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Frossard V, Vagnon C, Cottin N, Pin M, Santoul F, Naffrechoux E. The biological invasion of an apex predator (Silurus glanis) amplifies PCB transfer in a large lake food web. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 902:166037. [PMID: 37544449 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.166037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
Invasive species can affect food web structure possibly modifying the transfer of pollutants in ecosystems but this facet of biological invasion remains largely unexplored. We examined how trophic and ontogenetic characteristics of the invasive European catfish could differ from its native counterpart, the Northern pike, possibly resulting in the amplification of PCB transfer to the higher trophic levels in a large lake food web. The PCB contents of catfish and pike were on average low (Ʃ7 PCBi 42.4 ± 38.6 ng g-1 ww and 37.9 ± 49.4 ng g-1 ww respectively) and dominated by PCB153 (~35 % of the PCB contamination). Only the largest pike (126 cm) slightly exceeded the European sanitary threshold of 125 ng g-1 ww Ʃ6 PCBi-NDL. Both species increased in trophic position with body size while catfish had clearly higher littoral reliance than pike indicating they exploited complementary trophic niches. PCB biomagnification was identified only for catfish (PCB153, Ʃ7 PCBi) leading to trophic magnification factor of ~5. PCB ontogenetic bioaccumulation was pervasive for catfish (PCB101, PCB118, PCB153, PCB138 and Ʃ7 PCBi) and identified for pike only regarding PCB101. The derived size accumulation factors (~1.02) indicated a size-doubling PCB contamination of ~40 cm for catfish. This finding suggested that catfish would exceed the European sanitary threshold at body size larger than 168 cm possibly constraining their commercial exploitation. Our results highlighted that the invasive catfish was a littoral-oriented apex predator occupying an alternative trophic niche as compared to pike thereby modifying the lake food web structure that resulted in an enhancement of PCB transfer to higher trophic levels. The biomagnification and ontogenetic bioaccumulation of catfish underlined the impact of this biological invasion on the fate of PCB in the ecosystem. Finally, the remarkable inter-individual PCB contamination suggested variable inter-individual PCB exposure likely associated to localized hotspots of PCB contamination in the lake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Frossard
- Université Savoie Mont Blanc, INRAE, CARRTEL, 74200 Thonon-les-Bains, France.
| | - Chloé Vagnon
- Université Savoie Mont Blanc, INRAE, CARRTEL, 74200 Thonon-les-Bains, France
| | - Nathalie Cottin
- Université Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, EDYTEM, 73370 Le Bourget du Lac, France
| | - Mathieu Pin
- Université Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, EDYTEM, 73370 Le Bourget du Lac, France
| | - Frédéric Santoul
- Université Toulouse 3 Paul Sabatier, EDB, 31000 Toulouse, France
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Herceg Romanić S, Jaćimović N, Mendaš G, Fingler S, Stipičević S, Jakšić G, Popović A, Jovanović G. Bedload sediment transport model for revealing the multi-year trend of polychlorinated biphenyl contamination in the river sediment (Kupa, Croatia). ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2023; 45:8473-8487. [PMID: 37639040 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-023-01733-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
This article investigated the multi-year polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) burden of the sediment collected along the Kupa River flow in Croatia using the bedload sediment transport model. Kupa, as the natural border between Croatia and Slovenia, belongs to the water system Krupa (Slovenia) → Lahinja (Slovenia) → Kupa (Croatia) → Sava → Danube → Black Sea. From 1962 to 1985, the total quantity of waste calculated for pure PCBs, released by a capacitor manufacturer into the environment within various locations of the Krupa River in Slovenia, was 70 tons. Krupa River (Slovenia) has become one of the most PCB-polluted rivers in Europe, and consequently, PCBs have been detected in the Kupa River (Croatia). Model application revealed that contamination of the Kupa River (Croatia) started significantly earlier than 1983, when a high concentration of PCB was detected for the first time in the Krupa River (Slovenia), with probably significantly higher sediment concentrations at the upstream boundary of the Kupa. A slow concentration changes and PCB accumulation in the sediment should be expected downstream compared to the upstream boundary, governed mainly by high flow events. The PCBs in sediments from 2020/2021 are markedly different after the Lahinja confluence with Kupa (0.2-0.6 μg kg-1 vs. 1.4-34.3 μg kg-1). Measurements of PCBs in Kupa sediment suggest that the intake of PCB has not yet been completely stopped, which should be confirmed by detailed monitoring in the future. The contamination situation observed in the Kupa River represents an excellent example of the persistency of PCBs in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Snježana Herceg Romanić
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska Cesta 2, PO Box 291, 10001, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Nenad Jaćimović
- Department of Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Bulevar Kralja Aleksandra 73, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Gordana Mendaš
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska Cesta 2, PO Box 291, 10001, Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Sanja Fingler
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska Cesta 2, PO Box 291, 10001, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Sanja Stipičević
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska Cesta 2, PO Box 291, 10001, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Goran Jakšić
- Aquatika - Karlovac Freshwater Aquarium Public Institute, Ulica Branka Čavlovića Čavleka 1/A, 47000, Karlovac, Croatia
| | - Aleksandar Popović
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Studentski Trg 12-16, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Gordana Jovanović
- Institute of Physics Belgrade, National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Pregrevica 118, 11080, Belgrade, Serbia
- Singidunum University, Danijelova 32, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia
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Oros M, Barčák D, Miklisová D, Uhrovič D, Brázová T. A fish-parasite sentinel system in an assessment of the spatial distribution of polychlorinated biphenyls. Sci Rep 2023; 13:5164. [PMID: 36997612 PMCID: PMC10063543 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-31939-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The spatial distribution of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), in the Zemplínska Šírava water reservoir and adjacent tributaries in the Bodrog River Basin were investigated using a fish-parasite sentinel system. PCB concentrations were detected in various fish matrices (dorsal and abdominal muscles, liver and intestine) of the Wels catfish (Silurus glanis) and its intestinal cestode Glanitaenia osculata. PCB concentrations in the fish from the water reservoir, located closest to the chemical plant, the primary source of the PCB pollution, were the highest. The analysis of these contaminants in catfish matrices showed the highest concentrations in the abdominal muscle, followed by the dorsal muscle, liver and intestine. Concentrations of ∑PCBs exceeding the limits for food set by European regulations were measured in the muscle tissue of catfish at all sites, even in the Bodrog River, 60 km away from the primary source of contamination, posing a significant risk to humans in the Zemplín region. For the first time, the ability of cestode G. osculata to accumulate higher amounts of PCBs compared to fish matrices has been demonstrated. Due to the enormous ability of the parasites to accumulate PCBs, we recommend this approach for alternative biomonitoring of PCBs in contaminated aquatic environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikuláš Oros
- Institute of Parasitology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Košice, Slovakia
| | - Daniel Barčák
- Institute of Parasitology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Košice, Slovakia
| | - Dana Miklisová
- Institute of Parasitology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Košice, Slovakia
| | - Dalibor Uhrovič
- Institute of Parasitology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Košice, Slovakia
| | - Tímea Brázová
- Institute of Parasitology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Košice, Slovakia.
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Afolabi OL, Iwegbue CMA, Obi G, Tesi GO, Nwajei GE, Martincigh BS. Polychlorinated biphenyls and polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and furans in imported canned fish in Nigeria and risk assessment. FOOD ADDITIVES & CONTAMINANTS. PART B, SURVEILLANCE 2023; 16:32-41. [PMID: 36268849 DOI: 10.1080/19393210.2022.2120543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and furans (PCDD/Fs) were measured in imported canned fish such as mackerel, sardine and tuna to evaluate the risk relating to human consumption of these products. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS) was used to evaluate the concentrations of PCBs and PCDD/Fs in the samples. The ∑28 PCB concentrations in the canned mackerel, tuna and sardine ranged from 0.33 to 9.48 ng g -1, <LOQ to 8.8 ng g-1 and <LOQ to 15.1 ng g-1, respectively, while the ∑14 PCDD/Fs concentrations varied from 0.06 to 4.70 ng g-1 for mackerel, 0.72 to 9.43 ng g-1 for tuna and not detected to 22.0 ng g -1 for sardines. Health risk analysis suggests that ingestion of these samples could lead to adverse non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks over a lifetime.
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Affiliation(s)
- Obehi L Afolabi
- Department of Chemistry, Delta State University, Abraka, Nigeria
| | | | - Grace Obi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Petroleum Resources, Effurun, Nigeria
| | - Godswill O Tesi
- Department of Chemical Science, University of Africa, Toru-Orua, Nigeria
| | - Godwin E Nwajei
- Department of Chemistry, Delta State University, Abraka, Nigeria
| | - Bice S Martincigh
- School of Chemistry & Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
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Update of Indicator PCB Levels in Food in Southern Italy: Assessment of the Dietary Exposure for Adult and Elderly Population. J FOOD QUALITY 2022. [DOI: 10.1155/2022/1233977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The levels of non-dioxin-like PCB indicators (iPCBs 28, 52, 101, 138, 153, and 180) were determined in food samples (seafood, meat and processed meat, milk and dairy products, hen eggs, olive oil, and other fats) to evaluate the exposure of adult and elderly population. iPCB levels in samples were in the following order: fishery products > meat and processed meat > milk and dairy products > olive oil and other fats. None of the samples had concentrations above the maximum permissible limits for human consumption established by the European Union legislation, except for salami samples. The dietary intake for the total population was 12.33 ng·kg−1 bw·d−1, while depending on the sex/age groups, exposure was estimated between 9.60 and 12.11 ng·kg−1 bw·d−1, with seafood being the major contributor. The exposure scenario indicates that further efforts must still be carried out to protect the consumer from these harmful chemicals.
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Lupton SJ, Ochoa C, Domesle A, Duverna R. Survey of polychlorinated dibenzo- p-dioxins, polychlorinated dibenzofurans and non- ortho-polychlorinated biphenyls in U.S. meat, poultry, and siluriform fish from 2018-2019: toxic equivalency levels, temporal trends, and implications. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2022; 39:560-571. [PMID: 35113765 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2021.2022769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) conducted a survey of domestic animal products including beef fat, pork fat, chicken fat, turkey fat, dairy cow fat, and siluriform fish muscle (i.e. catfish) to determine the current residue levels of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs), and non-ortho-polychlorinated biphenyls (no-PCBs). The following types of fat samples were analysed: beef from heifers and steers (referred to as "beef"), pork, chicken, turkey, dairy cow (referred to as "dairy cow"), and siluriform fish muscle, which includes catfish. The survey is conducted every 5 years. Fat samples for each slaughter class and siluriform fillets were collected from U.S. federally inspected slaughter facilities, processed, and analysed for 17 PCDD/Fs and 3 no-PCBs. Toxic equivalency concentrations were calculated using 2005 toxic equivalency factors and summed (sum-TEQ) for all slaughter classes. The sum-TEQs ranged from non-detect (nd) to 16.5 pg TEQ/g lipid. The median sum-TEQs, when nd = ½ LOD, for beef, pork, chicken, turkey, dairy cow, and siluriform fish were 0.48, 0.08, 0.07, 0.21, 0.38, and 0.62 pg TEQ/g lipid (wet weight for siluriform fish), respectively. A comparison of the current and previous surveys typically depicts a significant declining trend depending on the slaughter class (such as chicken and turkey), however, beef and pork fat median values slightly increased and decreased, respectively, but neither were significant compared to the previous survey. The congener patterns for some high concentration beef and pork fat samples suggested that pentachlorophenol treated wood continues to be a likely on-farm dioxin exposure source.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara J Lupton
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Edward T. Schafer Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, Fargo, North Dakota, USA
| | - Cristian Ochoa
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Office of Public Health Science, Food Safety and Inspection Service, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Alexander Domesle
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Office of Public Health Science, Food Safety and Inspection Service, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Randolph Duverna
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Office of Public Health Science, Food Safety and Inspection Service, Washington, DC, USA
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Awere E, Obeng PA, Bonoli A, Obeng PA. E-waste recycling and public exposure to organic compounds in developing countries: a review of recycling practices and toxicity levels in Ghana. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/21622515.2020.1714749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eric Awere
- Department of Civil, Chemical, Environmental and Materials Engineering (DICAM), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- Department of Civil Engineering, Cape Coast Technical University, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Peter Appiah Obeng
- Department of Water and Sanitation, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Alessandra Bonoli
- Department of Civil, Chemical, Environmental and Materials Engineering (DICAM), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Panin Asirifua Obeng
- Department of Civil Engineering, Cape Coast Technical University, Cape Coast, Ghana
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Ge F, Wang X, Zhang K, Jin X, Guo R, Liu Y, Qiao X, Zhao X, Zheng B, Zheng X. The correlation study between PCBs and δ 15N values or FAs in fish collected from Dongting Lake. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 234:763-768. [PMID: 31238272 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.06.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Revised: 06/05/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The toxicity of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and their transformation have been intensively investigated in recent years. However, the potential mechanisms of biotransformation in a lake food web remain unclear. To explore the correlation between the PCBs and δ15N values or FAs, six fish species were collected from Dongting Lake, and various tissues were dissected to analyze the δ15N values, FAs and PCBs. Based on the wet weight (ww), the concentration of ∑PCBs115 ranged from 0.04 to 9.77 ng g-1, and the highest level was found in the gonad of Cyprinus carpio. The toxicity equivalent (TEQ) of PCBs ranged from 0.003 to 2.39 pg g-1, and the highest level was found in the fat of Silurus asotusy. The PCB levels in fish collected from Dongting Lake were at the low end of the global range. PCB28, 52, 95, 99, 101, 105 110, 118, 138, 153, 155 and 209 were found in all tissues. PCBs were distributed in a tissue-specific and species-specific manner in fish. PCB153 and 138 had a positive correlation with the TEQ in liver, gill, intestine and skin of fish on the basis of lipid weight (lw). Docosahexaenoic acid/eicosapentaenoic acid (DHA/EPA) and polyunsaturated fatty acid/saturated fatty acid (PUFA/SFA) had a positive correlation with some PCB congeners in the intestine. PCB52, ∑tetra-PCBs and Ind-PCBs had a positive correlation with the δ15N values in liver of fish on the basis of ww. PUFA/SFA and DHA/EPA might be indicators for the transfer of PCB congeners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangfang Ge
- National Engineering Laboratory for Lake Pollution Control and Ecological Restoration, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Source Protection, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China; Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, 050024, China
| | - Xing Wang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Lake Pollution Control and Ecological Restoration, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Source Protection, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Kexin Zhang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Lake Pollution Control and Ecological Restoration, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Source Protection, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China; Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, 050024, China
| | - Xiaoling Jin
- National Engineering Laboratory for Lake Pollution Control and Ecological Restoration, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Source Protection, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Rui Guo
- National Engineering Laboratory for Lake Pollution Control and Ecological Restoration, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Source Protection, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Yan Liu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Lake Pollution Control and Ecological Restoration, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Source Protection, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Xiaocui Qiao
- National Engineering Laboratory for Lake Pollution Control and Ecological Restoration, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Source Protection, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Xingru Zhao
- National Engineering Laboratory for Lake Pollution Control and Ecological Restoration, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Source Protection, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China.
| | - Binghui Zheng
- National Engineering Laboratory for Lake Pollution Control and Ecological Restoration, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Source Protection, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
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Rimayi C, Chimuka L. Organ-specific bioaccumulation of PCBs and PAHs in African sharptooth catfish (Clarias gariepinus) and common carp (Cyprinus carpio) from the Hartbeespoort Dam, South Africa. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2019; 191:700. [PMID: 31667668 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-019-7912-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in the muscle, liver, spleen and kidney tissue of two fish species was studied using an optimised diatomaceous earth assisted modified QuEChERS extraction method. Five-year-old free-ranging male African sharptooth catfish (Clarias gariepinus) and 5-year-old male common carp (Cyprinus carpio) sampled from the Hartbeespoort Dam in South Africa were used for method development. Acetonitrile extraction produced more precise recoveries than hexane extraction. Fluorene and naphthalene were the most abundant PAHs detected in the majority of fish tissues analysed. PAH bioaccumulation in 5-year-old carp and 5-year-old catfish was in the order muscle > kidney > liver > spleen and liver > muscle > kidney > spleen, respectively. PCBs were mostly detected in carp spleen and kidney. Two-year-old carp were analysed to determine PCB and PAH bioaccumulation trends. The differences in ∑16PAH concentrations between the four organs tested were all statistically insignificant for the 3 fish tested (p > 0.05). All other organs with the exception of 5-year-old carp spleen and 5-year-old carp kidney recorded total 31 PCB concentrations (∑31PCB) < 25 ng g-1. Only 5-year-old carp spleen (∑31PCB of 592 ng g-1) and 5-year-old carp kidney (∑31PCB of 561 ng g-1) had significant differences (p < 0.05) from the spleen and kidney in 5-year-old catfish and 2-year-old carp. Whilst the carp and catfish sampled can be considered low PCB risk foods, 5-year-old carp muscle can be considered to be a high PAH risk food, with a benzo(a)pyrene concentration of 7 μg g-1, based on the EU Commission Regulation 2005/208/EC pertaining to the maximum permissible benzo(a)pyrene level in fresh fish muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelius Rimayi
- Department of Water and Sanitation, Resource Quality Information Services, Roodeplaat, P. Bag X313, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa.
| | - Luke Chimuka
- University of the Witwatersrand, School of Chemistry, P. Bag 3, Wits, Johannesburg, 2050, South Africa
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Ssebugere P, Sillanpää M, Matovu H, Mubiru E. Human and environmental exposure to PCDD/Fs and dioxin-like PCBs in Africa: A review. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 223:483-493. [PMID: 30784755 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.02.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Revised: 01/05/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
This paper reviews literature for the last two decades with emphasis on levels, toxic equivalencies and sources of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (dl-PCBs) in Africa. Further, we comprehensively analysed data, interpret differences and identify existing gaps with those from other continents. We observed that high levels of PCDD/Fs and dl-PCBs were reported in environmental and biological samples near densely populated urban and industrialised areas compared to those in rural settings. In general, the concentrations of PCDD/Fs and dl-PCBs in the blood samples from Africa were in the same range as those from Asia but lower than those from Europe. The concentrations of dioxins and dioxin-like compounds in the atmosphere in Africa were comparable to and/or higher than those in developed countries. The reported sources of PCDD/Fs and dl-PCBs in Africa were industrial emissions, obsolete pesticide stockpiles, household heating, recycling of electronic waste, and incineration and combustion of domestic waste. Regional and intercontinental transport of dioxins could not be confirmed because of the lack of sufficient literature on them. Further data about the levels and sources of PCDD/Fs and dl-PCBs in Africa need to be generated to complete the chemical inventories for the continent and to facilitate the implementation of the Stockholm Convention on persistent organic pollutants. The reviewed literature shows that most analyses have been carried out in laboratories outside Africa because of the limited institutional capacity in Africa. More support needs to be given to laboratories in Africa to develop the capacity to accurately quantify dioxins on routine basis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Ssebugere
- Department of Chemistry, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda.
| | - Mika Sillanpää
- Laboratory of Green Chemistry, Lappeenranta University of Technology, Sammonkatu 12, 50130, Mikkeli, Finland
| | - Henry Matovu
- Department of Chemistry, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda; Laboratory of Green Chemistry, Lappeenranta University of Technology, Sammonkatu 12, 50130, Mikkeli, Finland; Department of Chemistry, Gulu University, P. O. Box 166, Gulu, Uganda
| | - Edward Mubiru
- Department of Chemistry, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda
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Abdel Malak I, Cariou R, Vénisseau A, Dervilly-Pinel G, Jaber F, Babut M, Le Bizec B. Occurrence of Dechlorane Plus and related compounds in catfish (Silurus spp.) from rivers in France. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 207:413-420. [PMID: 29803891 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.05.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Revised: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Dechlorane related compounds (DRCs), including Dechlorane Plus (syn-DP and anti-DP), Dechlorane-601, -602, -603 and Chlordene Plus (CP), constitute a group of polychlorinated flame retardants (FRs) that are still of industrial use. In particular, DRCs have been detected in various environmental matrices and in different aquatic and terrestrial biota, thus exhibiting bioaccumulation and biomagnification potentials. The present study aimed at producing first occurrence data of a range of DRCs in Silurus spp. samples from different rivers located in France. Determination was carried out by gas chromatography high-resolution mass spectrometry after a sample clean-up based on a multilayer silica column and gel permeation chromatography. The concentration of monitored ΣDRCs ranged from 1.58 to 408 pg g-1 wet weight (54-11100 pg g-1 lipid weight). The fractional abundance of syn- and anti-DP stereoisomers was similar to that reported by other studies with an average equal to 0.60. Dec-601 was not detected in any sample. Detection frequencies ranged between 34 and 100% for other DRCs. Investigated correlations between DRCs and polychlorobiphenyls (PCBs) suggest a link with lipid content but independent contamination sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inas Abdel Malak
- LABERCA, Oniris, INRA, Université Bretagne Loire, F-44307, Nantes, France; Lebanese University, Faculty of Sciences I, Laboratory of Analysis of Organic Compounds (LACO), 508 Hadath, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Ronan Cariou
- LABERCA, Oniris, INRA, Université Bretagne Loire, F-44307, Nantes, France.
| | - Anaïs Vénisseau
- LABERCA, Oniris, INRA, Université Bretagne Loire, F-44307, Nantes, France
| | | | - Farouk Jaber
- Lebanese University, Faculty of Sciences I, Laboratory of Analysis of Organic Compounds (LACO), 508 Hadath, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Marc Babut
- Irstea, RiverLy Research Unit, Lyon-Villeurbanne Center, 5 rue de la Doua CS 20244, 69625 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Bruno Le Bizec
- LABERCA, Oniris, INRA, Université Bretagne Loire, F-44307, Nantes, France
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Xuan Z, Bi C, Li J, Nie J, Chen Z. Source contributions to total concentrations and carcinogenic potencies of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) in ambient air: a case study in Suzhou City, China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:23966-23976. [PMID: 28879468 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-0050-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The potential source categories and source contributions of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) in ambient air from Suzhou City, China, were performed by principal component analysis-multiple linear regression (PCA-MLR) and positive matrix factorization (PMF). The carcinogenic potencies of PCDD/Fs were quantitatively apportioned based on the positive matrix factorization-toxic equivalent concentration (PMF-TEQ) method. The results of the present study were summarized as follows. (1) The total concentrations and toxic equivalent concentrations of PCDD/Fs (∑PCDD/Fs and TEQ) in ambient air from Suzhou City were 1.34-42.80 pg N m-3 and 0.081-1.22 pg I-TEQ N m-3, respectively. (2) PCA-MLR suggested that industrial combustion (IC), electric arc furnaces (EAFs) and secondary aluminum smelters (ALSs), unleaded gas-fueled vehicle sources (UGFVs), ALSs, and hazardous solid waste incinerators (HSWIs) could be the primary PCDD/F contributors, accounting for 13.2, 16.7, 35.5, 19.4, and 15.2% of ∑PCDD/Fs, respectively. (3) PMF and PMF-TEQ indicated that EAFs (carbon steel), UGFVs, IC, ALSs, municipal solid waste incinerators (MSWIs) and hospital waste incinerators (HWIs), and HSWIs contributed 10.9, 10.9, 42.8, 11.3, 10.7, and 13.4% to ∑PCDD/Fs, but contributed 8.3, 12.3, 50.3, 12.7, 6.0, and 10.4% to carcinogenic potencies of PCDD/Fs. This study was the first attempt to quantitatively apportion the source-specific carcinogenic potencies of PCDD/Fs in ambient air.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqiang Xuan
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, 310051, China
| | - Chenglu Bi
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Technology, NO. 1801 Zhongwu Avenue, Changzhou City, China
| | - Jiafu Li
- Jiangsu Levei Testing Company Limited, Wuxi, 214000, China
| | - Jihua Nie
- School of Public Health Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215000, China.
| | - Zhihai Chen
- Jiangsu Levei Testing Company Limited, Wuxi, 214000, China.
- School of Public Health Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215000, China.
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Sun J, Hu J, Zhu G, Zhang D, Zhu Y, Chen Z, Li J, Zhang H, Tang J, Nie J, Zhang S. PCDD/Fs distribution characteristics and health risk assessment in fly ash discharged from MSWIs in China. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2017; 139:83-88. [PMID: 28113115 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2017.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2016] [Revised: 12/25/2016] [Accepted: 01/06/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
This study provided distribution and health risk information of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) in fly ash from 4 municipal solid waste incinerators (MSWIs) in four seasons from four sites, including Zhengzhou City in Henan Province, Chuzhou City in Anhui Province, Jilin City in Jilin Province and Zibo City in Shandong Province. The toxic equivalent concentration (I-TEQ) values of PCDD/Fs ranged from 0.0707 to 0.7742ng I-TEQ/g, and no identical sequence occurred during four seasons in different sampling sites. The stabilization process might efficiently reduce the content and toxicology of PCDD/Fs in fly ash. The value of PCDD/PCDF in fly ash ranged from 0.145 to 0.787 after solidification. The characteristic index (DCI) of 2,3,4,7,8-P5CDF was 0.803 with 6.6% under 95% probability for fly ash samples discharged from MSWIs. The 95th percentile carcinogenic risks (CRs) for onsite workers were lower than the threshold value (10-5), suggesting that the cancer risk levels of PCDD/Fs in fly ash for onsite workers were acceptable. The 95th percentile non-carcinogenic risks (non-CRs) for onsite workers were lower than 1, suggesting no obvious non-carcinogenic effect was developed for onsite workers. This paper provide an overview information on the distribution of PCDD/Fs in fly ash during four seasons, and it could be used as an important fingerprint to distinguish the fly ash sources. Thus, the research could provide basic information for fly ash management in environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Sun
- Jiangsu Levei Testing Company Limited, Wuxi 214000, China
| | - Juan Hu
- Jiangsu Levei Testing Company Limited, Wuxi 214000, China
| | - Gengzheng Zhu
- Jiangsu Levei Testing Company Limited, Wuxi 214000, China
| | - Dadang Zhang
- Jiangsu Levei Testing Company Limited, Wuxi 214000, China
| | - Yuyi Zhu
- Jiangsu Levei Testing Company Limited, Wuxi 214000, China
| | - Zhihai Chen
- Jiangsu Levei Testing Company Limited, Wuxi 214000, China.
| | - Jiafu Li
- Jiangsu Levei Testing Company Limited, Wuxi 214000, China.
| | - Hongjian Zhang
- Jiangsu Levei Testing Company Limited, Wuxi 214000, China
| | - Jinshun Tang
- Jiangsu Levei Testing Company Limited, Wuxi 214000, China
| | - Jihua Nie
- School of Public Health Medical College of Soochow university, Suzhou 215000, China
| | - Shuyu Zhang
- School of Public Health Medical College of Soochow university, Suzhou 215000, China
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Li J, Wang C, Du L, Lv Z, Li X, Hu X, Niu Z, Zhang Y. Did municipal solid waste landfill have obvious influence on polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) in ambient air: A case study in East China. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2017; 62:169-176. [PMID: 28223077 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2017.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2016] [Revised: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Municipal solid waste (MSW) landfill was a main way to disposal of MSW and almost 95% of MSW was disposed by landfills in the world. In order to understand the influence of MSW landfill on polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) in surrounding atmosphere, 42 ambient air samples were collected and analyzed from surrounding sites, background site, upwind site and downwind site of a MSW landfill in East China. The results of present study were summarized as follows. (1) The total concentrations of PCDD/Fs (∑PCDD/Fs) in ambient air from surrounding sites, background site, upwind site and downwind site were 2.215±1.004, 2.058±0.458, 2.617±1.092 and 1.822±0.566pgNm-3, respectively. (2) The toxic equivalent concentrations (TEQ) of PCDD/Fs in ambient air from surrounding sites, background site, upwind site and downwind site were 0.103±0.017, 0.096±0.015, 0.120±0.024 and 0.108±0.014pg I-TEQNm-3, respectively. (3) The congener profiles, ∑PCDD/Fs and TEQ between background atmosphere and surrounding atmosphere of landfill did not show statistically significant difference. (4) The ∑PCDD/Fs and TEQ in ambient air of downwind site were not higher than that of upwind site, suggesting that studied landfill did not have obvious influence on PCDD/Fs in ambient air from downwind site. (5) The 95th percentile carcinogenic risk (CR) of PCDD/Fs in ambient air from surrounding sites, background site, upwind site and downwind site were 8.03×10-9, 7.57×10-9, 9.69×10-9 and 8.15×10-9, respectively, which were much lower than the threshold value of CR (10-6), suggesting that studied landfill did not influence the CR of PCDD/Fs in surrounding atmosphere and negligible cancer risk occurred. (6) The non-carcinogenic risk (non-CR) analysis indicated that landfill did not have influence on the non-CR of PCDD/Fs in surrounding atmosphere and no obvious non-carcinogenic effects developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiafu Li
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Chong Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Lei Du
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Zhiwei Lv
- School of Marine Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Xiaonan Li
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Xuepeng Hu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Zhiguang Niu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China; School of Marine Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.
| | - Ying Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China.
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Li J, Lv Z, Du L, Li X, Hu X, Wang C, Niu Z, Zhang Y. Emission characteristic of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) from medical waste incinerators (MWIs) in China in 2016: A comparison between higher emission levels of MWIs and lower emission levels of MWIs. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2017; 221:437-444. [PMID: 27939438 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2016] [Revised: 11/28/2016] [Accepted: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Emission characteristic of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) from 12 medical waste incinerators (MWIs) which have a total yearly capacity of 523 440 ton medical waste and accounted for 8.1% of total yearly capacity of 246 MWIs in China were studied. The congeners profile, emissions and toxic equivalent concentrations (TEQ) indicators of PCDD/Fs in stack gas from two groups of MWIs were researched, and the possible formation mechanisms of PCDD/Fs from MWIs were preliminarily discussed. The results of present study were summarized as follows. (1) The total concentrations and TEQ of PCDD/Fs in stack gas from MWIs were 0.516-122.803 ng Nm-3 and 0.031-3.463 ng I-TEQ Nm-3, respectively. (2) 1,2,3,4,6,7,8-H7CDF, O8CDD, O8CDF and 1,2,3,4,6,7,8-H7CDD were the indicatory PCDD/Fs of MWI source, which could be used to apportion the sources of PCDD/Fs in environmental medium in China. (3) The emission factors of PCDD/Fs from MWIs ranged from 32.7 to 4900.0 ng I-TEQ ton-1 with a mean of 1923.6 ng I-TEQ ton-1. (4) The gas emissions of PCDD/Fs from researched 12 MWIs and all of MWIs in China in 2016 were 37.742 and 465.951 mg I-TEQ year-1, respectively. (5) 1,2,3,7,8,9-H6CDF and 1,2,3,4,7,8-H6CDF were effective TEQ indicators for the real-time monitoring of the PCDD/Fs emission. (6) The congeners profile and factor composition of PCDD/Fs in stack gas from two groups of MWIs were researched based on positive matrix factorization (PMF) model, and the possible formation mechanisms of PCDD/Fs from MWIs were preliminarily discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiafu Li
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Zhiwei Lv
- School of Marine Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Lei Du
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Xiaonan Li
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Xuepeng Hu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Chong Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Zhiguang Niu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China; School of Marine Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.
| | - Ying Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China.
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CUI Y, WANG Z, CONG J, WANG L, LIU Y, WANG X, XIE J. Determination of Polychlorinated Biphenyls in Fish Tissues from Shanghai Seafood Markets Using a Modified QuEChERS Method. ANAL SCI 2017; 33:973-977. [DOI: 10.2116/analsci.33.973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yunyun CUI
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University
| | - Zhengquan WANG
- Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Aquatic Products on Storage and Preservation (Shanghai), Ministry of Agriculture
| | - Jian CONG
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University
| | - Liping WANG
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University
| | - Yuan LIU
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University
| | - Xichang WANG
- Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Aquatic Products on Storage and Preservation (Shanghai), Ministry of Agriculture
| | - Jing XIE
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Aquatic-Product Processing & Preservation
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Walczak M, Reichert M. Characteristics of selected bioaccumulative substances and their impact on fish health. J Vet Res 2016. [DOI: 10.1515/jvetres-2016-0070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
The aim of this article was to evaluate the influence and effects of chosen bioaccumulative substances i.e. heavy metals, pesticides, and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) on fish, as well as provide information on time trends and potential threat to human health. Chemical substances which pollute water may affect living organisms in two ways. First of all, large amounts of chemical substances may cause sudden death of a significant part of the population of farmed fish, without symptoms (i.e. during breakdown of factories or industrial sewage leaks). However, more frequently, chemical substances accumulate in tissues of living organisms affecting them chronically. Heavy metals, pesticides, and polychlorinated biphenyls are persistent substances with a long-lasting biodegradation process. In a water environment they usually accumulate in sediments, which makes them resistant to biodegradation processes induced by, e.g., the UV light. These substances enter the fish through direct consumption of contaminated water or by contact with skin and gills. Symptoms of intoxication with heavy metals, pesticides, and PCBs may vary and depend on the concentration and bioavailability of these substances, physicochemical parameters of water, and the fish itself.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marek Walczak
- Department of Fish Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland
| | - Michał Reichert
- Department of Fish Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland
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Li J, Dong H, Sun J, Nie J, Zhang S, Tang J, Chen Z. Composition profiles and health risk of PCDD/F in outdoor air and fly ash from municipal solid waste incineration and adjacent villages in East China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 571:876-882. [PMID: 27432723 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.07.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2016] [Revised: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 07/09/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In present study, composition profiles and health risk of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) in outdoor air and fly ash from domestic waste treatment center (DWTC) were studied. In addition, the composition profiles and health risk of PCDD/F in outdoor air from adjacent villages were researched and used to quantitatively analyze the difference between onsite workers and adjacent villagers. Moreover, the difference between old intake method and new inhalation dosimetry method in the process of assessing the health risk of PCDD/Fs in outdoor air was quantitatively compared and analyzed. The results of this study were summarized as follows. (1) The 95th percentile carcinogenic risk (CR) and non-carcinogenic risk (non-CR) for onsite workers and adjacent villagers were much lower than the threshold values of 10(-6) and 1.0, respectively, suggesting no potential health risk. (2) The 95th percentile CR for onsite workers was 1.27×10(-8) and was 64.8 times higher than that of adjacent villagers (1.99×10(-10)). (3) The 95th percentile non-CR for onsite workers and adjacent villagers were 1.37×10(-4) and 1.31×10(-7), respectively. (3) Accidental ingestion of fly ash was the largest contributor to CR and non-CR for onsite workers, contributing 62.98% and 64.04% to CR and non-CR, respectively. (4) The CR and non-CR of PCDD/Fs in outdoor air for onsite workers and adjacent villagers which calculated by old intake method was much higher than the results from new inhalation dosimetry method. The results quantitatively showed the levels and potential risks of PCDD/Fs posed by a DWTC site, which can be helpful to predict the influence from DWTC sites and promote the management of DWTC in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiafu Li
- Jiangsu Levei Testing Company Limited, Wuxi 214000, China.
| | - Han Dong
- Caoxian No.1 Senior High School, Heze 274400, China
| | - Jie Sun
- Jiangsu Levei Testing Company Limited, Wuxi 214000, China
| | - Jihua Nie
- School of Public Health Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou 215000, China.
| | - Shuyu Zhang
- School of Public Health Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou 215000, China
| | - Jinshun Tang
- Jiangsu Levei Testing Company Limited, Wuxi 214000, China
| | - Zhihai Chen
- Jiangsu Levei Testing Company Limited, Wuxi 214000, China.
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Li J, Dong H, Sun J, Tang J, Nie J, Zhang S, Chen Z. Composition profiles, monthly changes and health risk of PCDD/F in fly ash discharged from a municipal solid waste incinerator (MSWI) in Northeast China. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra21462b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Monthly changes and health risk of PCDD/Fs in fly ash which was one of hazardous wastes from municipal solid waste incinerator (MSWI) were studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiafu Li
- Jiangsu Levei Testing Company Limited
- Wuxi 214000
- China
| | - Han Dong
- Caoxian No. 1 Senior High School
- Heze 274400
- China
| | - Jie Sun
- Jiangsu Levei Testing Company Limited
- Wuxi 214000
- China
| | - Jinshun Tang
- Jiangsu Levei Testing Company Limited
- Wuxi 214000
- China
| | - Jihua Nie
- School of Public Health Medical College of Soochow University
- Suzhou 215000
- China
| | - Shuyu Zhang
- School of Public Health Medical College of Soochow University
- Suzhou 215000
- China
| | - Zhihai Chen
- Jiangsu Levei Testing Company Limited
- Wuxi 214000
- China
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