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Brooks EC, Han SJY, Bonatto Paese CL, Lewis AA, Aarnio-Peterson M, Brugmann SA. The ciliary protein C2cd3 is required for mandibular musculoskeletal tissue patterning. Differentiation 2024; 138:100782. [PMID: 38810379 DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2024.100782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Revised: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
The mandible is composed of several musculoskeletal tissues including bone, cartilage, and tendon that require precise patterning to ensure structural and functional integrity. Interestingly, most of these tissues are derived from one multipotent cell population called cranial neural crest cells (CNCCs). How CNCCs are properly instructed to differentiate into various tissue types remains nebulous. To better understand the mechanisms necessary for the patterning of mandibular musculoskeletal tissues we utilized the avian mutant talpid2 (ta2) which presents with several malformations of the facial skeleton including dysplastic tendons, mispatterned musculature, and bilateral ectopic cartilaginous processes extending off Meckel's cartilage. We found an ectopic epithelial BMP signaling domain in the ta2 mandibular prominence (MNP) that correlated with the subsequent expansion of SOX9+ cartilage precursors. These findings were validated with conditional murine models suggesting an evolutionarily conserved mechanism for CNCC-derived musculoskeletal patterning. Collectively, these data support a model in which cilia are required to define epithelial signal centers essential for proper musculoskeletal patterning of CNCC-derived mesenchyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan C Brooks
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 3230 Eden Avenue, Cincinnati, OH, 45267, USA; Molecular and Developmental Biology Graduate Program, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Simon J Y Han
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 3230 Eden Avenue, Cincinnati, OH, 45267, USA; Molecular and Developmental Biology Graduate Program, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA; Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 3230 Eden Avenue, Cincinnati, OH, 45267, USA
| | - Christian Louis Bonatto Paese
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 3230 Eden Avenue, Cincinnati, OH, 45267, USA
| | - Amya A Lewis
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 3230 Eden Avenue, Cincinnati, OH, 45267, USA
| | - Megan Aarnio-Peterson
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 3230 Eden Avenue, Cincinnati, OH, 45267, USA
| | - Samantha A Brugmann
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 3230 Eden Avenue, Cincinnati, OH, 45267, USA; Division of Plastic Surgery, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA.
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Liu X, He X, Chen M, Wang Y, Guo C, Zhang H, Wang X, Hao Y, Wei Y, Liang Z, Zhao L, Yan D, Huang D. Preparation of black phosphorus@sodium alginate microspheres with bone matrix vesicle structure via electrospraying for bone regeneration. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 265:131059. [PMID: 38521338 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.131059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024]
Abstract
Bone matrix vesicles are commonly acknowledged as the primary site of biomineralization in human skeletal tissue. Black phosphorus has exhibited favorable properties across various chemical and physical domains. In this investigation, a novel composite microsphere was synthesized through the amalgamation of sodium alginate (ALG) with black phosphorus nanosheets (BP) utilizing the electrospray (ES) technique. These microspheres were tailored to mimic the regulatory function of matrix vesicles (MV) upon exposure to a biomimetic mineralization fluid (SBF) during the biomineralization process. Results revealed that black phosphorus nanosheets facilitated the generation of hydroxyapatite (HA) on the microsphere surface. Live-dead assays and cell proliferation experiments showcased a cell survival rate exceeding 85 %. Moreover, wound healing assessments unveiled that M-ALG-BP microspheres exhibited superior migration capacity, with a migration rate surpassing 50 %. Furthermore, after 7 days of osteogenic induction, M-ALG-BP microspheres notably stimulated osteoblast differentiation. Particularly noteworthy, M-ALG-BP microspheres significantly enhanced osteogenic differentiation of osteoblasts and induced collagen production in vitro. Additionally, experiments involving microsphere implantation into mouse skeletal muscle demonstrated the potential for ectopic mineralization by ALG-BP microspheres. This investigation underscores the outstanding mineralization properties of ALG-BP microspheres and their promising clinical prospects in bone tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuanyu Liu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Research Center for Nano-biomaterials & Regenerative Medicine, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, PR China
| | - Xuhong He
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Research Center for Nano-biomaterials & Regenerative Medicine, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, PR China
| | - Mengjin Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Research Center for Nano-biomaterials & Regenerative Medicine, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, PR China
| | - Yuhui Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Research Center for Nano-biomaterials & Regenerative Medicine, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, PR China
| | - Chaiqiong Guo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Research Center for Nano-biomaterials & Regenerative Medicine, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, PR China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Research Center for Nano-biomaterials & Regenerative Medicine, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, PR China
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Research Center for Nano-biomaterials & Regenerative Medicine, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, PR China
| | - Yanchao Hao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Research Center for Nano-biomaterials & Regenerative Medicine, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, PR China
| | - Yan Wei
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Research Center for Nano-biomaterials & Regenerative Medicine, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, PR China; Shanxi-Zheda Institute of Advanced Materials and Chemical Engineering, Taiyuan 030032, PR China.
| | - Ziwei Liang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Research Center for Nano-biomaterials & Regenerative Medicine, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, PR China; Shanxi-Zheda Institute of Advanced Materials and Chemical Engineering, Taiyuan 030032, PR China
| | - Liqin Zhao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Research Center for Nano-biomaterials & Regenerative Medicine, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, PR China; Shanxi-Zheda Institute of Advanced Materials and Chemical Engineering, Taiyuan 030032, PR China
| | - Danhong Yan
- Department of Medical Science and Technology, Suzhou Chien-Shiung Institute of Technology, Suzhou, Taicang 215411, PR China
| | - Di Huang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Research Center for Nano-biomaterials & Regenerative Medicine, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, PR China; Shanxi-Zheda Institute of Advanced Materials and Chemical Engineering, Taiyuan 030032, PR China.
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3
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Song L, Golman M, Abraham AC, Zelzer E, Thomopoulos S. A role for TGFβ signaling in Gli1+ tendon and enthesis cells. FASEB J 2024; 38:e23568. [PMID: 38522021 PMCID: PMC10962263 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202301452r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024]
Abstract
The development of musculoskeletal tissues such as tendon, enthesis, and bone relies on proliferation and differentiation of mesenchymal progenitor cells. Gli1+ cells have been described as putative stem cells in several tissues and are presumed to play critical roles in tissue formation and maintenance. For example, the enthesis, a fibrocartilage tissue that connects tendon to bone, is mineralized postnatally by a pool of Gli1+ progenitor cells. These cells are regulated by hedgehog signaling, but it is unclear if TGFβ signaling, necessary for tenogenesis, also plays a role in their behavior. To examine the role of TGFβ signaling in Gli1+ cell function, the receptor for TGFβ, TbR2, was deleted in Gli1-lineage cells in mice at P5. Decreased TGFβ signaling in these cells led to defects in tendon enthesis formation by P56, including defective bone morphometry underlying the enthesis and decreased mechanical properties. Immunohistochemical staining of these Gli1+ cells showed that loss of TGFβ signaling reduced proliferation and increased apoptosis. In vitro experiments using Gli1+ cells isolated from mouse tail tendons demonstrated that TGFβ controls cell proliferation and differentiation through canonical and non-canonical pathways and that TGFβ directly controls the tendon transcription factor scleraxis by binding to its distant enhancer. These results have implications in the development of treatments for tendon and enthesis pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee Song
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Columbia University, New York, NY10032, USA
| | - Mikhail Golman
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Columbia University, New York, NY10032, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY10027, USA
| | - Adam C. Abraham
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Elazar Zelzer
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Israel
| | - Stavros Thomopoulos
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Columbia University, New York, NY10032, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY10027, USA
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Brzezinski ET, Hubbe M, Hunter RL, Agnew AM. Sex differences in workload in medieval Poland: Patterns of asymmetry and biomechanical adaptation in the upper limb at Giecz. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2024; 183:e24886. [PMID: 38130087 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.24886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study characterizes sexual dimorphism in skeletal markers of upper limb mechanical loading due to lateralization as evidence of division of labor in medieval Giecz, Poland. METHODS Twenty-six dimensions for paired humeri, clavicles, and radii representing adult males (n = 89) and females (n = 53) were collected from a skeletal sample from the cemetery site Gz4. Percent directional asymmetry (DA) and absolute asymmetry (AA) for each dimension were compared among bones, osteometric subcategories, and sex. Additionally, side bias and sex differences were assessed in degenerative joint disease (DJD) and entheseal changes (ECs). RESULTS Nearly all measurements revealed significant asymmetry favoring the right side. Asymmetry was most pronounced in midshaft dimensions with few sex differences. There were more correlations among dimensions within elements than between elements, mainly in the midshaft. No laterality in DJD frequencies was noted for either sex, but females demonstrated significantly lower odds of having DJD than males in most joints. Most ECs demonstrated a right-bias and association with DA with no sex-specific patterns except the biceps brachii insertion, where females were ~5 times more likely to be scored "right" than males. DISCUSSION The general lack of sex differences in asymmetry and ECs suggests similarly demanding workloads for females and males, with the exception of sex-specific functional loading differences in the forearm. Further, DJD data suggest males engaged in more intensive activities involving the upper limb. These results enhance understanding of workload in this important historical period and provide a comparison for asymmetry in past populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma T Brzezinski
- Department of Anthropology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Skeletal Biology Research Lab, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Mark Hubbe
- Department of Anthropology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Randee L Hunter
- Department of Anthropology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Skeletal Biology Research Lab, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Amanda M Agnew
- Department of Anthropology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Skeletal Biology Research Lab, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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Mienaltowski MJ, Callahan M, Gonzales NL, Wong A. Examining the Potential of Vitamin C Supplementation in Tissue-Engineered Equine Superficial Digital Flexor Tendon Constructs. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:17098. [PMID: 38069418 PMCID: PMC10707379 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242317098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 11/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Because equine tendinopathies are slow to heal and often recur, therapeutic strategies are being considered that aid tendon repair. Given the success of utilizing vitamin C to promote tenogenesis in other species, we hypothesized that vitamin C supplementation would produce dose-dependent improvements in the tenogenic properties of tendon proper (TP) and peritenon (PERI) cells of the equine superficial digital flexor tendon (SDFT). Equine TP- and PERI-progenitor-cell-seeded fibrin three-dimensional constructs were supplemented with four concentrations of vitamin C. The gene expression profiles of the constructs were assessed with 3'-Tag-Seq and real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR); collagen content and fibril ultrastructure were also analyzed. Moreover, cells were challenged with dexamethasone to determine the levels of cytoprotection afforded by vitamin C. Expression profiling demonstrated that vitamin C had an anti-inflammatory effect on TP and PERI cell constructs. Moreover, vitamin C supplementation mitigated the degenerative pathways seen in tendinopathy and increased collagen content in tendon constructs. When challenged with dexamethasone in two-dimensional culture, vitamin C had a cytoprotective effect for TP cells but not necessarily for PERI cells. Future studies will explore the effects of vitamin C on these cells during inflammation and within the tendon niche in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J. Mienaltowski
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agricultural & Environmental Sciences, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Mitchell Callahan
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agricultural & Environmental Sciences, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Nicole L. Gonzales
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Angelique Wong
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agricultural & Environmental Sciences, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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6
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Brown ME, Puetzer JL. Enthesis maturation in engineered ligaments is differentially driven by loads that mimic slow growth elongation and rapid cyclic muscle movement. Acta Biomater 2023; 172:106-122. [PMID: 37839633 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2023.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 09/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
Entheses are complex attachments that translate load between elastic-ligaments and stiff-bone via organizational and compositional gradients. Neither natural healing, repair, nor engineered replacements restore these gradients, contributing to high re-tear rates. Previously, we developed a culture system which guides ligament fibroblasts in high-density collagen gels to develop early postnatal-like entheses, however further maturation is needed. Mechanical cues, including slow growth elongation and cyclic muscle activity, are critical to enthesis development in vivo but these cues have not been widely explored in engineered entheses and their individual contribution to maturation is largely unknown. Our objective here was to investigate how slow stretch, mimicking ACL growth rates, and intermittent cyclic loading, mimicking muscle activity, individually drive enthesis maturation in our system so to shed light on the cues governing enthesis development, while further developing our tissue engineered replacements. Interestingly, we found these loads differentially drive organizational maturation, with slow stretch driving improvements in the interface/enthesis region, and cyclic load improving the ligament region. However, despite differentially affecting organization, both loads produced improvements to interface mechanics and zonal composition. This study provides insight into how mechanical cues differentially affect enthesis development, while producing some of the most organized engineered enthesis to date. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Entheses attach ligaments to bone and are critical to load transfer; however, entheses do not regenerate with repair or replacement, contributing to high re-tear rates. Mechanical cues are critical to enthesis development in vivo but their individual contribution to maturation is largely unknown and they have not been widely explored in engineered replacements. Here, using a novel culture system, we provide new insight into how slow stretch, mimicking ACL growth rates, and intermittent cyclic loading, mimicking muscle activity, differentially affect enthesis maturation in engineered ligament-to-bone tissues, ultimately producing some of the most organized entheses to date. This system is a promising platform to explore cues regulating enthesis formation so to produce functional engineered replacements and better drive regeneration following repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ethan Brown
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23284, United States
| | - Jennifer L Puetzer
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23284, United States; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23284, United States.
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Chatterjee M, Evans MK, Bell R, Nguyen PK, Kamalitdinov TB, Korntner S, Kuo CK, Dyment NA, Andarawis-Puri N. Histological and immunohistochemical guide to tendon tissue. J Orthop Res 2023; 41:2114-2132. [PMID: 37321983 DOI: 10.1002/jor.25645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Tendons are unique dense connective tissues with discrete zones having specific structure and function. They are juxtaposed with other tissues (e.g., bone, muscle, and fat) with different compositional, structural, and mechanical properties. Additionally, tendon properties change drastically with growth and development, disease, aging, and injury. Consequently, there are unique challenges to performing high quality histological assessment of this tissue. To address this need, histological assessment was one of the breakout session topics at the 2022 Orthopaedic Research Society (ORS) Tendon Conference hosted at the University of Pennsylvania. The purpose of the breakout session was to discuss needs from members of the ORS Tendon Section related to histological procedures, data presentation, knowledge dissemination, and guidelines for future work. Therefore, this review provides a brief overview of the outcomes of this discussion and provides a set of guidelines, based on the perspectives from our laboratories, for histological assessment to assist researchers in their quest to utilize these techniques to enhance the outcomes and interpretations of their studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monideepa Chatterjee
- Nancy E. and Peter C. Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Mary K Evans
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Rebecca Bell
- Sibley School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Phong K Nguyen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Timur B Kamalitdinov
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Stefanie Korntner
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Catherine K Kuo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, USA
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Maryland Medical Center, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Nathaniel A Dyment
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Nelly Andarawis-Puri
- Nancy E. and Peter C. Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
- Sibley School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
- Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York, USA
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Little D, Amadio PC, Awad HA, Cone SG, Dyment NA, Fisher MB, Huang AH, Koch DW, Kuntz AF, Madi R, McGilvray K, Schnabel LV, Shetye SS, Thomopoulos S, Zhao C, Soslowsky LJ. Preclinical tendon and ligament models: Beyond the 3Rs (replacement, reduction, and refinement) to 5W1H (why, who, what, where, when, how). J Orthop Res 2023; 41:2133-2162. [PMID: 37573480 PMCID: PMC10561191 DOI: 10.1002/jor.25678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/14/2023]
Abstract
Several tendon and ligament animal models were presented at the 2022 Orthopaedic Research Society Tendon Section Conference held at the University of Pennsylvania, May 5 to 7, 2022. A key objective of the breakout sessions at this meeting was to develop guidelines for the field, including for preclinical tendon and ligament animal models. This review summarizes the perspectives of experts for eight surgical small and large animal models of rotator cuff tear, flexor tendon transection, anterior cruciate ligament tear, and Achilles tendon injury using the framework: "Why, Who, What, Where, When, and How" (5W1H). A notable conclusion is that the perfect tendon model does not exist; there is no single gold standard animal model that represents the totality of tendon and ligament disease. Each model has advantages and disadvantages and should be carefully considered in light of the specific research question. There are also circumstances when an animal model is not the best approach. The wide variety of tendon and ligament pathologies necessitates choices between small and large animal models, different anatomic sites, and a range of factors associated with each model during the planning phase. Attendees agreed on some guiding principles including: providing clear justification for the model selected, providing animal model details at publication, encouraging sharing of protocols and expertise, improving training of research personnel, and considering greater collaboration with veterinarians. A clear path for translating from animal models to clinical practice was also considered as a critical next step for accelerating progress in the tendon and ligament field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dianne Little
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, The Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Peter C Amadio
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Hani A Awad
- Department of Orthopaedics, Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Stephanie G Cone
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, USA
| | - Nathaniel A Dyment
- McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Matthew B Fisher
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, North Carolina State University-University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Alice H Huang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Drew W Koch
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, and Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Andrew F Kuntz
- McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Rashad Madi
- McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Kirk McGilvray
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, School of Biomedical Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Lauren V Schnabel
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, and Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Snehal S Shetye
- McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Stavros Thomopoulos
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Chunfeng Zhao
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Louis J Soslowsky
- McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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9
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Zhang T, Wan L, Xiao H, Wang L, Hu J, Lu H. Single-cell RNA sequencing reveals cellular and molecular heterogeneity in fibrocartilaginous enthesis formation. eLife 2023; 12:e85873. [PMID: 37698466 PMCID: PMC10513478 DOI: 10.7554/elife.85873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The attachment site of the rotator cuff (RC) is a classic fibrocartilaginous enthesis, which is the junction between bone and tendon with typical characteristics of a fibrocartilage transition zone. Enthesis development has historically been studied with lineage tracing of individual genes selected a priori, which does not allow for the determination of single-cell landscapes yielding mature cell types and tissues. Here, in together with open-source GSE182997 datasets (three samples) provided by Fang et al., we applied Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) to delineate the comprehensive postnatal RC enthesis growth and the temporal atlas from as early as postnatal day 1 up to postnatal week 8. And, we furtherly performed single-cell spatial transcriptomic sequencing on postnatal day 1 mouse enthesis, in order to deconvolute bone-tendon junction (BTJ) chondrocytes onto spatial spots. In summary, we deciphered the cellular heterogeneity and the molecular dynamics during fibrocartilage differentiation. Combined with current spatial transcriptomic data, our results provide a transcriptional resource that will support future investigations of enthesis development at the mechanistic level and may shed light on the strategies for enhanced RC healing outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Zhang
- Department of Sports Medicine, Xiangya Hospital Central South UniversityChangshaChina
- Key Laboratory of Organ Injury, Aging and Regenerative Medicine of Hunan ProvinceChangshaChina
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South UniversityChangshaChina
| | - Liyang Wan
- Department of Sports Medicine, Xiangya Hospital Central South UniversityChangshaChina
- Key Laboratory of Organ Injury, Aging and Regenerative Medicine of Hunan ProvinceChangshaChina
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South UniversityChangshaChina
| | - Han Xiao
- Department of Sports Medicine, Xiangya Hospital Central South UniversityChangshaChina
- Key Laboratory of Organ Injury, Aging and Regenerative Medicine of Hunan ProvinceChangshaChina
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South UniversityChangshaChina
| | - Linfeng Wang
- Department of Sports Medicine, Xiangya Hospital Central South UniversityChangshaChina
- Key Laboratory of Organ Injury, Aging and Regenerative Medicine of Hunan ProvinceChangshaChina
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South UniversityChangshaChina
| | - Jianzhong Hu
- Key Laboratory of Organ Injury, Aging and Regenerative Medicine of Hunan ProvinceChangshaChina
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South UniversityChangshaChina
- Department of Spine Surgery and Orthopaedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South UniversityChangshaChina
| | - Hongbin Lu
- Department of Sports Medicine, Xiangya Hospital Central South UniversityChangshaChina
- Key Laboratory of Organ Injury, Aging and Regenerative Medicine of Hunan ProvinceChangshaChina
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South UniversityChangshaChina
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10
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Rana R, Baker JT, Sorsby M, Jagga S, Venkat S, Almardini S, Liu ES. Impaired 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 action underlies enthesopathy development in the Hyp mouse model of X-linked hypophosphatemia. JCI Insight 2023; 8:e163259. [PMID: 37490334 PMCID: PMC10544216 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.163259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023] Open
Abstract
X-linked hypophosphatemia (XLH) is characterized by high serum fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) levels, resulting in impaired 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25D) production. Adults with XLH develop a painful mineralization of the tendon-bone attachment site (enthesis), called enthesopathy. Treatment of mice with XLH (Hyp) with 1,25D or an anti-FGF23 Ab, both of which increase 1,25D signaling, prevents enthesopathy. Therefore, we undertook studies to determine a role for impaired 1,25D action in enthesopathy development. Entheses from mice lacking vitamin D 1α-hydroxylase (Cyp27b1) (C-/-) had a similar enthesopathy to Hyp mice, whereas deletion of Fgf23 in Hyp mice prevented enthesopathy, and deletion of both Cyp27b1 and Fgf23 in mice resulted in enthesopathy, demonstrating that the impaired 1,25D action due to high FGF23 levels underlies XLH enthesopathy development. Like Hyp mice, enthesopathy in C-/- mice was observed by P14 and was prevented, but not reversed, with 1,25D therapy. Deletion of the vitamin D receptor in scleraxis-expressing cells resulted in enthesopathy, indicating that 1,25D acted directly on enthesis cells to regulate enthesopathy development. These results show that 1,25D signaling was necessary for normal postnatal enthesis maturation and played a role in XLH enthesopathy development. Optimizing 1,25D replacement in pediatric patients with XLH is necessary to prevent enthesopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rakshya Rana
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Hypertension, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jiana T. Baker
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Hypertension, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Melissa Sorsby
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Hypertension, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Supriya Jagga
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Hypertension, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Shreya Venkat
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Hypertension, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Shaza Almardini
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Hypertension, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Eva S. Liu
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Hypertension, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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11
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Wernlé KK, Sonnenfelt MA, Leek CC, Ganji E, Sullivan AL, Offutt C, Shuff J, Ornitz DM, Killian ML. Loss of Fgfr1 and Fgfr2 in Scleraxis-lineage cells leads to enlarged bone eminences and attachment cell death. Dev Dyn 2023; 252:1180-1188. [PMID: 37212424 PMCID: PMC10524747 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tendons and ligaments attach to bone are essential for joint mobility and stability in vertebrates. Tendon and ligament attachments (ie, entheses) are found at bony protrusions (ie, eminences), and the shape and size of these protrusions depend on both mechanical forces and cellular cues during growth. Tendon eminences also contribute to mechanical leverage for skeletal muscle. Fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) signaling plays a critical role in bone development, and Fgfr1 and Fgfr2 are highly expressed in the perichondrium and periosteum of bone where entheses can be found. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS We used transgenic mice for combinatorial knockout of Fgfr1 and/or Fgfr2 in tendon/attachment progenitors (ScxCre) and measured eminence size and shape. Conditional deletion of both, but not individual, Fgfr1 and Fgfr2 in Scx progenitors led to enlarged eminences in the postnatal skeleton and shortening of long bones. In addition, Fgfr1/Fgfr2 double conditional knockout mice had more variation collagen fibril size in tendon, decreased tibial slope, and increased cell death at ligament attachments. These findings identify a role for FGFR signaling in regulating growth and maintenance of tendon/ligament attachments and the size and shape of bony eminences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kendra K. Wernlé
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, 150 Academy St, Newark, Delaware, 19716
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Michael A. Sonnenfelt
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, 150 Academy St, Newark, Delaware, 19716
| | - Connor C. Leek
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, 150 Academy St, Newark, Delaware, 19716
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Michigan, 109 Zina Pitcher Pl, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Elahe Ganji
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, 150 Academy St, Newark, Delaware, 19716
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Michigan, 109 Zina Pitcher Pl, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Delaware, 130 Academy St, Newark, DE 19716
| | - Anna Lia Sullivan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, 150 Academy St, Newark, Delaware, 19716
| | - Claudia Offutt
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, 150 Academy St, Newark, Delaware, 19716
| | - Jordan Shuff
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, 150 Academy St, Newark, Delaware, 19716
| | - David M. Ornitz
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, St Louis, Missouri, 63110
| | - Megan L. Killian
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, 150 Academy St, Newark, Delaware, 19716
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Michigan, 109 Zina Pitcher Pl, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
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12
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Subramanian A, Kanzaki LF, Schilling TF. Mechanical force regulates Sox9 expression at the developing enthesis. Development 2023; 150:dev201141. [PMID: 37497608 PMCID: PMC10445799 DOI: 10.1242/dev.201141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
Entheses transmit force from tendons and ligaments to the skeleton. Regional organization of enthesis extracellular matrix (ECM) generates differences in stiffness required for force transmission. Two key transcription factors co-expressed in entheseal tenocytes, scleraxis (Scx) and Sox9, directly control production of enthesis ECM components. Formation of embryonic craniofacial entheses in zebrafish coincides with onset of jaw movements, possibly in response to the force of muscle contraction. We show dynamic changes in scxa and sox9a mRNA levels in subsets of entheseal tenocytes that correlate with their roles in force transmission. We also show that transcription of a direct target of Scxa, Col1a, in enthesis ECM is regulated by the ratio of scxa to sox9a expression. Eliminating muscle contraction by paralyzing embryos during early stages of musculoskeletal differentiation alters relative levels of scxa and sox9a in entheses, primarily owing to increased sox9a expression. Force-dependent TGF-β (TGFβ) signaling is required to maintain this balance of scxa and sox9a expression. Thus, force from muscle contraction helps establish a balance of transcription factor expression that controls specialized ECM organization at the tendon enthesis and its ability to transmit force.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arul Subramanian
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Lauren F. Kanzaki
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Thomas F. Schilling
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
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13
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Abdalla AA, Pendegrass CJ. Biological approaches to the repair and regeneration of the rotator cuff tendon-bone enthesis: a literature review. BIOMATERIALS TRANSLATIONAL 2023; 4:85-103. [PMID: 38283917 PMCID: PMC10817785 DOI: 10.12336/biomatertransl.2023.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
Entheses are highly specialised organs connecting ligaments and tendons to bones, facilitating force transmission, and providing mechanical strengths to absorb forces encountered. Two types of entheses, fibrocartilaginous and fibrous, exist in interfaces. The gradual fibrocartilaginous type is in rotator cuff tendons and is more frequently injured due to the poor healing capacity that leads to loss of the original structural and biomechanical properties and is attributed to the high prevalence of retears. Fluctuating methodologies and outcomes of biological approaches are challenges to overcome for them to be routinely used in clinics. Therefore, stratifying the existing literature according to different categories (chronicity, extent of tear, and studied population) would effectively guide repair approaches. This literature review supports tissue engineering approaches to promote rotator cuff enthesis healing employing cells, growth factors, and scaffolds period. Outcomes suggest its promising role in animal studies as well as some clinical trials and that combination therapies are more beneficial than individualized ones. It then highlights the importance of tailoring interventions according to the tear extent, chronicity, and the population being treated. Contributing factors such as loading, deficiencies, and lifestyle habits should also be taken into consideration. Optimum results can be achieved if biological, mechanical, and environmental factors are approached. It is challenging to determine whether variations are due to the interventions themselves, the animal models, loading regimen, materials, or tear mechanisms. Future research should focus on tailoring interventions for different categories to formulate protocols, which would best guide regenerative medicine decision making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahlam A. Abdalla
- Institute of Sport, Exercise and Health (ISEH), Division of Surgery & Interventional Sciences, University College London, London, UK
| | - Catherine J. Pendegrass
- Department of Orthopaedics & Musculoskeletal Science, Division of Surgery & Interventional Sciences, University College London, Brockley Hill, Stanmore, UK
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14
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Ganji E, Lamia SN, Stepanovich M, Whyte N, Goulet RW, Abraham AC, Killian ML. Optogenetic-induced muscle loading leads to mechanical adaptation of the Achilles tendon enthesis in mice. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadf4683. [PMID: 37352350 PMCID: PMC10289645 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adf4683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/25/2023]
Abstract
Skeletal shape depends on the transmission of contractile muscle forces from tendon to bone across the enthesis. Loss of muscle loading impairs enthesis development, yet little is known if and how the postnatal enthesis adapts to increased loading. Here, we studied adaptations in enthesis structure and function in response to increased loading, using optogenetically induced muscle contraction in young (i.e., growth) and adult (i.e., mature) mice. Daily bouts of unilateral optogenetic loading in young mice led to radial calcaneal expansion and warping. This also led to a weaker enthesis with increased collagen damage in young tendon and enthisis, with little change in adult mice. We then used RNA sequencing to identify the pathways associated with increased mechanical loading during growth. In tendon, we found enrichment of glycolysis, focal adhesion, and cell-matrix interactions. In bone, we found enrichment of inflammation and cell cycle. Together, we demonstrate the utility of optogenetic-induced muscle contraction to elicit in vivo adaptation of the enthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elahe Ganji
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, 109 Zina Pitcher Pl., Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 405 North Mathews Ave., Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, 540 S. College Ave., Newark, DE 19713, USA
| | - Syeda N. Lamia
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, 109 Zina Pitcher Pl., Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, 2350 Hayward St., Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Matthew Stepanovich
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, 109 Zina Pitcher Pl., Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Noelle Whyte
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, 109 Zina Pitcher Pl., Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Robert W. Goulet
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, 109 Zina Pitcher Pl., Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Adam C. Abraham
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, 109 Zina Pitcher Pl., Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Megan L. Killian
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, 109 Zina Pitcher Pl., Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, 540 S. College Ave., Newark, DE 19713, USA
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15
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Ganji E, Lamia SN, Stepanovich M, Whyte N, Abraham AC, Killian ML. Optogenetic-Induced Muscle Loading Leads to Mechanical Adaptation of the Achilles Tendon Enthesis in Mice. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.04.11.536376. [PMID: 37090593 PMCID: PMC10120626 DOI: 10.1101/2023.04.11.536376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
Abstract
The growth of the skeleton depends on the transmission of contractile muscle forces from tendon to bone across the extracellular matrix-rich enthesis. Loss of muscle loading leads to significant impairments in enthesis development. However, little is known about how the enthesis responds to increased loading during postnatal growth. To study the cellular and matrix adaptations of the enthesis in response to increased muscle loading, we used optogenetics to induce skeletal muscle contraction and unilaterally load the Achilles tendon and enthesis in young (i.e., during growth) and adult (i.e., mature) mice. In young mice, daily bouts of unilateral optogenetic loading led to expansion of the calcaneal apophysis and growth plate, as well as increased vascularization of the normally avascular enthesis. Daily loading bouts, delivered for 3 weeks, also led to a mechanically weaker enthesis with increased molecular-level accumulation of collagen damage in young mice. However, adult mice did not exhibit impaired mechanical properties or noticeable structural adaptations to the enthesis. We then focused on the transcriptional response of the young tendon and bone following optogenetic-induced loading. After 1 or 2 weeks of loading, we identified, in tendon, transcriptional activation of canonical pathways related to glucose metabolism (glycolysis) and inhibited pathways associated with cytoskeletal remodeling (e.g., RHOA and CREB signaling). In bone, we identified activation of inflammatory signaling (e.g., NFkB and STAT3 signaling) and inhibition of ERK/MAPK and PTEN signaling. Thus, we have demonstrated the utility of optogenetic-induced skeletal muscle contraction to elicit structural, functional, and molecular adaptation of the enthesis in vivo especially during growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elahe Ganji
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, 109 Zina Pitcher Pl., Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 405 North Mathews Ave., Urbana, Illinois, 61801
| | - Syeda N Lamia
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, 109 Zina Pitcher Pl., Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, 2350 Hayward St., Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109
| | - Matthew Stepanovich
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, 109 Zina Pitcher Pl., Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109
| | - Noelle Whyte
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, 109 Zina Pitcher Pl., Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109
| | - Adam C Abraham
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, 109 Zina Pitcher Pl., Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109
| | - Megan L Killian
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, 109 Zina Pitcher Pl., Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, 540 S. College Ave., Newark, Delaware, 19713
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16
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Insights into the Molecular and Hormonal Regulation of Complications of X-Linked Hypophosphatemia. ENDOCRINES 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/endocrines4010014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
X-linked hypophosphatemia (XLH) is characterized by mutations in the PHEX gene, leading to elevated serum levels of FGF23, decreased production of 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25D), and hypophosphatemia. Those affected with XLH manifest impaired growth and skeletal and dentoalveolar mineralization as well as increased mineralization of the tendon–bone attachment site (enthesopathy), all of which lead to decreased quality of life. Many molecular and murine studies have detailed the role of mineral ions and hormones in regulating complications of XLH, including how they modulate growth and growth plate maturation, bone mineralization and structure, osteocyte-mediated mineral matrix resorption and canalicular organization, and enthesopathy development. While these studies have provided insight into the molecular underpinnings of these skeletal processes, current therapies available for XLH do not fully prevent or treat these complications. Therefore, further investigations are needed to determine the molecular pathophysiology underlying the complications of XLH.
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17
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Ganji E, Leek C, Duncan W, Patra D, Ornitz DM, Killian ML. Targeted deletion of Fgf9 in tendon disrupts mineralization of the developing enthesis. FASEB J 2023; 37:e22777. [PMID: 36734881 PMCID: PMC10108073 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202201614r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The enthesis is a transitional tissue between tendon and bone that matures postnatally. The development and maturation of the enthesis involve cellular processes likened to an arrested growth plate. In this study, we explored the role of fibroblast growth factor 9 (Fgf9), a known regulator of chondrogenesis and vascularization during bone development, on the structure and function of the postnatal enthesis. First, we confirmed spatial expression of Fgf9 in the tendon and enthesis using in situ hybridization. We then used Cre-lox recombinase to conditionally knockout Fgf9 in mouse tendon and enthesis (Scx-Cre) and characterized enthesis morphology as well as mechanical properties in Fgf9ScxCre and wild-type (WT) entheses. Fgf9ScxCre mice had smaller calcaneal and humeral apophyses, thinner cortical bone at the attachment, increased cellularity, and reduced failure load in mature entheses compared to WT littermates. During postnatal development, we found reduced chondrocyte hypertrophy and disrupted type X collagen (Col X) in Fgf9ScxCre entheses. These findings support that tendon-derived Fgf9 is important for functional development of the enthesis, including its postnatal mineralization. Our findings suggest the potential role of FGF signaling during enthesis development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elahe Ganji
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Michigan Medicine, Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA.,Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Delaware, Delaware, Newark, USA.,Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 61801, IL, Urbana, United States.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, Delaware, Newark, USA
| | - Connor Leek
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Michigan Medicine, Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, Delaware, Newark, USA
| | - William Duncan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, Delaware, Newark, USA
| | - Debabrata Patra
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, Missouri, St Louis, USA
| | - David M Ornitz
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, Missouri, St Louis, USA
| | - Megan L Killian
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Michigan Medicine, Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, Delaware, Newark, USA
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18
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Ozone K, Minegishi Y, Takahata K, Takahashi H, Yoneno M, Hattori S, Xianglan L, Oka Y, Murata K, Kanemura N. Eccentric contraction-dominant exercise leads to molecular biological changes in enthesis and enthesopathy-like morphological changes. J Orthop Res 2023; 41:511-523. [PMID: 35716158 DOI: 10.1002/jor.25399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Entheses, which are tendon-to-bone attachment sites in the musculoskeletal system, play important roles in optimizing the mechanical stress and force transmitted from the muscle to the bone. Sports-related enthesopathy shows pathological features, including hyperplasia of the fibrocartilage (FC) region in the enthesis. The amount of exercise and type of muscle contraction during movement is involved in the pathogenesis of sports-related enthesopathy; however, the details of this condition are unclear. Here we examined the molecular pathways involved in the morphological changes of the muscle-tendon-enthesis complex and enthesis FC region in the supraspinatus muscle enthesis of mice under different exercise conditions. Following intervention, morphological changes in the muscle-tendon-enthesis complex were initiated in the eccentric contraction-dominant exercise group at 2 weeks, with activation of the transforming growth factor-β (TGFβ) superfamily pathway predicted by proteome and ingenuity pathway analyses. Histological and molecular biological analyses confirmed the activation of the TGFβ/bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)-Smad pathway. The concentric contraction-dominant exercise group showed no change in the morphology of the muscle-tendon-enthesis complex or activation of the TGFβ/BMP-Smad pathway, despite overuse exercise. Statement of Clinical Significance: These results suggest that eccentric contraction-dominant exercise induces sports-related enthesopathy-like morphological changes in the early stages as well as molecular biological changes, mainly in the transforming growth factor-β superfamily pathway in enthesis. Statement of Clinical Significance: These results suggest that eccentric contraction-dominant exercise induces sports-related enthesopathy-like morphological changes in the early stages as well as molecular biological changes, mainly in the transforming growth factor-β superfamily pathway in enthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaichi Ozone
- Department of Health and Social Services, Health and Social Services, Graduate School of Saitama Prefectural University, Koshigaya, Saitama, Japan.,Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuki Minegishi
- Department of Health and Social Services, Health and Social Services, Graduate School of Saitama Prefectural University, Koshigaya, Saitama, Japan.,Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kei Takahata
- Department of Health and Social Services, Health and Social Services, Graduate School of Saitama Prefectural University, Koshigaya, Saitama, Japan
| | - Haruna Takahashi
- Department of Health and Social Services, Health and Social Services, Graduate School of Saitama Prefectural University, Koshigaya, Saitama, Japan
| | - Moe Yoneno
- Department of Health and Social Services, Health and Social Services, Graduate School of Saitama Prefectural University, Koshigaya, Saitama, Japan
| | - Shinya Hattori
- Nanotechnology Innovation Station, National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Li Xianglan
- Nanotechnology Innovation Station, National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Oka
- Department of Health and Social Services, Health and Social Services, Graduate School of Saitama Prefectural University, Koshigaya, Saitama, Japan
| | - Kenji Murata
- Department of Physical Therapy, Health and Social Services, Saitama Prefectural University, Koshigaya, Saitama, Japan
| | - Naohiko Kanemura
- Department of Physical Therapy, Health and Social Services, Saitama Prefectural University, Koshigaya, Saitama, Japan
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19
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Mesenchymal stem cells and macrophages and their interactions in tendon-bone healing. J Orthop Translat 2023; 39:63-73. [PMID: 37188000 PMCID: PMC10175706 DOI: 10.1016/j.jot.2022.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 12/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Tendon-bone insertion injuries (TBI), such as anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) and rotator cuff injuries, are common degenerative or traumatic pathologies with a negative impact on the patient's daily life, and they cause huge economic losses every year. The healing process after an injury is complex and is dependent on the surrounding environment. Macrophages accumulate during the entire process of tendon and bone healing and their phenotypes progressively transform as they regenerate. As the "sensor and switch of the immune system", mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) respond to the inflammatory environment and exert immunomodulatory effects during the tendon-bone healing process. When exposed to appropriate stimuli, they can differentiate into different tissues, including chondrocytes, osteocytes, and epithelial cells, promoting reconstruction of the complex transitional structure of the enthesis. It is well known that MSCs and macrophages communicate with each other during tissue repair. In this review, we discuss the roles of macrophages and MSCs in TBI injury and healing. Reciprocal interactions between MSCs and macrophages and some biological processes utilizing their mutual relations in tendon-bone healing are also described. Additionally, we discuss the limitations in our understanding of tendon-bone healing and propose feasible ways to exploit MSC-macrophage interplay to develop an effective therapeutic strategy for TBI injuries. The Translational potential of this article This paper reviewed the important functions of macrophages and mesenchymal stem cells in tendon-bone healing and described the reciprocal interactions between them during the healing process. By managing macrophage phenotypes, mesenchymal stem cells and the interactions between them, some possible novel therapies for tendon-bone injury may be proposed to promote tendon-bone healing after restoration surgery.
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20
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Murphy P, Rolfe RA. Building a Co-ordinated Musculoskeletal System: The Plasticity of the Developing Skeleton in Response to Muscle Contractions. ADVANCES IN ANATOMY, EMBRYOLOGY, AND CELL BIOLOGY 2023; 236:81-110. [PMID: 37955772 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-38215-4_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
The skeletal musculature and the cartilage, bone and other connective tissues of the skeleton are intimately co-ordinated. The shape, size and structure of each bone in the body is sculpted through dynamic physical stimuli generated by muscle contraction, from early development, with onset of the first embryo movements, and through repair and remodelling in later life. The importance of muscle movement during development is shown by congenital abnormalities where infants that experience reduced movement in the uterus present a sequence of skeletal issues including temporary brittle bones and joint dysplasia. A variety of animal models, utilising different immobilisation scenarios, have demonstrated the precise timing and events that are dependent on mechanical stimulation from movement. This chapter lays out the evidence for skeletal system dependence on muscle movement, gleaned largely from mouse and chick immobilised embryos, showing the many aspects of skeletal development affected. Effects are seen in joint development, ossification, the size and shape of skeletal rudiments and tendons, including compromised mechanical function. The enormous plasticity of the skeletal system in response to muscle contraction is a key factor in building a responsive, functional system. Insights from this work have implications for our understanding of morphological evolution, particularly the challenging concept of emergence of new structures. It is also providing insight for the potential of physical therapy for infants suffering the effects of reduced uterine movement and is enhancing our understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in skeletal tissue differentiation, with potential for informing regenerative therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Murphy
- School of Natural Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland.
| | - Rebecca A Rolfe
- School of Natural Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
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21
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Zhang CH, Gao Y, Hung HH, Zhuo Z, Grodzinsky AJ, Lassar AB. Creb5 coordinates synovial joint formation with the genesis of articular cartilage. Nat Commun 2022; 13:7295. [PMID: 36435829 PMCID: PMC9701237 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-35010-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
While prior work has established that articular cartilage arises from Prg4-expressing perichondrial cells, it is not clear how this process is specifically restricted to the perichondrium of synovial joints. We document that the transcription factor Creb5 is necessary to initiate the expression of signaling molecules that both direct the formation of synovial joints and guide perichondrial tissue to form articular cartilage instead of bone. Creb5 promotes the generation of articular chondrocytes from perichondrial precursors in part by inducing expression of signaling molecules that block a Wnt5a autoregulatory loop in the perichondrium. Postnatal deletion of Creb5 in the articular cartilage leads to loss of both flat superficial zone articular chondrocytes coupled with a loss of both Prg4 and Wif1 expression in the articular cartilage; and a non-cell autonomous up-regulation of Ctgf. Our findings indicate that Creb5 promotes joint formation and the subsequent development of articular chondrocytes by driving the expression of signaling molecules that both specify the joint interzone and simultaneously inhibit a Wnt5a positive-feedback loop in the perichondrium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Hai Zhang
- grid.38142.3c000000041936754XDepartment of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Blavatnik Institute at Harvard Medical School, 240 Longwood Ave., Boston, MA 02115 USA
| | - Yao Gao
- grid.38142.3c000000041936754XDepartment of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Blavatnik Institute at Harvard Medical School, 240 Longwood Ave., Boston, MA 02115 USA
| | - Han-Hwa Hung
- grid.116068.80000 0001 2341 2786Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA
| | - Zhu Zhuo
- grid.38142.3c000000041936754XBioinformatics Core, Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115 USA
| | - Alan J. Grodzinsky
- grid.116068.80000 0001 2341 2786Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA
| | - Andrew B. Lassar
- grid.38142.3c000000041936754XDepartment of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Blavatnik Institute at Harvard Medical School, 240 Longwood Ave., Boston, MA 02115 USA
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22
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Liu C, Zhou N, Li N, Xu T, Chen X, Zhou H, Xie A, Liu H, Zhu L, Wang S, Xiao J. Disrupted tenogenesis in masseter as a potential cause of micrognathia. Int J Oral Sci 2022; 14:50. [PMID: 36257937 PMCID: PMC9579150 DOI: 10.1038/s41368-022-00196-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Micrognathia is a severe craniofacial deformity affecting appearance and survival. Previous studies revealed that multiple factors involved in the osteogenesis of mandibular bone have contributed to micrognathia, but concerned little on factors other than osteogenesis. In the current study, we found that ectopic activation of Fgf8 by Osr2-cre in the presumptive mesenchyme for masseter tendon in mice led to micrognathia, masseter regression, and the disrupted patterning and differentiation of masseter tendon. Since Myf5-cre;Rosa26R-Fgf8 mice exhibited the normal masseter and mandibular bone, the possibility that the micrognathia and masseter regression resulted directly from the over-expressed Fgf8 was excluded. Further investigation disclosed that a series of chondrogenic markers were ectopically activated in the developing Osr2-cre;Rosa26R-Fgf8 masseter tendon, while the mechanical sensing in the masseter and mandibular bone was obviously reduced. Thus, it suggested that the micrognathia in Osr2-cre;Rosa26R-Fgf8 mice resulted secondarily from the reduced mechanical force transmitted to mandibular bone. Consistently, when tenogenic or myogenic components were deleted from the developing mandibles, both the micrognathia and masseter degeneration took place with the decreased mechanical sensing in mandibular bone, which verified that the loss of mechanical force transmitted by masseter tendon could result in micrognathia. Furthermore, it appeared that the micrognathia resulting from the disrupted tenogenesis was attributed to the impaired osteogenic specification, instead of the differentiation in the periosteal progenitors. Our findings disclose a novel mechanism for mandibular morphogenesis, and shed light on the prevention and treatment for micrognathia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Liu
- Department of Oral Pathology, Dalian Medical University School of Stomatology, Dalian, China.,Academician Laboratory of Immunology and Oral Development & Regeneration, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Nan Zhou
- Department of Oral Pathology, Dalian Medical University School of Stomatology, Dalian, China
| | - Nan Li
- Department of Oral Pathology, Dalian Medical University School of Stomatology, Dalian, China.,Academician Laboratory of Immunology and Oral Development & Regeneration, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Tian Xu
- Department of Oral Pathology, Dalian Medical University School of Stomatology, Dalian, China
| | - Xiaoyan Chen
- Department of Oral Pathology, Dalian Medical University School of Stomatology, Dalian, China
| | - Hailing Zhou
- Department of Oral Pathology, Dalian Medical University School of Stomatology, Dalian, China
| | - Ailun Xie
- Department of Oral Pathology, Dalian Medical University School of Stomatology, Dalian, China
| | - Han Liu
- Department of Oral Pathology, Dalian Medical University School of Stomatology, Dalian, China.,Academician Laboratory of Immunology and Oral Development & Regeneration, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Lei Zhu
- Department of Oral Pathology, Dalian Medical University School of Stomatology, Dalian, China.,Academician Laboratory of Immunology and Oral Development & Regeneration, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Songlin Wang
- Academician Laboratory of Immunology and Oral Development & Regeneration, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China. .,Beijing Laboratory of Oral Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
| | - Jing Xiao
- Department of Oral Pathology, Dalian Medical University School of Stomatology, Dalian, China. .,Academician Laboratory of Immunology and Oral Development & Regeneration, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China.
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23
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Whitman MC, Gilette NM, Bell JL, Kim SA, Tischfield M, Engle EC. TWIST1, a gene associated with Saethre-Chotzen syndrome, regulates extraocular muscle organization in mouse. Dev Biol 2022; 490:126-133. [PMID: 35944701 PMCID: PMC9765759 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2022.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Heterozygous loss of function mutations in TWIST1 cause Saethre-Chotzen syndrome, which is characterized by craniosynostosis, facial asymmetry, ptosis, strabismus, and distinctive ear appearance. Individuals with syndromic craniosynostosis have high rates of strabismus and ptosis, but the underlying pathology is unknown. Some individuals with syndromic craniosynostosis have been noted to have absence of individual extraocular muscles or abnormal insertions of the extraocular muscles on the globe. Using conditional knock-out alleles for Twist1 in cranial mesenchyme, we test the hypothesis that Twist1 is required for extraocular muscle organization and position, attachment to the globe, and/or innervation by the cranial nerves. We examined the extraocular muscles in conditional Twist1 knock-out animals using Twist2-cre and Pdgfrb-cre drivers. Both are expressed in cranial mesoderm and neural crest. Conditional inactivation of Twist1 using these drivers leads to disorganized extraocular muscles that cannot be reliably identified as specific muscles. Tendons do not form normally at the insertion and origin of these dysplastic muscles. Knock-out of Twist1 expression in tendon precursors, using scleraxis-cre, however, does not alter EOM organization. Furthermore, developing motor neurons, which do not express Twist1, display abnormal axonal trajectories in the orbit in the presence of dysplastic extraocular muscles. Strabismus in individuals with TWIST1 mutations may therefore be caused by abnormalities in extraocular muscle development and secondary abnormalities in innervation and tendon formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary C Whitman
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA; F. M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Nicole M Gilette
- F. M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA; Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Jessica L Bell
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Seoyoung A Kim
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Max Tischfield
- F. M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA; Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Elizabeth C Engle
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA; F. M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA; Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA; Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, USA.
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24
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Saito T, Nakamichi R, Yoshida A, Hiranaka T, Okazaki Y, Nezu S, Matsuhashi M, Shimamura Y, Furumatsu T, Nishida K, Ozaki T. The effect of mechanical stress on enthesis homeostasis in a rat Achilles enthesis organ culture model. J Orthop Res 2022; 40:1872-1882. [PMID: 34783068 DOI: 10.1002/jor.25210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Tendons and ligaments are jointed to bones via an enthesis that is essential to the proper function of the muscular and skeletal structures. The aim of the study is to investigate the effect of mechanical stress on the enthesis. We used ex vivo models in organ cultures of rat Achilles tendons with calcaneus including the enthesis. The organ was attached to a mechanical stretching apparatus that can conduct cyclic tensile strain. We made the models of 1-mm elongation (0.5 Hz, 3% elongation), 2-mm elongation (0.5 Hz, 5% elongation), and no stress. Histological evaluation by Safranin O staining and Toluidin Blue and Picro Sirius red staining was conducted. Expression of sex-determining region Y-box 9 (Sox9), scleraxis (Scx), Runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2), and matrix metalloproteinase 13 (Mmp13) were examined by real-time polymerase chain reaction and immunocytochemistry. Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate biotin nick end-labeling and live/dead staining and was conducted for evaluation of the apoptosis and cell viability. The structure of the enthesis was most maintained in the model of 1-mm elongation. The electronic microscope showed that the enthesis of the no stress model had ill-defined borders between fibrocartilage and mineralized fibrocartilage, and that calcification of mineralized fibrocartilage occurred in the model of 2-mm elongation. Sox9 and Scx was upregulated by 1-mm elongation, whereas Runx2 and Mmp13 were upregulated by 2-mm elongation. Apoptosis was inhibited by low stress. The results of this study suggested that 1-mm elongation can maintain the structure of the enthesis, while 2-mm elongation promotes degenerative changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taichi Saito
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Ryo Nakamichi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan.,Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Aki Yoshida
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Takaaki Hiranaka
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Yuki Okazaki
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Satoshi Nezu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Minami Matsuhashi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Yasunori Shimamura
- Department of Sports Medicine, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Takayuki Furumatsu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Keiichiro Nishida
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Toshifumi Ozaki
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
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25
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Vinestock RC, Felsenthal N, Assaraf E, Katz E, Rubin S, Heinemann-Yerushalmi L, Krief S, Dezorella N, Levin-Zaidman S, Tsoory M, Thomopoulos S, Zelzer E. Neonatal Enthesis Healing Involves Noninflammatory Acellular Scar Formation through Extracellular Matrix Secretion by Resident Cells. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2022; 192:1122-1135. [PMID: 35659946 PMCID: PMC9379688 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2022.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Wound healing typically recruits the immune and vascular systems to restore tissue structure and function. However, injuries to the enthesis, a hypocellular and avascular tissue, often result in fibrotic scar formation and loss of mechanical properties, severely affecting musculoskeletal function and life quality. This raises questions about the healing capabilities of the enthesis. Herein, this study established an injury model to the Achilles entheses of neonatal mice to study the effectiveness of early-age enthesis healing. Histology and immunohistochemistry analyses revealed an atypical process that did not involve inflammation or angiogenesis. Instead, healing was mediated by secretion of collagen types I and II by resident cells, which formed a permanent hypocellular and avascular scar. Transmission electron microscopy showed that the cellular response to injury, including endoplasmic reticulum stress, autophagy, and cell death, varied between the tendon and cartilage ends of the enthesis. Single-molecule in situ hybridization, immunostaining, and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling assays verified these differences. Finally, gait analysis showed that these processes effectively restored function of the injured leg. These findings reveal a novel healing mechanism in neonatal entheses, whereby local extracellular matrix secretion by resident cells forms an acellular extracellular matrix deposit without inflammation, allowing gait restoration. These insights into the healing mechanism of a complex transitional tissue may lead to new therapeutic strategies for adult enthesis injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ron C Vinestock
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Neta Felsenthal
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Eran Assaraf
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Eldad Katz
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Sarah Rubin
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | | | - Sharon Krief
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Nili Dezorella
- Department of Electron Microscopy Unit, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Smadar Levin-Zaidman
- Department of Electron Microscopy Unit, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Michael Tsoory
- Department of Veterinary Resources, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Stavros Thomopoulos
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Columbia University, New York, New York; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Elazar Zelzer
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel.
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26
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Hwang CD, Pagani CA, Nunez JH, Cherief M, Qin Q, Gomez-Salazar M, Kadaikal B, Kang H, Chowdary AR, Patel N, James AW, Levi B. Contemporary perspectives on heterotopic ossification. JCI Insight 2022; 7:158996. [PMID: 35866484 PMCID: PMC9431693 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.158996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Heterotopic ossification (HO) is the formation of ectopic bone that is primarily genetically driven (fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva [FOP]) or acquired in the setting of trauma (tHO). HO has undergone intense investigation, especially over the last 50 years, as awareness has increased around improving clinical technologies and incidence, such as with ongoing wartime conflicts. Current treatments for tHO and FOP remain prophylactic and include NSAIDs and glucocorticoids, respectively, whereas other proposed therapeutic modalities exhibit prohibitive risk profiles. Contemporary studies have elucidated mechanisms behind tHO and FOP and have described new distinct niches independent of inflammation that regulate ectopic bone formation. These investigations have propagated a paradigm shift in the approach to treatment and management of a historically difficult surgical problem, with ongoing clinical trials and promising new targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles D Hwang
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Chase A Pagani
- Department of Surgery, Center for Organogenesis Research and Trauma, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Johanna H Nunez
- Department of Surgery, Center for Organogenesis Research and Trauma, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Masnsen Cherief
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Qizhi Qin
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Balram Kadaikal
- Department of Surgery, Center for Organogenesis Research and Trauma, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Heeseog Kang
- Department of Surgery, Center for Organogenesis Research and Trauma, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Ashish R Chowdary
- Department of Surgery, Center for Organogenesis Research and Trauma, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Nicole Patel
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Aaron W James
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Benjamin Levi
- Department of Surgery, Center for Organogenesis Research and Trauma, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
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27
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The Emerging Role of Cell Transdifferentiation in Skeletal Development and Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23115974. [PMID: 35682655 PMCID: PMC9180549 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23115974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The vertebrate musculoskeletal system is known to be formed by mesenchymal stem cells condensing into tissue elements, which then differentiate into cartilage, bone, tendon/ligament, and muscle cells. These lineage-committed cells mature into end-stage differentiated cells, like hypertrophic chondrocytes and osteocytes, which are expected to expire and to be replaced by newly differentiated cells arising from the same lineage pathway. However, there is emerging evidence of the role of cell transdifferentiation in bone development and disease. Although the concept of cell transdifferentiation is not new, a breakthrough in cell lineage tracing allowed scientists to trace cell fates in vivo. Using this powerful tool, new theories have been established: (1) hypertrophic chondrocytes can transdifferentiate into bone cells during endochondral bone formation, fracture repair, and some bone diseases, and (2) tendon cells, beyond their conventional role in joint movement, directly participate in normal bone and cartilage formation, and ectopic ossification. The goal of this review is to obtain a better understanding of the key roles of cell transdifferentiation in skeletal development and diseases. We will first review the transdifferentiation of chondrocytes to bone cells during endochondral bone formation. Specifically, we will include the history of the debate on the fate of chondrocytes during bone formation, the key findings obtained in recent years on the critical factors and molecules that regulate this cell fate change, and the role of chondrocyte transdifferentiation in skeletal trauma and diseases. In addition, we will also summarize the latest discoveries on the novel roles of tendon cells and adipocytes on skeletal formation and diseases.
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28
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Sedes L, Wondimu E, Crockett B, Hansen J, Cantalupo A, Asano K, Iyengar R, Rifkin DB, Smaldone S, Ramirez F. Fibrillin-1 deficiency in the outer perichondrium causes longitudinal bone overgrowth in mice with Marfan syndrome. Hum Mol Genet 2022; 31:3281-3289. [PMID: 35567544 PMCID: PMC9523555 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddac107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A disproportionate tall stature is the most evident manifestation in Marfan syndrome (MFS), a multisystem condition caused by mutations in the extracellular protein and TGFβ modulator, fibrillin-1. Unlike cardiovascular manifestations, there has been little effort devoted to unravel the molecular mechanism responsible for long bone overgrowth in MFS. By combining the Cre-LoxP recombination system with metatarsal bone cultures, here we identify the outer layer of the perichondrium as the tissue responsible for long bone overgrowth in MFS mice. Analyses of differentially expressed genes in the fibrillin-1 deficient perichondrium predicted that loss of TGFβ signaling may influence chondrogenesis in the neighboring epiphyseal growth plate (GP). Immunohistochemistry revealed that fibrillin-1 deficiency in the outer perichondrium is associated with decreased accumulation of latent TGFβ-binding proteins (LTBPs)-3 and - 4, and reduced levels of phosphorylated (activated) Smad2. Consistent with these findings, mutant metatarsal bones grown in vitro were longer and released less TGFβ than the wild type counterparts. Moreover, addition of recombinant TGFβ1 normalized linear growth of mutant metatarsal bones. We conclude that longitudinal bone overgrowth in MFS is accounted for by diminished sequestration of LTBP-3 and LTBP-4 into the fibrillin-1 deficient matrix of the outer perichondrium, which results in less TGFβ signaling locally and improper GP differentiation distally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauriane Sedes
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10021
| | - Elisa Wondimu
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10021
| | - Brittany Crockett
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10021
| | - Jens Hansen
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10021
| | - Anna Cantalupo
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10021
| | - Keiichi Asano
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10021
| | - Ravi Iyengar
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10021
| | - Daniel B Rifkin
- Department of Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016
| | - Silvia Smaldone
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10021
| | - Francesco Ramirez
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10021
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29
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Nödl MT, Tsai SL, Galloway JL. The impact of Drew Noden's work on our understanding of craniofacial musculoskeletal integration. Dev Dyn 2022; 251:1250-1266. [PMID: 35338756 PMCID: PMC9357029 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The classical anatomist Drew Noden spearheaded craniofacial research, laying the foundation for our modern molecular understanding of development, evolution and disorders of the craniofacial skeleton. His work revealed the origin of cephalic musculature and the role of cranial neural crest in early formation and patterning of the head musculoskeletal structures. Much of modern cranial tendon research advances a foundation of knowledge that Noden built using classical quail-chick transplantation experiments. This elegant avian chimeric system involves grafting of donor quail cells into host chick embryos to identify the cell types they can form and their interactions with the surrounding tissues. In this review, we will give a brief background of vertebrate head formation and the impact of cranial neural crest on the patterning, development and evolution of the head musculoskeletal attachments. Using the zebrafish as a model system, we will discuss examples of modifications of craniofacial structures in evolution with a special focus on the role of tendon and ligaments. Lastly, we will discuss pathologies in craniofacial tendons and the importance of understanding the molecular and cellular dynamics during craniofacial tendon development in human disease. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Therese Nödl
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Stephanie L Tsai
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Jenna L Galloway
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.,Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA
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30
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Development and Regeneration of Muscle, Tendon, and Myotendinous Junctions in Striated Skeletal Muscle. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23063006. [PMID: 35328426 PMCID: PMC8950615 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23063006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 03/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Owing to a rapid increase in aging population in recent years, the deterioration of motor function in older adults has become an important social problem, and several studies have aimed to investigate the mechanisms underlying muscle function decline. Furthermore, structural maintenance of the muscle–tendon–bone complexes in the muscle attachment sites is important for motor function, particularly for joints; however, the development and regeneration of these complexes have not been studied thoroughly and require further elucidation. Recent studies have provided insights into the roles of mesenchymal progenitors in the development and regeneration of muscles and myotendinous junctions. In particular, studies on muscles and myotendinous junctions have—through the use of the recently developed scRNA-seq—reported the presence of syncytia, thereby suggesting that fibroblasts may be transformed into myoblasts in a BMP-dependent manner. In addition, the high mobility group box 1—a DNA-binding protein found in nuclei—is reportedly involved in muscle regeneration. Furthermore, studies have identified several factors required for the formation of locomotor apparatuses, e.g., tenomodulin (Tnmd) and mohawk (Mkx), which are essential for tendon maturation.
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31
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Yoshimoto Y, Uezumi A, Ikemoto-Uezumi M, Tanaka K, Yu X, Kurosawa T, Yambe S, Maehara K, Ohkawa Y, Sotomaru Y, Shukunami C. Tenogenic Induction From Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Unveils the Trajectory Towards Tenocyte Differentiation. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:780038. [PMID: 35372337 PMCID: PMC8965463 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.780038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The musculoskeletal system is integrated by tendons that are characterized by the expression of scleraxis (Scx), a functionally important transcription factor. Here, we newly developed a tenocyte induction method using induced pluripotent stem cells established from ScxGFP transgenic mice by monitoring fluorescence, which reflects a dynamic differentiation process. Among several developmentally relevant factors, transforming growth factor-beta 2 (TGF-β2) was the most potent inducer for differentiation of tenomodulin-expressing mature tenocytes. Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) revealed 11 distinct clusters, including mature tenocyte population and tenogenic differentiation trajectory, which recapitulated the in vivo developmental process. Analysis of the scRNA-seq dataset highlighted the importance of retinoic acid (RA) as a regulatory pathway of tenogenic differentiation. RA signaling was shown to have inhibitory effects on entheseal chondrogenic differentiation as well as TGF-β2-dependent tenogenic/fibrochondrogenic differentiation. The collective findings provide a new opportunity for tendon research and further insight into the mechanistic understanding of the differentiation pathway to a tenogenic fate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Yoshimoto
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Biomedical Sciences Major, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
- Muscle Aging and Regenerative Medicine, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akiyoshi Uezumi
- Muscle Aging and Regenerative Medicine, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan
- *Correspondence: Chisa Shukunami, ; Akiyoshi Uezumi,
| | - Madoka Ikemoto-Uezumi
- Muscle Aging and Regenerative Medicine, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kaori Tanaka
- Division of Transcriptomics, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Xinyi Yu
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Biomedical Sciences Major, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Tamaki Kurosawa
- Muscle Aging and Regenerative Medicine, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Tokyo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shinsei Yambe
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Biomedical Sciences Major, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Kazumitsu Maehara
- Division of Transcriptomics, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Ohkawa
- Division of Transcriptomics, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yusuke Sotomaru
- Natural Science Center for Basic Research and Development, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Chisa Shukunami
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Biomedical Sciences Major, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
- *Correspondence: Chisa Shukunami, ; Akiyoshi Uezumi,
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Growth and mechanobiology of the tendon-bone enthesis. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2022; 123:64-73. [PMID: 34362655 PMCID: PMC8810906 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2021.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 07/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Tendons are cable-like connective tissues that transfer both active and passive forces generated by skeletal muscle to bone. In the mature skeleton, the tendon-bone enthesis is an interfacial zone of transitional tissue located between two mechanically dissimilar tissues: compliant, fibrous tendon to rigid, dense mineralized bone. In this review, we focus on emerging areas in enthesis development related to its structure, function, and mechanobiology, as well as highlight established and emerging signaling pathways and physiological processes that influence the formation and adaptation of this important transitional tissue.
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Matsui M, Bouchareb R, Storto M, Hussain Y, Gregg A, Marx SO, Pitt GS. Increased Ca2+ influx through CaV1.2 drives aortic valve calcification. JCI Insight 2022; 7:155569. [PMID: 35104251 PMCID: PMC8983132 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.155569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Calcific aortic valve disease (CAVD) is heritable as revealed by recent genome wide association studies. While polymorphisms linked to increased expression of CACNA1C, encoding the CaV1.2 L-type voltage-gated Ca2+ channel, and increased Ca2+ signaling are associated with CAVD, whether increased Ca2+ influx through the druggable CaV1.2 is causal for calcific aortic valve disease is unknown. With surgically removed aortic valves from patients, we confirmed the association between increased CaV1.2 expression and CAVD. We extended our studies with a transgenic mouse model that mimics increased CaV1.2 expression in within aortic valve interstitial cells (VICs). In young mice maintained on normal chow, we observed dystrophic valve lesions that mimic changes found in pre-symptomatic CAVD, and showed activation of chondrogenic and osteogenic transcriptional regulators within these valve lesions. Chronic administration of verapamil, a clinically used CaV1.2 antagonist, slowed the progression of lesion development in vivo. Exploiting VIC cultures we demonstrated that increased Ca2+ influx through CaV1.2 drives signaling programs that lead to myofibroblast activation of VICs and upregulation of genes associated with aortic valve calcification. Our data support a causal role for Ca2+ influx through CaV1.2 in CAVD and suggest that early treatment with Ca2+ channel blockers is an effective therapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maiko Matsui
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, United States of America
| | - Rihab Bouchareb
- Zena and Michael A. Wiener Cardiovascular Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, United States of America
| | - Mara Storto
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, United States of America
| | - Yasin Hussain
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, United States of America
| | - Andrew Gregg
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, United States of America
| | - Steven O Marx
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, United States of America
| | - Geoffrey S Pitt
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, United States of America
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He P, Ruan D, Huang Z, Wang C, Xu Y, Cai H, Liu H, Fei Y, Heng BC, Chen W, Shen W. Comparison of Tendon Development Versus Tendon Healing and Regeneration. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:821667. [PMID: 35141224 PMCID: PMC8819183 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.821667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Tendon is a vital connective tissue in human skeletal muscle system, and tendon injury is very common and intractable in clinic. Tendon development and repair are two closely related but still not fully understood processes. Tendon development involves multiple germ layer, as well as the regulation of diversity transcription factors (Scx et al.), proteins (Tnmd et al.) and signaling pathways (TGFβ et al.). The nature process of tendon repair is roughly divided in three stages, which are dominated by various cells and cell factors. This review will describe the whole process of tendon development and compare it with the process of tendon repair, focusing on the understanding and recent advances in the regulation of tendon development and repair. The study and comparison of tendon development and repair process can thus provide references and guidelines for treatment of tendon injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiwen He
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Institute of Sports Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Motor System Disease Research and Precision Therapy of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Dengfeng Ruan
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Institute of Sports Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zizhan Huang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Institute of Sports Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Canlong Wang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Institute of Sports Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yiwen Xu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Institute of Sports Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Honglu Cai
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Institute of Sports Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hengzhi Liu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Institute of Sports Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yang Fei
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Institute of Sports Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Boon Chin Heng
- Central Laboratory, Peking University School of Stomatology, Bejing, China
| | - Weishan Chen
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Institute of Sports Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Weishan Chen, ; Weiliang Shen,
| | - Weiliang Shen
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Institute of Sports Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Motor System Disease Research and Precision Therapy of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
- Dr. Li Dak Sum and Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- China Orthopaedic Regenerative Medicine (CORMed), Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Weishan Chen, ; Weiliang Shen,
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Fukada K, Tachibana K, Kurashina Y, Kaneko Y, Matsumoto T, Miyamoto T, Niki Y, Nakamura M, Onoe H. A novel fabrication process of up‐scalable microfiber‐shaped tendon‐like tissue with high cell density for uniformed macroscale assembly. Biotechnol Bioeng 2022; 119:1327-1336. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.28039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Fukada
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio university 3‐14‐1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku‐ku Yokohama Kanagawa 223‐8522 Japan
| | - Koji Tachibana
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio university 3‐14‐1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku‐ku Yokohama Kanagawa 223‐8522 Japan
| | - Yuta Kurashina
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio university 3‐14‐1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku‐ku Yokohama Kanagawa 223‐8522 Japan
- School of Materials and Chemical Technology Tokyo Institute of Technology 4259 Nagatsuta‐cho, Midori‐ku Yokohama Kanagawa 226‐8503 Japan
| | - Yosuke Kaneko
- School of Medicine, Keio University 35 Shinano‐machi, Shinjuku‐ku Tokyo 160‐8582 Japan
| | - Tatsuaki Matsumoto
- School of Medicine, Keio University 35 Shinano‐machi, Shinjuku‐ku Tokyo 160‐8582 Japan
| | - Takeshi Miyamoto
- School of Medicine, Keio University 35 Shinano‐machi, Shinjuku‐ku Tokyo 160‐8582 Japan
- Kumamoto University 1‐1‐1 Honjo, Chuo‐ku Kumamoto 860‐8556 Japan
| | - Yasuo Niki
- School of Medicine, Keio University 35 Shinano‐machi, Shinjuku‐ku Tokyo 160‐8582 Japan
| | - Masaya Nakamura
- School of Medicine, Keio University 35 Shinano‐machi, Shinjuku‐ku Tokyo 160‐8582 Japan
| | - Hiroaki Onoe
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio university 3‐14‐1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku‐ku Yokohama Kanagawa 223‐8522 Japan
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Mouse Lines with Cre-Mediated Recombination in Retinal Amacrine Cells. eNeuro 2022; 9:ENEURO.0255-21.2021. [PMID: 35045975 PMCID: PMC8856716 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0255-21.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2021] [Revised: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Amacrine cells (ACs) are the most diverse neuronal cell type in the vertebrate retina. Yet little is known about the contribution of ACs to visual processing and retinal disease. A major challenge in evaluating AC function is genetic accessibility. A classic tool of mouse genetics, Cre-mediated recombination, can provide such access. We have screened existing genetically-modified mouse strains and identified multiple candidates that express Cre-recombinase in subsets of retinal ACs. The Cre-expressing mice were crossed to fluorescent-reporter mice to assay Cre expression. In addition, a Cre-dependent fluorescent reporter plasmid was electroporated into the subretinal space of Cre strains. Herein, we report three mouse lines (Tac1::IRES-cre, Camk2a-cre, and Scx-cre) that express Cre recombinase in sub-populations of ACs. In two of these lines, recombination occurred in multiple AC types and a small number of other retinal cell types, while recombination in the Camk2a-cre line appears specific to a morphologically distinct AC. We anticipate that these characterized mouse lines will be valuable tools to the community of researchers who study retinal biology and disease.
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Titan AL, Davitt M, Foster D, Salhotra A, Menon S, Chen K, Fahy E, Lopez M, Jones RE, Baiu I, Burcham A, Januszyk M, Gurtner G, Fox P, Chan C, Quarto N, Longaker M. OUP accepted manuscript. Stem Cells Transl Med 2022; 11:715-726. [PMID: 35640155 PMCID: PMC9299518 DOI: 10.1093/stcltm/szac027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The tendon enthesis plays a critical role in facilitating movement and reducing stress within joints. Partial enthesis injuries heal in a mechanically inferior manner and never achieve healthy tissue function. The cells responsible for tendon-to-bone healing remain incompletely characterized and their origin is unknown. Here, we evaluated the putative role of mouse skeletal stem cells (mSSCs) in the enthesis after partial-injury. We found that mSSCs were present at elevated levels within the enthesis following injury and that these cells downregulated TGFβ signaling pathway elements at both the RNA and protein levels. Exogenous application of TGFβ post-injury led to a reduced mSSC response and impaired healing, whereas treatment with a TGFβ inhibitor (SB43154) resulted in a more robust mSSC response. Collectively, these data suggest that mSSCs may augment tendon-to-bone healing by dampening the effects of TGFβ signaling within the mSSC niche.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Deshka Foster
- Hagey Laboratory for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Ankit Salhotra
- Hagey Laboratory for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Siddharth Menon
- Hagey Laboratory for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Kellen Chen
- Hagey Laboratory for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Evan Fahy
- Hagey Laboratory for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Michael Lopez
- Hagey Laboratory for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - R Ellen Jones
- Hagey Laboratory for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Ioana Baiu
- Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Austin Burcham
- Hagey Laboratory for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Michael Januszyk
- Hagey Laboratory for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Geoffrey Gurtner
- Hagey Laboratory for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Paige Fox
- Hagey Laboratory for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Charles Chan
- Hagey Laboratory for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Natalina Quarto
- Hagey Laboratory for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Michael Longaker
- Corresponding author: Michael T. Longaker, M.D., M.B.A. D.Sc. (hon), FACS, 257 Campus Drive, MC 5148 Stanford, CA 94305-5148, USA. Tel: +1 650 736 1707; Fax: +1 650 736 1705;
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Nezu S, Saito T, Yoshida A, Narazaki S, Shimamura Y, Furumatsu T, Ozaki T. Effect of difference in fixation methods of tendon graft and the microfracture procedure on tendon-bone junction healing. JSES Int 2021; 6:155-166. [PMID: 35141691 PMCID: PMC8811408 DOI: 10.1016/j.jseint.2021.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background There are generally two methods of fixation for tendon grafts used in ligament reconstruction: bone tunnel fixation and anchor fixation. The microfracture (Mf) procedure is a technique to induce bleeding from the bone marrow, and the bleeding may contain cells with differentiation potential. However, few studies have compared the effects of the Mf procedure with those of the fixation methods. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of the Mf procedure on two tendon graft fixation methods: histological, gene expression, tendon graft thickness, and mechanical. We especially focused our investigation on junction healing of tendon grafts and bone in the two fixation methods. Methods We used 20 rabbits to evaluate tendon and bone healing in a peroneal tendon graft model. The rabbit models were divided into five groups according to the combination of peroneal tendon graft fixation method and Mf technique as follows: control group (C, n = 4), bone tunnel fixation without Mf procedure group (BT − Mf, n = 4), bone tunnel fixation with Mf procedure group (BT + Mf, n = 4), anchor fixation without Mf procedure group (A − Mf, n = 4), and anchor fixation with Mf procedure group (A + Mf, n = 4). All animals were sacrificed at 4 weeks postoperatively. The specimens underwent histological evaluation, mRNA analysis, tendon graft thickness at the tendon-bone junction, and biomechanical testing. Results Histological evaluation of the BT + Mf and A + Mf groups showed healing with fibrocartilage formation at the tendon graft-bone junction. The mRNA expression showed significant increase in type 2 collagen, Scleraxis, and SRY-box9 in the BT + Mf and A + Mf groups. In biomechanical tests, the BT + Mf and A + Mf groups showed significantly increased tensile strength compared with the BT − Mf and A − Mf groups (BT + Mf group, 21.6 ± 1.7 N; A + Mf group, 22.5 ± 2.3 N vs. BT − Mf group, 12.3 ± 2.4 N; A − Mf group, 11 ± 2.3 N). Conclusion The Mf procedure resulted in fibrocartilage formation at the tendon-bone junction in the BT and anchor fixation and improved the fixation strength at 4 weeks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Nezu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Taichi Saito
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
- Corresponding author: Taichi Saito, MD, PhD, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan, 2-5-1, Shikatacho, Kitaku, Okayama City, 700-8558.
| | - Aki Yoshida
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Shinji Narazaki
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Okayama Saiseikai General Hospital, Okayama, Okayama, Japan
| | - Yasunori Shimamura
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Takayuki Furumatsu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Toshifumi Ozaki
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
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Couasnay G, Madel MB, Lim J, Lee B, Elefteriou F. Sites of Cre-recombinase activity in mouse lines targeting skeletal cells. J Bone Miner Res 2021; 36:1661-1679. [PMID: 34278610 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.4415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The Cre/Lox system is a powerful tool in the biologist's toolbox, allowing loss-of-function and gain-of-function studies, as well as lineage tracing, through gene recombination in a tissue-specific and inducible manner. Evidence indicates, however, that Cre transgenic lines have a far more nuanced and broader pattern of Cre activity than initially thought, exhibiting "off-target" activity in tissues/cells other than the ones they were originally designed to target. With the goal of facilitating the comparison and selection of optimal Cre lines to be used for the study of gene function, we have summarized in a single manuscript the major sites and timing of Cre activity of the main Cre lines available to target bone mesenchymal stem cells, chondrocytes, osteoblasts, osteocytes, tenocytes, and osteoclasts, along with their reported sites of "off-target" Cre activity. We also discuss characteristics, advantages, and limitations of these Cre lines for users to avoid common risks related to overinterpretation or misinterpretation based on the assumption of strict cell-type specificity or unaccounted effect of the Cre transgene or Cre inducers. © 2021 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research (ASBMR).
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Affiliation(s)
- Greig Couasnay
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - Joohyun Lim
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Brendan Lee
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Florent Elefteriou
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
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Zhang X, Wang D, Mak KLK, Tuan RS, Ker DFE. Engineering Musculoskeletal Grafts for Multi-Tissue Unit Repair: Lessons From Developmental Biology and Wound Healing. Front Physiol 2021; 12:691954. [PMID: 34504435 PMCID: PMC8421786 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.691954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In the musculoskeletal system, bone, tendon, and skeletal muscle integrate and act coordinately as a single multi-tissue unit to facilitate body movement. The development, integration, and maturation of these essential components and their response to injury are vital for conferring efficient locomotion. The highly integrated nature of these components is evident under disease conditions, where rotator cuff tears at the bone-tendon interface have been reported to be associated with distal pathological alterations such as skeletal muscle degeneration and bone loss. To successfully treat musculoskeletal injuries and diseases, it is important to gain deep understanding of the development, integration and maturation of these musculoskeletal tissues along with their interfaces as well as the impact of inflammation on musculoskeletal healing and graft integration. This review highlights the current knowledge of developmental biology and wound healing in the bone-tendon-muscle multi-tissue unit and perspectives of what can be learnt from these biological and pathological processes within the context of musculoskeletal tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. Integrating these knowledge and perspectives can serve as guiding principles to inform the development and engineering of musculoskeletal grafts and other tissue engineering strategies to address challenging musculoskeletal injuries and diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Zhang
- Institute for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, China
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, China
| | - Dan Wang
- Institute for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, China
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, China
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, China
- Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, China
| | - King-Lun Kingston Mak
- Bioland Laboratory (Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health-Guangdong Laboratory), Guangzhou, China
| | - Rocky S. Tuan
- Institute for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, China
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, China
| | - Dai Fei Elmer Ker
- Institute for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, China
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, China
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, China
- Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, China
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Tsinman TK, Jiang X, Han L, Koyama E, Mauck RL, Dyment NA. Intrinsic and growth-mediated cell and matrix specialization during murine meniscus tissue assembly. FASEB J 2021; 35:e21779. [PMID: 34314047 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202100499r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The incredible mechanical strength and durability of mature fibrous tissues and their extremely limited turnover and regenerative capacity underscores the importance of proper matrix assembly during early postnatal growth. In tissues with composite extracellular matrix (ECM) structures, such as the adult knee meniscus, fibrous (Collagen-I rich), and cartilaginous (Collagen-II, proteoglycan-rich) matrix components are regionally segregated to the outer and inner portions of the tissue, respectively. While this spatial variation in composition is appreciated to be functionally important for resisting complex mechanical loads associated with gait, the establishment of these specialized zones is poorly understood. To address this issue, the following study tracked the growth of the murine meniscus from its embryonic formation through its first month of growth, encompassing the critical time-window during which animals begin to ambulate and weight bear. Using histological analysis, region specific high-throughput qPCR, and Col-1, and Col-2 fluorescent reporter mice, we found that matrix and cellular features defining specific tissue zones were already present at birth, before continuous weight-bearing had occurred. These differences in meniscus zones were further refined with postnatal growth and maturation, resulting in specialization of mature tissue regions. Taken together, this work establishes a detailed timeline of the concurrent spatiotemporal changes that occur at both the cellular and matrix level throughout meniscus maturation. The findings of this study provide a framework for investigating the reciprocal feedback between cells and their evolving microenvironments during assembly of a mechanically robust fibrocartilage tissue, thus providing insight into mechanisms of tissue degeneration and effective regenerative strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tonia K Tsinman
- McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Translational Musculoskeletal Research Center, Corporal Michael Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Xi Jiang
- McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Lin Han
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Health Systems, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Eiki Koyama
- Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Translational Research Program in Pediatric Orthopaedics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Robert L Mauck
- McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Translational Musculoskeletal Research Center, Corporal Michael Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Nathaniel A Dyment
- McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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42
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Liu Z, Hussien AA, Wang Y, Heckmann T, Gonzalez R, Karner CM, Snedeker JG, Gray RS. An adhesion G protein-coupled receptor is required in cartilaginous and dense connective tissues to maintain spine alignment. eLife 2021; 10:67781. [PMID: 34318745 PMCID: PMC8328515 DOI: 10.7554/elife.67781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) is the most common spine disorder affecting children worldwide, yet little is known about the pathogenesis of this disorder. Here, we demonstrate that genetic regulation of structural components of the axial skeleton, the intervertebral discs, and dense connective tissues (i.e., ligaments and tendons) is essential for the maintenance of spinal alignment. We show that the adhesion G protein-coupled receptor ADGRG6, previously implicated in human AIS association studies, is required in these tissues to maintain typical spine alignment in mice. Furthermore, we show that ADGRG6 regulates biomechanical properties of tendon and stimulates CREB signaling governing gene expression in cartilaginous tissues of the spine. Treatment with a cAMP agonist could mirror aspects of receptor function in culture, thus defining core pathways for regulating these axial cartilaginous and connective tissues. As ADGRG6 is a key gene involved in human AIS, these findings open up novel therapeutic opportunities for human scoliosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoyang Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, Dell Pediatric Research Institute, 1400 Barbara Jordan Blvd, The University of Texas at Austin, Dell Medical School, Austin, United States.,Department of Nutritional Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, United States
| | - Amro A Hussien
- Department of Orthopedics, Balgrist University Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Institute for Biomechanics, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Yunjia Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Dell Pediatric Research Institute, 1400 Barbara Jordan Blvd, The University of Texas at Austin, Dell Medical School, Austin, United States.,Department of Spine Surgery and Orthopaedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Terry Heckmann
- Department of Pediatrics, Dell Pediatric Research Institute, 1400 Barbara Jordan Blvd, The University of Texas at Austin, Dell Medical School, Austin, United States
| | - Roberto Gonzalez
- Department of Pediatrics, Dell Pediatric Research Institute, 1400 Barbara Jordan Blvd, The University of Texas at Austin, Dell Medical School, Austin, United States
| | - Courtney M Karner
- Department of Internal Medicine, Charles and Jane Pak Center for Mineral Metabolism and Clinical Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States
| | - Jess G Snedeker
- Department of Orthopedics, Balgrist University Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Institute for Biomechanics, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ryan S Gray
- Department of Pediatrics, Dell Pediatric Research Institute, 1400 Barbara Jordan Blvd, The University of Texas at Austin, Dell Medical School, Austin, United States.,Department of Nutritional Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, United States
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43
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Kaji DA, Montero AM, Patel R, Huang AH. Transcriptional profiling of mESC-derived tendon and fibrocartilage cell fate switch. Nat Commun 2021; 12:4208. [PMID: 34244516 PMCID: PMC8270956 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-24535-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The transcriptional regulators underlying induction and differentiation of dense connective tissues such as tendon and related fibrocartilaginous tissues (meniscus and annulus fibrosus) remain largely unknown. Using an iterative approach informed by developmental cues and single cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq), we establish directed differentiation models to generate tendon and fibrocartilage cells from mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs) by activation of TGFβ and hedgehog pathways, achieving 90% induction efficiency. Transcriptional signatures of the mESC-derived cells recapitulate embryonic tendon and fibrocartilage signatures from the mouse tail. scRNA-seq further identify retinoic acid signaling as a critical regulator of cell fate switch between TGFβ-induced tendon and fibrocartilage lineages. Trajectory analysis by RNA sequencing define transcriptional modules underlying tendon and fibrocartilage fate induction and identify molecules associated with lineage-specific differentiation. Finally, we successfully generate 3-dimensional engineered tissues using these differentiation protocols and show activation of mechanotransduction markers with dynamic tensile loading. These findings provide a serum-free approach to generate tendon and fibrocartilage cells and tissues at high efficiency for modeling development and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepak A Kaji
- Department of Orthopaedics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Angela M Montero
- Department of Orthopaedics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Roosheel Patel
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Alice H Huang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
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44
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Lim J, Lietman C, Grol MW, Castellon A, Dawson B, Adeyeye M, Rai J, Weis M, Keene DR, Schweitzer R, Park D, Eyre DR, Krakow D, Lee BH. Localized chondro-ossification underlies joint dysfunction and motor deficits in the Fkbp10 mouse model of osteogenesis imperfecta. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2100690118. [PMID: 34161280 PMCID: PMC8237619 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2100690118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) is a genetic disorder that features wide-ranging defects in both skeletal and nonskeletal tissues. Previously, we and others reported that loss-of-function mutations in FK506 Binding Protein 10 (FKBP10) lead to skeletal deformities in conjunction with joint contractures. However, the pathogenic mechanisms underlying joint dysfunction in OI are poorly understood. In this study, we have generated a mouse model in which Fkbp10 is conditionally deleted in tendons and ligaments. Fkbp10 removal substantially reduced telopeptide lysyl hydroxylation of type I procollagen and collagen cross-linking in tendons. These biochemical alterations resulting from Fkbp10 ablation were associated with a site-specific induction of fibrosis, inflammation, and ectopic chondrogenesis followed by joint deformities in postnatal mice. We found that the ectopic chondrogenesis coincided with enhanced Gli1 expression, indicating dysregulated Hedgehog (Hh) signaling. Importantly, genetic inhibition of the Hh pathway attenuated ectopic chondrogenesis and joint deformities in Fkbp10 mutants. Furthermore, Hh inhibition restored alterations in gait parameters caused by Fkbp10 loss. Taken together, we identified a previously unappreciated role of Fkbp10 in tendons and ligaments and pathogenic mechanisms driving OI joint dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joohyun Lim
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Caressa Lietman
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Matthew W Grol
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Alexis Castellon
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Brian Dawson
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Mary Adeyeye
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Jyoti Rai
- Department of Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
| | - MaryAnn Weis
- Department of Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
| | - Douglas R Keene
- Research Division, Shriners Hospital for Children, Portland, OR 97239
| | - Ronen Schweitzer
- Research Division, Shriners Hospital for Children, Portland, OR 97239
| | - Dongsu Park
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030
| | - David R Eyre
- Department of Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
| | - Deborah Krakow
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Brendan H Lee
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030;
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45
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Esteves de Lima J, Blavet C, Bonnin MA, Hirsinger E, Comai G, Yvernogeau L, Delfini MC, Bellenger L, Mella S, Nassari S, Robin C, Schweitzer R, Fournier-Thibault C, Jaffredo T, Tajbakhsh S, Relaix F, Duprez D. Unexpected contribution of fibroblasts to muscle lineage as a mechanism for limb muscle patterning. Nat Commun 2021; 12:3851. [PMID: 34158501 PMCID: PMC8219714 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-24157-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Positional information driving limb muscle patterning is contained in connective tissue fibroblasts but not in myogenic cells. Limb muscles originate from somites, while connective tissues originate from lateral plate mesoderm. With cell and genetic lineage tracing we challenge this model and identify an unexpected contribution of lateral plate-derived fibroblasts to the myogenic lineage, preferentially at the myotendinous junction. Analysis of single-cell RNA-sequencing data from whole limbs at successive developmental stages identifies a population displaying a dual muscle and connective tissue signature. BMP signalling is active in this dual population and at the tendon/muscle interface. In vivo and in vitro gain- and loss-of-function experiments show that BMP signalling regulates a fibroblast-to-myoblast conversion. These results suggest a scenario in which BMP signalling converts a subset of lateral plate mesoderm-derived cells to a myogenic fate in order to create a boundary of fibroblast-derived myonuclei at the myotendinous junction that controls limb muscle patterning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Esteves de Lima
- Developmental Biology Laboratory, Institut Biologie Paris Seine, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, IBPS-UMR 7622, Paris, France
- Inserm U1156, Paris, France
- Univ Paris Est Creteil, INSERM, EnvA, EFS, AP-HP, IMRB, Creteil, France
| | - Cédrine Blavet
- Developmental Biology Laboratory, Institut Biologie Paris Seine, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, IBPS-UMR 7622, Paris, France
- Inserm U1156, Paris, France
| | - Marie-Ange Bonnin
- Developmental Biology Laboratory, Institut Biologie Paris Seine, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, IBPS-UMR 7622, Paris, France
- Inserm U1156, Paris, France
| | - Estelle Hirsinger
- Developmental Biology Laboratory, Institut Biologie Paris Seine, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, IBPS-UMR 7622, Paris, France
- Inserm U1156, Paris, France
| | - Glenda Comai
- Department of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR 3738, Paris, France
| | - Laurent Yvernogeau
- Developmental Biology Laboratory, Institut Biologie Paris Seine, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, IBPS-UMR 7622, Paris, France
- Inserm U1156, Paris, France
- Hubrecht Institute-Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW), Regenerative Medicine Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Marie-Claire Delfini
- Developmental Biology Laboratory, Institut Biologie Paris Seine, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, IBPS-UMR 7622, Paris, France
- Inserm U1156, Paris, France
- Aix Marseille University, CNRS, IBDM, Marseille, France
| | - Léa Bellenger
- Institut Biologie Paris Seine, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, IBPS-FR3631, ARTbio Bioinformatics Platform, Inserm US 037, Paris, France
| | - Sébastien Mella
- Department of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR 3738, Paris, France
| | - Sonya Nassari
- Developmental Biology Laboratory, Institut Biologie Paris Seine, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, IBPS-UMR 7622, Paris, France
- Inserm U1156, Paris, France
| | - Catherine Robin
- Hubrecht Institute-Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW), Regenerative Medicine Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Ronen Schweitzer
- Research Division, Shriners Hospital for Children, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Claire Fournier-Thibault
- Developmental Biology Laboratory, Institut Biologie Paris Seine, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, IBPS-UMR 7622, Paris, France
- Inserm U1156, Paris, France
| | - Thierry Jaffredo
- Developmental Biology Laboratory, Institut Biologie Paris Seine, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, IBPS-UMR 7622, Paris, France
- Inserm U1156, Paris, France
| | - Shahragim Tajbakhsh
- Department of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR 3738, Paris, France
| | - Frédéric Relaix
- Univ Paris Est Creteil, INSERM, EnvA, EFS, AP-HP, IMRB, Creteil, France
| | - Delphine Duprez
- Developmental Biology Laboratory, Institut Biologie Paris Seine, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, IBPS-UMR 7622, Paris, France.
- Inserm U1156, Paris, France.
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46
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Abe S, Yamamoto M. Factors Involved in Morphogenesis in the Muscle-Tendon-Bone Complex. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:6365. [PMID: 34198655 PMCID: PMC8232103 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22126365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 06/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A decline in the body's motor functions has been linked to decreased muscle mass and function in the oral cavity and throat; however, aging of the junctions of the muscles and bones has also been identified as an associated factor. Basic and clinical studies on the muscles, tendons and bones, each considered independently, have been published. In recent years, however, research has focused on muscle attachment as the muscle-tendon-bone complex from various perspectives, and there is a growing body of knowledge on SRY-box9 (Sox9) and Mohawk(Mkx), which has been identified as a common controlling factor and a key element. Myostatin, a factor that inhibits muscle growth, has been identified as a potential key element in the mechanisms of lifetime structural maintenance of the muscle-tendon-bone complex. Findings in recent studies have also uncovered aspects of the mechanisms of motor organ complex morphostasis in the superaged society of today and will lay the groundwork for treatments to prevent motor function decline in older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinichi Abe
- Department of Anatomy, Tokyo Dental College, 2-9-18 Kanda-misakicho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0061, Japan;
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47
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Leek CC, Soulas JM, Bhattacharya I, Ganji E, Locke RC, Smith MC, Bhavsar JD, Polson SW, Ornitz DM, Killian ML. Deletion of Fibroblast growth factor 9 globally and in skeletal muscle results in enlarged tuberosities at sites of deltoid tendon attachments. Dev Dyn 2021; 250:1778-1795. [PMID: 34091985 PMCID: PMC8639753 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The growth of most bony tuberosities, like the deltoid tuberosity (DT), rely on the transmission of muscle forces at the tendon-bone attachment during skeletal growth. Tuberosities distribute muscle forces and provide mechanical leverage at attachment sites for joint stability and mobility. The genetic factors that regulate tuberosity growth remain largely unknown. In mouse embryos with global deletion of fibroblast growth factor 9 (Fgf9), the DT size is notably enlarged. In this study, we explored the tissue-specific regulation of DT size using both global and targeted deletion of Fgf9. RESULTS We showed that cell hypertrophy and mineralization dynamics of the DT, as well as transcriptional signatures from skeletal muscle but not bone, were influenced by the global loss of Fgf9. Loss of Fgf9 during embryonic growth led to increased chondrocyte hypertrophy and reduced cell proliferation at the DT attachment site. This endured hypertrophy and limited proliferation may explain the abnormal mineralization patterns and locally dysregulated expression of markers of endochondral development in Fgf9null attachments. We then showed that targeted deletion of Fgf9 in skeletal muscle leads to postnatal enlargement of the DT. CONCLUSION Taken together, we discovered that Fgf9 may play an influential role in muscle-bone cross-talk during embryonic and postnatal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Connor C Leek
- College of Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, USA.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Jaclyn M Soulas
- College of Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, USA.,College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, USA
| | - Iman Bhattacharya
- College of Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, USA.,Center for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, USA
| | - Elahe Ganji
- College of Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, USA.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Ryan C Locke
- College of Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, USA
| | - Megan C Smith
- College of Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, USA.,Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jaysheel D Bhavsar
- Center for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, USA
| | - Shawn W Polson
- College of Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, USA.,Center for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, USA
| | - David M Ornitz
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Megan L Killian
- College of Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, USA.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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48
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Zhang J, Lin C, Song Y, Zhang Y, Chen J. Augmented BMP4 signal impairs tongue myogenesis. J Mol Histol 2021; 52:651-659. [PMID: 34076834 DOI: 10.1007/s10735-021-09987-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Tongue muscles are derived from mesodermal cells, while signals driven by cranial neural crest cells (CNCCs) regulate tongue myogenesis via tissue-tissue interaction. Based on such mechanisms of interaction, congenital tongue defects occur in CNC-related syndromes in humans. This study utilized a pathologic model for the syndrome of congenital bony syngnathia, Wnt1-Cre;pMes-Bmp4 mouse line, to explore impacts of enhanced CNCCs-originated BMP4 signal on tongue myogenesis via tissue-tissue interaction. Our results revealed that microglossia, a clinical phenotype of congenital bony syngnathia in humans exhibited in Wnt1-Cre;pMes-Bmp4 mice due to impaired myogenesis. The augmented BMP4 signal affected the distal distribution, proliferation, and differentiation of myogenic cells as well as tendon patterning, resulting in disarrangement and atrophy of tongue muscles and the loss of the anterior digastric muscle. This study demonstrated how a CNCCs-originated ligand impaired tongue myogenesis via a non-autonomous way, which provided potential formation mechanisms for understanding tongue abnormalities in CNC-related syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zhang
- School and Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China
| | - Chensheng Lin
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Developmental and Neural Biology, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China
| | - Yingnan Song
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China.,Translational Medicine Research Center, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Yanding Zhang
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Developmental and Neural Biology, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiang Chen
- School and Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China.
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49
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Park NR, Shetye SS, Bogush I, Keene DR, Tufa S, Hudson DM, Archer M, Qin L, Soslowsky LJ, Dyment NA, Joeng KS. Reticulocalbin 3 is involved in postnatal tendon development by regulating collagen fibrillogenesis and cellular maturation. Sci Rep 2021; 11:10868. [PMID: 34035379 PMCID: PMC8149630 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-90258-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tendon plays a critical role in the joint movement by transmitting force from muscle to bone. This transmission of force is facilitated by its specialized structure, which consists of highly aligned extracellular matrix consisting predominantly of type I collagen. Tenocytes, fibroblast-like tendon cells residing between the parallel collagen fibers, regulate this specialized tendon matrix. Despite the importance of collagen structure and tenocyte function, the biological mechanisms regulating fibrillogenesis and tenocyte maturation are not well understood. Here we examine the function of Reticulocalbin 3 (Rcn3) in collagen fibrillogenesis and tenocyte maturation during postnatal tendon development using a genetic mouse model. Loss of Rcn3 in tendon caused decreased tendon thickness, abnormal tendon cell maturation, and decreased mechanical properties. Interestingly, Rcn3 deficient mice exhibited a smaller collagen fibril distribution and over-hydroxylation in C-telopeptide cross-linking lysine from α1(1) chain. Additionally, the proline 3-hydroxylation sites in type I collagen were also over-hydroxylated in Rcn3 deficient mice. Our data collectively suggest that Rcn3 is a pivotal regulator of collagen fibrillogenesis and tenocyte maturation during postnatal tendon development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Rae Park
- McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104-6081, USA
| | - Snehal S Shetye
- McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104-6081, USA
| | - Igor Bogush
- McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104-6081, USA
| | - Douglas R Keene
- Micro-Imaging Center, Shriners Hospitals for Children, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Sara Tufa
- Micro-Imaging Center, Shriners Hospitals for Children, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - David M Hudson
- Department of Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Marilyn Archer
- Department of Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Ling Qin
- McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104-6081, USA
| | - Louis J Soslowsky
- McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104-6081, USA
| | - Nathaniel A Dyment
- McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104-6081, USA
| | - Kyu Sang Joeng
- McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104-6081, USA.
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50
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Pal D, Riester SM, Hasan B, Tufa SF, Dudakovic A, Keene DR, van Wijnen AJ, Schweitzer R. Ezh2 Is Essential for Patterning of Multiple Musculoskeletal Tissues but Dispensable for Tendon Differentiation. Stem Cells Dev 2021; 30:601-609. [PMID: 33757300 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2020.0209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
An efficient musculoskeletal system depends on the precise assembly and coordinated growth and function of muscles, skeleton, and tendons. However, the mechanisms that drive integrated musculoskeletal development and coordinated growth and differentiation of each of these tissues are still being uncovered. Epigenetic modifiers have emerged as critical regulators of cell fate differentiation, but so far almost nothing is known about their roles in tendon biology. Previous studies have shown that epigenetic modifications driven by Enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2), a major histone methyltransferase, have significant roles in vertebrate development including skeletal patterning and bone formation. We now find that targeting Ezh2 through the limb mesenchyme also has significant effects on tendon and muscle patterning, likely reflecting the essential roles of early mesenchymal cues mediated by Ezh2 for coordinated patterning and development of all tissues of the musculoskeletal system. Conversely, loss of Ezh2 in the tendon cells did not disrupt overall tendon structure or collagen organization suggesting that tendon differentiation and maturation are independent of Ezh2 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepanwita Pal
- Research Division, Shriners Hospital for Children, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Scott M Riester
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Bashar Hasan
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Sara F Tufa
- Research Division, Shriners Hospital for Children, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Amel Dudakovic
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.,Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Douglas R Keene
- Research Division, Shriners Hospital for Children, Portland, Oregon, USA.,Department of Orthopedics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, USA
| | - Andre J van Wijnen
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.,Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.,Center for Regenerative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Ronen Schweitzer
- Research Division, Shriners Hospital for Children, Portland, Oregon, USA.,Department of Orthopedics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, USA
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