1
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Nähse V, Stenmark H, Schink KO. Omegasomes control formation, expansion, and closure of autophagosomes. Bioessays 2024; 46:e2400038. [PMID: 38724256 DOI: 10.1002/bies.202400038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Revised: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/28/2024]
Abstract
Autophagy, an essential cellular process for maintaining cellular homeostasis and eliminating harmful cytoplasmic objects, involves the de novo formation of double-membraned autophagosomes that engulf and degrade cellular debris, protein aggregates, damaged organelles, and pathogens. Central to this process is the phagophore, which forms from donor membranes rich in lipids synthesized at various cellular sites, including the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), which has emerged as a primary source. The ER-associated omegasomes, characterized by their distinctive omega-shaped structure and accumulation of phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate (PI3P), play a pivotal role in autophagosome formation. Omegasomes are thought to serve as platforms for phagophore assembly by recruiting essential proteins such as DFCP1/ZFYVE1 and facilitating lipid transfer to expand the phagophore. Despite the critical importance of phagophore biogenesis, many aspects remain poorly understood, particularly the complete range of proteins involved in omegasome dynamics, and the detailed mechanisms of lipid transfer and membrane contact site formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viola Nähse
- Centre for Cancer Cell Reprogramming, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Harald Stenmark
- Centre for Cancer Cell Reprogramming, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kay O Schink
- Centre for Cancer Cell Reprogramming, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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2
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Miranda A, Shirley CA, Jenkins RW. Emerging roles of TBK1 in cancer immunobiology. Trends Cancer 2024:S2405-8033(24)00044-X. [PMID: 38519366 DOI: 10.1016/j.trecan.2024.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/24/2024]
Abstract
TANK-binding kinase 1 (TBK1) is a versatile serine/threonine protein kinase with established roles in innate immunity, metabolism, autophagy, cell death, and inflammation. While best known for its role in regulating innate immunity, TBK1 has emerged as a cancer cell-intrinsic immune evasion gene by virtue of its role in modulating cellular responses to inflammatory signals emanating from the immune system. Beyond its effect on cancer cells, TBK1 appears to regulate lymphoid and myeloid cells in the tumor immune microenvironment. In this review, we detail recent advances in our understanding of the tumor-intrinsic and -extrinsic roles and regulation of TBK1 in tumor immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Miranda
- Mass General Cancer Center, Krantz Family Center for Cancer Research, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Carl A Shirley
- Mass General Cancer Center, Krantz Family Center for Cancer Research, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Russell W Jenkins
- Mass General Cancer Center, Krantz Family Center for Cancer Research, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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3
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Chen SY, Lin CC, Wu J, Chen Y, Wang YE, Setayeshpour Y, Mestre A, Chi JT. NINJ1 regulates ferroptosis via xCT antiporter interaction and CoA modulation. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.02.22.581432. [PMID: 38464226 PMCID: PMC10925083 DOI: 10.1101/2024.02.22.581432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
Ninjurin-1 (NINJ1), initially identified as a stress-induced protein in neurons, recently emerged as a key mediator of plasma membrane rupture during apoptosis, necrosis, and pyroptosis. However, its involvement in ferroptosis remains unknown. Here, we demonstrate that NINJ1 also plays a crucial role in ferroptosis, but through a distinct mechanism. NINJ1 knockdown significantly protected cancer cells against ferroptosis induced by xCT inhibitors but no other classes of ferroptosis-inducing compounds (FINs). Glycine, known to inhibit canonical NINJ1-mediated membrane rupture in other cell deaths, had no impact on ferroptosis. A compound screen revealed that NINJ1-mediated ferroptosis protection can be abolished by pantothenate kinase inhibitor (PANKi), buthionine sulfoximine (BSO), and diethylmaleate (DEM). These results suggest that this ferroptosis protection is mediated via Coenzyme A (CoA) and glutathione (GSH), both of which were found to be elevated upon NINJ1 knockdown. Furthermore, we discovered that NINJ1 interacts with the xCT antiporter, which is responsible for cystine uptake for the biosynthesis of CoA and GSH. The removal of NINJ1 increased xCT levels and stability, enhanced cystine uptake, and contributed to elevated CoA and GSH levels, collectively contributing to ferroptosis protection. These findings reveal that NINJ1 regulates ferroptosis via a non-canonical mechanism, distinct from other regulated cell deaths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ssu-Yu Chen
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Chao-Chieh Lin
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Jianli Wu
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Yubin Chen
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Ya-En Wang
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Yasaman Setayeshpour
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Alexander Mestre
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Jen-Tsan Chi
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Center for Advanced Genomic Technologies, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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4
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Phelan JD, Scheich S, Choi J, Wright GW, Häupl B, Young RM, Rieke SA, Pape M, Ji Y, Urlaub H, Bolomsky A, Doebele C, Zindel A, Wotapek T, Kasbekar M, Collinge B, Huang DW, Coulibaly ZA, Morris VM, Zhuang X, Enssle JC, Yu X, Xu W, Yang Y, Zhao H, Wang Z, Tran AD, Shoemaker CJ, Shevchenko G, Hodson DJ, Shaffer AL, Staudt LM, Oellerich T. Response to Bruton's tyrosine kinase inhibitors in aggressive lymphomas linked to chronic selective autophagy. Cancer Cell 2024; 42:238-252.e9. [PMID: 38215749 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2023.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2024]
Abstract
Diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is an aggressive, profoundly heterogeneous cancer, presenting a challenge for precision medicine. Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) inhibitors block B cell receptor (BCR) signaling and are particularly effective in certain molecular subtypes of DLBCL that rely on chronic active BCR signaling to promote oncogenic NF-κB. The MCD genetic subtype, which often acquires mutations in the BCR subunit, CD79B, and in the innate immune adapter, MYD88L265P, typically resists chemotherapy but responds exceptionally to BTK inhibitors. However, the underlying mechanisms of response to BTK inhibitors are poorly understood. Herein, we find a non-canonical form of chronic selective autophagy in MCD DLBCL that targets ubiquitinated MYD88L265P for degradation in a TBK1-dependent manner. MCD tumors acquire genetic and epigenetic alterations that attenuate this autophagic tumor suppressive pathway. In contrast, BTK inhibitors promote autophagic degradation of MYD88L265P, thus explaining their exceptional clinical benefit in MCD DLBCL.
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Affiliation(s)
- James D Phelan
- Lymphoid Malignancies Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Sebastian Scheich
- Lymphoid Malignancies Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; Goethe University Frankfurt, University Hospital, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Frankfurt/Mainz, 60528 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; University Cancer Center (UCT) Frankfurt, University Hospital, Goethe University, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Frankfurt Cancer Institute, Goethe University, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Jaewoo Choi
- Lymphoid Malignancies Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - George W Wright
- Biometric Research Branch, Division of Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20850, USA
| | - Björn Häupl
- Goethe University Frankfurt, University Hospital, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Frankfurt/Mainz, 60528 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Frankfurt Cancer Institute, Goethe University, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Ryan M Young
- Lymphoid Malignancies Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Sara A Rieke
- Goethe University Frankfurt, University Hospital, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Frankfurt Cancer Institute, Goethe University, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Martine Pape
- Goethe University Frankfurt, University Hospital, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Frankfurt/Mainz, 60528 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Frankfurt Cancer Institute, Goethe University, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Yanlong Ji
- Goethe University Frankfurt, University Hospital, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Frankfurt Cancer Institute, Goethe University, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Bioanalytical Mass Spectrometry Group, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Am Fassberg 11, 37077 Göttingen, Germany; Bioanalytics, Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University Medical Center Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Straße 40, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Henning Urlaub
- Bioanalytical Mass Spectrometry Group, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Am Fassberg 11, 37077 Göttingen, Germany; Bioanalytics, Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University Medical Center Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Straße 40, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Arnold Bolomsky
- Lymphoid Malignancies Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Carmen Doebele
- Goethe University Frankfurt, University Hospital, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Frankfurt/Mainz, 60528 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; University Cancer Center (UCT) Frankfurt, University Hospital, Goethe University, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Frankfurt Cancer Institute, Goethe University, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Alena Zindel
- Goethe University Frankfurt, University Hospital, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Frankfurt/Mainz, 60528 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Frankfurt Cancer Institute, Goethe University, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Tanja Wotapek
- Goethe University Frankfurt, University Hospital, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Frankfurt Cancer Institute, Goethe University, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Monica Kasbekar
- Lymphoid Malignancies Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Brett Collinge
- Lymphoid Malignancies Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; Centre for Lymphoid Cancer, BC Cancer, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4E6, Canada
| | - Da Wei Huang
- Lymphoid Malignancies Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Zana A Coulibaly
- Lymphoid Malignancies Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Vivian M Morris
- Lymphoid Malignancies Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; Johns Hopkins University Department of Biology, 3400 N. Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Xiaoxuan Zhuang
- Lymphoid Malignancies Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Julius C Enssle
- Goethe University Frankfurt, University Hospital, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Frankfurt/Mainz, 60528 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; University Cancer Center (UCT) Frankfurt, University Hospital, Goethe University, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Frankfurt Cancer Institute, Goethe University, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Xin Yu
- Lymphoid Malignancies Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Weihong Xu
- Lymphoid Malignancies Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Yandan Yang
- Lymphoid Malignancies Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Hong Zhao
- Lymphoid Malignancies Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Zhuo Wang
- Lymphoid Malignancies Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Andy D Tran
- CCR Microscopy Core, Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Christopher J Shoemaker
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
| | - Galina Shevchenko
- Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK
| | - Daniel J Hodson
- Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK
| | - Arthur L Shaffer
- Lymphoid Malignancies Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Louis M Staudt
- Lymphoid Malignancies Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Thomas Oellerich
- Goethe University Frankfurt, University Hospital, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Frankfurt/Mainz, 60528 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; University Cancer Center (UCT) Frankfurt, University Hospital, Goethe University, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Frankfurt Cancer Institute, Goethe University, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
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5
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Vidal J, Fernandez EA, Wohlwend M, Laurila P, Lopez‐Mejia A, Ochala J, Lobrinus AJ, Kayser B, Lopez‐Mejia IC, Place N, Zanou N. Ryanodine receptor type 1 content decrease-induced endoplasmic reticulum stress is a hallmark of myopathies. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2023; 14:2882-2897. [PMID: 37964752 PMCID: PMC10751419 DOI: 10.1002/jcsm.13349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Decreased ryanodine receptor type 1 (RyR1) protein levels are a well-described feature of recessive RYR1-related myopathies. The aim of the present study was twofold: (1) to determine whether RyR1 content is also decreased in other myopathies and (2) to investigate the mechanisms by which decreased RyR1 protein triggers muscular disorders. METHODS We used publicly available datasets, muscles from human inflammatory and mitochondrial myopathies, an inducible muscle-specific RYR1 recessive mouse model and RyR1 knockdown in C2C12 muscle cells to measure RyR1 content and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress markers. Proteomics, lipidomics, molecular biology and transmission electron microscopy approaches were used to decipher the alterations associated with the reduction of RyR1 protein levels. RESULTS RYR1 transcripts were reduced in muscle samples of patients suffering from necrotizing myopathy (P = 0.026), inclusion body myopathy (P = 0.003), polymyositis (P < 0.001) and juvenile dermatomyositis (P < 0.001) and in muscle samples of myotonic dystrophy type 2 (P < 0.001), presymptomatic (P < 0.001) and symptomatic (P < 0.001) Duchenne muscular dystrophy, Becker muscular dystrophy (P = 0.004) and limb-girdle muscular dystrophy type 2A (P = 0.004). RyR1 protein content was also significantly decreased in inflammatory myopathy (-75%, P < 0.001) and mitochondrial myopathy (-71%, P < 0.001) muscles. Proteomics data showed that depletion of RyR1 protein in C2C12 myoblasts leads to myotubes recapitulating the common molecular alterations observed in myopathies. Mechanistically, RyR1 protein depletion reduces ER-mitochondria contact length (-26%, P < 0.001), Ca2+ transfer to mitochondria (-48%, P = 0.002) and the mitophagy gene Parkinson protein 2 transcripts (P = 0.037) and induces mitochondrial accumulation (+99%, P = 0.005) and dysfunction (P < 0.001). This was associated to the accumulation of deleterious sphingolipid species. Our data showed increased levels of the ER stress marker chaperone-binding protein/glucose regulated protein 78, GRP78-Bip, in RyR1 knockdown myotubes (+45%, P = 0.046), in mouse RyR1 recessive muscles (+58%, P = 0.001) and in human inflammatory (+96%, P = 0.006) and mitochondrial (+64%, P = 0.049) myopathy muscles. This was accompanied by increased protein levels of the pro-apoptotic protein CCAAT-enhancer-binding protein homologous protein, CHOP-DDIT3, in RyR1 knockdown myotubes (+27%, P < 0.001), mouse RyR1 recessive muscles (+63%, P = 0.009), human inflammatory (+50%, P = 0.038) and mitochondrial (+51%, P = 0.035) myopathy muscles. In publicly available datasets, the decrease in RYR1 content in myopathies was also associated to increased ER stress markers and RYR1 transcript levels are inversely correlated with ER stress markers in the control population. CONCLUSIONS Decreased RyR1 is commonly observed in myopathies and associated to ER stress in vitro, in mouse muscle and in human myopathy muscles, suggesting a potent role of RyR1 depletion-induced ER stress in the pathogenesis of myopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy Vidal
- Institute of Sport Sciences and Department of Biomedical SciencesUniversity of LausanneLausanneSwitzerland
| | - Eric A. Fernandez
- Center for Integrative GenomicsUniversity of LausanneLausanneSwitzerland
| | - Martin Wohlwend
- Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence LaboratoryMassachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridgeMassachusettsUSA
| | | | - Andrea Lopez‐Mejia
- Center for Integrative GenomicsUniversity of LausanneLausanneSwitzerland
| | - Julien Ochala
- Department of Biomedical SciencesUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Alexander J. Lobrinus
- Institute of PathologyLausanne University Hospital (CHUV)LausanneSwitzerland
- Department of Clinical PathologyUniversity Hospital GenevaGenevaSwitzerland
| | - Bengt Kayser
- Institute of Sport Sciences and Department of Biomedical SciencesUniversity of LausanneLausanneSwitzerland
| | | | - Nicolas Place
- Institute of Sport Sciences and Department of Biomedical SciencesUniversity of LausanneLausanneSwitzerland
| | - Nadège Zanou
- Institute of Sport Sciences and Department of Biomedical SciencesUniversity of LausanneLausanneSwitzerland
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6
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Broadbent DG, McEwan CM, Tsang TM, Poole DM, Naylor BC, Price JC, Schmidt JC, Andersen JL. The formation of ubiquitin rich condensates triggers recruitment of the ATG9A lipid transfer complex to initiate basal autophagy. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.11.28.569058. [PMID: 38077022 PMCID: PMC10705457 DOI: 10.1101/2023.11.28.569058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy is an essential cellular recycling process that maintains protein and organelle homeostasis. ATG9A vesicle recruitment is a critical early step in autophagy to initiate autophagosome biogenesis. The mechanisms of ATG9A vesicle recruitment are best understood in the context of starvation-induced non-selective autophagy, whereas less is known about the signals driving ATG9A vesicle recruitment to autophagy initiation sites in the absence of nutrient stress. Here we demonstrate that loss of ATG9A or the lipid transfer protein ATG2 leads to the accumulation of phosphorylated p62 aggregates in the context of basal autophagy. Furthermore, we show that p62 degradation requires the lipid scramblase activity of ATG9A. Lastly, we present evidence that poly-ubiquitin is an essential signal that recruits ATG9A and mediates autophagy foci assembly in nutrient replete cells. Together, our data support a ubiquitin-driven model of ATG9A recruitment and autophagosome formation during basal autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- D G Broadbent
- Institute for Quantitative Health Sciences and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
- College of Osteopathic Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
- Department of Physiology, College of Natural Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - C M McEwan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA
| | - T M Tsang
- Institute for Quantitative Health Sciences and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
- College of Osteopathic Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
- Department of Physiology, College of Natural Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
- Department of Oncological Sciences and Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - D M Poole
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA
| | - B C Naylor
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA
| | - J C Price
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA
| | - J C Schmidt
- Institute for Quantitative Health Sciences and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - J L Andersen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA
- Department of Oncological Sciences and Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
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7
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Saha B, Olsvik H, Williams GL, Oh S, Evjen G, Sjøttem E, Mandell MA. TBK1 is ubiquitinated by TRIM5α to assemble mitophagy machinery. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.10.19.563195. [PMID: 37905089 PMCID: PMC10614974 DOI: 10.1101/2023.10.19.563195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
Ubiquitination of mitochondrial proteins provides a basis for the downstream recruitment of mitophagy machinery, yet whether ubiquitination of the machinery itself contributes to mitophagy is unknown. Here, we show that K63-linked polyubiquitination of the key mitophagy regulator TBK1 is essential for its mitophagy functions. This modification is catalyzed by the ubiquitin ligase TRIM5α. Mitochondrial damage triggers TRIM5α's auto-ubiquitination and its interaction with ubiquitin-binding autophagy adaptors including NDP52, optineurin, and NBR1. Autophagy adaptors, along with TRIM27, enable TRIM5α to engage with TBK1. TRIM5α with intact ubiquitination function is required for the proper accumulation of active TBK1 on damaged mitochondria in Parkin-dependent and Parkin-independent mitophagy pathways. Additionally, we show that TRIM5α can directly recruit autophagy initiation machinery to damaged mitochondria. Our data support a model in which TRIM5α provides a self-amplifying, mitochondria-localized, ubiquitin-based, assembly platform for TBK1 and mitophagy adaptors that is ultimately required to recruit the core autophagy machinery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhaskar Saha
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131 USA
| | - Hallvard Olsvik
- Autophagy Research Group, Department of Medical Biology, University of Tromsø-The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Geneva L Williams
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131 USA
| | - Seeun Oh
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131 USA
| | - Gry Evjen
- Autophagy Research Group, Department of Medical Biology, University of Tromsø-The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Eva Sjøttem
- Autophagy Research Group, Department of Medical Biology, University of Tromsø-The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Michael A Mandell
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131 USA
- Autophagy, Inflammation and Metabolism Center of Biomedical Research Excellence, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center
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8
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Uoselis L, Nguyen TN, Lazarou M. Mitochondrial degradation: Mitophagy and beyond. Mol Cell 2023; 83:3404-3420. [PMID: 37708893 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2023.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondria are central hubs of cellular metabolism that also play key roles in signaling and disease. It is therefore fundamentally important that mitochondrial quality and activity are tightly regulated. Mitochondrial degradation pathways contribute to quality control of mitochondrial networks and can also regulate the metabolic profile of mitochondria to ensure cellular homeostasis. Here, we cover the many and varied ways in which cells degrade or remove their unwanted mitochondria, ranging from mitophagy to mitochondrial extrusion. The molecular signals driving these varied pathways are discussed, including the cellular and physiological contexts under which the different degradation pathways are engaged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise Uoselis
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Aligning Science Across Parkinson's Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD 20185, USA
| | - Thanh Ngoc Nguyen
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Aligning Science Across Parkinson's Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD 20185, USA.
| | - Michael Lazarou
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Aligning Science Across Parkinson's Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD 20185, USA.
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9
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Rühmkorf A, Harbauer AB. Role of Mitochondria-ER Contact Sites in Mitophagy. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1198. [PMID: 37627263 PMCID: PMC10452924 DOI: 10.3390/biom13081198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/29/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are often referred to as the "powerhouse" of the cell. However, this organelle has many more functions than simply satisfying the cells' metabolic needs. Mitochondria are involved in calcium homeostasis and lipid metabolism, and they also regulate apoptotic processes. Many of these functions require contact with the ER, which is mediated by several tether proteins located on the respective organellar surfaces, enabling the formation of mitochondria-ER contact sites (MERCS). Upon damage, mitochondria produce reactive oxygen species (ROS) that can harm the surrounding cell. To circumvent toxicity and to maintain a functional pool of healthy organelles, damaged and excess mitochondria can be targeted for degradation via mitophagy, a form of selective autophagy. Defects in mitochondria-ER tethers and the accumulation of damaged mitochondria are found in several neurodegenerative diseases, including Parkinson's disease and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, which argues that the interplay between the two organelles is vital for neuronal health. This review provides an overview of the different mechanisms of mitochondrial quality control that are implicated with the different mitochondria-ER tether proteins, and also provides a novel perspective on how MERCS are involved in mediating mitophagy upon mitochondrial damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alina Rühmkorf
- TUM Medical Graduate Center, Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Biological Intelligence, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Angelika Bettina Harbauer
- Max Planck Institute for Biological Intelligence, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
- Institute of Neuronal Cell Biology, Technical University of Munich, 80802 Munich, Germany
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology, 81377 Munich, Germany
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10
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Nguyen TN, Sawa-Makarska J, Khuu G, Lam WK, Adriaenssens E, Fracchiolla D, Shoebridge S, Bernklau D, Padman BS, Skulsuppaisarn M, Lindblom RSJ, Martens S, Lazarou M. Unconventional initiation of PINK1/Parkin mitophagy by Optineurin. Mol Cell 2023; 83:1693-1709.e9. [PMID: 37207627 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2023.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Cargo sequestration is a fundamental step of selective autophagy in which cells generate a double-membrane structure termed an "autophagosome" on the surface of cargoes. NDP52, TAX1BP1, and p62 bind FIP200, which recruits the ULK1/2 complex to initiate autophagosome formation on cargoes. How OPTN initiates autophagosome formation during selective autophagy remains unknown despite its importance in neurodegeneration. Here, we uncover an unconventional path of PINK1/Parkin mitophagy initiation by OPTN that does not begin with FIP200 binding or require the ULK1/2 kinases. Using gene-edited cell lines and in vitro reconstitutions, we show that OPTN utilizes the kinase TBK1, which binds directly to the class III phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase complex I to initiate mitophagy. During NDP52 mitophagy initiation, TBK1 is functionally redundant with ULK1/2, classifying TBK1's role as a selective autophagy-initiating kinase. Overall, this work reveals that OPTN mitophagy initiation is mechanistically distinct and highlights the mechanistic plasticity of selective autophagy pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thanh Ngoc Nguyen
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Aligning Science Across Parkinson's (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA.
| | - Justyna Sawa-Makarska
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson's (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Max Perutz Labs, University of Vienna, Vienna BioCenter, Dr. Bohr-Gasse 9, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Grace Khuu
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Aligning Science Across Parkinson's (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA
| | - Wai Kit Lam
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Aligning Science Across Parkinson's (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA
| | - Elias Adriaenssens
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson's (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Max Perutz Labs, University of Vienna, Vienna BioCenter, Dr. Bohr-Gasse 9, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Dorotea Fracchiolla
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson's (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Max Perutz Labs, University of Vienna, Vienna BioCenter, Dr. Bohr-Gasse 9, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Stephen Shoebridge
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson's (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Max Perutz Labs, University of Vienna, Vienna BioCenter, Dr. Bohr-Gasse 9, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Daniel Bernklau
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson's (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Max Perutz Labs, University of Vienna, Vienna BioCenter, Dr. Bohr-Gasse 9, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Benjamin Scott Padman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Aligning Science Across Parkinson's (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA
| | - Marvin Skulsuppaisarn
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Runa S J Lindblom
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Aligning Science Across Parkinson's (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA
| | - Sascha Martens
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson's (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Max Perutz Labs, University of Vienna, Vienna BioCenter, Dr. Bohr-Gasse 9, 1030 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Michael Lazarou
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Aligning Science Across Parkinson's (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA.
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11
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Zhang Y, Weng J, Huan L, Sheng S, Xu F. Mitophagy in atherosclerosis: from mechanism to therapy. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1165507. [PMID: 37261351 PMCID: PMC10228545 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1165507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitophagy is a type of autophagy that can selectively eliminate damaged and depolarized mitochondria to maintain mitochondrial activity and cellular homeostasis. Several pathways have been found to participate in different steps of mitophagy. Mitophagy plays a significant role in the homeostasis and physiological function of vascular endothelial cells, vascular smooth muscle cells, and macrophages, and is involved in the development of atherosclerosis (AS). At present, many medications and natural chemicals have been shown to alter mitophagy and slow the progression of AS. This review serves as an introduction to the field of mitophagy for researchers interested in targeting this pathway as part of a potential AS management strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhong Zhang
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jiajun Weng
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Traditional Chinese Medicine Clinical Medical School (Xiyuan), Peking University, Beijing, China
- Department of Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Luyao Huan
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Graduate School of Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Song Sheng
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Fengqin Xu
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Traditional Chinese Medicine Clinical Medical School (Xiyuan), Peking University, Beijing, China
- Department of Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
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12
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Ke PY. Crosstalk between Autophagy and RLR Signaling. Cells 2023; 12:cells12060956. [PMID: 36980296 PMCID: PMC10047499 DOI: 10.3390/cells12060956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy plays a homeostatic role in regulating cellular metabolism by degrading unwanted intracellular materials and acts as a host defense mechanism by eliminating infecting pathogens, such as viruses. Upon viral infection, host cells often activate retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I)-like receptor (RLR) signaling to induce the transcription of type I interferons, thus establishing the first line of the innate antiviral response. In recent years, numerous studies have shown that virus-mediated autophagy activation may benefit viral replication through different actions on host cellular processes, including the modulation of RLR-mediated innate immunity. Here, an overview of the functional molecules and regulatory mechanism of the RLR antiviral immune response as well as autophagy is presented. Moreover, a summary of the current knowledge on the biological role of autophagy in regulating RLR antiviral signaling is provided. The molecular mechanisms underlying the crosstalk between autophagy and RLR innate immunity are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Po-Yuan Ke
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
- Liver Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan
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13
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Mitochondrial Lon-induced mitophagy benefits hypoxic resistance via Ca 2+-dependent FUNDC1 phosphorylation at the ER-mitochondria interface. Cell Death Dis 2023; 14:199. [PMID: 36927870 PMCID: PMC10020552 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-023-05723-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Revised: 02/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
During hypoxia, FUNDC1 acts as a mitophagy receptor and accumulates at the ER (endoplasmic reticulum)-mitochondria contact sites (EMC), also called mitochondria-associated membranes (MAM). In mitophagy, the ULK1 complex phosphorylates FUNDC1(S17) at the EMC site. However, how mitochondria sense the stress and send the signal from the inside to the outside of mitochondria to trigger mitophagy is still unclear. Mitochondrial Lon was reported to be localized at the EMC under stress although the function remained unknown. In this study, we explored the mechanism of how mitochondrial sensors of hypoxia trigger and stabilize the FUNDC1-ULK1 complex by Lon in the EMC for cell survival and cancer progression. We demonstrated that Lon is accumulated in the EMC and associated with FUNDC1-ULK1 complex to induce mitophagy via chaperone activity under hypoxia. Intriguingly, we found that Lon-induced mitophagy is through binding with mitochondrial Na+/Ca2+ exchanger (NCLX) to promote FUNDC1-ULK1-mediated mitophagy at the EMC site in vitro and in vivo. Accordingly, our findings highlight a novel mechanism responsible for mitophagy initiation under hypoxia by chaperone Lon in mitochondria through the interaction with FUNDC1-ULK1 complex at the EMC site. These findings provide a direct correlation between Lon and mitophagy on cell survival and cancer progression.
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14
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Vargas JNS, Hamasaki M, Kawabata T, Youle RJ, Yoshimori T. The mechanisms and roles of selective autophagy in mammals. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2023; 24:167-185. [PMID: 36302887 DOI: 10.1038/s41580-022-00542-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 172.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy is a process that targets various intracellular elements for degradation. Autophagy can be non-selective - associated with the indiscriminate engulfment of cytosolic components - occurring in response to nutrient starvation and is commonly referred to as bulk autophagy. By contrast, selective autophagy degrades specific targets, such as damaged organelles (mitophagy, lysophagy, ER-phagy, ribophagy), aggregated proteins (aggrephagy) or invading bacteria (xenophagy), thereby being importantly involved in cellular quality control. Hence, not surprisingly, aberrant selective autophagy has been associated with various human pathologies, prominently including neurodegeneration and infection. In recent years, considerable progress has been made in understanding mechanisms governing selective cargo engulfment in mammals, including the identification of ubiquitin-dependent selective autophagy receptors such as p62, NBR1, OPTN and NDP52, which can bind cargo and ubiquitin simultaneously to initiate pathways leading to autophagy initiation and membrane recruitment. This progress opens the prospects for enhancing selective autophagy pathways to boost cellular quality control capabilities and alleviate pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Norberto S Vargas
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute, University College London, London, UK
- Biochemistry Section, Surgical Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Maho Hamasaki
- Department of Genetics, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.
- Department of Intracellular Membrane Dynamics, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.
| | - Tsuyoshi Kawabata
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, Atomic Bomb Disease Institute, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Richard J Youle
- Biochemistry Section, Surgical Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Tamotsu Yoshimori
- Department of Genetics, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.
- Department of Intracellular Membrane Dynamics, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.
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15
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Ren X, Nguyen TN, Lam WK, Buffalo CZ, Lazarou M, Yokom AL, Hurley JH. Structural basis for ATG9A recruitment to the ULK1 complex in mitophagy initiation. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadg2997. [PMID: 36791199 PMCID: PMC9931213 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adg2997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The assembly of the autophagy initiation machinery nucleates autophagosome biogenesis, including in the PINK1- and Parkin-dependent mitophagy pathway implicated in Parkinson's disease. The structural interaction between the sole transmembrane autophagy protein, autophagy-related protein 9A (ATG9A), and components of the Unc-51-like autophagy activating kinase (ULK1) complex is one of the major missing links needed to complete a structural map of autophagy initiation. We determined the 2.4-Å x-ray crystallographic structure of the ternary structure of ATG9A carboxyl-terminal tail bound to the ATG13:ATG101 Hop1/Rev7/Mad2 (HORMA) dimer, which is part of the ULK1 complex. We term the interacting portion of the extreme carboxyl-terminal part of the ATG9A tail the "HORMA dimer-interacting region" (HDIR). This structure shows that the HDIR binds to the HORMA domain of ATG101 by β sheet complementation such that the ATG9A tail resides in a deep cleft at the ATG13:ATG101 interface. Disruption of this complex in cells impairs damage-induced PINK1/Parkin mitophagy mediated by the cargo receptor NDP52.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuefeng Ren
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson’s (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA
| | - Thanh N. Nguyen
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson’s (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Wai Kit Lam
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson’s (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Cosmo Z. Buffalo
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Michael Lazarou
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson’s (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Adam L. Yokom
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson’s (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA
| | - James H. Hurley
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson’s (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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16
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Garcia-Garcia J, Berge AKM, Overå KS, Larsen KB, Bhujabal Z, Brech A, Abudu YP, Lamark T, Johansen T, Sjøttem E. TRIM27 is an autophagy substrate facilitating mitochondria clustering and mitophagy via phosphorylated TBK1. FEBS J 2023; 290:1096-1116. [PMID: 36111389 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Revised: 07/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Tripartite motif-containing protein 27 (TRIM27/also called RFP) is a multifunctional ubiquitin E3 ligase involved in numerous cellular functions, such as proliferation, apoptosis, regulation of the NF-kB pathway, endosomal recycling and the innate immune response. TRIM27 interacts directly with TANK-binding kinase 1 (TBK1) and regulates its stability. TBK1 in complex with autophagy receptors is recruited to ubiquitin chains assembled on the mitochondrial outer membrane promoting mitophagy. Here, we identify TRIM27 as an autophagy substrate, depending on ATG7, ATG9 and autophagy receptors for its lysosomal degradation. We show that TRIM27 forms ubiquitylated cytoplasmic bodies that co-localize with autophagy receptors. Surprisingly, we observed that induced expression of EGFP-TRIM27 in HEK293 FlpIn TRIM27 knockout cells mediates mitochondrial clustering. TRIM27 interacts with autophagy receptor SQSTM1/p62, and the TRIM27-mediated mitochondrial clustering is facilitated by SQSTM/p62. We show that phosphorylated TBK1 is recruited to the clustered mitochondria. Moreover, induced mitophagy activity is reduced in HEK293 FlpIn TRIM27 knockout cells, while re-introduction of EGFP-TRIM27 completely restores the mitophagy activity. Inhibition of TBK1 reduces mitophagy in HEK293 FlpIn cells and in the reconstituted EGFP-TRIM27-expressing cells, but not in HEK293 FlpIn TRIM27 knockout cells. Altogether, these data reveal novel roles for TRIM27 in mitophagy, facilitating mitochondrial clustering via SQSTM1/p62 and mitophagy via stabilization of phosphorylated TBK1 on mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juncal Garcia-Garcia
- Department of Medical Biology, Autophagy Research Group, University of Tromsø -The Arctic University of Norway, Norway
| | - Anne Kristin McLaren Berge
- Department of Medical Biology, Autophagy Research Group, University of Tromsø -The Arctic University of Norway, Norway
| | - Katrine Stange Overå
- Department of Medical Biology, Autophagy Research Group, University of Tromsø -The Arctic University of Norway, Norway
| | - Kenneth Bowitz Larsen
- Department of Medical Biology, Autophagy Research Group, University of Tromsø -The Arctic University of Norway, Norway
| | - Zambarlal Bhujabal
- Department of Medical Biology, Autophagy Research Group, University of Tromsø -The Arctic University of Norway, Norway
| | - Andreas Brech
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Norway
| | - Yakubu Princely Abudu
- Department of Medical Biology, Autophagy Research Group, University of Tromsø -The Arctic University of Norway, Norway
| | - Trond Lamark
- Department of Medical Biology, Autophagy Research Group, University of Tromsø -The Arctic University of Norway, Norway
| | - Terje Johansen
- Department of Medical Biology, Autophagy Research Group, University of Tromsø -The Arctic University of Norway, Norway
| | - Eva Sjøttem
- Department of Medical Biology, Autophagy Research Group, University of Tromsø -The Arctic University of Norway, Norway
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17
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Quiles JM, Najor RH, Gonzalez E, Jeung M, Liang W, Burbach SM, Zumaya EA, Diao RY, Lampert MA, Gustafsson ÅB. Deciphering functional roles and interplay between Beclin1 and Beclin2 in autophagosome formation and mitophagy. Sci Signal 2023; 16:eabo4457. [PMID: 36719945 PMCID: PMC10019900 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.abo4457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The degradation of macromolecules and organelles by the process of autophagy is critical for cellular homeostasis and is often compromised during aging and disease. Beclin1 and Beclin2 are implicated in autophagy induction, and these homologs share a high degree of amino acid sequence similarity but have divergent N-terminal regions. Here, we investigated the functions of the Beclin homologs in regulating autophagy and mitophagy, a specialized form of autophagy that targets mitochondria. Both Beclin homologs contributed to autophagosome formation, but a mechanism of autophagosome formation independent of either Beclin homolog occurred in response to starvation or mitochondrial damage. Mitophagy was compromised only in Beclin1-deficient HeLa cells and mouse embryonic fibroblasts because of defective autophagosomal engulfment of mitochondria, and the function of Beclin1 in mitophagy required the phosphorylation of the conserved Ser15 residue by the kinase Ulk1. Mitochondria-ER-associated membranes (MAMs) are important sites of autophagosome formation during mitophagy, and Beclin1, but not Beclin2 or a Beclin1 mutant that could not be phosphorylated at Ser15, localized to MAMs during mitophagy. Our findings establish a regulatory role for Beclin1 in selective mitophagy by initiating autophagosome formation adjacent to mitochondria, a function facilitated by Ulk1-mediated phosphorylation of Ser15 in its distinct N-terminal region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin M. Quiles
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0751
| | - Rita H. Najor
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0751
| | - Eileen Gonzalez
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0751
| | - Monica Jeung
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0751
| | - Wenjing Liang
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0751
| | - Sarah M. Burbach
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0751
| | - Erika A. Zumaya
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0751
| | - Rachel Y. Diao
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0751
| | - Mark A. Lampert
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0751
| | - Åsa B. Gustafsson
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0751
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18
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Adriaenssens E, Ferrari L, Martens S. Orchestration of selective autophagy by cargo receptors. Curr Biol 2022; 32:R1357-R1371. [PMID: 36538890 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2022.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Cellular homeostasis requires the swift and specific removal of damaged material. Selective autophagy represents a major pathway for the degradation of such cargo material. This is achieved by the sequestration of the cargo within double-membrane vesicles termed autophagosomes, which form de novo around the cargo and subsequently deliver their content to lysosomes for degradation. The importance of selective autophagy is exemplified by the various neurodegenerative diseases associated with defects in this pathway, including Parkinson's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and frontotemporal dementia. It has become evident that cargo receptors are acting as Swiss army knives in selective autophagy by recognizing the cargo, orchestrating the recruitment of the machinery for autophagosome biogenesis, and closely aligning the membrane with the cargo. Furthermore, cargo receptors sequester ubiquitinated proteins into larger condensates upstream of autophagy induction. Here, we review recent insights into the mechanisms of action of cargo receptors in selective autophagy by focusing on the roles of sequestosome-like cargo receptors in the degradation of misfolded, ubiquitinated proteins and damaged mitochondria. We also highlight at which steps defects in their function result in the accumulation of harmful material and how this knowledge may guide the design of future therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elias Adriaenssens
- Max Perutz Labs, Vienna BioCenter, University of Vienna, Dr. Bohr-Gasse 9, 1030 Vienna, Austria; Aligning Science Across Parkinson's (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA.
| | - Luca Ferrari
- Max Perutz Labs, Vienna BioCenter, University of Vienna, Dr. Bohr-Gasse 9, 1030 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Sascha Martens
- Max Perutz Labs, Vienna BioCenter, University of Vienna, Dr. Bohr-Gasse 9, 1030 Vienna, Austria; Aligning Science Across Parkinson's (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA.
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19
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Wilhelm LP, Zapata-Muñoz J, Villarejo-Zori B, Pellegrin S, Freire CM, Toye AM, Boya P, Ganley IG. BNIP3L/NIX regulates both mitophagy and pexophagy. EMBO J 2022; 41:e111115. [PMID: 36215693 PMCID: PMC9753467 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2022111115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria and peroxisomes are closely related metabolic organelles, both in terms of origin and in terms of function. Mitochondria and peroxisomes can also be turned over by autophagy, in processes termed mitophagy and pexophagy, respectively. However, despite their close relationship, it is not known if both organelles are turned over under similar conditions, and if so, how this might be coordinated molecularly. Here, we find that multiple selective autophagy pathways are activated upon iron chelation and show that mitophagy and pexophagy occur in a BNIP3L/NIX-dependent manner. We reveal that the outer mitochondrial membrane-anchored NIX protein, previously described as a mitophagy receptor, also independently localises to peroxisomes and drives pexophagy. We show this process happens in vivo, with mouse tissue that lacks NIX having a higher peroxisomal content. We further show that pexophagy is stimulated under the same physiological conditions that activate mitophagy, including cardiomyocyte and erythrocyte differentiation. Taken together, our work uncovers a dual role for NIX, not only in mitophagy but also in pexophagy, thus illustrating the interconnection between selective autophagy pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Léa P Wilhelm
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Juan Zapata-Muñoz
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Margarita Salas Center for Biological Research, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Beatriz Villarejo-Zori
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Margarita Salas Center for Biological Research, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Stephanie Pellegrin
- School of Biochemistry, Biomedical Sciences Building, University Walk, Bristol, UK.,National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Blood and Transplant Research Unit in Red Blood Cell Products, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | | | - Ashley M Toye
- School of Biochemistry, Biomedical Sciences Building, University Walk, Bristol, UK.,National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Blood and Transplant Research Unit in Red Blood Cell Products, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Patricia Boya
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Margarita Salas Center for Biological Research, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ian G Ganley
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
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20
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Abstract
Mitochondria are crucial organelles that play a central role in various cell signaling and metabolic pathways. A healthy mitochondrial population is maintained through a series of quality control pathways and requires a fine-tuned balance between mitochondrial biogenesis and degradation. Defective targeting of dysfunctional mitochondria to lysosomes through mitophagy has been linked to several diseases, but the underlying mechanisms and the relative importance of distinct mitophagy pathways in vivo are largely unknown. In this Cell Science at a Glance and the accompanying poster, we describe our current understanding of how parts of, or whole, mitochondria are recognized by the autophagic machinery and targeted to lysosomes for degradation. We also discuss how this might be regulated under different physiological conditions to maintain mitochondrial and cellular health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian G. Ganley
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Anne Simonsen
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, 0372 Oslo, Norway
- Centre for Cancer Cell Reprogramming, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, 0318 Oslo, Norway
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital Montebello, 0379 Oslo, Norway
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21
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Physiological functions of Mitophagy. CURRENT OPINION IN PHYSIOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cophys.2022.100612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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22
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Rappe A, McWilliams TG. Mitophagy in the aging nervous system. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:978142. [PMID: 36303604 PMCID: PMC9593040 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.978142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Aging is characterised by the progressive accumulation of cellular dysfunction, stress, and inflammation. A large body of evidence implicates mitochondrial dysfunction as a cause or consequence of age-related diseases including metabolic disorders, neuropathies, various forms of cancer and neurodegenerative diseases. Because neurons have high metabolic demands and cannot divide, they are especially vulnerable to mitochondrial dysfunction which promotes cell dysfunction and cytotoxicity. Mitophagy neutralises mitochondrial dysfunction, providing an adaptive quality control strategy that sustains metabolic homeostasis. Mitophagy has been extensively studied as an inducible stress response in cultured cells and short-lived model organisms. In contrast, our understanding of physiological mitophagy in mammalian aging remains extremely limited, particularly in the nervous system. The recent profiling of mitophagy reporter mice has revealed variegated vistas of steady-state mitochondrial destruction across different tissues. The discovery of patients with congenital autophagy deficiency provokes further intrigue into the mechanisms that underpin neural integrity. These dimensions have considerable implications for targeting mitophagy and other degradative pathways in age-related neurological disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Rappe
- Translational Stem Cell Biology and Metabolism Program, Research Programs Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Thomas G. McWilliams
- Translational Stem Cell Biology and Metabolism Program, Research Programs Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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23
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Siegmund D, Wagner J, Wajant H. TNF Receptor Associated Factor 2 (TRAF2) Signaling in Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14164055. [PMID: 36011046 PMCID: PMC9406534 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14164055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor associated factor-2 (TRAF2) is an intracellular adapter protein with E3 ligase activity, which interacts with a plethora of other signaling proteins, including plasma membrane receptors, kinases, phosphatases, other E3 ligases, and deubiquitinases. TRAF2 is involved in various cancer-relevant cellular processes, such as the activation of transcription factors of the NFκB family, stimulation of mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase cascades, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress signaling, autophagy, and the control of cell death programs. In a context-dependent manner, TRAF2 promotes tumor development but it can also act as a tumor suppressor. Based on a general description, how TRAF2 in concert with TRAF2-interacting proteins and other TRAF proteins act at the molecular level is discussed for its importance for tumor development and its potential usefulness as a therapeutic target in cancer therapy. Abstract Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor associated factor-2 (TRAF2) has been originally identified as a protein interacting with TNF receptor 2 (TNFR2) but also binds to several other receptors of the TNF receptor superfamily (TNFRSF). TRAF2, often in concert with other members of the TRAF protein family, is involved in the activation of the classical NFκB pathway and the stimulation of various mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase cascades by TNFRSF receptors (TNFRs), but is also required to inhibit the alternative NFκB pathway. TRAF2 has also been implicated in endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress signaling, the regulation of autophagy, and the control of cell death programs. TRAF2 fulfills its functions by acting as a scaffold, bringing together the E3 ligase cellular inhibitor of apoptosis-1 (cIAP1) and cIAP2 with their substrates and various regulatory proteins, e.g., deubiquitinases. Furthermore, TRAF2 can act as an E3 ligase by help of its N-terminal really interesting new gene (RING) domain. The finding that TRAF2 (but also several other members of the TRAF family) interacts with the latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1) oncogene of the Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) indicated early on that TRAF2 could play a role in the oncogenesis of B-cell malignancies and EBV-associated non-keratinizing nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). TRAF2 can also act as an oncogene in solid tumors, e.g., in colon cancer by promoting Wnt/β-catenin signaling. Moreover, tumor cell-expressed TRAF2 has been identified as a major factor-limiting cancer cell killing by cytotoxic T-cells after immune checkpoint blockade. However, TRAF2 can also be context-dependent as a tumor suppressor, presumably by virtue of its inhibitory effect on the alternative NFκB pathway. For example, inactivating mutations of TRAF2 have been associated with tumor development, e.g., in multiple myeloma and mantle cell lymphoma. In this review, we summarize the various TRAF2-related signaling pathways and their relevance for the oncogenic and tumor suppressive activities of TRAF2. Particularly, we discuss currently emerging concepts to target TRAF2 for therapeutic purposes.
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24
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A degradative to secretory autophagy switch mediates mitochondria clearance in the absence of the mATG8-conjugation machinery. Nat Commun 2022; 13:3720. [PMID: 35764633 PMCID: PMC9240011 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-31213-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
PINK1-Parkin mediated mitophagy, a selective form of autophagy, represents one of the most important mechanisms in mitochondrial quality control (MQC) via the clearance of damaged mitochondria. Although it is well known that the conjugation of mammalian ATG8s (mATG8s) to phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) is a key step in autophagy, its role in mitophagy remains controversial. In this study, we clarify the role of the mATG8-conjugation system in mitophagy by generating knockouts of the mATG8-conjugation machinery. Unexpectedly, we show that mitochondria could still be cleared in the absence of the mATG8-conjugation system, in a process independent of lysosomal degradation. Instead, mitochondria are cleared via extracellular release through a secretory autophagy pathway, in a process we define as Autophagic Secretion of Mitochondria (ASM). Functionally, increased ASM promotes the activation of the innate immune cGAS-STING pathway in recipient cells. Overall, this study reveals ASM as a mechanism in MQC when the cellular mATG8-conjugation machinery is dysfunctional and highlights the critical role of mATG8 lipidation in suppressing inflammatory responses. The mechanisms underlying mitochondrial quality control are not fully understood. Here the authors identify a switch from degradative to secretory autophagy in the absence of the mATG8-conjugation system, termed Autophagic Secretion of Mitochondria.
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25
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Saha B, Salemi M, Williams GL, Oh S, Paffett ML, Phinney B, Mandell MA. Interactomic analysis reveals a homeostatic role for the HIV restriction factor TRIM5α in mitophagy. Cell Rep 2022; 39:110797. [PMID: 35545034 PMCID: PMC9136943 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The protein TRIM5α has multiple roles in antiretroviral defense, but the mechanisms underlying TRIM5α action are unclear. Here, we employ APEX2-based proteomics to identify TRIM5α-interacting partners. Our proteomics results connect TRIM5 to other proteins with actions in antiviral defense. Additionally, they link TRIM5 to mitophagy, an autophagy-based mode of mitochondrial quality control that is compromised in several human diseases. We find that TRIM5 is required for Parkin-dependent and -independent mitophagy pathways where TRIM5 recruits upstream autophagy regulators to damaged mitochondria. Expression of a TRIM5 mutant lacking ubiquitin ligase activity is unable to rescue mitophagy in TRIM5 knockout cells. Cells lacking TRIM5 show reduced mitochondrial function under basal conditions and are more susceptible to immune activation and death in response to mitochondrial damage than are wild-type cells. Taken together, our studies identify a homeostatic role for a protein previously recognized exclusively for its antiviral actions. The protein TRIM5α is well known for its roles in antiretroviral defense. Saha et al. show that TRIM5α also has key homeostatic functions. They report that TRIM5α helps to maintain mitochondrial quality control by enabling the autophagy-dependent removal of damaged mitochondria (mitophagy).
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhaskar Saha
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Michelle Salemi
- UC Davis Genome Center, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Geneva L Williams
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Seeun Oh
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Michael L Paffett
- Fluorescence Microscopy and Cell Imaging Shared Resource, University of New Mexico Comprehensive Cancer Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Brett Phinney
- UC Davis Genome Center, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Michael A Mandell
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA; Autophagy, Inflammation and Metabolism Center of Biomedical Research Excellence, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA.
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26
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Strunov A, Schmidt K, Kapun M, Miller WJ. Restriction of Wolbachia Bacteria in Early Embryogenesis of Neotropical Drosophila Species via Endoplasmic Reticulum-Mediated Autophagy. mBio 2022; 13:e0386321. [PMID: 35357208 PMCID: PMC9040723 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.03863-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Wolbachia are maternally transmitted intracellular bacteria that are not only restricted to the reproductive organs but also found in various somatic tissues of their native hosts. The abundance of the endosymbiont in the soma, usually a dead end for vertically transmitted bacteria, causes a multitude of effects on life history traits of their hosts, which are still not well understood. Thus, deciphering the host-symbiont interactions on a cellular level throughout a host's life cycle is of great importance to understand their homeostatic nature, persistence, and spreading success. Using fluorescent and transmission electron microscopy, we conducted a comprehensive analysis of Wolbachia tropism in soma and germ line of six Drosophila species at the intracellular level during host development. Our data uncovered diagnostic patterns of infections to embryonic primordial germ cells and to particular cells of the soma in three different neotropical Drosophila species that have apparently evolved independently. We further found that restricted patterns of Wolbachia tropism are determined in early embryogenesis via selective autophagy, and their spatially restricted infection patterns are preserved in adult flies. We observed tight interactions of Wolbachia with membranes of the endoplasmic reticulum, which might play a scaffolding role for autophagosome formation and subsequent elimination of the endosymbiont. Finally, by analyzing D. simulans lines transinfected with nonnative Wolbachia, we uncovered that the host genetic background regulates tissue tropism of infection. Our data demonstrate a novel and peculiar mechanism to limit and spatially restrict bacterial infection in the soma during a very early stage of host development. IMPORTANCE All organisms are living in close and intimate interactions with microbes that cause conflicts but also cooperation between both unequal genetic partners due to their different innate interests of primarily enhancing their own fitness. However, stable symbioses often result in homeostatic interaction, named mutualism, by balancing costs and benefits, where both partners profit. Mechanisms that have evolved to balance and stably maintain homeostasis in mutualistic relationships are still quite understudied; one strategy is to "domesticate" potentially beneficial symbionts by actively controlling their replication rate below a critical and, hence, costly threshold, and/or to spatially and temporally restrict their localization in the host organism, which, in the latter case, in its most extreme form, is the formation of a specialized housing organ for the microbe (bacteriome). However, questions remain: how do these mutualistic associations become established in their first place, and what are the mechanisms for symbiont control and restriction in their early stages? Here, we have uncovered an unprecedented symbiont control mechanism in neotropical Drosophila species during early embryogenesis. The fruit fly evolved selective autophagy to restrict and control the proliferation of its intracellular endosymbiont Wolbachia in a defined subset of the stem cells as soon as the host's zygotic genome is activated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton Strunov
- Center for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Katy Schmidt
- Center for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Martin Kapun
- Center for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Central Research Laboratories, Natural History Museum Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Wolfgang J. Miller
- Center for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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27
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Long M, Sanchez-Martinez A, Longo M, Suomi F, Stenlund H, Johansson AI, Ehsan H, Salo VT, Montava-Garriga L, Naddafi S, Ikonen E, Ganley IG, Whitworth AJ, McWilliams TG. DGAT1 activity synchronises with mitophagy to protect cells from metabolic rewiring by iron depletion. EMBO J 2022; 41:e109390. [PMID: 35411952 PMCID: PMC9108618 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2021109390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitophagy removes defective mitochondria via lysosomal elimination. Increased mitophagy coincides with metabolic reprogramming, yet it remains unknown whether mitophagy is a cause or consequence of such state changes. The signalling pathways that integrate with mitophagy to sustain cell and tissue integrity also remain poorly defined. We performed temporal metabolomics on mammalian cells treated with deferiprone, a therapeutic iron chelator that stimulates PINK1/PARKIN-independent mitophagy. Iron depletion profoundly rewired the metabolome, hallmarked by remodelling of lipid metabolism within minutes of treatment. DGAT1-dependent lipid droplet biosynthesis occurred several hours before mitochondrial clearance, with lipid droplets bordering mitochondria upon iron chelation. We demonstrate that DGAT1 inhibition restricts mitophagy in vitro, with impaired lysosomal homeostasis and cell viability. Importantly, genetic depletion of DGAT1 in vivo significantly impaired neuronal mitophagy and locomotor function in Drosophila. Our data define iron depletion as a potent signal that rapidly reshapes metabolism and establishes an unexpected synergy between lipid homeostasis and mitophagy that safeguards cell and tissue integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maeve Long
- Translational Stem Cell Biology & Metabolism Program, Research Programs Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Marianna Longo
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation & Ubiquitylation Unit, School of Life Sciences, The Sir James Black Centre, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Fumi Suomi
- Translational Stem Cell Biology & Metabolism Program, Research Programs Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Hans Stenlund
- Swedish Metabolomics Centre, Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Annika I Johansson
- Swedish Metabolomics Centre, Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Homa Ehsan
- Translational Stem Cell Biology & Metabolism Program, Research Programs Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Veijo T Salo
- Translational Stem Cell Biology & Metabolism Program, Research Programs Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Lambert Montava-Garriga
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation & Ubiquitylation Unit, School of Life Sciences, The Sir James Black Centre, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Seyedehshima Naddafi
- Translational Stem Cell Biology & Metabolism Program, Research Programs Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Elina Ikonen
- Translational Stem Cell Biology & Metabolism Program, Research Programs Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ian G Ganley
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation & Ubiquitylation Unit, School of Life Sciences, The Sir James Black Centre, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | | | - Thomas G McWilliams
- Translational Stem Cell Biology & Metabolism Program, Research Programs Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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28
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Ke PY, Chang CW, Hsiao YC. Baicalein Activates Parkin-Dependent Mitophagy through NDP52 and OPTN. Cells 2022; 11:cells11071132. [PMID: 35406696 PMCID: PMC8997844 DOI: 10.3390/cells11071132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The elimination of intracellular components by autophagy maintains metabolic homeostasis and is a quality-control pathway that enables organelle regeneration. Mitophagy is a type of selective autophagy that regulates mitochondrial turnover, and the dysregulation of mitophagy has been implicated in the pathogenesis of liver diseases. However, the detailed molecular mechanism underlying mitophagy regulation in liver cells remains unclear, and the small molecules that may potentially modulate hepatic mitophagy are still unavailable. Here, we report that baicalein, a flavonoid extracted from Scutellaria baicalensis, induces the entire autophagy that proceeds through the autolysosome maturation stage in human hepatoma cells. In addition, baicalein-induced autophagy is demonstrated to target mitochondria for degradation. Further studies show that baicalein triggers the translocation of Parkin and TBK1 to mitochondria to induce mitophagy. Moreover, the phosphorylation of TBK1 at Ser172 and ubiquitin at Ser65 is shown to trigger mitophagy in baicalein-treated cells. Furthermore, two specific autophagy cargo receptors, NDP52 and OPTN, that function in baicalein-activated mitophagy are identified. Taken together, these findings not only delineate the molecular process of Parkin-dependent mitophagy in liver cells, but also reveal baicalein as a novel inducer of hepatic mitophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Po-Yuan Ke
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology and Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan; (C.-W.C.); (Y.-C.H.)
- Liver Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-3-2118800 (ext. 5115); Fax: +886-3-211-8700
| | - Chih-Wei Chang
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology and Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan; (C.-W.C.); (Y.-C.H.)
| | - Yuan-Chao Hsiao
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology and Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan; (C.-W.C.); (Y.-C.H.)
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29
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Chang HY, Yang WY. Golgi quality control and autophagy. IUBMB Life 2022; 74:361-370. [PMID: 35274438 DOI: 10.1002/iub.2611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Organelles can easily be disrupted by intracellular and extracellular factors. Studies on ER and mitochondria indicate that a wide range of responses are elicited upon organelle disruption. One response thought to be of particular importance is autophagy. Cells can target entire organelles into autophagosomes for removal. This wholesale nature makes autophagy a robust means for eliminating compromised organelles. Recently, it was demonstrated that the Golgi apparatus is a substrate of autophagy. On the other hand, various reports have shown that components traffic away from the Golgi for elimination in an autophagosome-independent manner when the Golgi apparatus is stressed. Future studies will reveal how these different pieces of machinery coordinate to drive Golgi degradation. Quantitative measurements will be needed to determine how much autophagy contributes to the maintenance of the Golgi apparatus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsiang-Yi Chang
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wei Yuan Yang
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.,Institute of Biochemical Sciences, College of Life Sciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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30
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Mechanistic Insights of Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: An Update on a Lasting Relationship. Metabolites 2022; 12:metabo12030233. [PMID: 35323676 PMCID: PMC8951432 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12030233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal neurodegenerative disease characterized by progressive loss of the upper and lower motor neurons. Despite the increasing effort in understanding the etiopathology of ALS, it still remains an obscure disease, and no therapies are currently available to halt its progression. Following the discovery of the first gene associated with familial forms of ALS, Cu–Zn superoxide dismutase, it appeared evident that mitochondria were key elements in the onset of the pathology. However, as more and more ALS-related genes were discovered, the attention shifted from mitochondria impairment to other biological functions such as protein aggregation and RNA metabolism. In recent years, mitochondria have again earned central, mechanistic roles in the pathology, due to accumulating evidence of their derangement in ALS animal models and patients, often resulting in the dysregulation of the energetic metabolism. In this review, we first provide an update of the last lustrum on the molecular mechanisms by which the most well-known ALS-related proteins affect mitochondrial functions and cellular bioenergetics. Next, we focus on evidence gathered from human specimens and advance the concept of a cellular-specific mitochondrial “metabolic threshold”, which may appear pivotal in ALS pathogenesis.
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31
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Role of Mitophagy in the Pathogenesis of Stroke: From Mechanism to Therapy. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2022; 2022:6232902. [PMID: 35265262 PMCID: PMC8898771 DOI: 10.1155/2022/6232902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria can supply adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to the tissue, which can regulate metabolism during the pathologic process and is also involved in the pathophysiology of neuronal injury after stroke. Recent studies have suggested that selective autophagy could play important roles in the pathophysiological process of stroke, especially mitophagy. It is usually mediated by the PINK1/Parkin-independent pathway or PINK1/Parkin-dependent pathway. Moreover, mitophagy may be a potential target in the therapy of stroke because the control of mitophagy is neuroprotective in stroke in vitro and in vivo. In this review, we briefly summarize recent researches in mitophagy, introduce the role of mitophagy in the pathogenesis of stroke, then highlight the strategies targeting mitophagy in the treatment of stroke, and finally propose several issues in the treatment of stroke by targeting mitophagy.
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32
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Zhang R, Ozgen S, Luo H, Krigman J, Zhao Y, Xin G, Sun N. The Mitochondrial Deubiquitinase USP30 Regulates AKT/mTOR Signaling. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:816551. [PMID: 35250566 PMCID: PMC8891576 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.816551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitophagy is an intracellular mechanism to maintain mitochondrial health by removing dysfunctional mitochondria. The E3 ligase Parkin ubiquitinates the membrane proteins on targeted mitochondria to initiate mitophagy, whereas USP30 antagonizes Parkin-dependent mitophagy by removing ubiquitin from Parkin substrates. The AKT/mTOR signaling is a master regulator of cell proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, and autophagy. Although mounting evidence suggests that perturbations in the AKT/mTOR signaling pathway may contribute to mitophagy regulation, the specific mechanisms between Parkin/USP30 and AKT/mTOR signaling have not been elucidated. In this study, we employ a set of genetic reagents to investigate the role of Parkin and USP30 in regulating the AKT/mTOR signaling during mitophagy. We demonstrated that, in the setting of mitochondrial stress, the AKT/mTOR signaling is regulated, at least in part, by the activity of Parkin and USP30. Parkin inhibits AKT/mTOR signaling following an in vitro mitochondrial stress, thereby promoting apoptosis. However, USP30 overexpression antagonizes the activity of Parkin to sustain AKT/mTOR activity and inhibit apoptosis. These findings provide new insights into Parkin and USP30’s role in apoptosis and suggest that inhibiting USP30 might provide a specific strategy to synergize with AKT/mTOR inhibitors in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruohan Zhang
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, United States
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacology, The Ohio State University College of Pharmacy, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Serra Ozgen
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Hongke Luo
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Judith Krigman
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Yutong Zhao
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Gang Xin
- Pelotonia Institute for Immuno-Oncology, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Nuo Sun
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, United States
- *Correspondence: Nuo Sun,
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33
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Lai J, Tang Y, Yang F, Chen J, Huang FH, Yang J, Wang L, Qin D, Law BYK, Wu AG, Wu JM. Targeting autophagy in ethnomedicine against human diseases. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 282:114516. [PMID: 34487846 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.114516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE In the past five years, ethnopharmacy-based drugs have been increasingly used in clinical practice. It has been reported that hundreds of ethnopharmacy-based drugs can modulate autophagy to regulate physiological and pathological processes, and ethnomedicines also have certain therapeutic effects on illnesses, revealing the important roles of these medicines in regulating autophagy and treating diseases. AIM OF THE STUDY This study reviews the regulatory effects of natural products on autophagy in recent years, and discusses their pharmacological effects and clinical applications in the process of diseases. It provides a preliminary literature basis and reference for the research of plant drugs in the regulation of autophagy. MATERIALS AND METHODS A comprehensive systematic review in the fields of relationship between autophagy and ethnomedicine in treating diseases from PubMed electronic database was performed. Information was obtained from documentary sources. RESULTS We recorded some illnesses associated with autophagy, then classified them into different categories reasonably. Based on the uses of these substances in different researches of diseases, a total of 80 active ingredients or compound preparations of natural drugs were searched. The autophagy mechanisms of these substances in the treatments of divers diseases have been summarized for the first time, we also looked forward to the clinical application of some of them. CONCLUSIONS Autophagy plays a key function in lots of illnesses, the regulation of autophagy has become one of the important means to prevent and treat these diseases. About 80 compounds and preparations involved in this review have been proved to have therapeutic effects on related diseases through the mechanism of autophagy. Experiments in vivo and in vitro showed that these compounds and preparations could treat these diseases by regulating autophagy. The typical natural products curcumin and tripterine have powerful roles in regulating autophagy and show good and diversified curative effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Lai
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China
| | - Yong Tang
- Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology, Sichuan Key Medical Laboratory of New Drug Discovery and Druggability Evaluation, Luzhou Key Laboratory of Activity Screening and Druggability Evaluation for Chinese Materia Medica, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China; State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China
| | - Fei Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China
| | - Jianping Chen
- School of Chinese Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Fei-Hong Huang
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China; Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology, Sichuan Key Medical Laboratory of New Drug Discovery and Druggability Evaluation, Luzhou Key Laboratory of Activity Screening and Druggability Evaluation for Chinese Materia Medica, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China
| | - Jing Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China; Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology, Sichuan Key Medical Laboratory of New Drug Discovery and Druggability Evaluation, Luzhou Key Laboratory of Activity Screening and Druggability Evaluation for Chinese Materia Medica, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China
| | - Long Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China; Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology, Sichuan Key Medical Laboratory of New Drug Discovery and Druggability Evaluation, Luzhou Key Laboratory of Activity Screening and Druggability Evaluation for Chinese Materia Medica, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China
| | - Dalian Qin
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China
| | - Betty Yuen-Kwan Law
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China.
| | - An-Guo Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China; Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology, Sichuan Key Medical Laboratory of New Drug Discovery and Druggability Evaluation, Luzhou Key Laboratory of Activity Screening and Druggability Evaluation for Chinese Materia Medica, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China.
| | - Jian-Ming Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China; Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology, Sichuan Key Medical Laboratory of New Drug Discovery and Druggability Evaluation, Luzhou Key Laboratory of Activity Screening and Druggability Evaluation for Chinese Materia Medica, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China.
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34
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Iorio R, Celenza G, Petricca S. Mitophagy: Molecular Mechanisms, New Concepts on Parkin Activation and the Emerging Role of AMPK/ULK1 Axis. Cells 2021; 11:30. [PMID: 35011593 PMCID: PMC8750607 DOI: 10.3390/cells11010030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are multifunctional subcellular organelles essential for cellular energy homeostasis and apoptotic cell death. It is, therefore, crucial to maintain mitochondrial fitness. Mitophagy, the selective removal of dysfunctional mitochondria by autophagy, is critical for regulating mitochondrial quality control in many physiological processes, including cell development and differentiation. On the other hand, both impaired and excessive mitophagy are involved in the pathogenesis of different ageing-associated diseases such as neurodegeneration, cancer, myocardial injury, liver disease, sarcopenia and diabetes. The best-characterized mitophagy pathway is the PTEN-induced putative kinase 1 (PINK1)/Parkin-dependent pathway. However, other Parkin-independent pathways are also reported to mediate the tethering of mitochondria to the autophagy apparatuses, directly activating mitophagy (mitophagy receptors and other E3 ligases). In addition, the existence of molecular mechanisms other than PINK1-mediated phosphorylation for Parkin activation was proposed. The adenosine5'-monophosphate (AMP)-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is emerging as a key player in mitochondrial metabolism and mitophagy. Beyond its involvement in mitochondrial fission and autophagosomal engulfment, its interplay with the PINK1-Parkin pathway is also reported. Here, we review the recent advances in elucidating the canonical molecular mechanisms and signaling pathways that regulate mitophagy, focusing on the early role and spatial specificity of the AMPK/ULK1 axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Iorio
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L’Aquila, Via Vetoio, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy; (G.C.); (S.P.)
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Non-canonical function of FIP200 is required for neural stem cell maintenance and differentiation by limiting TBK1 activation and p62 aggregate formation. Sci Rep 2021; 11:23907. [PMID: 34903812 PMCID: PMC8668875 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-03404-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
FIP200 is an essential autophagy gene implicated in the regulation of postnatal neural progenitor/stem cells (NSCs). However, the contribution of FIP200's canonical-autophagy function and its non-canonical functions to postnatal NSC maintenance remains unclear. Utilizing a recently generated Fip200-4A allele that specifically impairs FIP200's canonical-autophagy function, we found that non-canonical functions of FIP200 was required for regulation of mouse NSC maintenance and neurogenesis in vivo. Ablating the non-canonical functions of FIP200, but not its autophagy function, increased TBK1 activation and p62 phosphorylation at S403 in NSCs. Phosphorylation of p62 was dependent on TBK1 kinase activity and increased the propensity of p62 aggregate formation specifically in FIP200-null NSCs. Accordingly, inhibition of TBK1 by amlexanox reduced p62 aggregates and restored NSC maintenance and differentiation in Fip200hGFAP cKO mice. These results reveal a mechanism for the non-canonical functions of FIP200 in NSC maintenance and differentiation by limiting TBK1 activation and subsequently, p62 aggregate formation.
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36
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Ke PY. Autophagy and antiviral defense. IUBMB Life 2021; 74:317-338. [PMID: 34859938 DOI: 10.1002/iub.2582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Targeting intracellular components for lysosomal degradation by autophagy not only maintains cellular homeostasis but also counteracts the effects of external stimuli, including invading pathogens. Among various kinds of pathogens, viruses have been extensively shown to induce autophagy to benefit viral growth in infected cells and to modulate host defense responses, such as innate antiviral immunity. Recently, numerous lines of evidence have implied that virus-induced autophagy triggers multilayer mechanisms to regulate the innate antiviral response of host cells, thus promoting a balance in virus-host cell interactions. In this review, the detailed mechanisms underlying autophagy and the innate antiviral immune response are first described. Then, I summarize the current information regarding the diverse functional role(s) of autophagy in the control of antiviral defenses against different types of viral infections. Moreover, the physiological significance of autophagy-regulated antiviral responses on the viral life cycle and the potential autophagy alterations induced by virus-associated antiviral signaling is further discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Po-Yuan Ke
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology and Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan, ROC.,Liver Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan, ROC
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37
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Roles of IκB kinases and TANK-binding kinase 1 in hepatic lipid metabolism and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Exp Mol Med 2021; 53:1697-1705. [PMID: 34848839 PMCID: PMC8639992 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-021-00712-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common cause of chronic liver disease and is strongly associated with obesity-related ectopic fat accumulation in the liver. Hepatic lipid accumulation encompasses a histological spectrum ranging from simple steatosis to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), which can progress to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Given that dysregulated hepatic lipid metabolism may be an onset factor in NAFLD, understanding how hepatic lipid metabolism is modulated in healthy subjects and which steps are dysregulated in NAFLD subjects is crucial to identify effective therapeutic targets. Additionally, hepatic inflammation is involved in chronic hepatocyte damage during NAFLD progression. As a key immune signaling hub that mediates NF-κB activation, the IκB kinase (IKK) complex, including IKKα, IKKβ, and IKKγ (NEMO), has been studied as a crucial regulator of the hepatic inflammatory response and hepatocyte survival. Notably, TANK-binding kinase 1 (TBK1), an IKK-related kinase, has recently been revealed as a potential link between hepatic inflammation and energy metabolism. Here, we review (1) the biochemical steps of hepatic lipid metabolism; (2) dysregulated lipid metabolism in obesity and NAFLD; and (3) the roles of IKKs and TBK1 in obesity and NAFLD.
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38
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Ktistakis NT. The dynamics of mitochondrial autophagy at the initiation stage. Biochem Soc Trans 2021; 49:2199-2210. [PMID: 34665253 PMCID: PMC8589415 DOI: 10.1042/bst20210272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The pathway of mitochondrial-specific autophagy (mitophagy, defined here as the specific elimination of mitochondria following distinct mitochondrial injuries or developmental/metabolic alterations) is important in health and disease. This review will be focussed on the earliest steps of the pathway concerning the mechanisms and requirements for initiating autophagosome formation on a mitochondrial target. More specifically, and in view of the fact that we understand the basic mechanism of non-selective autophagy and are beginning to reshape this knowledge towards the pathways of selective autophagy, two aspects of mitophagy will be covered: (i) How does a machinery normally working in association with the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to make an autophagosome can also do so at a site distinct from the ER such as on the surface of the targeted cargo? and (ii) how does the machinery deal with cargo of multiple sizes?
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39
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Janssen AFJ, Korsten G, Nijenhuis W, Katrukha EA, Kapitein LC. Direct observation of aggregate-triggered selective autophagy in human cells. J Cell Sci 2021; 134:271972. [PMID: 34447998 PMCID: PMC8520732 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.258824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Degradation of aggregates by selective autophagy is important as damaged proteins may impose a threat to cellular homeostasis. Although the core components of the autophagy machinery are well characterized, the spatiotemporal regulation of many selective autophagy processes, including aggrephagy, remains largely unexplored. Furthermore, because most live-cell imaging studies have so far focused on starvation-induced autophagy, little is known about the dynamics of aggrephagy. Here, we describe the development and application of the mKeima-PIM assay, which enables live-cell observation of autophagic turnover and degradation of inducible protein aggregates in conjunction with key autophagy players. This allowed us to quantify the relative timing and duration of different steps of aggrephagy in human cells and revealed the short-lived nature of the autophagosome. The assay furthermore showed the spatial distribution of omegasome formation, highlighting that autophagy initiation is directly instructed by the cargo. Moreover, we found that nascent autophagosomes mostly remain immobile until acidification occurs. Thus, our assay provides new insights into the spatiotemporal regulation and dynamics of aggrephagy. This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper. Summary: We describe an assay that enables live-cell imaging of the autophagic turnover and degradation of inducible protein aggregates in conjugation with key players in the autophagy pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne F J Janssen
- Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Hills Road, CB2 0XY Cambridge, UK
| | - Giel Korsten
- Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Wilco Nijenhuis
- Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Center for Living Technologies, Eindhoven-Wageningen-Utrecht Alliance, Padualaan 8, 3583 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Eugene A Katrukha
- Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Lukas C Kapitein
- Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Center for Living Technologies, Eindhoven-Wageningen-Utrecht Alliance, Padualaan 8, 3583 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
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40
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Cong P, Wang T, Tong C, Liu Y, Shi L, Mao S, Shi X, Jin H, Liu Y, Hou M. Resveratrol ameliorates thoracic blast exposure-induced inflammation, endoplasmic reticulum stress and apoptosis in the brain through the Nrf2/Keap1 and NF-κB signaling pathway. Injury 2021; 52:2795-2802. [PMID: 34454721 DOI: 10.1016/j.injury.2021.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Blast injuries include the various types of internal and external trauma caused by the impact force of high-speed blast waves with multiple mechanisms involved. Thoracic blast exposure could induce neurotrauma as well, but effective therapies are lacking. Resveratrol is a polyphenol flavonoid secreted by plants and has been shown to provide cardiovascular protection and play anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidation and anti-cancer roles. However, the effects of resveratrol on thoracic blast exposure-induced brain injury have not been investigated. To explore this, a mouse model of thoracic blast exposure-induced brain injury was established. Sixty C57BL/6 wild type mice were randomly divided equally into four groups (one control group, one model group, and model groups with 25 or 50 mg/kg resveratrol injected intraperitoneally). As traumatic brain injury often accompanied by mental symptoms, cognitive dysfunction and anxious behavior were evaluated by Y maze, elevated plus maze and open field test. We also examined the mice for histopathological changes by hematoxylin-eosin staining; the expressions of inflammatory-related factors by ELISA; endoplasmic reticulum stress in brain tissue via the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the expressions of inositol-requiring enzyme-α (IRE-α) and C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP); apoptosis by measuring levels of Bax, p53 and Bcl-2. In addition, proteins of related pathways were also studied by western blotting. We found that resveratrol significantly reduced the levels of inflammatory-related factors, including interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-4, and high mobility group box protein 1(HMGB1), and increased the level of anti-inflammatory-related factor, IL-10, under thoracic blast exposure (P < 0.05). Cognitive dysfunction and anxious behavior were also ameliorated by resveratrol. In brain tissue, resveratrol significantly attenuated thoracic blast exposure-induced generation of ROS and expressions of IRE-α and CHOP, lowered the expressions of Bax and p53, and maintained Bcl-2 expression (P < 0.05). Additionally, resveratrol significantly ameliorated thoracic blast exposure-induced increases of Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1) and nuclear factor (NF)-κB and the decrease in nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2(Nrf2) expression in the brain (P < 0.05). Our results indicate that resveratrol has a protective effect on thoracic blast exposure-induced brain injury that is likely mediated through the Nrf2/Keap1 and NF-κB signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peifang Cong
- College of Medicine and Biological Information Engineering, Northeastern University, No. 195, Chuangxin Road, Hunnan District, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, 110016, China.
| | - Teng Wang
- Jining No.1 people's Hospital of Shandong Province, No. 6, Jiankang Road, Jining, Shandong Province, 272011, China.
| | - Changci Tong
- Emergency Medicine Department of General Hospital of Northern theatre command, Laboratory of Rescue Center of Severe Wound and Trauma PLA, No.83, Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, 110016, China.
| | - Ying Liu
- Emergency Medicine Department of General Hospital of Northern theatre command, Laboratory of Rescue Center of Severe Wound and Trauma PLA, No.83, Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, 110016, China.
| | - Lin Shi
- Emergency Medicine Department of General Hospital of Northern theatre command, Laboratory of Rescue Center of Severe Wound and Trauma PLA, No.83, Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, 110016, China.
| | - Shun Mao
- Emergency Medicine Department of General Hospital of Northern theatre command, Laboratory of Rescue Center of Severe Wound and Trauma PLA, No.83, Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, 110016, China.
| | - Xiuyun Shi
- Emergency Medicine Department of General Hospital of Northern theatre command, Laboratory of Rescue Center of Severe Wound and Trauma PLA, No.83, Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, 110016, China.
| | - Hongxu Jin
- Emergency Medicine Department of General Hospital of Northern theatre command, Laboratory of Rescue Center of Severe Wound and Trauma PLA, No.83, Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, 110016, China.
| | - Yunen Liu
- Shenyang Medical College, No. 146, Huanghe North Street, Huanggu District, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, 110034, China; Emergency Medicine Department of General Hospital of Northern theatre command, Laboratory of Rescue Center of Severe Wound and Trauma PLA, No.83, Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, 110016, China.
| | - Mingxiao Hou
- College of Medicine and Biological Information Engineering, Northeastern University, No. 195, Chuangxin Road, Hunnan District, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, 110016, China; Shenyang Medical College, No. 146, Huanghe North Street, Huanggu District, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, 110034, China; The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shenyang Medical College. The Veterans General Hospital of Liaoning Province, No.20 Beijiu Road, Heping District, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, 110001, China.
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41
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Tu YXI, Sydor AM, Coyaud E, Laurent EMN, Dyer D, Mellouk N, St-Germain J, Vernon RM, Forman-Kay JD, Li T, Hua R, Zhao K, Ridgway ND, Kim PK, Raught B, Brumell JH. Global Proximity Interactome of the Human Macroautophagy Pathway. Autophagy 2021; 18:1174-1186. [PMID: 34524948 PMCID: PMC9196747 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2021.1965711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Macroautophagy is a highly conserved eukaryotic cellular pathway involving the engulfment of macromolecules, organelles, and invading microbes by a double-membrane compartment and subsequent lysosomal degradation. The mechanisms that regulate macroautophagy, and the interaction of its components with other cellular pathways, have remained unclear. Here, we performed proximity-dependent biotin identification (BioID) on 39 core human macroautophagy proteins, identifying over 700 unique high confidence proximity interactors with new putative connections between macroautophagic and essential cellular processes. Of note, we identify members of the OSBPL (oxysterol binding protein like) family as Atg8-family protein interactors. We subsequently conducted comprehensive screens of the OSBPL family for LC3B-binding and roles in xenophagy and aggrephagy. OSBPL7 and OSBPL11 emerged as novel lipid transfer proteins required for macroautophagy of selective cargo. Altogether, our proximity interaction map provides a valuable resource for the study of autophagy and highlights the critical role of membrane contact site proteins in the pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Xin Iris Tu
- Cell Biology Program, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Andrew M Sydor
- Cell Biology Program, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Etienne Coyaud
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Estelle M N Laurent
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Diana Dyer
- Cell Biology Program, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nora Mellouk
- Cell Biology Program, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jonathan St-Germain
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Robert M Vernon
- Molecular Medicine Program, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Julie D Forman-Kay
- Molecular Medicine Program, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Taoyingnan Li
- Cell Biology Program, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rong Hua
- Cell Biology Program, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kexin Zhao
- Departments of Pediatrics and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Atlantic Research Centre, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Neale D Ridgway
- Departments of Pediatrics and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Atlantic Research Centre, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Peter K Kim
- Cell Biology Program, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Brian Raught
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - John H Brumell
- Cell Biology Program, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,SickKids IBD Centre, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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42
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Ryan TA, Tumbarello DA. A central role for mitochondrial-derived vesicles in the innate immune response: implications for Parkinson's disease. Neural Regen Res 2021; 16:1779-1780. [PMID: 33510074 PMCID: PMC8328781 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.306074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas A. Ryan
- Institute of Systems, Molecular & Integrative Biology, Faculty of Health & Life Sciences, Nuffield Wing, Sherrington Building, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - David A. Tumbarello
- Biological Sciences, Life Science Building 85, University of Southampton, Highfield Campus, Southampton, UK
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43
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Hall BS, Dos Santos SJ, Hsieh LTH, Manifava M, Ruf MT, Pluschke G, Ktistakis N, Simmonds RE. Inhibition of the SEC61 translocon by mycolactone induces a protective autophagic response controlled by EIF2S1-dependent translation that does not require ULK1 activity. Autophagy 2021; 18:841-859. [PMID: 34424124 PMCID: PMC9037441 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2021.1961067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The Mycobacterium ulcerans exotoxin, mycolactone, is responsible for the immunosuppression and tissue necrosis that characterizes Buruli ulcer. Mycolactone inhibits SEC61-dependent co-translational translocation of proteins into the endoplasmic reticulum and the resultant cytosolic translation triggers degradation of mislocalized proteins by the ubiquitin-proteasome system. Inhibition of SEC61 by mycolactone also activates multiple EIF2S1/eIF2α kinases in the integrated stress response (ISR). Here we show mycolactone increased canonical markers of selective macroautophagy/autophagy LC3B-II, ubiquitin and SQSTM1/p62 in diverse disease-relevant primary cells and cell lines. Increased formation of puncta positive for the early autophagy markers WIPI2, RB1CC1/FIP200 and ATG16L1 indicates increased initiation of autophagy. The mycolactone response was SEC61A1-dependent and involved a pathway that required RB1CC1 but not ULK. Deletion of Sqstm1 reduced cell survival in the presence of mycolactone, suggesting this response protects against the increased cytosolic protein burden caused by the toxin. However, reconstitution of baseline SQSTM1 expression in cells lacking all autophagy receptor proteins could not rescue viability. Translational regulation by EIF2S1 in the ISR plays a key role in the autophagic response to mycolactone. Mycolactone-dependent induction of SQSTM1 was reduced in eif2ak3−/-/perk−/- cells while the p-EIF2S1 antagonist ISRIB reversed the upregulation of SQSTM1 and reduced RB1CC1, WIPI2 and LC3B puncta formation. Increased SQSTM1 staining could be seen in Buruli ulcer patient skin biopsy samples, reinforcing genetic data that suggests autophagy is relevant to disease pathology. Since selective autophagy and the ISR are both implicated in neurodegeneration, cancer and inflammation, the pathway uncovered here may have a broad relevance to human disease. Abbreviations: ATF4: activating transcription factor 4; ATG: autophagy related; BAF: bafilomycin A1; ATG16L1: autophagy related 16 like 1; BU: Buruli ulcer; CQ: chloroquine; EIF2AK3: eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 alpha kinase 3; CALCOCO2: calcium binding and coiled-coil domain 2; DMSO: dimethyl sulfoxide; EIF2S1: eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 subunit alpha; ER: endoplasmic reticulum; GFP: green fluorescent protein; HDMEC: human dermal microvascular endothelial cells; HFFF: human fetal foreskin fibroblasts; ISR: integrated stress response; ISRIB: integrated stress response inhibitor; MAP1LC3B/LC3B: microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3 beta; MEF: mouse embryonic fibroblast; Myco: mycolactone; NBR1: NBR1 autophagy cargo receptor; NFE2L2: nuclear factor, erythroid 2 like 2; OPTN: optineurin; PFA: paraformaldehyde; PtdIns3P: phosphatidylinositol-3-phosphate; RB1CC1: RB1-inducible coiled coil 1; SQSTM1: sequestosome 1; TAX1BP1: Tax1 binding protein 1; ULK: unc-51 like autophagy activating kinase; UPS: ubiquitin-proteasome system; WIPI: WD repeat domain, phosphoinositide interacting; WT: wild type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belinda S Hall
- Department of Microbial Sciences, School of Biosciences and Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
| | - Scott J Dos Santos
- Department of Microbial Sciences, School of Biosciences and Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
| | - Louise Tzung-Harn Hsieh
- Department of Microbial Sciences, School of Biosciences and Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
| | | | - Marie-Thérèse Ruf
- Molecular Immunology, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland.,Medical Parasitology and Infection Biology Department, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Gerd Pluschke
- Molecular Immunology, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland.,Medical Parasitology and Infection Biology Department, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Rachel E Simmonds
- Department of Microbial Sciences, School of Biosciences and Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
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44
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Kannangara AR, Poole DM, McEwan CM, Youngs JC, Weerasekara VK, Thornock AM, Lazaro MT, Balasooriya ER, Oh LM, Soderblom EJ, Lee JJ, Simmons DL, Andersen JL. BioID reveals an ATG9A interaction with ATG13-ATG101 in the degradation of p62/SQSTM1-ubiquitin clusters. EMBO Rep 2021; 22:e51136. [PMID: 34369648 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202051136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
ATG9A, the only multi-pass transmembrane protein among core ATG proteins, is an essential regulator of autophagy, yet its regulatory mechanisms and network of interactions are poorly understood. Through quantitative BioID proteomics, we identify a network of ATG9A interactions that includes members of the ULK1 complex and regulators of membrane fusion and vesicle trafficking, including the TRAPP, EARP, GARP, exocyst, AP-1, and AP-4 complexes. These interactions mark pathways of ATG9A trafficking through ER, Golgi, and endosomal systems. In exploring these data, we find that ATG9A interacts with components of the ULK1 complex, particularly ATG13 and ATG101. Using knockout/reconstitution and split-mVenus approaches to capture the ATG13-ATG101 dimer, we find that ATG9A interacts with ATG13-ATG101 independently of ULK1. Deletion of ATG13 or ATG101 causes a shift in ATG9A distribution, resulting in an aberrant accumulation of ATG9A at stalled clusters of p62/SQSTM1 and ubiquitin, which can be rescued by an ULK1 binding-deficient mutant of ATG13. Together, these data reveal ATG9A interactions in vesicle-trafficking and autophagy pathways, including a role for an ULK1-independent ATG13 complex in regulating ATG9A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashari R Kannangara
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Fritz B. Burns Cancer Research Laboratory, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA
| | - Daniel M Poole
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Fritz B. Burns Cancer Research Laboratory, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA
| | - Colten M McEwan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Fritz B. Burns Cancer Research Laboratory, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA
| | - Joshua C Youngs
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Fritz B. Burns Cancer Research Laboratory, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA
| | - Vajira K Weerasekara
- Center for Cancer Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alex M Thornock
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Fritz B. Burns Cancer Research Laboratory, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA
| | - Misael T Lazaro
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Fritz B. Burns Cancer Research Laboratory, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA
| | - Eranga R Balasooriya
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Fritz B. Burns Cancer Research Laboratory, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA
| | - Laura M Oh
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Fritz B. Burns Cancer Research Laboratory, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA
| | - Erik J Soderblom
- Proteomics and Metabolomics Shared Resource, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Jonathan J Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Fritz B. Burns Cancer Research Laboratory, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA
| | - Daniel L Simmons
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Fritz B. Burns Cancer Research Laboratory, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA
| | - Joshua L Andersen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Fritz B. Burns Cancer Research Laboratory, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA
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45
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Kang C, Avery L. The FMRFamide Neuropeptide FLP-20 Acts as a Systemic Signal for Starvation Responses in Caenorhabditis elegans. Mol Cells 2021; 44:529-537. [PMID: 34140426 PMCID: PMC8334353 DOI: 10.14348/molcells.2021.0051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Most animals face frequent periods of starvation throughout their entire life and thus need to appropriately adjust their behavior and metabolism during starvation for their survival. Such adaptive responses are regulated by a complex set of systemic signals, including hormones and neuropeptides. While much progress has been made in identifying pathways that regulate nutrient-excessive states, it is still incompletely understood how animals systemically signal their nutrient-deficient states. Here, we showed that the FMRFamide neuropeptide FLP-20 modulates a systemic starvation response in Caenorhabditis elegans. We found that mutation of flp-20 rescued the starvation hypersensitivity of the G protein β-subunit gpb-2 mutants by suppressing excessive autophagy. FLP-20 acted in AIB neurons, where the metabotropic glutamate receptor MGL-2 also functions to modulate a systemic starvation response. Furthermore, FLP-20 modulated starvation-induced fat degradation in a manner dependent on the receptor-type guanylate cyclase GCY-28. Collectively, our results reveal a circuit that senses and signals nutrient-deficient states to modulate a systemic starvation response in multicellular organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chanhee Kang
- School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Leon Avery
- Department of Molecular Biology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
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46
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Yamano K, Kojima W. Molecular functions of autophagy adaptors upon ubiquitin-driven mitophagy. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2021; 1865:129972. [PMID: 34332032 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2021.129972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Perturbations in organellar health can lead to an accumulation of unwanted and/or damaged organelles that are toxic to the cell and which can contribute to the onset of neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's disease. Mitochondrial health is particularly critical given the indispensable role the organelle has not only in adenosine triphosphate production but also other metabolic processes. Byproducts of oxidative respiration, such as reactive oxygen species, however, can negatively impact mitochondrial fitness. Consequently, selective degradation of damaged mitochondria, which occurs via a specific autophagic process termed mitophagy, is essential for normal cell maintenance. SCOPE OF REVIEW Recent accumulating evidence has shown that autophagy adaptors (also referred to as autophagy receptors) play critical roles in connecting ubiquitinated mitochondria with the autophagic machinery of the autophagy-lysosome pathway that is required for degradation. In this review, we focus on our current understanding of the autophagy adaptor mechanisms underlying PINK1/Parkin-driven mitophagy. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS Although autophagy adaptors are canonically defined as proteins that possess ubiquitin-binding domains and ATG8s-binding motifs, the recent identification of novel binding partners has contributed to the development of a more sophisticated model for how autophagy adaptors contribute to the molecular hub that organizes autophagic cargo-degradation. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Although mitophagy is recognized as one of the selective autophagy pathways that removes dysfunctional mitochondria, a more nuanced understanding of the interactions connecting autophagy adaptors and their associated proteins is needed to gain deeper insights into the fundamental biological processes underlying human diseases, including neurodegenerative disorders. This review is part of a Special Issue entitled Mitophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Yamano
- Ubiquitin Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, 2-1-6 Kamikitazawa, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan.
| | - Waka Kojima
- Ubiquitin Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, 2-1-6 Kamikitazawa, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan
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47
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Valečka J, Camosseto V, McEwan DG, Terawaki S, Liu Z, Strock E, Almeida CR, Su B, Dikic I, Liang Y, Gatti E, Pierre P. RUFY4 exists as two translationally regulated isoforms, that localize to the mitochondrion in activated macrophages. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2021; 8:202333. [PMID: 34295519 PMCID: PMC8278043 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.202333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
We report here that RUFY4, a newly characterized member of the 'RUN and FYVE domain-containing' family of proteins previously associated with autophagy enhancement, is highly expressed in alveolar macrophages (AM). We show that RUFY4 interacts with mitochondria upon stimulation by microbial-associated molecular patterns of AM and dendritic cells. RUFY4 interaction with mitochondria and other organelles is dependent on a previously uncharacterized OmpH domain located immediately upstream of its C-terminal FYVE domain. Further, we demonstrate that rufy4 messenger RNA can be translated from an alternative translation initiation codon, giving rise to a N-terminally truncated form of the molecule lacking most of its RUN domain and with enhanced potential for its interaction with mitochondria. Our observations point towards a role of RUFY4 in selective mitochondria clearance in activated phagocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Valečka
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, INSERM, CIML, 13288 Marseille cedex 9, France
| | - Voahirana Camosseto
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, INSERM, CIML, 13288 Marseille cedex 9, France
| | - David G. McEwan
- Tumour Cell Death Laboratory, Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - Seigo Terawaki
- Department of Pathobiochemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Zhuangzhuang Liu
- School of Laboratory Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Eva Strock
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, INSERM, CIML, 13288 Marseille cedex 9, France
| | - Catarina R. Almeida
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (iBiMED) and Ilidio Pinho Foundation, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Bing Su
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, People's Republic of China
| | - Ivan Dikic
- Institute of Biochemistry II, Goethe University School of Medicine, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt (Main), Germany
| | - Yinming Liang
- School of Laboratory Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Evelina Gatti
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, INSERM, CIML, 13288 Marseille cedex 9, France
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (iBiMED) and Ilidio Pinho Foundation, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Philippe Pierre
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, INSERM, CIML, 13288 Marseille cedex 9, France
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (iBiMED) and Ilidio Pinho Foundation, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, People's Republic of China
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48
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Huang H, He Q, Guo B, Xu X, Wu Y, Li X. Progress in Redirecting Antiparasitic Drugs for Cancer Treatment. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2021; 15:2747-2767. [PMID: 34188451 PMCID: PMC8235938 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s308973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Drug repurposing is a feasible strategy in developing novel medications. Regarding the cancer field, scientists are continuously making efforts to redirect conventional drugs into cancer treatment. This approach aims at exploring new applications in the existing agents. Antiparasitic medications, including artemisinin derivatives (ARTs), quinine-related compounds, niclosamide, ivermectin, albendazole derivatives, nitazoxanide and pyrimethamine, have been deeply investigated and widely applied in treating various parasitic diseases for a long time. Generally, their pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties are well understood, while the side effects are roughly acceptable. Scientists noticed that some of these agents have anticancer potentials and explored the underlying mechanisms to achieve drug repurposing. Recent studies show that these agents inhibit cancer progression via multiple interesting ways, inducing ferroptosis induction, autophagy regulation, mitochondrial disturbance, immunoregulation, and metabolic disruption. In this review, we summarize the recent advancement in uncovering antiparasitic drugs' anticancer properties from the perspective of their pharmacological targets. Instead of paying attention to the previously discovered mechanisms, we focus more on newly emerging ones that are worth noticing. While most investigations are focusing on the mechanisms of their antiparasitic effect, more in vivo exploration in clinical trials in the future is necessary. Moreover, we also paid attention to what limits the clinical application of these agents. For some of these agents like ARTs and niclosamide, drug modification, novel delivery system invention, or drug combination are strongly recommended for future exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoyang Huang
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510080, People's Republic of China
| | - Qing He
- Department of Parasitology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510080, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory for Tropical Diseases Control of Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510080, People's Republic of China.,Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Biological Vector Control, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510080, People's Republic of China.,CAEA Center of Excellence on Nuclear Technology Applications for Insect Control, Beijing, 100048, People's Republic of China
| | - Binghua Guo
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, People's Republic of China
| | - Xudong Xu
- Department of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510080, People's Republic of China
| | - Yinjuan Wu
- Department of Parasitology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510080, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory for Tropical Diseases Control of Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510080, People's Republic of China.,Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Biological Vector Control, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510080, People's Republic of China.,CAEA Center of Excellence on Nuclear Technology Applications for Insect Control, Beijing, 100048, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuerong Li
- Department of Parasitology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510080, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory for Tropical Diseases Control of Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510080, People's Republic of China.,Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Biological Vector Control, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510080, People's Republic of China.,CAEA Center of Excellence on Nuclear Technology Applications for Insect Control, Beijing, 100048, People's Republic of China
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Abstract
Selective autophagy is the lysosomal degradation of specific intracellular components sequestered into autophagosomes, late endosomes, or lysosomes through the activity of selective autophagy receptors (SARs). SARs interact with autophagy-related (ATG)8 family proteins via sequence motifs called LC3-interacting region (LIR) motifs in vertebrates and Atg8-interacting motifs (AIMs) in yeast and plants. SARs can be divided into two broad groups: soluble or membrane bound. Cargo or substrate selection may be independent or dependent of ubiquitin labeling of the cargo. In this review, we discuss mechanisms of mammalian selective autophagy with a focus on the unifying principles employed in substrate recognition, interaction with the forming autophagosome via LIR-ATG8 interactions, and the recruitment of core autophagy components for efficient autophagosome formation on the substrate. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology, Volume 37 is October 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trond Lamark
- Molecular Cancer Research Group, Department of Medical Biology, University of Tromsø - The Arctic University of Norway, 9037 Tromsø, Norway; ,
| | - Terje Johansen
- Molecular Cancer Research Group, Department of Medical Biology, University of Tromsø - The Arctic University of Norway, 9037 Tromsø, Norway; ,
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50
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Herhaus L. TBK1 (TANK-binding kinase 1)-mediated regulation of autophagy in health and disease. Matrix Biol 2021; 100-101:84-98. [DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2021.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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