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Chávez-Guevara IA, Amaro-Gahete FJ, Ramos-Jiménez A, Brun JF. Toward Exercise Guidelines for Optimizing Fat Oxidation During Exercise in Obesity: A Systematic Review and Meta-Regression. Sports Med 2023; 53:2399-2416. [PMID: 37584843 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-023-01897-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exercise training performed at maximal fat oxidation (FATmax) is an efficient non-pharmacological approach for the management of obesity and its related cardio-metabolic disorders. OBJECTIVES Therefore, this work aimed to provide exercise intensity guidelines and training volume recommendations for maximizing fat oxidation in patients with obesity. METHODS A systematic review of original articles published in English, Spanish or French languages was carried out in EBSCOhost, PubMed and Scopus by strictly following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) statement. Those studies that analyzed maximal fat oxidation (MFO) and FATmax in patients with obesity (body fat > 25% for men; > 35% for women) by calculating substrate oxidation rates through indirect calorimetry during a graded exercise test with short-duration stages (< 10 min) were selected for quantitative analysis. The accuracy of relative oxygen uptake (% peak oxygen uptake [%[Formula: see text]O2peak]) and relative heart rate (% peak heart rate [%HRpeak]) for establishing FATmax reference values was investigated by analyzing their intra-individual and inter-study variation. Moreover, cluster analysis and meta-regression were used for determining the influence of biological factors and methodological procedures on MFO and FATmax. RESULTS Sixty-four manuscripts were selected from 146 records; 23 studies only recruited men (n = 465), 14 studies only evaluated women (n = 575), and 27 studies included individuals from both sexes (n = 6434). The majority of the evaluated subjects were middle-aged adults (aged 40-60 y; 84%) with a poor cardiorespiratory fitness (≤ 43 mL·kg-1·min-1; 81%), and the reported MFO ranged from 0.27 to 0.33 g·min-1. The relative heart rate at FATmax (coefficient of variation [CV]: 8.8%) showed a lower intra-individual variation compared with relative oxygen uptake (CV: 17.2%). Furthermore, blood lactate levels at FATmax ranged from 1.3 to 2.7 mmol·L-1 while the speed and power output at FATmax fluctuated from 4 to 5.1 km·h-1 and 42.8-60.2 watts, respectively. Age, body mass index, cardiorespiratory fitness, FATmax, the type of ergometer and the stoichiometric equation used to calculate the MFO independently explained MFO values (R2 = 0.85; p < 0.01). The MFO in adolescents was superior in comparison with MFO observed in young and middle-aged adults. On the other hand, the MFO was higher during treadmill walking in comparison with stationary cycling. Body fat and MFO alone determined 29% of the variation in FATmax (p < 0.01), noting that individuals with body fat > 35% showed a heart rate of 61-66% HRpeak while individuals with < 35% body fat showed a heart rate between 57 and 64% HRpeak. Neither biological sex nor the analytical procedure for computing the fat oxidation kinetics were associated with MFO and FATmax. CONCLUSION Relative heart rate rather than relative oxygen uptake should be used for establishing FATmax reference values in patients with obesity. A heart rate of 61-66% HRpeak should be recommended to patients with > 35% body fat while a heart rate of 57-64% HRpeak should be recommended to patients with body fat < 35%. Moreover, training volume must be higher in adults to achieve a similar fat oxidation compared with adolescents whereas exercising on a treadmill requires a lower training volume to achieve significant fat oxidation in comparison with stationary cycling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac A Chávez-Guevara
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Biomedical Sciences Institute, Autonomous University of Ciudad Juarez, 32310, Chihuahua, Mexico.
- Department of Health Sciences, Biomedical Sciences Institute, Autonomous University of Ciudad Juarez, 32310, Chihuahua, Mexico.
| | - Francisco J Amaro-Gahete
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, EFFECTS-262 Research Group, University of Granada, 18016, Granada, Spain
- PROmoting FITness and Health Through Physical Activity Research Group (PROFITH), Department of Physical and Sports Education, Faculty of Sports Science, University of Granada, 18011, Granada, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Arnulfo Ramos-Jiménez
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Biomedical Sciences Institute, Autonomous University of Ciudad Juarez, 32310, Chihuahua, Mexico
- Department of Health Sciences, Biomedical Sciences Institute, Autonomous University of Ciudad Juarez, 32310, Chihuahua, Mexico
| | - Jean Frederic Brun
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Hôpital Lapeyronie CHRU Montpellier, PHYMEDEXP, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France.
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Kittrell HD, DiMenna FJ, Arad AD, Oh W, Hofer I, Walker RW, Loos RJF, Albu JB, Nadkarni GN. Discrepancy between predicted and measured exercise intensity for eliciting the maximal rate of lipid oxidation. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2023; 33:2189-2198. [PMID: 37567789 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2023.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Ectopic lipid storage is implicated in type 2 diabetes pathogenesis; hence, exercise to deplete stores (i.e., at the intensity that allows for maximal rate of lipid oxidation; MLO) might be optimal for restoring metabolic health. This intensity ("Fatmax") is estimated during incremental exercise ("Fatmax test"). However, in "the field" general recommendations exist regarding a range of percentages of maximal heart rate (HR) to elicit MLO. The degree to which this range is aligned with measured Fatmax has not been investigated. We compared measured HR at Fatmax, with maximal HR percentages within the typically recommended range in a sample of 26 individuals (Female: n = 11, European ancestry: n = 17). METHODS AND RESULTS Subjects completed a modified Fatmax test with a 5-min warmup, followed by incremental stages starting at 15 W with work rate increased by 15 W every 5 min until termination criteria were reached. Pulmonary gas exchange was recorded and average values for V˙ o2 and V˙ co2 for the final minute of each stage were used to estimate substrate-oxidation rates. We modeled lipid-oxidation kinetics using a sinusoidal model and expressed MLO relative to peak V˙ o2 and HR. Bland-Altman analysis demonstrated lack of concordance between HR at Fatmax and at 50%, 70%, and 80% of age-predicted maximum with a mean difference of 23 b·min-1. CONCLUSION Our results indicate that estimated "fat-burning" heart rate zones are inappropriate for prescribing exercise to elicit MLO and we recommend direct individual exercise lipid oxidation measurements to elicit these values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah D Kittrell
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; The Charles Bronfman Institute of Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Mount Sinai Clinical Intelligence Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Division of Data Driven and Digital Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Fred J DiMenna
- Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Avigdor D Arad
- The Integrated Center for Preventive Medicine, Tel Aviv Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Wonsuk Oh
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; The Charles Bronfman Institute of Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Mount Sinai Clinical Intelligence Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Division of Data Driven and Digital Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ira Hofer
- The Charles Bronfman Institute of Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Division of Data Driven and Digital Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Department of Anesthesiology, Pain, and Perioperative Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ryan W Walker
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ruth J F Loos
- The Charles Bronfman Institute of Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jeanine B Albu
- Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Girish N Nadkarni
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; The Charles Bronfman Institute of Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Mount Sinai Clinical Intelligence Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Division of Data Driven and Digital Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
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Noakes TD, Prins PJ, Volek JS, D’Agostino DP, Koutnik AP. Low carbohydrate high fat ketogenic diets on the exercise crossover point and glucose homeostasis. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1150265. [PMID: 37057184 PMCID: PMC10086139 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1150265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
In exercise science, the crossover effect denotes that fat oxidation is the primary fuel at rest and during low-intensity exercise with a shift towards an increased reliance on carbohydrate oxidation at moderate to high exercise intensities. This model makes four predictions: First, >50% of energy comes from carbohydrate oxidation at ≥60% of maximum oxygen consumption (VO2max), termed the crossover point. Second, each individual has a maximum fat oxidation capacity (FATMAX) at an exercise intensity lower than the crossover point. FATMAX values are typically 0.3–0.6 g/min. Third, fat oxidation is minimized during exercise ≥85%VO2max, making carbohydrates the predominant energetic substrate during high-intensity exercise, especially at >85%VO2max. Fourth, high-carbohydrate low-fat (HCLF) diets will produce superior exercise performances via maximizing pre-exercise storage of this predominant exercise substrate. In a series of recent publications evaluating the metabolic and performance effects of low-carbohydrate high-fat (LCHF/ketogenic) diet adaptations during exercise of different intensities, we provide findings that challenge this model and these four predictions. First, we show that adaptation to the LCHF diet shifts the crossover point to a higher %VO2max (>80%VO2max) than previously reported. Second, substantially higher FATMAX values (>1.5 g/min) can be measured in athletes adapted to the LCHF diet. Third, endurance athletes exercising at >85%VO2max, whilst performing 6 × 800 m running intervals, measured the highest rates of fat oxidation yet reported in humans. Peak fat oxidation rates measured at 86.4 ± 6.2%VO2max were 1.58 ± 0.33 g/min with 30% of subjects achieving >1.85 g/min. These studies challenge the prevailing doctrine that carbohydrates are the predominant oxidized fuel during high-intensity exercise. We recently found that 30% of middle-aged competitive athletes presented with pre-diabetic glycemic values while on an HCLF diet, which was reversed on LCHF. We speculate that these rapid changes between diet, insulin, glucose homeostasis, and fat oxidation might be linked by diet-induced changes in mitochondrial function and insulin action. Together, we demonstrate evidence that challenges the current crossover concept and demonstrate evidence that a LCHF diet may also reverse features of pre-diabetes and future metabolic disease risk, demonstrating the impact of dietary choice has extended beyond physical performance even in athletic populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- T. D. Noakes
- Department of Medical and Wellness Science, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - P. J. Prins
- Department of Exercise Science, Grove City College, Grove City, PA, United States
| | - J. S. Volek
- Department of Human Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - D. P. D’Agostino
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States
- Human Healthspan, Resilience and Performance, Institute of Human and Machine Cognition, Pensacola, FL, United States
| | - A. P. Koutnik
- Human Healthspan, Resilience and Performance, Institute of Human and Machine Cognition, Pensacola, FL, United States
- *Correspondence: A. P. Koutnik,
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Alvarez-Jimenez L, Moreno-Cabañas A, Morales-Palomo F, Ortega JF, Mora-Rodriguez R. Chronic Statin Treatment Does Not Impair Exercise Lipolysis or Fat Oxidation in Exercise-Trained Individuals With Obesity and Dyslipidemia. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab 2023;:1-10. [PMID: 36809770 DOI: 10.1123/ijsnem.2022-0175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether statin medication in individuals with obesity, dyslipidemia, and metabolic syndrome affects their capacity to mobilize and oxidize fat during exercise. METHODS Twelve individuals with metabolic syndrome pedaled during 75 min at 54 ± 13% V˙O2max (5.7 ± 0.5 metabolic equivalents) while taking statins (STATs) or after 96-hr statin withdrawal (PLAC) in a randomized double-blind fashion. RESULTS At rest, PLAC increased low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (i.e., STAT 2.55 ± 0.96 vs. PLAC 3.16 ± 0.76 mmol/L; p = .004) and total cholesterol blood levels (i.e., STAT 4.39 ± 1.16 vs. PLAC 4.98 ± 0.97 mmol/L; p = .008). At rest, fat oxidation (0.99 ± 0.34 vs. 0.76 ± 0.37 μmol·kg-1·min-1 for STAT vs. PLAC; p = .068) and the rates of plasma appearance of glucose and glycerol (i.e., Ra glucose-glycerol) were not affected by PLAC. After 70 min of exercise, fat oxidation was similar between trials (2.94 ± 1.56 vs. 3.06 ± 1.94 μmol·kg-1·min-1, STA vs. PLAC; p = .875). PLAC did not alter the rates of disappearance of glucose in plasma during exercise (i.e., 23.9 ± 6.9 vs. 24.5 ± 8.2 μmol·kg-1·min-1 for STAT vs. PLAC; p = .611) or the rate of plasma appearance of glycerol (i.e., 8.5 ± 1.9 vs. 7.9 ± 1.8 μmol·kg-1·min-1 for STAT vs. PLAC; p = .262). CONCLUSIONS In patients with obesity, dyslipidemia, and metabolic syndrome, statins do not compromise their ability to mobilize and oxidize fat at rest or during prolonged, moderately intense exercise (i.e., equivalent to brisk walking). In these patients, the combination of statins and exercise could help to better manage their dyslipidemia.
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Youxiang C, Lin Z, Zekai C, Weijun X. Resting and exercise metabolic characteristics in obese children with insulin resistance. Front Physiol 2022; 13:1049560. [DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.1049560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: This study aimed to explore the characteristics of resting energy expenditure (REE) and lipid metabolism during incremental load exercise in obese children and adolescents with insulin resistance (IR) to provide evidence for exercise intervention in obese children and adolescents with IR.Method: From July 2019 to August 2021, 195 obese children and adolescents aged 13–17 were recruited through a summer camp. The participants were divided into IR (n = 67) and no-IR (without insulin resistance, n = 128) groups and underwent morphology, blood indicators, body composition, and resting energy consumption gas metabolism tests. Thirty participants each were randomly selected from the IR and no-IR groups to carry out the incremental treadmill test.Results: Significant metabolic differences in resting and exercise duration were found between the IR and no-IR groups. In the resting state, the resting metabolic equivalents (4.33 ± 0.94 ml/min/kg vs. 3.91 ± 0.73 ml/min/kg, p = 0.001) and REE (2464.03 ± 462.29 kcal/d vs. 2143.88 ± 380.07 kcal/d, p < 0.001) in the IR group were significantly higher than in the no-IR group. During exercise, the absolute maximal fat oxidation (0.33 ± 0.07 g/min vs. 0.36 ± 0.09 g/min, p = 0.002) in the IR group was significantly lower than in the no-IR group; maximal fat oxidation intensity (130.9 ± 8.9 bpm vs. 139.9 ± 7.4 bpm, p = 0.040) was significantly lower in the IR group.Conclusion: Significant resting and exercise metabolic differences were found between obese IR and no-IR children and adolescents. Obese IR children and adolescents have higher REE and lower maximal fat oxidation intensity than obese no-IR children and adolescents.
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Gutiérrez-Hellín J, Del Coso J, Aguilar-Navarro M, Varillas-Delgado D, Ruiz-Moreno C, López-Samanés Á, Amaro-Gahete FJ, Muñoz A. Does the Time of Day Play a Role in the Acute Effect of p-Synephrine on Fat Oxidation Rate during Exercise in Women? A Randomized, Crossover and Double-Blind Study. Nutrients 2022; 14. [PMID: 36501060 DOI: 10.3390/nu14235030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
p-Synephrine is deemed a safe and effective substance to increase fat utilization during exercise of low-to-moderate intensity in men but not in women. Additionally, the existence of a diurnal variation in substrate utilization has been documented during exercise with enhanced fat oxidation in the evening compared with early morning. However, it remains unknown whether there is an interaction between the effect of p-synephrine and the time of the day on fat oxidation during exercise. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of the acute ingestion of 3 milligram of p-synephrine per kilogram of body mass (mg/kg) on fat oxidation during exercise of increasing intensity when the exercise is performed in the morning vs. the evening. Using a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled experimental design, 16 healthy and active women performed four identical exercise trials after the ingestion of 3 mg/kg of p-synephrine and 3 mg/kg of a placebo (cellulose) both in the morning (8-10 am) and in the evening (5-7 pm). In the exercise trials, the substances were ingested 60 min before an incremental test on a cycle ergometer with 3 min stages at workloads from 30 to 80% of maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max). Substrate oxidation rates were measured by indirect calorimetry. In each trial, the maximum rate of fat oxidation (MFO) and the intensity that elicited MFO (Fatmax) were measured. A two-way analysis of variance (time-of-the day × substance) was used to detect differences among the trials. With the placebo, MFO was 0.25 ± 0.11 g/min in the morning and 0.24 ± 0.07 g/min in the evening. With p-synephrine, MFO was 0.26 ± 0.09 g/min in the morning and 0.21 ± 0.07 g/min in the evening. There was no main effect of substance (p = 0.349), time of day (p = 0.186) and the substance × time of day (p = 0.365) on MFO. Additionally, Fatmax was reached at a similar exercise intensity with the placebo (41.33 ± 8.34% VO2max in the morning and 44.38 ± 7.37% VO2max in the evening) and with p-synephrine (43.33 ± 7.24% VO2max in the morning and 45.00 ± 7.43% VO2max in the evening), irrespective of the time of day with no main effect of substance (p = 0.633), time of day (p = 0.191), or interaction (p = 0.580). In summary, the acute intake of 3 mg/kg of p-synephrine before exercise did not increase MFO and Fatmax, independently of the time of day, in female athletes. This indicates that the time of day is not a factor explaining the lack of effectiveness of this substance to enhance fat oxidation during aerobic exercise in women.
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González-Acedo A, Plaza-Florido A, Amaro-Gahete FJ, Sacha J, Alcantara JMA. Associations between heart rate variability and maximal fat oxidation in two different cohorts of healthy sedentary adults. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2022; 32:2338-2347. [PMID: 35977864 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2022.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2022] [Revised: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Resting heart rate variability (HRV) and maximal fat oxidation (MFO) during exercise are both considered as a noninvasive biomarkers for early detection of cardiovascular risk factors. Thus, this study aimed to analyze the relationship between resting HRV parameters and MFO during exercise, and the intensity of exercise that elicit MFO (Fatmax) in healthy sedentary adults. METHODS AND RESULTS A total of 103 healthy young adults (22.2 ± 2.3 years old, 67% female; from the ACTIBATE cohort) and 67 healthy middle-aged adults (53.1 ± 5.0 years old, 52% female; from the FIT-AGEING cohort) were included in this cross-sectional study. HRV was assessed using a Polar RS800CX heart rate monitor, while MFO and Fatmax were determined during a graded exercise treadmill test using indirect calorimetry. No significant associations were observed for healthy young adults (standardized β coefficients ranged from -0.063 to 0.094, and all P ≥ 0.347) and for middle-aged adults (standardized β coefficients ranged from -0.234 to 0.090, and all P ≥ 0.056). Nevertheless, only a weak association was observed between one HRV parameter in time-domain (the percentage of R-R intervals that shows a difference higher than 50 ms [pNN50]) and MFO in the cohort of middle-aged adults (β coefficient = -0.279, and P = 0.033). CONCLUSION The results of this study suggest that resting HRV parameters are not associated with MFO and Fatmax during exercise in two independent cohorts of healthy sedentary young and middle-aged adults, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anabel González-Acedo
- Biomedical Group (BIO277), Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Granada (Spain), Avda. Ilustración, 60, 18016, Spain.
| | - Abel Plaza-Florido
- PROFITH "PROmoting FITness and Health Through Physical Activity" Research Group, Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), Department of Physical and Sports Education, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Spain.
| | - Francisco José Amaro-Gahete
- PROFITH "PROmoting FITness and Health Through Physical Activity" Research Group, Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), Department of Physical and Sports Education, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Spain; EFFECTS-262 Research Group, Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Granada, Spain.
| | - Jerzy Sacha
- Faculty of Physical Education and Physiotherapy, Opole University of Technology, Opole, Poland; Department of Cardiology, University Hospital in Opole, University of Opole, Opole, Poland.
| | - Juan M A Alcantara
- PROFITH "PROmoting FITness and Health Through Physical Activity" Research Group, Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), Department of Physical and Sports Education, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Spain.
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Brun J, Myzia J, Varlet-marie E, Mercier J, Raynaud de Mauverger E. The weight-lowering effect of low-intensity endurance training targeted at the level of maximal lipid oxidation (LIPOX max) lasts for more than 8 years, and is associated with improvements in body composition and blood pressure. Sci Sports 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scispo.2022.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Khanfir MA, Awicha HB, Masmoudi L, Hmadou FB, Dardouri W, Alardan S, Nouira S, Zouch M. Effects of Different Low-Intensity Exercise Types on Duration, Energy Expenditure and Perceived Exertion in Obese Individuals. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2022; 19:ijerph19084893. [PMID: 35457760 PMCID: PMC9032643 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19084893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Physical exercise is a common strategy in overweight and obesity management. Exercise type, intensity, duration, energy expenditure and the rate of perceived exertion (RPE) are the essential determinants of exercise efficiency. The purpose of the present study was to compare continuous and intermittent exercises targeted at the maximal fat oxidation intensity (FAT max) in obese individuals. Ten obese males (BMI > 30 kg/m2; age: 19 to 35 years) who maintained a sedentary lifestyle were recruited for this study to perform three separate exhaustive exercises: a continuous exercise at FAT max (CON), an intermittent exercise that alternates two minutes at FAT max −10% with one minute at FAT max +20% (INT½), and a second intermittent exercise that alternates four minutes at FAT max −10% with one minute at FAT max +40% (INT¼). The duration of the INT¼ exercise (65.1 min ± 13.4) was significantly longer than that of the CON exercise (55.4 min ± 6.0). No significant difference in the total amount of energy expenditure was observed across the three types of exercise (CON: 372 Kcal ± 98.2, INT¼: 398 Kcal ± 145.5, INT½: 374.4 Kcal ± 116.1). The fat oxidation rate after 45 min during the INT exercises (INT¼: 93.0 ± 19.1 mg/min, INT½: 71.1 ± 15.6 mg/min) was significantly higher than that of the CON exercise (36.1 ± 12.2 mg/min). The CON exercise was less well tolerated. The rate of perceived exertion (RPE) at the end of the CON (15.8 ± 2) was significantly higher than that of the INT exercises (13.5 ± 2 for the INT¼ and 13.1 ± 1.8 for the INT½). The INT exercises were more efficient in terms of duration, fat oxidation and RPE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Ali Khanfir
- Department of Sport Sciences and Physical Activity, College of Education, University of Hail, Hail 81411, Saudi Arabia; (W.D.); (S.A.); (M.Z.)
- Research Laboratory: Education, Motricity, Sport and Health, EM2S, LR19JS01, High Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax 3000, Tunisia; (H.B.A.); (L.M.); (S.N.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Hassen Ben Awicha
- Research Laboratory: Education, Motricity, Sport and Health, EM2S, LR19JS01, High Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax 3000, Tunisia; (H.B.A.); (L.M.); (S.N.)
| | - Liwa Masmoudi
- Research Laboratory: Education, Motricity, Sport and Health, EM2S, LR19JS01, High Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax 3000, Tunisia; (H.B.A.); (L.M.); (S.N.)
| | - Faten Ben Hmadou
- Sectorial Center of Medicine and Sports Sciences, Sfax 3000, Tunisia;
| | - Wajdi Dardouri
- Department of Sport Sciences and Physical Activity, College of Education, University of Hail, Hail 81411, Saudi Arabia; (W.D.); (S.A.); (M.Z.)
| | - Sultan Alardan
- Department of Sport Sciences and Physical Activity, College of Education, University of Hail, Hail 81411, Saudi Arabia; (W.D.); (S.A.); (M.Z.)
| | - Sabeur Nouira
- Research Laboratory: Education, Motricity, Sport and Health, EM2S, LR19JS01, High Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax 3000, Tunisia; (H.B.A.); (L.M.); (S.N.)
| | - Mohamed Zouch
- Department of Sport Sciences and Physical Activity, College of Education, University of Hail, Hail 81411, Saudi Arabia; (W.D.); (S.A.); (M.Z.)
- Research Laboratory of Exercise Physiology and Pathophysiology: From Integral to Molecular “Biology, Medicine and Health” (LR19ES09), Faculty of Medicine of Sousse, University of Sousse, Sousse 4054, Tunisia
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Brun J, Myzia J, Varlet-marie E, Raynaud de Mauverger E, Mercier J. Beyond the Calorie Paradigm: Taking into Account in Practice the Balance of Fat and Carbohydrate Oxidation during Exercise? Nutrients 2022; 14:1605. [PMID: 35458167 PMCID: PMC9027421 DOI: 10.3390/nu14081605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent literature shows that exercise is not simply a way to generate a calorie deficit as an add-on to restrictive diets but exerts powerful additional biological effects via its impact on mitochondrial function, the release of chemical messengers induced by muscular activity, and its ability to reverse epigenetic alterations. This review aims to summarize the current literature dealing with the hypothesis that some of these effects of exercise unexplained by an energy deficit are related to the balance of substrates used as fuel by the exercising muscle. This balance of substrates can be measured with reliable techniques, which provide information about metabolic disturbances associated with sedentarity and obesity, as well as adaptations of fuel metabolism in trained individuals. The exercise intensity that elicits maximal oxidation of lipids, termed LIPOXmax, FATOXmax, or FATmax, provides a marker of the mitochondrial ability to oxidize fatty acids and predicts how much fat will be oxidized over 45–60 min of low- to moderate-intensity training performed at the corresponding intensity. LIPOXmax is a reproducible parameter that can be modified by many physiological and lifestyle influences (exercise, diet, gender, age, hormones such as catecholamines, and the growth hormone-Insulin-like growth factor I axis). Individuals told to select an exercise intensity to maintain for 45 min or more spontaneously select a level close to this intensity. There is increasing evidence that training targeted at this level is efficient for reducing fat mass, sparing muscle mass, increasing the ability to oxidize lipids during exercise, lowering blood pressure and low-grade inflammation, improving insulin secretion and insulin sensitivity, reducing blood glucose and HbA1c in type 2 diabetes, and decreasing the circulating cholesterol level. Training protocols based on this concept are easy to implement and accept in very sedentary patients and have shown an unexpected efficacy over the long term. They also represent a useful add-on to bariatric surgery in order to maintain and improve its weight-lowering effect. Additional studies are required to confirm and more precisely analyze the determinants of LIPOXmax and the long-term effects of training at this level on body composition, metabolism, and health.
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11
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Guedjati M, Silini S. Effets d’un réentraînement dans la zone du LIPOXmax sur la composition corporelle de femmes obèses d’âge périménopausique. Sci Sports 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scispo.2020.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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12
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Amaro-Gahete FJ, Sanchez-Delgado G, Jurado-Fasoli L, Ruiz JR. Uncertain association between maximal fat oxidation during exercise and cardiometabolic risk factors in healthy sedentary adults. Eur J Sport Sci 2021; 22:926-936. [PMID: 33655814 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2021.1895894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The present work examines the relationships between maximal fat oxidation during a graded exercise test (MFO), the intensity of exercise that elicits MFO (Fatmax), and traditional cardiometabolic risk factors in healthy, sedentary adults. A total of 119 (81 women) young, sedentary adults (22.1 ± 2.2 years old), and 71 (37 women) middle-aged, sedentary adults (53.4 ± 4.9 years old) participated in the current study. Systolic and diastolic blood pressures were determined following standard procedures. Plasma glucose, insulin, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and triglycerides were determined in a fasted state and the homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance index and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels subsequently calculated. A sex and age group-specific cardiometabolic risk Z-score was also calculated for each subject based on waist circumference, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, plasma glucose, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and triglycerides. MFO and Fatmax were determined using a walking graded exercise test using indirect calorimetry. No clear association was seen of MFO and Fatmax with any cardiometabolic risk factor (all P≥0.05), except for a weak, inverse association between Fatmax and the fatty liver index (P=0.027). Similarly, neither MFO nor Fatmax was apparently associated with the cardiometabolic risk Z-score (all P≥0.05). The current findings suggest an uncertain association of MFO and Fatmax during a graded exercise test with the cardiometabolic profile of healthy, sedentary adults.HighlightsThe study of the physiological mechanisms that trigger the onset of metabolic disorders has received considerable attention in recent years, with changes in MFO and Fatmax being highlighted as a potential key factor.This work shows that MFO and Fatmax during a graded exercise test are not associated with the cardiometabolic profile in sedentary, healthy adults.Further studies are needed to elucidate which other physiological disorders are related to cardiometabolic risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco J Amaro-Gahete
- EFFECTS-262 Research group, Department of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, Granada, Spain.,PROmoting FITness and Health through physical activity research group (PROFITH), Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Guillermo Sanchez-Delgado
- PROmoting FITness and Health through physical activity research group (PROFITH), Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain.,Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Lucas Jurado-Fasoli
- EFFECTS-262 Research group, Department of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, Granada, Spain.,PROmoting FITness and Health through physical activity research group (PROFITH), Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Jonatan R Ruiz
- PROmoting FITness and Health through physical activity research group (PROFITH), Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
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13
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Astorino TA, Oriente C, Peterson J, Alberto G, Castillo EE, Vasquez-Soto U, Ibarra E, Guise V, Castaneda I, Marroquin JR, Dargis R, Thum JS. Higher Peak Fat Oxidation During Rowing vs. Cycling in Active Men and Women. J Strength Cond Res 2021; 35:9-15. [PMID: 33136770 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Astorino, TA, Oriente, C, Peterson, J, Alberto, G, Castillo, EE, Vasquez-Soto, U, Ibarra, E, Guise, V, Castaneda, I, Marroquin, JR, Dargis, R, and Thum, JS. Higher peak fat oxidation during rowing vs. cycling in active men and women. J Strength Cond Res 35(1): 9-15, 2021-This study compared fat and carbohydrate oxidation (CHOOx) between progressive rowing and cycling. Initially, 22 active healthy adults (age = 27 ± 8 years) performed incremental cycling and rowing to volitional fatigue to assess maximal oxygen uptake (V̇o2max) and maximal heart rate (HRmax). The order of 2 subsequent sessions was randomized, performed 2 hours postmeal, and included a warm-up followed by three 8-minute stages of rowing or cycling at 60-65, 70-75, and 80-85 %HRmax. During exercise, power output was modified to maintain work rate in the desired range. Gas exchange data and blood samples were obtained to measure fat and CHOOx and blood lactate concentration. Fat oxidation (FOx) increased during exercise (p < 0.001) and there was a main effect of mode (p = 0.03) but no modeXintensity interaction (p = 0.33). Peak FOx was higher in response to rowing vs. cycling (0.23 ± 0.09 g·min-1 vs. 0.18 ± 0.07 g·min-1, p = 0.01). Carbohydrate oxidation increased during exercise (p < 0.001) but there was no effect of mode (p = 0.25) or modeXintensity interaction (p = 0.08). Blood lactate concentration was lower (p = 0.007) at the end of rowing vs. cycling (3.1 ± 1.0 mM vs. 3.9 ± 1.6 mM, d = 1.1). Prolonged rowing having equivalent calorie expenditure and intensity vs. cycling elicits higher peak FOx, which is likely attributed to greater muscle mass used during rowing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd A Astorino
- Department of Kinesiology, California State University, San Marcos, California
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Hammoudi L, Brun JF, Noirez P, Bui G, Chevalier C, Gimet F, Mercier J, Raynaud de Mauverger E. Effects of 2 years endurance training targeted at the level of maximal lipid oxidation on body composition. Sci Sports 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scispo.2019.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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15
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Kerhervé HA, Harvey LM, Eagles AN, McLellan C, Lovell D. Similar rates of fat oxidation during graded submaximal exercise in women of different body composition. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0242551. [PMID: 33206727 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0242551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Moderate intensity exercise ranging 40-60% of maximum oxygen uptake is advised to promote energy expenditure and fat oxidation in overweight and obese people. Although fat oxidation has been shown to be highly variable among individual, there is still a relative uncertainty regarding exercise prescription for women specifically. This article aimed to determine whether indicators of body composition can be used to narrow the exercise intensity range for exercise prescription in women. METHODS A total of 35 healthy women (age 30.8±9.5 yr) classified according to their BMI in normal weight (NOR; ≤24.9 kg·m2), overweight (OVW; 25-29.9 kg·m2) and obese groups (OBE; ≥30 kg·m2) completed a submaximal graded test (intensities eliciting ~30%, 40%, 50% and 60% of maximum oxygen uptake). Blood lactate, perceived exertion and absolute and relative substrate oxidation for fat (OXFAT) and carbohydrates (OXCHO) were measured at each stage. RESULTS Perceived exertion and blood lactate increased as a function of exercise but did not differ across groups. There were no significant changes in absolute and relative OXFAT across groups, or as a function of exercise intensity. Peak OXFAT occurred at the 40%, 50% and 40% stages for NOR, OVW and OBE groups, respectively, with no significant differences across groups. CONCLUSION We measured no differences, but considerable inter-individual variation, in fat oxidation in women of different body composition. This result is in agreement with previous research based on exercise performed at constant rate and in independent participant groups. Our findings do not support the fat oxidation hypothesis, and further emphasise the perspective that exercise prescription should be individualised and likely be based on considerations other than substrate oxidation.
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16
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Nikolovski Z, Barbaresi S, Cable T, Peric R. Evaluating the influence of differences in methodological approach on metabolic thresholds and fat oxidation points relationship. Eur J Sport Sci 2020; 21:61-68. [PMID: 31944160 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2020.1717640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we aimed to determine the exercise intensities eliciting the highest (FATmax) and the lowest (FATmin) fat oxidation rate in male cyclists and to compare these intensities with their individual aerobic (AeT) and anaerobic (AnT) thresholds, respectively. Twenty-two moderately trained male cyclists performed a 2-min stage graded exercise test until exhaustion using breath-by-breath gas analysis to determine maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max). The fat oxidation rate was calculated using a stoichiometric equation, with metabolic thresholds being determined by ventilatory gas analysis. In the present group of subjects, FATmax was found at a 21.34 ± 3.64 ml·kg-1·min-1 corresponding to 45.05 ± 7.68% VO2max. AeT occurred at an exercise intensity of 22.15 ± 4.84 ml·kg-1·min-1, matching 46.76 ± 10.24% VO2max. AnT and FATmin were located at intensities equivalent to 32.56 ± 5.52 ml·kg-1·min-1 and 32.30 ± 5.35 ml·kg-1·min-1 which corresponded to 68.74 ± 11.65 and 68.19 ± 11.29% VO2max, respectively. The correlation between FATmax and AeT was strong (r = 0.80, p < 0.05). No statistical difference was observed between FATmin and AnT (r = 0.99, p < 0.05). The strong relationship between observed indices can be used to provide a more tailored exercise approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoran Nikolovski
- Sport Sciences Department, Aspire Academy, Doha, Qatar.,Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Split, Split, Croatia
| | - Silvia Barbaresi
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Movement and Sports Sciences, University of Ghent, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Tim Cable
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Ratko Peric
- Exercise Physiology Department, Association for Contemporary Education in Sports "Sport Studio BL", Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina
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17
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Hansen MT, Rømer T, Frandsen J, Larsen S, Dela F, Helge JW. Determination and validation of peak fat oxidation in endurance-trained men using an upper body graded exercise test. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2019; 29:1677-1690. [PMID: 31309617 DOI: 10.1111/sms.13519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Revised: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Peak fat oxidation rate (PFO) and the intensity that elicits PFO (Fatmax ) are commonly determined by a validated graded exercise test (GE) on a cycling ergometer with indirect calorimetry. However, for upper body exercise fat oxidation rates are not well elucidated and no protocol has been validated. Thus, our aim was to test validity and inter-method reliability for determination of PFO and Fatmax in trained men using a GE protocol applying double poling on a ski-ergometer. PFO and Fatmax were assessed during two identical GE tests (GE1 and GE2) and validated against separated short continuous exercise bouts (SCE) at 35%, 50%, and 65% of V̇O2peak on the ski-ergometer in 10 endurance-trained men (V̇O2peak : 65.1 ± 1.0 mL·min-1 ·kg-1 , mean ± SEM). Between GE tests no differences were found in PFO (GE1: 0.42 ± 0.03; GE2: 0.45 ± 0.03 g·min-1 , P = .256) or Fatmax (GE1: 41 ± 2%; GE2: 43 ± 3% of V̇O2peak , P = .457) and the intra-individual coefficient of variation (CV) was 8 ± 2% and 11 ± 2% for PFO and Fatmax , respectively. Between GE and SCE tests, PFO (GEavg : 0.44 ± 0.03; SCE; 0.47 ± 0.06 g·min-1 , P = .510) was not different, whereas a difference in Fatmax (GEavg : 42 ± 2%; SCE: 52 ± 4% of V̇O2peak , P = .030) was observed with a CV of 17 ± 4% and 15 ± 4% for PFO and Fatmax , respectively. In conclusion, GE has a high day-to-day reliability in determination of PFO and Fatmax in trained men, whereas it is unclear if PFO and Fatmax determined by GE reflect continuous exercise in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikkel Thunestvedt Hansen
- Xlab, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Center for Healthy Aging, Faculty of Health Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Tue Rømer
- Xlab, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Center for Healthy Aging, Faculty of Health Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jacob Frandsen
- Xlab, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Center for Healthy Aging, Faculty of Health Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Steen Larsen
- Xlab, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Center for Healthy Aging, Faculty of Health Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Clinical Research Centre, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Flemming Dela
- Xlab, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Center for Healthy Aging, Faculty of Health Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Geriatrics, Bispebjerg University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jørn Wulff Helge
- Xlab, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Center for Healthy Aging, Faculty of Health Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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18
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Amaro-Gahete FJ, Sanchez-Delgado G, Helge JW, Ruiz JR. Optimizing Maximal Fat Oxidation Assessment by a Treadmill-Based Graded Exercise Protocol: When Should the Test End? Front Physiol 2019; 10:909. [PMID: 31396095 PMCID: PMC6664289 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Maximal fat oxidation during exercise (MFO) and the exercise intensity eliciting MFO (Fatmax) are considered important factors related to metabolic health and performance. Numerous MFO and Fatmax data collection and analysis approaches have been applied, which may have influenced their estimation during an incremental graded exercise protocol. Despite the heterogeneity of protocols used, all studies consistently stopped the MFO and Fatmax test when the respiratory exchange ratio (RER) was 1.0. It remains unknown however whether reaching a RER of 1.0 is required to have an accurate, reliable, and valid measure of MFO and Fatmax. We aimed to investigate the RER at which MFO and Fatmax occurred in sedentary and trained healthy adults. A total of 166 sedentary adults aged between 18 and 65 years participated in the study. MFO and Fatmax were calculated by an incremental graded exercise protocol before and after two exercise-based interventions. Our findings suggest that a graded exercise protocol aiming to determine MFO and Fatmax could end when a RER = 0.93 is reached in sedentary healthy adults, and when a RER = 0.90 is reached in trained adults independently of sex, age, body weight status, or the Fatmax data analysis approach. In conclusion, we suggest reducing the RER from 1.0 to 0.95 to be sure that MFO is reached in outliers. This methodological consideration has important clinical implications, since it would allow to apply smaller workload increments and/or to extend the stage duration to attain the steady state, without increasing the test duration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco J Amaro-Gahete
- EFFECTS-262 Research Group, Department of Medical Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Granada, Granada, Spain.,PROmoting FITness and Health Through Physical Activity Research Group (PROFITH), Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Guillermo Sanchez-Delgado
- PROmoting FITness and Health Through Physical Activity Research Group (PROFITH), Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Jørn W Helge
- Xlab, Center for Healthy Aging, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jonatan R Ruiz
- PROmoting FITness and Health Through Physical Activity Research Group (PROFITH), Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
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Amaro-Gahete FJ, Sanchez-Delgado G, Jurado-Fasoli L, De-la-O A, Castillo MJ, Helge JW, Ruiz JR. Assessment of maximal fat oxidation during exercise: A systematic review. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2019; 29:910-921. [PMID: 30929281 DOI: 10.1111/sms.13424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Revised: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Maximal fat oxidation during exercise (MFO) and the exercise intensity eliciting MFO (Fatmax ) are considered biological markers of metabolic health and performance. A wide range of studies have been performed to increase our knowledge about their regulation by exercise and/or nutritional intervention. However, numerous data collection and analysis approaches have been applied, which may have affected the MFO and Fatmax estimation. We aimed to systematically review the available studies describing and/or comparing different data collection and analysis approach factors that could affect MFO and Fatmax estimation in healthy individuals and patients. Two independent researchers performed the search. We included all original studies in which MFO and/or Fatmax were estimated by indirect calorimetry through an incremental graded exercise protocol published from 2002 to 2019. This systematic review provides key information about the factors that could affect MFO and Fatmax estimation: ergometer type, metabolic cart used, warm-up duration and intensity, stage duration and intensities imposed in the graded exercise protocol, time interval selected for data analysis, stoichiometric equation selected to estimate fat oxidation, data analysis approach, time of the day when the test was performed, fasting time/previous meal before the test, and testing days for MFO/Fatmax and maximal oxygen uptake assessment. We suggest that researchers measuring MFO and Fatmax should take into account these key methodological issues that can considerably affect the accuracy, validity, and reliability of the measurement. Likewise, when comparing different studies, it is important to check whether the above-mentioned key methodological issues are similar in such studies to avoid ambiguous and unacceptable comparisons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco J Amaro-Gahete
- EFFECTS-262, Department of Medical Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Granada, Granada, Spain.,PROmoting FITness and Health through Physical Activity Research Group (PROFITH), Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Guillermo Sanchez-Delgado
- PROmoting FITness and Health through Physical Activity Research Group (PROFITH), Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Lucas Jurado-Fasoli
- EFFECTS-262, Department of Medical Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Alejandro De-la-O
- EFFECTS-262, Department of Medical Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Manuel J Castillo
- EFFECTS-262, Department of Medical Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Jørn W Helge
- Xlab, Center for Healthy Aging, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jonatan R Ruiz
- PROmoting FITness and Health through Physical Activity Research Group (PROFITH), Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
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20
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Emerenziani GP, Ferrari D, Marocco C, Greco EA, Migliaccio S, Lenzi A, Baldari C, Guidetti L. Relationship between individual ventilatory threshold and maximal fat oxidation (MFO) over different obesity classes in women. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0215307. [PMID: 30973930 PMCID: PMC6459513 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0215307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The use of the Individual Ventilatory Threshold (IVT), as parameter to prescribe exercise intensity in individuals with obesity, has become more frequent during the last years. This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between IVT and Maximal Fat Oxidation (MFO) in women with obesity. Methods Fifty-two obese female adults (age = 43.6±10.9 years; BMI = 38.5±5.2 kg/m2) were included in this study. According to the BMI classification, subjects were divided into three groups: Obese Class I (OBI, n = 16); Obese Class II (OBII, n = 20) and Obese Class III (OBIII, n = 16). All subjects performed an incremental graded exercise test to evaluate peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak), IVT and MFO. MFO was evaluated using a stoichiometric equation. Fat max zone was determined for each subject within 10% of fat oxidation rates at MFO. For each HR, %HRmax, VO2 and %VO2peak variable, Pearson’s correlation test was done between IVT and MFO exercise intensity. When statistical correlation was found we used a comparative statistical analysis to assess differences between IVT and MFO. Statistical significance was set at P ≤ 0.05. Results For each HR, %HRmax, VO2 and %VO2peak variable there was a positive significant correlation (P<0.01) between IVT and MFO. No significant differences were found for HR, %HRmax, and VO2 between IVT and MFO. %VO2peak was significantly higher at IVT than at MFO (P = 0.03). MFO rates were significantly higher in OBIII women than in women of the other two classes. In all subjects, IVT was within the fat max zone. Conclusion The use of HR and VO2 corresponding to IVT could be a useful parameter not only to improve cardiorespiratory fitness but also to prescribe physical activity that maximize fat oxidation in obese subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gian Pietro Emerenziani
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Dafne Ferrari
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, Section of Health Sciences, University of Rome “Foro Italico”, Rome, Italy
| | - Chiara Marocco
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, Section of Health Sciences, University of Rome “Foro Italico”, Rome, Italy
| | - Emanuela A. Greco
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Medical Pathophysiology, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Silvia Migliaccio
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, Section of Health Sciences, University of Rome “Foro Italico”, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Lenzi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Medical Pathophysiology, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Laura Guidetti
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, Section of Health Sciences, University of Rome “Foro Italico”, Rome, Italy
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Amaro-Gahete FJ, Sanchez-Delgado G, Alcantara JM, Martinez-Tellez B, Acosta FM, Helge JW, Ruiz JR. Impact of data analysis methods for maximal fat oxidation estimation during exercise in sedentary adults. Eur J Sport Sci 2019; 19:1230-1239. [DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2019.1595160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Francisco J. Amaro-Gahete
- EFFECTS-262 Research group, Departament of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, Granada Spain
- PROmoting FITness and Health through physical activity research group (PROFITH), Department of Physical and Sports Education, Faculty of Sports Science, University of Granada
| | - Guillermo Sanchez-Delgado
- PROmoting FITness and Health through physical activity research group (PROFITH), Department of Physical and Sports Education, Faculty of Sports Science, University of Granada
| | - Juan M.A. Alcantara
- PROmoting FITness and Health through physical activity research group (PROFITH), Department of Physical and Sports Education, Faculty of Sports Science, University of Granada
| | - Borja Martinez-Tellez
- PROmoting FITness and Health through physical activity research group (PROFITH), Department of Physical and Sports Education, Faculty of Sports Science, University of Granada
- Department of Medicine, division of Endocrinology, and Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Francisco M. Acosta
- PROmoting FITness and Health through physical activity research group (PROFITH), Department of Physical and Sports Education, Faculty of Sports Science, University of Granada
| | - Jørn W. Helge
- Xlab, Center for Healthy Aging, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jonatan R. Ruiz
- PROmoting FITness and Health through physical activity research group (PROFITH), Department of Physical and Sports Education, Faculty of Sports Science, University of Granada
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22
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Chrzanowski-Smith OJ, Edinburgh RM, Betts JA, Stokes KA, Gonzalez JT. Evaluation of a graded exercise test to determine peak fat oxidation in individuals with low cardiorespiratory fitness. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2018; 43:1288-1297. [DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2018-0098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The maximal capacity to utilise fat (peak fat oxidation, PFO) may have implications for health and ultra-endurance performance and is commonly determined by incremental exercise tests employing 3-min stages. However, 3-min stages may be insufficient to attain steady-state gas kinetics, compromising test validity. We assessed whether 4-min stages produce steady-state gas exchange and reliable PFO estimates in adults with peak oxygen consumption < 40 mL·kg−1·min−1. Fifteen participants (9 females) completed a graded test to determine PFO and the intensity at which this occurred (FATMAX). Three short continuous exercise sessions (SCE) were then completed in a randomised order, involving completion of the graded test to the stage (i) preceding, (ii) equal to (SCEequal), or (iii) after the stage at which PFO was previously attained, whereupon participants then continued to cycle for 10 min at that respective intensity. Expired gases were sampled at minutes 3–4, 5–6, 7–8, and 9–10. Individual data showed steady-state gas exchange was achieved within 4 min during SCEequal. Mean fat oxidation rates were not different across time within SCEequal nor compared with the graded test at FATMAX (both p > 0.05). However, the graded test displayed poor surrogate validity (SCEequal, minutes 3–4 vs. 5–6, 7–8, and 9–10) and day-to-day reliability (minutes 3–4, SCEequal vs. graded test) to determine PFO, as evident by correlations (range: 0.47–0.83) and typical errors and 95% limits of agreement (ranges: 0.03–0.05 and ±0.09–0.15 g·min−1, respectively). In conclusion, intraindividual variation in PFO is substantial despite 4-min stages establishing steady-state gas exchange in individuals with low fitness. Individual assessment of PFO may require multiple assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver J. Chrzanowski-Smith
- Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
- Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Robert M. Edinburgh
- Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
- Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
| | - James A. Betts
- Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
- Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Keith A. Stokes
- Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
- Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Javier T. Gonzalez
- Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
- Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
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Maunder E, Plews DJ, Kilding AE. Contextualising Maximal Fat Oxidation During Exercise: Determinants and Normative Values. Front Physiol 2018; 9:599. [PMID: 29875697 PMCID: PMC5974542 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Using a short-duration step protocol and continuous indirect calorimetry, whole-body rates of fat and carbohydrate oxidation can be estimated across a range of exercise workloads, along with the individual maximal rate of fat oxidation (MFO) and the exercise intensity at which MFO occurs (Fatmax). These variables appear to have implications both in sport and health contexts. After discussion of the key determinants of MFO and Fatmax that must be considered during laboratory measurement, the present review sought to synthesize existing data in order to contextualize individually measured fat oxidation values. Data collected in homogenous cohorts on cycle ergometers after an overnight fast was synthesized to produce normative values in given subject populations. These normative values might be used to contextualize individual measurements and define research cohorts according their capacity for fat oxidation during exercise. Pertinent directions for future research were identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ed Maunder
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
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24
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Astorino TA, Schubert MM. Changes in fat oxidation in response to various regimes of high intensity interval training (HIIT). Eur J Appl Physiol 2018; 118:51-63. [PMID: 29124325 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-017-3756-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2017] [Accepted: 10/28/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Increased whole-body fat oxidation (FOx) has been consistently demonstrated in response to moderate intensity continuous exercise training. Completion of high intensity interval training (HIIT) and its more intense form, sprint interval training (SIT), has also been reported to increase FOx in different populations. An explanation for this increase in FOx is primarily peripheral adaptations via improvements in mitochondrial content and function. However, studies examining changes in FOx are less common in response to HIIT or SIT than those determining increases in maximal oxygen uptake which is concerning, considering that FOx has been identified as a predictor of weight gain and glycemic control. In this review, we explored physiological and methodological issues underpinning existing literature concerning changes in FOx in response to HIIT and SIT. Our results show that completion of interval training increases FOx in approximately 50% of studies, with the frequency of increased FOx higher in response to studies using HIIT compared to SIT. Significant increases in β-HAD, citrate synthase, fatty acid binding protein, or FAT/CD36 are likely responsible for the greater FOx seen in these studies. We encourage scientists to adopt strict methodological procedures to attenuate day-to-day variability in FOx, which is dramatic, and develop standardized procedures for assessing FOx, which may improve detection of changes in FOx in response to HIIT.
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Dandanell S, Præst CB, Søndergård SD, Skovborg C, Dela F, Larsen S, Helge JW. Determination of the exercise intensity that elicits maximal fat oxidation in individuals with obesity. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2017; 42:405-412. [PMID: 28177732 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2016-0518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2023]
Abstract
Maximal fat oxidation (MFO) and the exercise intensity that elicits MFO (FatMax) are commonly determined by indirect calorimetry during graded exercise tests in both obese and normal-weight individuals. However, no protocol has been validated in individuals with obesity. Thus, the aims were to develop a graded exercise protocol for determination of FatMax in individuals with obesity, and to test validity and inter-method reliability. Fat oxidation was assessed over a range of exercise intensities in 16 individuals (age: 28 (26-29) years; body mass index: 36 (35-38) kg·m-2; 95% confidence interval) on a cycle ergometer. The graded exercise protocol was validated against a short continuous exercise (SCE) protocol, in which FatMax was determined from fat oxidation at rest and during 10 min of continuous exercise at 35%, 50%, and 65% of maximal oxygen uptake. Intraclass and Pearson correlation coefficients between the protocols were 0.75 and 0.72 and within-subject coefficient of variation (CV) was 5 (3-7)%. A Bland-Altman plot revealed a bias of -3% points of maximal oxygen uptake (limits of agreement: -12 to 7). A tendency towards a systematic difference (p = 0.06) was observed, where FatMax occurred at 42 (40-44)% and 45 (43-47)% of maximal oxygen uptake with the graded and the SCE protocol, respectively. In conclusion, there was a high-excellent correlation and a low CV between the 2 protocols, suggesting that the graded exercise protocol has a high inter-method reliability. However, considerable intra-individual variation and a trend towards systematic difference between the protocols reveal that further optimization of the graded exercise protocol is needed to improve validity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sune Dandanell
- a Center for Healthy Aging, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Science, Xlab, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, DK-2200, Denmark
- b Department for Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy, Metropolitan University College, Sigurdsgade 26, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Charlotte Boslev Præst
- a Center for Healthy Aging, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Science, Xlab, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, DK-2200, Denmark
- b Department for Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy, Metropolitan University College, Sigurdsgade 26, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Stine Dam Søndergård
- a Center for Healthy Aging, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Science, Xlab, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, DK-2200, Denmark
| | - Camilla Skovborg
- a Center for Healthy Aging, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Science, Xlab, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, DK-2200, Denmark
| | - Flemming Dela
- a Center for Healthy Aging, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Science, Xlab, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, DK-2200, Denmark
- c Department of Geriatrics, Bispebjerg University Hospital, Bispebjerg Bakke 23, DK-2400 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Steen Larsen
- a Center for Healthy Aging, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Science, Xlab, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, DK-2200, Denmark
| | - Jørn Wulff Helge
- a Center for Healthy Aging, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Science, Xlab, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, DK-2200, Denmark
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Støa EM, Meling S, Nyhus LK, Glenn Strømstad, Mangerud KM, Helgerud J, Bratland-Sanda S, Støren Ø. High-intensity aerobic interval training improves aerobic fitness and HbA1c among persons diagnosed with type 2 diabetes. Eur J Appl Physiol 2017; 117:455-467. [PMID: 28160083 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-017-3540-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE It remains to be established how high-intensity aerobic interval training (HAIT) affects risk factors associated with type 2 diabetes (TD2). This study investigated effects of HAIT on maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max), glycated Hemoglobin type A1C (HbA1c), insulin resistance (IR), fat oxidation (FatOx), body weight (BW), percent body fat (%BF), lactate threshold (LT), blood pressure (BP), and blood lipid profile (BLP) among persons with T2D. Results were compared to the effects after a moderate-intensity training (MIT) program. METHODS Thirty-eight individuals with T2D completed 12 weeks of supervised training. HAIT consisted of 4 × 4 min of walking or running uphill at 85-95% of maximal heart rate, and MIT consisted of continuous walking at 70-75% of maximal heart rate. RESULTS A 21% increase in VO2max (from 25.6 to 30.9 ml kg-1 min-1, p < 0.001), and a reduction in HbA1c by -0.58% points (from 7.78 to 7.20%, p < 0.001) was found in HAIT. BW and body mass index (BMI) was reduced by 1.9% (p < 0.01). There was a tendency towards an improved FatOx at 60% VO2max (14%, p = 0.065). These improvements were significant different from MIT. Both HAIT and MIT increased velocity at LT, and reduced %BF, waist circumference, hip circumference, and BP, with no significant differences between the two groups. Correlations were found between change in VO2max and change in HbA1c when the two intervention groups were combined (R = -0.52, p < 0.01). CONCLUSION HAIT is an effective exercise strategy to improve aerobic fitness and reduce risk factors associated with T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Maria Støa
- Department of Sports, Physical Education and Outdoor Life Studies, University College of Southeast Norway, Bø, Porsgrunn, Norway.
| | - Sondre Meling
- Department of Endocrinology, Stavanger University Hospital, Former Hospital of Telemark, Stavanger, Norway
| | - Lill-Katrin Nyhus
- Department of Sports, Physical Education and Outdoor Life Studies, University College of Southeast Norway, Bø, Porsgrunn, Norway
| | - Glenn Strømstad
- Department of Sports, Physical Education and Outdoor Life Studies, University College of Southeast Norway, Bø, Porsgrunn, Norway
| | - Karl Magnus Mangerud
- Department of Sports, Physical Education and Outdoor Life Studies, University College of Southeast Norway, Bø, Porsgrunn, Norway
| | - Jan Helgerud
- Department of Sports, Physical Education and Outdoor Life Studies, University College of Southeast Norway, Bø, Porsgrunn, Norway.,Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.,Hokksund Medical Rehabilitation Center, Hokksund, Norway
| | - Solfrid Bratland-Sanda
- Department of Sports, Physical Education and Outdoor Life Studies, University College of Southeast Norway, Bø, Porsgrunn, Norway
| | - Øyvind Støren
- Department of Sports, Physical Education and Outdoor Life Studies, University College of Southeast Norway, Bø, Porsgrunn, Norway
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Isacco L, Thivel D, Duclos M, Aucouturier J, Boisseau N. Discussion of “Body Fat Has No Effect on the Maximal Fat Oxidation Rate in Young Normal and Overweight Women”. J Strength Cond Res 2016. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000000742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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28
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Støa EM, Nyhus LK, Børresen SC, Nygaard C, Hovet ÅM, Bratland-Sanda S, Helgerud J, Støren Ø. Day to day variability in fat oxidation and the effect after only 1 day of change in diet composition. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2015; 41:397-404. [PMID: 26960444 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2015-0334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Indirect calorimetry is a common and noninvasive method to estimate rate of fat oxidation (FatOx) during exercise, and test-retest reliability should be considered when interpreting results. Diet also has an impact on FatOx. The aim of the present study was to investigate day to day variations in FatOx during moderate exercise given the same diet and 2 different isoenergetic diets. Nine healthy, moderately-trained females participated in the study. They performed 1 maximal oxygen uptake test and 4 FatOx tests. Habitual diets were recorded and repeated to assess day to day variability in FatOx. FatOx was also measured after 1 day of fat-rich (26.8% carbohydrates (CHO), 23.2% protein, 47.1% fat) and 1 day of CHO-rich diet (62.6% CHO, 20.1% protein, 12.4% fat). The reliability test revealed no differences in FatOx, respiratory exchange ratio (RER), oxygen uptake, carbon dioxide production, heart rate, blood lactate concentration, or blood glucose between the 2 habitual diet days. FatOx decreased after the CHO-rich diet compared with the habitual day 2 (from 0.42 ± 0.15 to 0.29 ± 0.13 g·min(-1), p < 0.05). No difference was found in FatOx between fat-rich diet and the 2 habitual diet days. FatOx was 31% lower (from 0.42 ± 0.14 to 0.29 ± 0.13 g·min(-1), p < 0.01) after the CHO-rich diet compared with the fat-rich diet. Using RER data to measure FatOx is a reliable method as long as the diet is strictly controlled. However, even a 1-day change in macronutrient composition will likely affect the FatOx results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Maria Støa
- a Department of Sport and Outdoor Life Studies, Telemark University College, Bø, Norway
| | - Lill-Katrin Nyhus
- a Department of Sport and Outdoor Life Studies, Telemark University College, Bø, Norway
| | | | - Caroline Nygaard
- a Department of Sport and Outdoor Life Studies, Telemark University College, Bø, Norway
| | - Åse Marie Hovet
- a Department of Sport and Outdoor Life Studies, Telemark University College, Bø, Norway
| | | | - Jan Helgerud
- a Department of Sport and Outdoor Life Studies, Telemark University College, Bø, Norway.,b Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Trondheim, Norway.,c Hokksund Medical Rehabilitation Center, Hokksund, Norway
| | - Øyvind Støren
- a Department of Sport and Outdoor Life Studies, Telemark University College, Bø, Norway
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29
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Lanzi S, Codecasa F, Cornacchia M, Maestrini S, Capodaglio P, Brunani A, Fanari P, Salvadori A, Malatesta D. Short-term HIIT and Fat max training increase aerobic and metabolic fitness in men with class II and III obesity. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2015; 23:1987-94. [PMID: 26335027 DOI: 10.1002/oby.21206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2014] [Revised: 06/05/2015] [Accepted: 06/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare the effects of two different 2-week-long training modalities [continuous at the intensity eliciting the maximal fat oxidation (Fatmax) versus high-intensity interval training (HIIT)] in men with class II and III obesity. METHODS Nineteen men with obesity (BMI ≥ 35 kg · m(-2)) were assigned to Fatmax group (GFatmax) or to HIIT group (GHIIT). Both groups performed eight cycling sessions matched for mechanical work. Aerobic fitness and fat oxidation rates (FORs) during exercise were assessed prior and following the training. Blood samples were drawn to determine hormones and plasma metabolites levels. Insulin resistance was assessed by the homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA2-IR). RESULTS Aerobic fitness and FORs during exercise were significantly increased in both groups after training (P ≤ 0.001). HOMA2-IR was significantly reduced only for GFatmax (P ≤ 0.001). Resting non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) and insulin decreased significantly only in GFatmax (P ≤ 0.002). CONCLUSIONS Two weeks of HIIT and Fatmax training are effective for the improvement of aerobic fitness and FORs during exercise in these classes of obesity. The decreased levels of resting NEFA only in GFatmax may be involved in the decreased insulin resistance only in this group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Lanzi
- Institute of Sport Sciences University of Lausanne (ISSUL), University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Franco Codecasa
- Pulmonary Rehabilitation Department, San Giuseppe Hospital, Istituto Auxologico Italiano Piancavallo, Verbania, Italy
| | - Mauro Cornacchia
- Pulmonary Rehabilitation Department, San Giuseppe Hospital, Istituto Auxologico Italiano Piancavallo, Verbania, Italy
| | - Sabrina Maestrini
- Molecular Biology Laboratory, San Giuseppe Hospital, Istituto Auxologico Italiano Piancavallo, Verbania, Italy
| | - Paolo Capodaglio
- Orthopaedic Rehabilitation Unit and Clinical Lab for Gait and Posture Analysis, San Giuseppe Hospital, Istituto Auxologico Italiano Piancavallo, Verbania, Italy
| | - Amelia Brunani
- Medicine Rehabilitation Department, San Giuseppe Hospital, Istituto Auxologico Italiano Piancavallo, Verbania, Italy
| | - Paolo Fanari
- Pulmonary Rehabilitation Department, San Giuseppe Hospital, Istituto Auxologico Italiano Piancavallo, Verbania, Italy
| | - Alberto Salvadori
- Pulmonary Rehabilitation Department, San Giuseppe Hospital, Istituto Auxologico Italiano Piancavallo, Verbania, Italy
| | - Davide Malatesta
- Institute of Sport Sciences University of Lausanne (ISSUL), University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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Marzouki H, Gmada N, Farhani Z, Hssin N, Shephard R, Bouhlel E. Crossover and maximal fat oxidation points during running and cycling in sedentary subjects. Sci Sports 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scispo.2015.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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31
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Egan B, Ashley DT, Kennedy E, O'Connor PL, O'Gorman DJ. Higher rate of fat oxidation during rowing compared with cycling ergometer exercise across a range of exercise intensities. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2015; 26:630-7. [PMID: 26060092 DOI: 10.1111/sms.12498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The relative contribution of carbohydrate and fat oxidation to energy expenditure during exercise is dependent on variables including exercise intensity, mode, and recruited muscle mass. This study investigated patterns of substrate utilization during two non-weightbearing exercise modalities, namely cycling and rowing. Thirteen young, moderately trained males performed a continuous incremental (3-min stages) exercise test to exhaustion on separate occasions on an electronically braked cycle (CYC) ergometer and an air-braked rowing (ROW) ergometer, respectively. On two further occasions, participants performed a 20-min steady-state exercise bout at ∼50%VO2peak on the respective modalities. Despite similar oxygen consumption, rates of fat oxidation (FATox ) were ∼45% higher during ROW compared with CYC (P < 0.05) across a range of power output increments. The crossover point for substrate utilization occurred at a higher relative exercise intensity for ROW than CYC (57.8 ± 2.1 vs 42.1 ± 3.6%VO2peak , P < 0.05). During steady-state submaximal exercise, the higher FATox during ROW compared with CYC was maintained (P < 0.05), but absolute FATox were 42% (CYC) and 28% (ROW) lower than during incremental exercise. FATox is higher during ROW compared with CYC exercise across a range of exercise intensities matched for energy expenditure, and is likely as a consequence of larger muscle mass recruited during ROW.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Egan
- Institute for Sport & Health, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.,Institute of Food & Health, School of Public Health, Physiotherapy & Population Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - D T Ashley
- School of Health & Human Performance, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
| | - E Kennedy
- School of Health & Human Performance, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
| | - P L O'Connor
- School of Health & Human Performance, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland.,Exercise and Health Sciences Division, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, Michigan, USA
| | - D J O'Gorman
- School of Health & Human Performance, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland.,Centre for Preventive Medicine, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland
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Borel B, Coquart J, Boitel G, Duhamel A, Matran R, Delsart P, Mounier-Vehier C, Garcin M. Effects of Endurance Training at the Crossover Point in Women with Metabolic Syndrome. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2015; 47:2380-8. [PMID: 25830361 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000000674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION On the basis of theoretical evidence, intensity at the crossover point (COP) of substrate utilization could be considered as potential exercise intensity for metabolic syndrome (MetS). This study aimed to examine the effects of a training program at COP on exercise capacity parameters in women with MetS and to compare two metabolic indices (COP and the maximal fat oxidation rate point LIPOXmax®) with ventilatory threshold (VT). METHODS Nineteen women with MetS volunteered to perform a 12-wk training program on a cycle ergometer, with intensity corresponding to COP. Pre- and posttraining values of anthropometric and exercise capacity parameters were compared to determine the effects of exercise training. The pre-post training change of COP, LIPOXmax®, and VT were also investigated. RESULTS After training, anthropometric parameters were significantly modified, with reduction of body mass (3.0% ± 3.0%, P < 0.001), fat mass (3.3% ± 3.4%, P < 0.001), and body mass index (3.2% ± 3.4%, P < 0.001). Exercise capacity was improved after the training program, with significant increase of maximal power output (25.0% ± 18.4%, P < 0.001) and maximal oxygen uptake (V˙O2max, 9.0% ± 11.2%; P < 0.01). Lastly, when expressed in terms of power output, COP, LIPOXmax®, and VT occurred at a similar exercise intensity, but the occurrence of these three indices is different when expressed in terms of oxygen uptake, HR, or RPE. CONCLUSIONS This study highlights the effectiveness of a 12-wk training program at COP to improve physical fitness in women with MetS. The relations between metabolic indices and VT in terms of power output highlight the determination of VT from a shorter maximal exercise as a useful method for determining metabolic indices in MetS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benoit Borel
- 1Université de Limoges, HAVAE, EA6310, Limoges, FRANCE; 2UDSL, EA 4488, Ronchin, FRANCE; 3University of Lille Nord de France, Lille, FRANCE; 4CETAPS, EA 3832, Faculty of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, University of Rouen, Mont Saint Aignan, FRANCE; 5Department of Bio-Statistics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Lille, Lille, FRANCE; 6Department of Respiratory and Functional Explorations, Academic Regional Hospital of Lille, Lille, FRANCE; and 7Department of Arterial hypertension and Vascular Medicine, Academic Regional Hospital of Lille, Lille, FRANCE
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VITTORI LN, MANNERS DN, BELLI G, CORAZZA I, MAIETTA LATESSA P. A RAPID AND AUTOMATED METHOD TO DETERMINE APPROPRIATE EXERCISE PARAMETERS FOR TAILORED SUBSTRATE CONSUMPTION DURING AEROBIC EXERCISE. J MECH MED BIOL 2015. [DOI: 10.1142/s0219519415400382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The growing prevalence of obesity and metabolic disorders such as type II diabetes, is associated with reduced exercise and maximal fat oxidation rate (Fatmax). The aim of this study was to verify the reliability of a new test protocol (Fatmaxwork) using the INCA software package. Twenty four sedentary subjects was enrolled and performed the following tests using a VO2000 metabolimeter: (1) An incremental test of 20 min to determine the individual Fatmax and maximum rate of fat oxidation (MFO) with new Fatmaxwork test; (2) a constant load test of 60 min. For our subjects, the average fat zone was estimated by INCA at 54.2 ± 4.9% max HR, RER 0.86 ± 0.09, 130 ± 64 W. The results from the constant load test differed by 0.01 ± 1.92 for respiratory gas exchange rate (RER) and -0.22 ± 1.92% for heart rate (HR). This study showed that the Fatmaxwork test can be used to predict Fatmax in untrained overweight subjects and INCA is a reliable and accurate software package.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. N. VITTORI
- Department of Science for Quality of Life, University of Bologna, Via Zamboni, 33, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - D. N. MANNERS
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Neuromotor, University of Bologna, Via Zamboni, 33, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - G. BELLI
- Department of Science for Quality of Life, University of Bologna, Via Zamboni, 33, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - I. CORAZZA
- Department of Specialized, Experimental and Diagnostic Medicine, University of Bologna, Via Zamboni, 33, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - P. MAIETTA LATESSA
- Department of Science for Quality of Life, University of Bologna, Via Zamboni, 33, 40126 Bologna, Italy
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Marzouki H, Farhani Z, Gmada N, Tabka Z, Shephard R, Bouhlel E. Relative and absolute reliability of the crossover and maximum fat oxidation points during treadmill running. Sci Sports 2014; 29:e107-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scispo.2014.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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ASTORINO TODDA, SCHUBERT MATTHEWM, PALUMBO ELYSE, STIRLING DOUGLAS, MCMILLAN DAVIDW. Effect of Two Doses of Interval Training on Maximal Fat Oxidation in Sedentary Women. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2013; 45:1878-86. [DOI: 10.1249/mss.0b013e3182936261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Takagi S, Sakamoto S, Midorikawa T, Konishi M, Katsumura T. Determination of the exercise intensity that elicits maximal fat oxidation in short-time testing. J Sports Sci 2013; 32:175-82. [PMID: 24015928 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2013.815360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Maximal fat oxidation (MFO) rate and the exercise intensity that elicits MFO (FATmax-intensity) were designed to evaluate fat metabolism capacity and to provide individuals with a target exercise intensity during prolonged exercise. However, the previous methods of determining FATmax-intensity were time-consuming. The purpose of this study was to examine the validity of FATmax-intensity determined by short-time testing. Nine healthy young men performed ramp exercise, in a short-time test, until exhaustion and 5 constant-load exercises of 60 min each at individual FATmax-intensity determined by ramp protocol (FATmax-intensity(R)), FATmax-intensity(R) ± 5% of peak oxygen uptake (VO₂peak) and FATmax-intensity(R) ± 10%VO₂peak. FATmax-intensity was determined among 5 trials at points of early exercise (10 min) and prolonged exercise (60 min) to evaluate the validity of FATmax-intensity(R). Ten minutes after starting constant-load exercise, FATmax-intensity(R) showed the highest fat oxidation among 5 trials, even though MFO by ramp protocol was overestimated. Therefore, it may be useful for evaluation of fat metabolism to include the measurement of the FATmax-intensity in a routine ramp test. However, because FATmax-intensity(R) did not elicit the highest fat oxidation among 5 trials of 60 min each after starting constant-load exercise, FATmax-intensity(R) may not be effective for prolonged exercise training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shun Takagi
- a Department of Sports Medicine for Health Promotion , Tokyo Medical University , Shinjuku , Japan
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Gmada N, Marzouki H, Haj Sassi R, Tabka Z, Shephard R, Brun JF, Bouhlel E. Relative and absolute reliability of the crossover and maximum fat oxidation points and their relationship to ventilatory threshold. Sci Sports 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scispo.2012.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The purpose of this article is to assess the value of the anaerobic threshold for use in clinical populations with the intent to improve exercise adaptations and outcomes. The anaerobic threshold is generally poorly understood, improperly used, and poorly measured. It is rarely used in clinical settings and often reserved for athletic performance testing. RECENT FINDINGS Increased exercise participation within both clinical and other less healthy populations has increased our attention to optimizing exercise outcomes. Of particular interest is the optimization of lipid metabolism during exercise in order to improve numerous conditions such as blood lipid profile, insulin sensitivity and secretion, and weight loss. Numerous authors report on the benefits of appropriate exercise intensity in optimizing outcomes even though regulation of intensity has proved difficult for many. Despite limited use, selected exercise physiology markers have considerable merit in exercise-intensity regulation. The anaerobic threshold, and other markers such as heart rate, may well provide a simple and valuable mechanism for regulating exercising intensity. SUMMARY The use of the anaerobic threshold and accurate target heart rate to regulate exercise intensity is a valuable approach that is under-utilized across populations. The measurement of the anaerobic threshold can be simplified to allow clients to use nonlaboratory measures, for example heart rate, in order to self-regulate exercise intensity and improve outcomes.
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Brun JF, Malatesta D, Sartorio A. Maximal lipid oxidation during exercise: a target for individualizing endurance training in obesity and diabetes? J Endocrinol Invest 2012; 35:686-91. [PMID: 22732137 DOI: 10.3275/8466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
This review summarizes the rationale for personalized exercise training in obesity and diabetes, targeted at the level of maximal lipid oxidation as can be determined by exercise calorimetry. This measurement is reproducible and reflects muscles' ability to oxidize lipids. Targeted training at this level is well tolerated, increases the ability to oxidize lipids during exercise and improves body composition, lipid and inflammatory status, and glycated hemoglobin, thus representing a possible future strategy for exercise prescription in patients suffering from obesity and diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- J F Brun
- INSERM U1046 Physiologie et Médecine Exprimentale du Coeur et du Muscle, Université Montpellier 1, Université Montpellier 2, CHRU Montpellier, France.
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Crisp NA, Guelfi KJ, Licari MK, Braham R, Fournier PA. Does exercise duration affect Fatmax in overweight boys? Eur J Appl Physiol 2011; 112:2557-64. [PMID: 22075644 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-011-2232-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2011] [Accepted: 10/31/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
To compare the assessment of Fat(max) using a single graded exercise test with 3 min stages against 30 min prolonged exercise bouts in overweight boys. Ten overweight boys (8-12 years) attended the laboratory on seven separate occasions. On the first visit, body anthropometrics and peak aerobic capacity ([Formula: see text]O(2peak)) were assessed. Following this, each participant attended the laboratory after an overnight fast for six morning cycling sessions. During the first session, participants completed a continuous, submaximal graded exercise protocol with seven 3 min stages (GRAD) at 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60 and 65% [Formula: see text]O(2peak). The final five visits consisted of a 30 min bout of prolonged exercise (PROL) performed in a counterbalanced order at 40, 45, 50, 55 and 60% [Formula: see text]O(2peak). There was no effect of exercise duration on Fat(max) or the absolute rate of fat oxidation during PROL (p > 0.05). At the group level, GRAD and PROL provided similar estimates of Fat(max) (GRAD: 53 ± 10% [Formula: see text]O(2peak); PROL: 53 ± 10% [Formula: see text]O(2peak); p = 0.995); however, individual variation between the two protocols is shown by a systematic bias and residual error of 0 ± 11% [Formula: see text]O(2peak). Fat oxidation rates remained stable across 30 min of steady-state exercise in overweight boys. Furthermore, Fat(max) was similar at 3, 10, 20 and 30 min of exercise, suggesting that for exercise lasting ≤ 30 min, exercise duration does not affect Fat(max). However, Fat(max) determined with GRAD may need to be interpreted with caution at the individual level given the variation in Fat(max) between protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole A Crisp
- School of Sport Science, Exercise and Health, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia.
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Gmada N, Marzouki H, Haboubi M, Tabka Z, Shephard RJ, Bouhlel E. Crossover and maximal fat-oxidation points in sedentary healthy subjects: methodological issues. Diabetes Metab 2011; 38:40-5. [PMID: 21944864 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabet.2011.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2011] [Revised: 07/07/2011] [Accepted: 07/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIM Our study aimed to assess the influence of protocol on the crossover point and maximal fat-oxidation (LIPOX(max)) values in sedentary, but otherwise healthy, young men. METHODS Maximal oxygen intake was assessed in 23 subjects, using a progressive maximal cycle ergometer test. Twelve sedentary males (aged 20.5±1.0 years) whose directly measured maximal aerobic power (MAP) values were lower than their theoretical maximal values (tMAP) were selected from this group. These individuals performed, in random sequence, three submaximal graded exercise tests, separated by three-day intervals; work rates were based on the tMAP in one test and on MAP in the remaining two. The third test was used to assess the reliability of data. Heart rate, respiratory parameters, blood lactate, the crossover point and LIPOX(max) values were measured during each of these tests. RESULTS The crossover point and LIPOX(max) values were significantly lower when the testing protocol was based on tMAP rather than on MAP (P<0.001). Respiratory exchange ratios were significantly lower with MAP than with tMAP at 30, 40, 50 and 60% of maximal aerobic power (P<0.01). At the crossover point, lactate and 5-min postexercise oxygen consumption (EPOC(5 min)) values were significantly higher using tMAP rather than MAP (P<0.001). During the first 5 min of recovery, EPOC(5 min) and blood lactate were significantly correlated (r=0.89; P<0.001). CONCLUSION Our data show that, to assess the crossover point and LIPOX(max) values for research purposes, the protocol must be based on the measured MAP rather than on a theoretical value. Such a determination should improve individualization of training for initially sedentary subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Gmada
- Research Unit "Sportive practices in School and University and performance", Higher Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Kef, University of Jendouba, Jendouba, Tunisia
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Brun JF, Halbeher C, Fédou C, Mercier J. Quelles sont les limites de normalité du LIPOXmax ? Peut-on le prédire sans effectuer de calorimétrie d’effort ? Sci Sports 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scispo.2010.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Brun JF, Romain AJ, Mercier J. Maximal lipid oxidation during exercise (Lipoxmax): From physiological measurements to clinical applications. Facts and uncertainties. Sci Sports 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scispo.2011.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Coquart J, Grosbois JM, Nycz M, Bart F, Garcin M. Influence du niveau de performance sur le seuil d’oxydation maximale des lipides (Lipoxmax) chez des cyclistes. Sci Sports 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scispo.2010.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Chenevière X, Borrani F, Ebenegger V, Gojanovic B, Malatesta D. Effect of a 1-hour single bout of moderate-intensity exercise on fat oxidation kinetics. Metabolism 2009; 58:1778-86. [PMID: 19632694 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2009.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2009] [Revised: 06/05/2009] [Accepted: 06/16/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The present study aimed to examine the effects of a prior 1-hour continuous exercise bout (CONT) at an intensity (Fat(max)) that elicits the maximal fat oxidation (MFO) on the fat oxidation kinetics during a subsequent submaximal incremental test (IncrC). Twenty moderately trained subjects (9 men and 11 women) performed a graded test on a treadmill (Incr), with 3-minute stages and 1-km.h(-1) increments. Fat oxidation was measured using indirect calorimetry and plotted as a function of exercise intensity. A mathematical model (SIN) including 3 independent variables (dilatation, symmetry, and translation) was used to characterize the shape of fat oxidation kinetics and to determine Fat(max) and MFO. On a second visit, the subjects performed CONT at Fat(max) followed by IncrC. After CONT performed at 57% +/- 3% (means +/- SE) maximal oxygen uptake (Vo(2max)), the respiratory exchange ratio during IncrC was lower at every stage compared with Incr (P < .05). Fat(max) (56.4% +/- 2.3% vs 51.5% +/- 2.4% Vo(2max), P = .013), MFO (0.50 +/- 0.03 vs 0.40 +/- 0.03 g.min(-1), P < .001), and fat oxidation rates from 35% to 70% Vo(2max) (P < .05) were significantly greater during IncrC compared with Incr. However, dilatation and translation were not significantly different (P > .05), whereas symmetry tended to be greater in IncrC (P = .096). This study showed that the prior 1-hour continuous moderate-intensity exercise bout increased Fat(max), MFO, and fat oxidation rates over a wide range of intensities during the postexercise incremental test. Moreover, the shape of the postexercise fat oxidation kinetics tended to have a rightward asymmetry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Chenevière
- Institute of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
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Aucouturier J, Rance M, Meyer M, Isacco L, Thivel D, Fellmann N, Duclos M, Duché P. Determination of the maximal fat oxidation point in obese children and adolescents: validity of methods to assess maximal aerobic power. Eur J Appl Physiol 2008; 105:325-31. [PMID: 19002708 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-008-0907-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/14/2008] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
We aimed to examine the interchangeability of techniques used to assess maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max) and maximal aerobic power (MAP) employed to express the maximal fat oxidation point in obese children and adolescents. Rate of fat oxidation were measured in 24 obese subjects (13.0 +/- 2.4 years; Body Mass Index 30.2 +/- 6.3 kg m(-2)) who performed a five 4-min stages submaximal incremental cycling exercise. A second cycling exercise was performed to measure VO2max. Results are those of the 20 children who achieved the criterion of RER (>1.02) to assess the attainment of VO2max. Although correlations between results obtained by different methods were strong, Bland-Altman plots showed little agreement between the maximal fat oxidation point expressed as a percentage of measured VO2max and as % VO2max estimated according to ACSM guidelines (underestimation : -5.9%) or using the predictive equations of Wasserman (-13.9%). Despite a mean underestimation of 1.4% several values were out of the limits of agreement when comparing measured MAP and Theoretical MAP. Estimations of VO2max lead to underestimations of the maximal fat oxidation point.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Aucouturier
- Laboratoire Inter-Universitaire de Biologie des Activités Physiques et Sportives, Université Blaise Pascal, Clermont-Ferrand, France.
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Michallet AS, Tonini J, Regnier J, Guinot M, Favre-Juvin A, Bricout V, Halimi S, Wuyam B, Flore P. Methodological aspects of crossover and maximum fat-oxidation rate point determination. Diabetes Metab 2008; 34:514-23. [PMID: 18823806 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabet.2008.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2008] [Revised: 04/18/2008] [Accepted: 04/25/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
AIM Indirect calorimetry during exercise provides two metabolic indices of substrate oxidation balance: the crossover point (COP) and maximum fat oxidation rate (LIPOXmax). We aimed to study the effects of the analytical device, protocol type and ventilatory response on variability of these indices, and the relationship with lactate and ventilation thresholds. METHODS After maximum exercise testing, 14 relatively fit subjects (aged 32+/-10 years; nine men, five women) performed three submaximum graded tests: one was based on a theoretical maximum power (tMAP) reference; and two were based on the true maximum aerobic power (MAP). Gas exchange was measured concomitantly using a Douglas bag (D) and an ergospirometer (E). RESULTS All metabolic indices were interpretable only when obtained by the D reference method and MAP protocol. Bland and Altman analysis showed overestimation of both indices with E versus D. Despite no mean differences between COP and LIPOXmax whether tMAP or MAP was used, the individual data clearly showed disagreement between the two protocols. Ventilation explained 10-16% of the metabolic index variations. COP was correlated with ventilation (r=0.96, P<0.01) and the rate of increase in blood lactate (r=0.79, P<0.01), and LIPOXmax correlated with the ventilation threshold (r=0.95, P<0.01). CONCLUSION This study shows that, in fit healthy subjects, the analytical device, reference used to build the protocol and ventilation responses affect metabolic indices. In this population, and particularly to obtain interpretable metabolic indices, we recommend a protocol based on the true MAP or one adapted to include the transition from fat to carbohydrate. The correlation between metabolic indices and lactate/ventilation thresholds suggests that shorter, classical maximum progressive exercise testing may be an alternative means of estimating these indices in relatively fit subjects. However, this needs to be confirmed in patients who have metabolic defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- A-S Michallet
- Laboratoire de recherche-exercice, santé REX-S, IFR 1, hôpital Sud, université Joseph-Fourier Grenoble-1, BP 338, 38043 Echirolles cedex, France; Inserm, ERI17, laboratoire HP2, université Joseph-Fourier Grenoble-1, 38042 Grenoble, France
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