findings show that amygdalar functional connectivity assessed at term is associated with later socio-emotional outcomes in very preterm children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana Kanel
- Centre for the Developing Brain, School of Imaging Sciences & Biomedical Engineering & Imaging Sciences, King’s College London, London, UK
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Lucy D. Vanes
- Centre for the Developing Brain, School of Imaging Sciences & Biomedical Engineering & Imaging Sciences, King’s College London, London, UK
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Gareth Ball
- Centre for the Developing Brain, School of Imaging Sciences & Biomedical Engineering & Imaging Sciences, King’s College London, London, UK
- Developmental Imaging, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Laila Hadaya
- Centre for the Developing Brain, School of Imaging Sciences & Biomedical Engineering & Imaging Sciences, King’s College London, London, UK
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Shona Falconer
- Centre for the Developing Brain, School of Imaging Sciences & Biomedical Engineering & Imaging Sciences, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Serena J. Counsell
- Centre for the Developing Brain, School of Imaging Sciences & Biomedical Engineering & Imaging Sciences, King’s College London, London, UK
| | | | - Chiara Nosarti
- Correspondence to: Chiara Nosarti Centre for the Developing Brain School of Bioengineering and Imaging Sciences King’s College London and Evelina Children’s Hospital London SE1 7EH, UK E-mail:
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16
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Korom M, Camacho MC, Filippi CA, Licandro R, Moore LA, Dufford A, Zöllei L, Graham AM, Spann M, Howell B, Shultz S, Scheinost D. Dear reviewers: Responses to common reviewer critiques about infant neuroimaging studies. Dev Cogn Neurosci 2021; 53:101055. [PMID: 34974250 PMCID: PMC8733260 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2021.101055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2021] [Revised: 11/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The field of adult neuroimaging relies on well-established principles in research design, imaging sequences, processing pipelines, as well as safety and data collection protocols. The field of infant magnetic resonance imaging, by comparison, is a young field with tremendous scientific potential but continuously evolving standards. The present article aims to initiate a constructive dialog between researchers who grapple with the challenges and inherent limitations of a nascent field and reviewers who evaluate their work. We address 20 questions that researchers commonly receive from research ethics boards, grant, and manuscript reviewers related to infant neuroimaging data collection, safety protocols, study planning, imaging sequences, decisions related to software and hardware, and data processing and sharing, while acknowledging both the accomplishments of the field and areas of much needed future advancements. This article reflects the cumulative knowledge of experts in the FIT’NG community and can act as a resource for both researchers and reviewers alike seeking a deeper understanding of the standards and tradeoffs involved in infant neuroimaging. The field of infant MRI is young with evolving standards. We address 20 questions that researchers commonly receive reviewers. These come from research ethics boards, grant, and manuscript reviewers. This article reflects the cumulative knowledge of experts in the FIT’NG community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Korom
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA.
| | - M Catalina Camacho
- Division of Biology and Biomedical Sciences (Neurosciences), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
| | - Courtney A Filippi
- Emotion and Development Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Roxane Licandro
- Institute of Visual Computing and Human-Centered Technology, Computer Vision Lab, TU Wien, Vienna, Austria; Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, Computational Imaging Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Lucille A Moore
- Department of Psychiatry, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Alexander Dufford
- Department of Radiology & Biomedical Imaging, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Lilla Zöllei
- A.A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alice M Graham
- Department of Psychiatry, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Marisa Spann
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Brittany Howell
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Department of Human Development and Family Science, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Roanoke, VA, USA
| | | | - Sarah Shultz
- Division of Autism & Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA; Marcus Autism Center, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | - Dustin Scheinost
- Department of Radiology & Biomedical Imaging, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
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17
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Nguyen T, Hoehl S, Bertenthal BI, Abney DH. Coupling between prefrontal brain activity and respiratory sinus arrhythmia in infants and adults. Dev Cogn Neurosci 2021; 53:101047. [PMID: 34933169 PMCID: PMC8703057 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2021.101047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Self-regulation is an essential aspect of healthy child development. Even though infants are dependent on their caregivers for co-regulation during the first years, they begin to gain early regulatory abilities through social interactions as well as their own cognitive development. These early regulatory abilities continue to increase with the maturation of both the prefrontal cortex and the vagal system. Importantly, theoretical accounts have suggested that the prefrontal cortex and the vagal system are linked through forward and backward feedback loops via the limbic system. Decreased coupling within this link is suggested to be associated with psychopathology. The primary goal of this study is to examine whether intrapersonal coupling of prefrontal brain activity and respiratory sinus arrythmia is evident in infancy. Using the simultaneous assessment of functional near-infrared spectroscopy and electrocardiography, we will use Cross-Recurrence Quantification Analysis to assess the coupling of prefrontal brain activity and respiratory sinus arrhythmia in 69 4–6-month-old infants and their mothers during rest. Understanding the developmental emergence of the neurobiological correlates of self- regulation will allow us to help identify neurodevelopmental risk factors. In adults, self-regulation involves coupling between the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and vagal activity. We investigate whether the coupling of brain and respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) activity is evident during infancy. Understanding the developing connection between the PFC and vagal system will help to elucidate the pathways involved in self-regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trinh Nguyen
- Department of Developmental and Educational Psychology, University of Vienna, Liebiggasse 5, 1010 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Stefanie Hoehl
- Department of Developmental and Educational Psychology, University of Vienna, Liebiggasse 5, 1010 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Bennett I Bertenthal
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University Bloomington, 1101 E. 10th St., Bloomington, IN 47405, United States.
| | - Drew H Abney
- Department of Psychology, University of Georgia, 110 Hooper Street, Athens, GA 30602, United States.
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18
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Gustafsson HC, Nolvi S, Sullivan EL, Rasmussen JM, Gyllenhammer LE, Entringer S, Wadhwa PD, O’Connor TG, Karlsson L, Karlsson H, Korja R, Buss C, Graham AM, Nigg JT. Early development of negative and positive affect: Implications for ADHD symptomatology across three birth cohorts. Dev Psychopathol 2021; 33:1837-1848. [PMID: 36238202 PMCID: PMC9555229 DOI: 10.1017/s0954579421001012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
High levels of early emotionality (of either negative or positive valence) are hypothesized to be important precursors to early psychopathology, with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) a prime early target. The positive and negative affect domains are prime examples of Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) concepts that may enrich a multilevel mechanistic map of psychopathology risk. Utilizing both variable-centered and person-centered approaches, the current study examined whether levels and trajectories of infant negative and positive emotionality, considered either in isolation or together, predicted children's ADHD symptoms at 4 to 8 years of age. In variable-centered analyses, higher levels of infant negative affect (at as early as 3 months of age) were associated with childhood ADHD symptoms. Findings for positive affect failed to reach statistical threshold. Results from person-centered trajectory analyses suggest that additional information is gained by simultaneously considering the trajectories of positive and negative emotionality. Specifically, only when exhibiting moderate, stable or low levels of positive affect did negative affect and its trajectory relate to child ADHD symptoms. These findings add to a growing literature that suggests that infant negative emotionality is a promising early life marker of future ADHD risk and suggest secondarily that moderation by positive affectivity warrants more consideration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna C. Gustafsson
- Department of Psychiatry, Oregon Health and Science
University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Saara Nolvi
- Department of Psychology and Speech-Language Pathology,
Turku Institute for Advanced Studies, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study, Turku Brain and Mind Center,
Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Elinor L. Sullivan
- Department of Psychiatry, Oregon Health and Science
University, Portland, OR, USA
- Divisions of Neuroscience and Cardiometabolic Health,
Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, OR, USA
| | - Jerod M. Rasmussen
- Development, Health, and Disease Research Program,
University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of
California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Lauren E. Gyllenhammer
- Development, Health, and Disease Research Program,
University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of
California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Sonja Entringer
- Development, Health, and Disease Research Program,
University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of
California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
- Institute of Medical Psychology, Charité University,
Berlin, Germany
| | - Pathik D. Wadhwa
- Development, Health, and Disease Research Program,
University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of
California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, School of
Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of
Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Medicine,
University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Thomas G. O’Connor
- Departments of Psychiatry, Psychology, Neuroscience, and
Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY,
USA
| | - Linnea Karlsson
- FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study, Turku Brain and Mind Center,
Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Centre for Population Health Research, Turku University
Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Turku
University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Hasse Karlsson
- FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study, Turku Brain and Mind Center,
Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Centre for Population Health Research, Turku University
Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Department of Psychiatry, Turku University Hospital and
University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Riikka Korja
- Department of Psychology and Speech-Language Pathology,
Turku Institute for Advanced Studies, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study, Turku Brain and Mind Center,
Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Claudia Buss
- Development, Health, and Disease Research Program,
University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
- Institute of Medical Psychology, Charité University,
Berlin, Germany
| | - Alice M. Graham
- Department of Psychiatry, Oregon Health and Science
University, Portland, OR, USA
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health and
Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Joel T. Nigg
- Department of Psychiatry, Oregon Health and Science
University, Portland, OR, USA
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19
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Filippi CA, Ravi S, Bracy M, Winkler A, Sylvester CM, Pine DS, Fox NA. Amygdala Functional Connectivity and Negative Reactive Temperament at Age 4 Months. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2021; 60:1137-1146. [PMID: 33385507 PMCID: PMC8239057 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaac.2020.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Infant amygdala connectivity correlates with maternal reports of infant temperament characterized by novelty-evoked distress and avoidance. However, no studies have examined how human infant amygdala connectivity relates to direct observations of novelty-evoked distress. This study examined the link between amygdala connectivity and infant novelty-evoked distress using direct observation of temperament. METHOD Novelty-evoked distress was assessed at 4 months of age (N = 90) using a standardized reactivity assessment and parent report. Within 3 weeks of assessment, resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging was collected in a subset of infants (n = 34). Using a whole-brain voxelwise approach, amygdala connectivity associated with positive and negative affect during the reactivity assessment was examined. Regions where the association of amygdala connectivity with negative affect was higher than with positive affect were then examined. Associations between amygdala connectivity and parent report of temperament were also examined. RESULTS Greater amygdala-cingulate and amygdala-superior frontal gyrus connectivity was associated with lower positive affect during the reactivity assessment. Further, the association between amygdala-cingulate connectivity was greater for negative affect compared with positive affect. There were no significant associations between latency to approach novelty (as measured by parent report) and amygdala connectivity. Validation analyses conducted using a large independent longitudinal sample (N = 323) demonstrated that negative reactivity was associated with increased child-reported anxiety symptoms in adolescence. CONCLUSION These results provide novel insight into the developmental pathophysiology of novelty-evoked distress. This is consistent with research linking an altered cognitive control mechanism to temperamental risk for anxiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney A Filippi
- University of Maryland, College Park; National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), Bethesda, Maryland.
| | | | | | | | | | - Daniel S Pine
- National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), Bethesda, Maryland
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20
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Phillips ML, Schmithorst VJ, Banihashemi L, Taylor M, Samolyk A, Northrup JB, English GE, Versace A, Stiffler RS, Aslam HA, Bonar L, Panigrahy A, Hipwell AE. Patterns of Infant Amygdala Connectivity Mediate the Impact of High Caregiver Affect on Reducing Infant Smiling: Discovery and Replication. Biol Psychiatry 2021; 90:342-352. [PMID: 34130856 PMCID: PMC8364485 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2021.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 02/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Behavioral research indicates that caregiver mood disorders and emotional instability in the early months following childbirth are associated with lower positive emotionality and higher negative emotionality in infants, but the neural mechanisms remain understudied. METHODS Using resting-state functional connectivity as a measure of the functional architecture of the early infant brain, we aimed to determine the extent to which connectivity between the amygdala, a key region supporting emotional learning and perception, and large-scale neural networks mediated the association between caregiver affect and anxiety and early infant negative emotionality and positive emotionality. Two samples of infants (first sample: n = 58; second sample: n = 31) 3 months of age underwent magnetic resonance imaging during natural sleep. RESULTS During infancy, greater resting-state functional connectivity between the amygdala and the salience network and, to a lesser extent, lower amygdala and executive control network resting-state functional connectivity mediated the effect of greater caregiver postpartum depression and trait anxiety on reducing infant smiling (familywise error-corrected p < .05). Furthermore, results from the first sample were replicated in the second, independent sample, to a greater extent for caregiver depression than for caregiver anxiety. CONCLUSIONS We provide evidence of early objective neural markers that can help identify infants who are more likely to be at risk from, versus those who might be protected against, the deleterious effects of caregiver depression and anxiety and reduced positive emotionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary L. Phillips
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Vincent J. Schmithorst
- UPMC Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, Department of Pediatric Radiology, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Layla Banihashemi
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Pittsburgh, PA
| | | | | | - Jessie B. Northrup
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Pittsburgh, PA
| | | | - Amelia Versace
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Pittsburgh, PA
| | | | | | - Lisa Bonar
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Ashok Panigrahy
- UPMC Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, Department of Pediatric Radiology, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Alison E. Hipwell
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Pittsburgh, PA
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21
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Dufford AJ, Salzwedel AP, Gilmore JH, Gao W, Kim P. Maternal trait anxiety symptoms, frontolimbic resting-state functional connectivity, and cognitive development in infancy. Dev Psychobiol 2021; 63:e22166. [PMID: 34292595 PMCID: PMC10775911 DOI: 10.1002/dev.22166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Revised: 06/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to maternal anxiety symptoms during infancy has been associated with difficulties in development and greater risk for developing anxiety later in life. Although previous studies have examined associations between prenatal maternal distress, infant brain development, and developmental outcomes, it is still largely unclear if there are associations between postnatal anxiety, infant brain development, and cognitive development in infancy. In this study, we used resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging to examine the association between maternal anxiety symptoms and resting-state functional connectivity in the first year of life. We also examine the association between frontolimbic functional connectivity and infant cognitive development. The sample consisted of 21 infants (mean age = 24.15 months, SD = 4.17) that were scanned during their natural sleep using. We test the associations between maternal trait anxiety symptoms and amygdala-anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) functional connectivity, a neural circuit implicated in early life stress exposure. We also test the associations between amygdala-ACC connectivity and cognitive development. We found a significant negative association between maternal trait anxiety symptoms and left amygdala-right ACC functional connectivity (p < .05, false discovery rate corrected). We found a significant negative association between left amygdala-right ACC functional connectivity and infant cognitive development (p < .05). These findings have potential implications for understanding the role of postpartum maternal anxiety symptoms in functional brain and cognitive development in infancy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrew P. Salzwedel
- Biomedical Imaging Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - John H. Gilmore
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Wei Gao
- Biomedical Imaging Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Pilyoung Kim
- Department of Psychology, University of Denver, Denver, Colorado, USA
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22
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Nees F, Deserno L, Holz NE, Romanos M, Banaschewski T. Prediction Along a Developmental Perspective in Psychiatry: How Far Might We Go? Front Syst Neurosci 2021; 15:670404. [PMID: 34295227 PMCID: PMC8290854 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2021.670404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Most mental disorders originate in childhood, and once symptoms present, a variety of psychosocial and cognitive maladjustments may arise. Although early childhood problems are generally associated with later mental health impairments and psychopathology, pluripotent transdiagnostic trajectories may manifest. Possible predictors range from behavioral and neurobiological mechanisms, genetic predispositions, environmental and social factors, and psychopathological comorbidity. They may manifest in altered neurodevelopmental trajectories and need to be validated capitalizing on large-scale multi-modal epidemiological longitudinal cohorts. Moreover, clinical and etiological variability between patients with the same disorders represents a major obstacle to develop effective treatments. Hence, in order to achieve stratification of patient samples opening the avenue of adapting and optimizing treatment for the individual, there is a need to integrate data from multi-dimensionally phenotyped clinical cohorts and cross-validate them with epidemiological cohort data. In the present review, we discuss these aspects in the context of externalizing and internalizing disorders summarizing the current state of knowledge, obstacles, and pitfalls. Although a large number of studies have already increased our understanding on neuropsychobiological mechanisms of mental disorders, it became also clear that this knowledge might only be the tip of the Eisberg and that a large proportion still remains unknown. We discuss prediction strategies and how the integration of different factors and methods may provide useful contributions to research and at the same time may inform prevention and intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frauke Nees
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Medical Sociology, University Medical Center Schleswig Holstein, University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany.,Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Lorenz Deserno
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.,Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany.,Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Nathalie E Holz
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Marcel Romanos
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Tobias Banaschewski
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
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23
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Kelsey CM, Farris K, Grossmann T. Variability in Infants' Functional Brain Network Connectivity Is Associated With Differences in Affect and Behavior. Front Psychiatry 2021; 12:685754. [PMID: 34177669 PMCID: PMC8220897 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.685754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Variability in functional brain network connectivity has been linked to individual differences in cognitive, affective, and behavioral traits in adults. However, little is known about the developmental origins of such brain-behavior correlations. The current study examined functional brain network connectivity and its link to behavioral temperament in typically developing newborn and 1-month-old infants (M [age] = 25 days; N = 75) using functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS). Specifically, we measured long-range connectivity between cortical regions approximating fronto-parietal, default mode, and homologous-interhemispheric networks. Our results show that connectivity in these functional brain networks varies across infants and maps onto individual differences in behavioral temperament. Specifically, connectivity in the fronto-parietal network was positively associated with regulation and orienting behaviors, whereas connectivity in the default mode network showed the opposite effect on these behaviors. Our analysis also revealed a significant positive association between the homologous-interhemispheric network and infants' negative affect. The current results suggest that variability in long-range intra-hemispheric and cross-hemispheric functional connectivity between frontal, parietal, and temporal cortex is associated with individual differences in affect and behavior. These findings shed new light on the brain origins of individual differences in early-emerging behavioral traits and thus represent a viable novel approach for investigating developmental trajectories in typical and atypical neurodevelopment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline M. Kelsey
- Division of Developmental Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Psychology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Katrina Farris
- Department of Psychology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
- Department of Psychology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Tobias Grossmann
- Department of Psychology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
- Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
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24
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Yuan W, Tamm L, Harpster K, Altaye M, Illapani VSP, Parikh NA. Effects of intraventricular hemorrhage on white matter microstructural changes at term and early developmental outcomes in infants born very preterm. Neuroradiology 2021; 63:1549-1561. [PMID: 33830309 DOI: 10.1007/s00234-021-02708-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Very preterm (VPT) infants are at high risk for motor and behavioral deficits. We investigated microstructural differences using diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) among VPT infants with different grades of intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH), their association with early motor function and temperament ratings, and the potential moderating effect of IVH severity on the above structure-function relations. METHODS Fifty-seven VPT (≤32 weeks gestational age) infants with IVH (Low Grade (Papile grading I/II): 42; High Grade (III/IV): 15) were studied. DTI was acquired between 39 and 44 weeks postmenstrual age and was analyzed using the tract-based spatial statistics approach. Early motor function and temperament were assessed at 3-month corrected age based on the Hammersmith Infant Neurological Examination (HINE) and Infant Behavioral Questionnaire - Revised, Short Version (IBQ-R-S), respectively. RESULTS Significantly lower fractional anisotropy and higher mean, axial, and/or radial diffusivity were found in VPT infants with High Grade IVH compared to Low Grade IVH (p < 0.05). Significant associations were found between DTI metrics and motor function in both IVH groups and between DTI and Fear temperament ratings in the High Grade IVH Group (all p < 0.05). IVH severity had a significant moderating effect on the relation between DTI and motor and Fear ratings (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION DTI is a sensitive neuroimaging biomarker providing a refined understanding of the impact and location of differing severities of IVH on the developing white matter of VPT infants. Early motor and behavioral outcomes are associated with microstructural changes that are influenced by severity of IVH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weihong Yuan
- Pediatric Neuroimaging Research Consortium, Division of Radiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Leanne Tamm
- Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Karen Harpster
- Division of Occupational Therapy and Physical Therapy, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Mekibib Altaye
- Division of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | | | - Nehal A Parikh
- Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
- Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
- University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
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25
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Graham AM, Marr M, Buss C, Sullivan EL, Fair DA. Understanding Vulnerability and Adaptation in Early Brain Development using Network Neuroscience. Trends Neurosci 2021; 44:276-288. [PMID: 33663814 PMCID: PMC8216738 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2021.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Early adversity influences brain development and emerging behavioral phenotypes relevant for psychiatric disorders. Understanding the effects of adversity before and after conception on brain development has implications for contextualizing current public health crises and pervasive health inequities. The use of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to study the brain at rest has shifted understanding of brain functioning and organization in the earliest periods of life. Here we review applications of this technique to examine effects of early life stress (ELS) on neurodevelopment in infancy, and highlight targets for future research. Building on the foundation of existing work in this area will require tackling significant challenges, including greater inclusion of often marginalized segments of society, and conducting larger, properly powered studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice M Graham
- Department of Psychiatry, Oregon Health and Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd., Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Mollie Marr
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health and Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd., Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Claudia Buss
- Department of Medical Psychology, Charité University of Medicine Berlin, Luisenstrasse 57, 10117 Berlin, Germany; Development, Health, and Disease Research Program, University of California, Irvine, 837 Health Sciences Drive, Irvine, California, 92697, USA
| | - Elinor L Sullivan
- Department of Psychiatry, Oregon Health and Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd., Portland, OR, 97239, USA; Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health and Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd., Portland, OR, 97239, USA; Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, 505 NW 185th Ave., Beaverton, OR, 97006, USA
| | - Damien A Fair
- The Masonic Institute of the Developing Brain, The University of Minnesota, Department of Pediatrics, The University of Minnesota Institute of Child Development, The University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
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26
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Sullivan RM, Opendak M. Neurobiology of Infant Fear and Anxiety: Impacts of Delayed Amygdala Development and Attachment Figure Quality. Biol Psychiatry 2021; 89:641-650. [PMID: 33109337 PMCID: PMC7914291 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2020.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Revised: 08/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Anxiety disorders are the most common form of mental illness and are more likely to emerge during childhood compared with most other psychiatric disorders. While research on children is the gold standard for understanding the behavioral expression of anxiety and its neural circuitry, the ethical and technical limitations in exploring neural underpinnings limit our understanding of the child's developing brain. Instead, we must rely on animal models to build strong methodological bridges for bidirectional translation to child development research. Using the caregiver-infant context, we review the rodent literature on early-life fear development to characterize developmental transitions in amygdala function underlying age-specific behavioral transitions. We then describe how this system can be perturbed by early-life adversity, including reduced efficacy of the caregiver as a safe haven. We suggest that greater integration of clinically informed animal research enhances bidirectional translation to permit new approaches to therapeutics for children with early onset anxiety disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regina M. Sullivan
- Emotional Brain Institute, Nathan Kline Institute, New York, NY USA,Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY USA
| | - Maya Opendak
- Emotional Brain Institute, Nathan Kline Institute, New York, NY USA,Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY USA
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27
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Fox NA, Buzzell GA, Morales S, Valadez EA, Wilson M, Henderson HA. Understanding the Emergence of Social Anxiety in Children With Behavioral Inhibition. Biol Psychiatry 2021; 89:681-689. [PMID: 33353668 PMCID: PMC7954867 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2020.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Behavioral inhibition (BI) is a temperament characterized in early childhood by distress to novelty and avoidance of unfamiliar people, and it is one of the best-known risk factors for the development of social anxiety. However, nearly 60% of children with BI do not go on to meet criteria for social anxiety disorder. In this review we present an approach to understanding differential developmental trajectories among children with BI. We review research using laboratory-based tasks that isolate specific attention processes that enhance versus mitigate risk for social anxiety among behaviorally inhibited children and studies that suggest that BI is associated with heightened detection of novelty or threat. Moreover, stimulus-driven control processes, which we term "automatic control," increase the probability that behaviorally inhibited children display socially reticent behavior and develop social anxiety. In contrast, goal-driven control processes, which we term "planful control," decrease risk for anxiety. We suggest that these three categories of processes (detection, automatic control, and planful control) function together to determine whether behaviorally inhibited children are able to flexibly regulate their initial reactions to novelty, and in turn, decrease risk for social anxiety. Although laboratory-based tasks have identified these processes underlying risk and resilience, the challenge is linking them to the emotions, thoughts, and behaviors of behaviorally inhibited children in real-world contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan A Fox
- Department of Human Development and Quantitative Methodology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland.
| | - George A Buzzell
- Department of Psychology, Florida International University, Miami, Florida
| | - Santiago Morales
- Department of Human Development and Quantitative Methodology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland
| | - Emilio A Valadez
- Department of Human Development and Quantitative Methodology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland
| | - McLennon Wilson
- Department of Psychology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
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28
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Hendrix CL, Dilks DD, McKenna BG, Dunlop AL, Corwin EJ, Brennan PA. Maternal Childhood Adversity Associates With Frontoamygdala Connectivity in Neonates. BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRY. COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE AND NEUROIMAGING 2021; 6:470-478. [PMID: 33495120 PMCID: PMC8035139 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpsc.2020.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is well established that exposure to adversity, especially during sensitive periods of development such as childhood, has both behavioral (e.g., increasing one's risk for psychiatric illnesses) and neurobiological consequences. But could these effects of early-life exposure to adversity also be transmitted across generations? We directly address this question, investigating the associations between maternal exposure to adversity during her own childhood and neural connectivity in her neonate. METHODS Mothers from a sample of Black mother-neonate dyads (n = 48)-a group that is disproportionately affected by early-life adversity-completed questionnaires assessing their current distress (i.e., a composite measure of anxiety, depression, and perceived stress) during the first and third trimesters of pregnancy and retrospectively reported on their own childhood experiences of abuse and neglect. At 1 month postpartum, neonatal offspring of these women underwent a resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging scan during natural sleep. RESULTS Greater maternal exposure to emotional neglect during her own childhood correlated with stronger functional connectivity of two different frontoamygdala circuits in these neonates, as early as 1 month after birth. This effect was specific to early experiences of emotional neglect and was not explained by maternal exposure to other forms of childhood maltreatment or by maternal distress during pregnancy. CONCLUSIONS These results provide novel evidence that the absence of emotional support early in a mother's life, years before conception, are associated with neural changes-namely, in functional connectivity between the amygdala and medial prefrontal regions-in her offspring shortly after birth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassandra L Hendrix
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, New York University Langone Health, New York, New York.
| | - Daniel D Dilks
- Department of Psychology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | | | - Anne L Dunlop
- School of Nursing, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
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Emerging Evidence for Putative Neural Networks and Antecedents of Pediatric Anxiety in the Fetal, Neonatal, and Infant Periods. Biol Psychiatry 2021; 89:672-680. [PMID: 33518264 PMCID: PMC8087150 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2020.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Anxiety disorders are the most prevalent psychiatric disorders in youth and are associated with profound individual impairment and public health costs. Research shows that clinically significant anxiety symptoms manifest in preschool-aged children, and correlates of anxiety symptoms are observable in infancy. Yet, predicting who is at risk for developing anxiety remains an enduring challenge. Predictive biomarkers of anxiety are needed before school age when anxiety symptoms typically consolidate into diagnostic profiles. Increasing evidence indicates that early neural measures implicated in anxiety and anxious temperament may be incorporated with traditional measures of behavioral risk (i.e., behavioral inhibition) to provide more robust classification of pediatric anxiety problems. This review examines the phenomenology of anxiety disorders in early life, highlighting developmental research that interrogates the putative neurocircuitry of pediatric anxiety. First, we discuss enduring challenges in identifying and predicting risk for pediatric anxiety. Second, we summarize emerging evidence for putative neural antecedents and networks underlying risk for pediatric anxiety in the fetal, neonatal, and infant periods that represent novel potential avenues for risk identification and prediction. We focus on evidence examining the importance of early amygdala and extended amygdala circuitry development to the emergence of anxiety. Finally, we discuss the utility of integrating developmental psychopathology and neuroscience to facilitate future research and clinical work.
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Spry EA, Aarsman SR, Youssef GJ, Patton GC, Macdonald JA, Sanson A, Thomson K, Hutchinson DM, Letcher P, Olsson CA. Maternal and paternal depression and anxiety and offspring infant negative affectivity: A systematic review and meta-analysis. DEVELOPMENTAL REVIEW 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dr.2020.100934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Prenatal stress exposure and multimodal assessment of amygdala-medial prefrontal cortex connectivity in infants. Dev Cogn Neurosci 2020; 46:100877. [PMID: 33220629 PMCID: PMC7689043 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2020.100877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-human animal research shows stress alters amygdala–medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) connectivity. It is unclear how prenatal stress may alter human infant connectivity. Prenatal stress was associated with decreased amygdala–mPFC functional connectivity. Prenatal stress was associated with increased amygdala–mPFC structural connectivity. This work provides insight into how stress contributes to neurodevelopmental risk.
Stressful experiences are linked to neurodevelopment. There is growing interest in the role of stress in the connectivity between the amygdala and medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), a circuit that subserves automatic emotion regulation. However, the specific timing and mechanisms that underlie the association between stress and amygdala–mPFC connectivity are unclear. Many factors, including variations in fetal exposure to maternal stress, appear to affect early developing brain circuitry. However, few studies have examined the associations of stress and amygdala–mPFC connectivity in early life, when the brain is most plastic and sensitive to environmental influence. In this longitudinal pilot study, we characterized the association between prenatal stress and amygdala–mPFC connectivity in young infants (approximately age 5 weeks). A final sample of 33 women who provided data on preconception and prenatal stress during their pregnancy returned with their offspring for a magnetic resonance imaging scan session, which enabled us to characterize amygdala–mPFC structural and functional connectivity as a function of prenatal stress. Increased prenatal stress was associated with decreased functional connectivity and increased structural connectivity between the amygdala and mPFC. These results provide insight into the influence of prenatal maternal stress on the early development of this critical regulatory circuitry.
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Ciarrusta J, Dimitrova R, McAlonan G. Early maturation of the social brain: How brain development provides a platform for the acquisition of social-cognitive competence. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2020; 254:49-70. [PMID: 32859293 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2020.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Across the last century psychology has provided a lot of insight about social-cognitive competence. Recognizing facial expressions, joint attention, discrimination of cues and experiencing empathy are just a few examples of the social skills humans acquire from birth to adolescence. However, how very early brain maturation provides a platform to support the attainment of highly complex social behavior later in development remains poorly understood. Magnetic Resonance Imaging provides a safe means to investigate the typical and atypical maturation of regions of the brain responsible for social cognition in as early as the perinatal period. Here, we first review some technical challenges and advances of using functional magnetic resonance imaging on developing infants to then describe current knowledge on the development of diverse systems associated with social function. We will then explain how these characteristics might differ in infants with genetic or environmental risk factors, who are vulnerable to atypical neurodevelopment. Finally, given the rapid early development of systems necessary for social skills, we propose a new framework to investigate sensitive time windows of development when neural substrates might be more vulnerable to impairment due to a genetic or environmental insult.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judit Ciarrusta
- Centre for the Developing Brain, School Biomedical Engineering & Imaging Sciences, King's College London, St Thomas' Hospital, London, United Kingdom; Sackler Institute for Translational Neurodevelopment and Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ralica Dimitrova
- Centre for the Developing Brain, School Biomedical Engineering & Imaging Sciences, King's College London, St Thomas' Hospital, London, United Kingdom; Sackler Institute for Translational Neurodevelopment and Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Grainne McAlonan
- Sackler Institute for Translational Neurodevelopment and Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom; MRC Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, King's College London, London, United Kingdom; South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom.
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Tamm L, Patel M, Peugh J, Kline-Fath BM, Parikh NA. Early brain abnormalities in infants born very preterm predict under-reactive temperament. Early Hum Dev 2020; 144:104985. [PMID: 32163848 PMCID: PMC7577074 DOI: 10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2020.104985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Revised: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Early temperament may mediate the association between brain abnormalities following preterm birth and neurodevelopmental outcomes. AIMS This exploratory study investigated whether brain abnormalities in infants born very preterm predicted temperament. STUDY DESIGN Infants born prematurely underwent structural MRI at term. Mother self-reported depression symptoms at the scanning visit, and the Infant Behavior Questionnaire-Revised-Short (IBQ-R-S) about their infant at 3-months corrected age. SUBJECTS Infants (n = 214) born at ≤32 weeks gestation (M = 29.29, SD = 2.60). Average post-menstrual age at the MRI scan was 42.72 weeks (SD = 1.30). The majority of the infants were male (n = 115), and Caucasian (n = 145) or African American (n = 58). The average birthweight in grams was 1289.75 (SD = 448.5). OUTCOME MEASURES Infant Behavior Questionnaire-Revised-Short (IBQ-R-S) subscales. RESULTS Multivariate regression showed white matter abnormalities predicted lower ratings on High Intensity Pleasure and Vocal Reactivity, grey matter abnormalities predicted lower ratings on High Intensity Pleasure and Cuddliness, and cerebellar abnormalities predicted lower ratings on Fear and Sadness IBQ-R-S subscales adjusting for gestational age and sex. The pattern of results was essentially unchanged when maternal depression and socioeconomic status were included in the model. CONCLUSIONS Early MRI-diagnosed brain abnormalities in infants born very preterm were associated less vocalization and engagement during cuddling, decreased ability to take pleasure in stimulating activities, and lower emotionality in fear and sadness domains. Although replication is warranted, an under-reactive temperament in infants born preterm may have a neurobiological basis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leanne Tamm
- Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Ave, MLC 7039, Cincinnati, OH 45229-3039, United States of America; University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, United States of America.
| | - Meera Patel
- Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Ave, MLC 7039, Cincinnati, OH 45229-3039, United States of America.
| | - James Peugh
- Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Ave, MLC 7039, Cincinnati, OH 45229-3039, United States of America; University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, United States of America.
| | - Beth M. Kline-Fath
- University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, United States of America,Department of Radiology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Ave, MLC 7039, Cincinnati, OH 45229-3039, United States of America
| | - Nehal A. Parikh
- Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Ave, MLC 7039, Cincinnati, OH 45229-3039, United States of America,University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, United States of America,Correspondence to: N.A. Parikh, Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Med. Center, 3333 Burnet Ave, MLC 7009, Cincinnati, OH 45229-3039, United States of America.
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An initial investigation of neonatal neuroanatomy, caregiving, and levels of disorganized behavior. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:16787-16792. [PMID: 31383763 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1900362116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Attachment disorganization is a risk factor for difficulties in attention, social relationships, and mental health. Conceptually, attachment disorganization may indicate a breakdown in fear regulation resulting from repeated exposure to frightening maternal care. In addition, past research has examined the influence of stress-inducing contextual factors and/or child factors upon the development of disorganization. However, no past work has assessed whether infant neuroanatomy, important to stress regulation, moderates the association between maternal care and levels of disorganized behavior. Here, utilizing data from a subsample of 82 dyads taking part in the "Growing Up in Singapore towards Healthy Outcomes" (GUSTO) cohort, we assessed the prediction from maternal sensitive caregiving at 6 mo and levels of attachment disorganization at 1.5 y, as moderated by hippocampal and amygdala volume determined within the first 2 weeks of life. Results indicate a significant interaction between neonatal left hippocampal volume and maternal sensitivity upon levels of disorganized behavior. Although these results require substantiation in further research, if replicated, they may enable new strategies for the identification of processes important to child mental health and points for intervention. This is because neonatal neuroanatomy, as opposed to genetic variation and sociodemographic risk, may be more directly linked to stress responses within individuals.
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McLean MA, Cobham VE, Simcock G, Kildea S, King S. Toddler Temperament Mediates the Effect of Prenatal Maternal Stress on Childhood Anxiety Symptomatology: The QF2011 Queensland Flood Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16111998. [PMID: 31195616 PMCID: PMC6603961 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16111998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Revised: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
It is not known whether alterations to temperamental characteristics associated with prenatal maternal stress (PNMS) exposure account for the development of childhood anxiety symptomatology (internalizing behaviors and anxiety symptoms). The QF2011 Queensland flood study examined whether (1) toddler temperamental characteristics explained the association between PNMS exposure and childhood anxiety symptomatology; and (2) whether effects were dependent upon child sex or the timing of gestational exposure to PNMS. We investigated the effects of various aspects of flood-related stress in pregnancy (objective hardship, cognitive appraisal, subjective distress) on maternal report of 16-month toddler temperament (attentional control, shy-inhibition, negative reactivity), 4-year maternal-reported childhood anxiety symptomatology (internalizing and anxiety symptoms; N = 104), and teacher reports of internalizing behaviors (N = 77). Severity of maternal objective hardship during pregnancy and shy-inhibited behaviors were uniquely associated with 4-year child anxiety symptoms. Mediation analyses found that higher levels of 16-month negative reactivity accounted, in part, for the relationship between increased maternal objective flood-related hardship and greater internalizing behaviors (maternal but not teacher report). Neither child sex nor gestational timing of exposure moderated the hypothesized mediations. Our findings highlight several pathways through which varying aspects of disaster-related PNMS may influence early childhood anxiety symptomatology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mia A McLean
- Mater Research Institute-University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia.
- School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia.
| | - Vanessa E Cobham
- Mater Research Institute-University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia.
- School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia.
| | - Gabrielle Simcock
- Mater Research Institute-University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia.
- Sunshine Coast Mind and Neuroscience Thompson Institute, University of Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, QLD 4556, Australia.
| | - Sue Kildea
- Mater Research Institute-University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia.
- School of Nursing, Midwifery, and Social Work, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia.
| | - Suzanne King
- Schizophrenia and Neurodevelopmental Disorders Research, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Verdun, QC H4H 1R3, Canada.
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 1A1, Canada.
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