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Ramírez MI, Arévalo-Jaramillo AP, Espinosa CI, Bailon-Moscoso N. Is the anemia in men an effect of the risk of crude oil contamination? Toxicol Rep 2022; 9:480-486. [PMID: 35345862 PMCID: PMC8956923 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2022.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Pollution from oil spills can seriously affect many ecosystem processes and human health. Many articles have evaluated the impact of oil spills on human health. However, most of these articles focus on occupational exposure. The effect on people living in the areas affected by oil pollution is rarely studied. Approximately 640 million people worldwide live in areas at risk of oil pollution. Thus, studying the impact of this pollution on human health should be a priority. Here, we evaluate the presence of anemia in relation to crude oil exposure in men living in areas at risk of oil contamination in the Ecuadorian Amazon (Orellana and Napo). We evaluated the hematological and biochemical parameters of 135 participants. We divided the participants into three groups according to exposure: low, medium, and high. Our results showed a significant association between exposure risk and hemoglobin and hematocrit concentration. Groups with medium- and high- contamination exposure had levels below normal values in hemoglobin and hematocrit in more than 30% and 26% of the population, respectively. In conclusion, we found that crude oil affected human health, and the prevalence of the anemia in men was dependent of the level of contamination. Biochemical and hematological parameters were analyzed of population of Amazon of Ecuador. A relationship between exposure to crude oil and anemia in men was observed. GLM did not show effects on monocytes, granulocytes, lymphocytes, or red blood cells. OR significant effects of the level of risk on hematocrit were evidenced.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Isabel Ramírez
- Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja, San Cayetano alto, ZIP 11-01-608 Loja, Ecuador
- Corresponding author.
| | - Ana Paulina Arévalo-Jaramillo
- Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja, San Cayetano alto, ZIP 11-01-608 Loja, Ecuador
- Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias de la Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia, Senda del Rey 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlos Iván Espinosa
- Laboratorio de Ecología Tropical y Servicios Ecosistémicos (EcoSs-Lab), Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja, Ecuador
| | - Natalia Bailon-Moscoso
- Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja, San Cayetano alto, ZIP 11-01-608 Loja, Ecuador
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2
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Ruberg EJ, King MD, Elliott JE, Tomy GT, Idowu I, Vermette ML, Williams TD. Effects of diluted bitumen exposure on the survival, physiology, and behaviour of zebra finches (Taeniopygia guttata). ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2022; 229:113071. [PMID: 34915220 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.113071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2021] [Revised: 12/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Diluted bitumen (dilbit) is an unconventional crude petroleum increasingly being extracted and transported to market by pipeline and tanker. Despite the transport of dilbit through terrestrial, aquatic, and coastal habitat important to diverse bird fauna, toxicity data are currently only available for fish and invertebrates. We used the zebra finch (Taeniopygia guttata) as a tractable, avian model system to investigate exposure effects of lightly weathered Cold Lake blend dilbit on survival, tissue residue, and a range of physiological and behavioural endpoints. Birds were exposed via oral gavage over 14-days with dosages of 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, or 12 mL dilbit/kg bw/day. We identified an LD50 of 9.4 mL/kg/d dilbit, with complete mortality at 12 mL/kg/d. Mortality was associated with mass loss, external oiling, decreased pectoral and heart mass, and increased liver mass. Hepatic ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase activity (EROD) was elevated in all dilbit-dosed birds compared with controls but there was limited evidence of sublethal effects of dilbit on physiological endpoints at doses < 10 mL/kg/d (hematocrit, hemoglobin, total antioxidants, and reactive oxygen metabolites). Dilbit exposure affected behavior, with more dilbit-treated birds foraging away from the feeder, more birds sleeping or idle at low dilbit doses, and fewer birds huddling together at high dilbit doses. Naphthalene, dibenzothiophene, and their alkylated congeners in particular (e.g. C2-napthalene and C2-dibenzothiophene) accumulated in the liver at greater concentrations in dilbit-treated birds compared to controls. Although directly comparable studies in the zebra finch are limited, our mortality data suggest that dilbit is more toxic than the well-studied MC252 conventional light crude oil with this exposure regime. A lack of overt sublethal effects at lower doses, but effects on body mass and composition, behaviour, high mortality, and elevated PAC residue at doses ≥ 10 mL/kg/d suggest a threshold effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth J Ruberg
- Simon Fraser University, Department of Biological Sciences, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada.
| | - Mason D King
- Simon Fraser University, Department of Biological Sciences, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - John E Elliott
- Simon Fraser University, Department of Biological Sciences, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada; Environment and Climate Change Canada, Science and Technology Division, 5421 Robertson Road, Delta, BC V4K 3N2, Canada
| | - Gregg T Tomy
- University of Manitoba, Department of Chemistry, 144 Dysart Road, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Ifeoluwa Idowu
- University of Manitoba, Department of Chemistry, 144 Dysart Road, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Melissa L Vermette
- Simon Fraser University, Department of Biological Sciences, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Tony D Williams
- Simon Fraser University, Department of Biological Sciences, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada
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3
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Fallon JA, Goodchild C, DuRant SE, Cecere T, Sponenberg DP, Hopkins WA. Hematological and histological changes from ingestion of Deepwater Horizon crude oil in zebra finches (Taeniopygia guttata). ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 290:118026. [PMID: 34479165 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.118026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to crude oil during spill events causes a variety of pathologic effects in birds, including oxidative injury to erythrocytes, which is characterized in some species by the formation of Heinz bodies and subsequent anemia. However, not all species appear to develop Heinz bodies or anemia when exposed to oil, and there are limited controlled experiments that use both light and electron microscopy to evaluate structural changes within erythrocytes following oil exposure. In this study, we orally dosed zebra finches (Taeniopygia guttata) with 3.3 or 10 mL/kg of artificially weathered Deepwater Horizon crude oil or 10 mL/kg of peanut oil (vehicle control) daily for 15 days. We found that birds receiving the highest dosage experienced a significant increase in reticulocyte percentage, mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration, and liver mass, as well as inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract and lymphocyte proliferation in the spleen. However, we found no evidence of Heinz body formation based on both light and transmission electron microscopy. Although there was a tendency for packed cell volume and hemoglobin to decrease in birds from the high dose group compared to control and low dose groups, the changes were not statistically significant. Our results indicate that additional experimental dosing studies are needed to understand factors (e.g., dose- and species-specific sensitivity) and confounding variables (e.g., dispersants) that contribute to the presence and severity of anemia resulting from oil exposure in birds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse A Fallon
- Department of Fish and Wildlife Conservation, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA.
| | | | - Sarah E DuRant
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
| | - Thomas Cecere
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - D Phillip Sponenberg
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - William A Hopkins
- Department of Fish and Wildlife Conservation, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
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4
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Takeshita R, Bursian SJ, Colegrove KM, Collier TK, Deak K, Dean KM, De Guise S, DiPinto LM, Elferink CJ, Esbaugh AJ, Griffitt RJ, Grosell M, Harr KE, Incardona JP, Kwok RK, Lipton J, Mitchelmore CL, Morris JM, Peters ES, Roberts AP, Rowles TK, Rusiecki JA, Schwacke LH, Smith CR, Wetzel DL, Ziccardi MH, Hall AJ. A review of the toxicology of oil in vertebrates: what we have learned following the Deepwater Horizon oil spill. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART B, CRITICAL REVIEWS 2021; 24:355-394. [PMID: 34542016 DOI: 10.1080/10937404.2021.1975182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In the wake of the Deepwater Horizon (DWH) oil spill, a number of government agencies, academic institutions, consultants, and nonprofit organizations conducted lab- and field-based research to understand the toxic effects of the oil. Lab testing was performed with a variety of fish, birds, turtles, and vertebrate cell lines (as well as invertebrates); field biologists conducted observations on fish, birds, turtles, and marine mammals; and epidemiologists carried out observational studies in humans. Eight years after the spill, scientists and resource managers held a workshop to summarize the similarities and differences in the effects of DWH oil on vertebrate taxa and to identify remaining gaps in our understanding of oil toxicity in wildlife and humans, building upon the cross-taxonomic synthesis initiated during the Natural Resource Damage Assessment. Across the studies, consistency was found in the types of toxic response observed in the different organisms. Impairment of stress responses and adrenal gland function, cardiotoxicity, immune system dysfunction, disruption of blood cells and their function, effects on locomotion, and oxidative damage were observed across taxa. This consistency suggests conservation in the mechanisms of action and disease pathogenesis. From a toxicological perspective, a logical progression of impacts was noted: from molecular and cellular effects that manifest as organ dysfunction, to systemic effects that compromise fitness, growth, reproductive potential, and survival. From a clinical perspective, adverse health effects from DWH oil spill exposure formed a suite of signs/symptomatic responses that at the highest doses/concentrations resulted in multi-organ system failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Takeshita
- Conservation Medicine, National Marine Mammal Foundation, San Diego, California, United States
| | - Steven J Bursian
- Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States
| | - Kathleen M Colegrove
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Brookfield, Illinois, United States
| | - Tracy K Collier
- Zoological Pathology Program, Huxley College of the Environment, Western Washington University, Bellingham, Washington, United States
| | - Kristina Deak
- College of Marine Sciences, University of South Florida, St. Petersburg, Florida, United States
| | | | - Sylvain De Guise
- Department of Pathobiology and Veterinary Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, United States
| | - Lisa M DiPinto
- Office of Response and Restoration, NOAA, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States
| | - Cornelis J Elferink
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States
| | - Andrew J Esbaugh
- Marine Science Institute, University of Texas at Austin, Port Aransas, Texas, United States
| | - Robert J Griffitt
- Division of Coastal Sciences, School of Ocean Science and Engineering, University of Southern Mississippi, Gulfport, Mississippi, United States
| | - Martin Grosell
- RSMAS, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, United States
| | | | - John P Incardona
- NOAA Environmental Conservation Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, Seattle, Washington, United States
| | - Richard K Kwok
- Department of Health and Human Services, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, North Carolina, United States
| | | | - Carys L Mitchelmore
- University of Maryland Center of Environmental Science, Chesapeake Biological Laboratory, Solomons, Maryland, United States
| | - Jeffrey M Morris
- Health and Environment Division, Abt Associates, Boulder, Colorado, United States
| | - Edward S Peters
- Department of Epidemiology, LSU School of Public Health, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States
| | - Aaron P Roberts
- Advanced Environmental Research Institute and Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas, United States
| | - Teresa K Rowles
- NOAA Office of Protected Resources, National Marine Fisheries Service, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States
| | - Jennifer A Rusiecki
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Biostatistics, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, Maryland, United States
| | - Lori H Schwacke
- Conservation Medicine, National Marine Mammal Foundation, San Diego, California, United States
| | - Cynthia R Smith
- Conservation Medicine, National Marine Mammal Foundation, San Diego, California, United States
| | - Dana L Wetzel
- Environmental Laboratory of Forensics, Mote Marine Laboratory, Sarasota, Florida, United States
| | - Michael H Ziccardi
- School of Veterinary Medicine, One Health Institute, University of California, Davis, California, United States
| | - Ailsa J Hall
- Sea Mammal Research Unit, Scottish Oceans Institute, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK
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5
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De Guise S, Levin M, Jasperse L, Herrman J, Wells RS, Rowles T, Schwacke L. Long-Term Immunological Alterations in Bottlenose Dolphin a Decade after the Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill in the Northern Gulf of Mexico: Potential for Multigenerational Effects. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2021; 40:1308-1321. [PMID: 33598929 DOI: 10.1002/etc.4980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Health assessments were conducted on bottlenose dolphins in Barataria Bay, Louisiana, USA, during 2011 to 2018, to assess potential health effects following the Deepwater Horizon oil spill, compared to the unoiled Sarasota Bay, Florida, USA, reference dolphin population. We previously reported significant increases in T-lymphocyte proliferation, as well as lower T helper 1 (Th1) cytokines, higher Th2 cytokine IL-4, and lower T regulatory (Treg) cytokine IL-10 in Barataria Bay in 2011 compared to Sarasota Bay, consistent with Deepwater Horizon oil exposure. Although values between 2013 and 2016 were more similar to those observed in Sarasota Bay, T-cell proliferation was again elevated and cytokine balance tilted toward Th2 in Barataria Bay during 2017-2018. In 2018, Barataria Bay dolphins had significantly more circulating Treg cells than Sarasota Bay dolphins. Mice experimentally exposed to oil also had significantly increased T-lymphocyte proliferation and circulating Treg cell number, including effects in their unexposed progeny. In vitro stimulation resulted in greater Th2 responsiveness in Barataria Bay compared to Sarasota Bay dolphins, and in vitro oil exposure of Sarasota Bay dolphin cells also resulted in enhanced Th2 responsiveness. Evidence points to Treg cells as a potential target for the immunomodulatory effects of oil exposure. The immunological trends observed in Barataria Bay appeared exaggerated in dolphins born after the spill, suggesting the possibility of continued oil exposure or multigenerational health consequences of exposure to oil, as observed in mice. Environ Toxicol Chem 2021;40:1308-1321. © 2021 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvain De Guise
- Department of Pathobiology and Veterinary Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA
- Connecticut Sea Grant Program, Groton, Connecticut, USA
| | - Milton Levin
- Department of Pathobiology and Veterinary Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA
| | - Lindsay Jasperse
- Department of Pathobiology and Veterinary Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA
| | - Jean Herrman
- Companion Animal Dental Services, Bolton, Connecticut, USA
| | - Randall S Wells
- Chicago Zoological Society's Sarasota Dolphin Research Program, c/o Mote Marine Laboratory, Sarasota, Florida, USA
| | - Teresa Rowles
- Office of Protected Resources, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Lori Schwacke
- National Marine Mammal Foundation, San Diego, California, USA
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6
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Bautista NM, do Amaral-Silva L, Dzialowski E, Burggren WW. Dietary Exposure to Low Levels of Crude Oil Affects Physiological and Morphological Phenotype in Adults and Their Eggs and Hatchlings of the King Quail ( Coturnix chinensis). Front Physiol 2021; 12:661943. [PMID: 33897469 PMCID: PMC8063051 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.661943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the current knowledge of the devastating effects of external exposure to crude oil on animal mortality, the study of developmental, transgenerational effects of such exposure has received little attention. We used the king quail as an animal model to determine if chronic dietary exposure to crude oil in a parental population would affect morpho-physiological phenotypic variables in their immediate offspring generation. Adult quail were separated into three groups: (1) Control, and two experimental groups dietarily exposed for at least 3 weeks to (2) Low (800 PAH ng/g food), or (3) High (2,400 PAH ng/g food) levels of crude oil. To determine the parental influence on their offspring, we measured metabolic and respiratory physiology in exposed parents and in their non-exposed eggs and hatchlings. Body mass and numerous metabolic (e.g., O2 consumption, CO2 production) and respiratory (e.g., ventilation frequency and volume) variables did not vary between control and oil exposed parental groups. In contrast, blood PO2, PCO2, and SO2 varied among parental groups. Notably, water loss though the eggshell was increased in eggs from High oil level exposed parents. Respiratory variables of hatchlings did not vary between populations, but hatchlings obtained from High oil-exposed parents exhibited lower capacities to maintain body temperature while exposed to a cooling protocol in comparison to hatchlings from Low- and Control-derived parents. The present study demonstrates that parental exposure to crude oil via diet impacts some aspects of physiological performance of the subsequent first (F1) generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naim M Bautista
- Zoophysiology, Department of Biology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,Developmental Integrative Biology Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, United States
| | - Lara do Amaral-Silva
- Developmental Integrative Biology Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, United States.,Department of Animal Morphology and Physiology, College of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Edward Dzialowski
- Developmental Integrative Biology Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, United States
| | - Warren W Burggren
- Developmental Integrative Biology Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, United States
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7
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King MD, Elliott JE, Williams TD. Effects of petroleum exposure on birds: A review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 755:142834. [PMID: 33109373 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Birds are vulnerable to petroleum pollution, and exposure has a range of negative effects resulting from plumage fouling, systemic toxicity, and embryotoxicity. Recent research has not been synthesized since Leighton's 1993 review despite the continued discharge of conventional petroleum, including high-volume oil spills and chronic oil pollution, as well as the emergence of understudied unconventional crude oil types. To address this, we reviewed the individual-level effects of crude oil and refined fuel exposure in avifauna with peer-reviewed articles published 1993-2020 to provide a critical synthesis of the state of the science. We also sought to answer how unconventional crude petroleum effects compare with conventional crude oil. Relevant knowledge gaps and research challenges were identified. The resulting review examines avian exposure to petroleum and synthesizes advances regarding the physical effects of oil hydrocarbons on feather structure and function, as well the toxic effects of inhaled or ingested oil, embryotoxicity, and how exposure affects broader scale endpoints related to behavior, reproduction, and survival. Another outcome of the review was the knowledge gaps and challenges identified. The first finding was a paucity of oil ingestion rate estimates in birds. Characterizing environmentally realistic exposure and ingestion rates is a higher research priority than additional conventional oral dosing experiments. Second, there is an absence of toxicity data for unconventional crude petroleum. Although the effects of air and water contamination in the Canadian oil sands region have received attention, toxicity data for direct exposure to unrefined bitumen produced there in high volumes and other such unconventional oil types are needed. Third, we encountered barriers to the interpretation, replication, broad relevance, and comparability of studies. We therefore propose best practices and promising technological advancements for researchers. This review consolidates our understanding of petroleum's effects on birds and points a way forward for researchers and resource managers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mason D King
- Simon Fraser University, Department of Biological Sciences, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada.
| | - John E Elliott
- Simon Fraser University, Department of Biological Sciences, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada; Environment and Climate Change Canada, Science and Technology Division, 5421 Robertson Road, Delta, BC V4K 3N2, Canada.
| | - Tony D Williams
- Simon Fraser University, Department of Biological Sciences, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada.
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8
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Ratliff CM, Hernandez A, Watson CB, Bergbreiter DE, Schmalz S, Rech R, Heatley JJ. Use of Margarine for the Successful Removal of Polyisobutylene in an Anhinga ( Anhinga anhinga) and Great Blue Heron ( Ardea herodias). J Avian Med Surg 2020; 34:70-77. [PMID: 32237685 DOI: 10.1647/1082-6742-34.1.70] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Two great blue herons (Ardea herodias) and an anhinga (Anhinga anhinga) were presented to the Wildlife Center of Texas with extensive plumage soiling from polyisobutylene (PIB), a synthetic rubber polymer used in manufacturing. All animals were provided supportive care and sedated for evaluation for hematologic and plasma biochemical values; one of the great blue herons was critically ill, based on the diagnostic evaluations and died approximately 24 hours after admission. On postmortem examination, it was diagnosed with coelomic migration of Eustrongylides species resulting in verminous peritonitis that was likely the primary cause of its poor condition and death, rather than the PIB exposure. Standard decontamination efforts with commercial liquid dish soap were unsuccessful. Application of margarine was used to emulsify the PIB on the remaining 2 birds and was followed by standard wash protocols for successful removal. These animals were successfully released after decontamination. The use of margarine for decontamination of PIB is unreported and could prove useful in future decontamination events in birds and other wildlife when traditional methods to remove hydrocarbon compounds are unsuccessful.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cameron M Ratliff
- Departments of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, 4474 TAMU, College Station, TX 77843, USA,
| | - Annalisa Hernandez
- Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, 4474 TAMU, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Christopher B Watson
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, PO Box 30012, College Station, TX 77842-3012, USA
| | - David E Bergbreiter
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, PO Box 30012, College Station, TX 77842-3012, USA
| | - Sharon Schmalz
- Wildlife Center of Texas, 7007 Old Katy Rd, Houston, TX 77024, USA
| | - Rachel Rech
- Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, 4474 TAMU, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - J Jill Heatley
- Departments of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, 4474 TAMU, College Station, TX 77843, USA
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9
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Goodchild CG, Love AC, Krall JB, DuRant SE. Weathered Mississippi Canyon 252 crude oil ingestion alters cytokine signaling, lowers heterophil:lymphocyte ratio, and induces sickness behavior in zebra finches (Taeniopygia guttata). ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 267:115302. [PMID: 33254636 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 07/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The Deepwater Horizon (DWH) oil spill caused an estimated 100,000 bird mortalities. However, mortality estimates are often based on the number of visibly oiled birds and likely underestimate the true damage to avian populations as they do not include toxic effects from crude oil ingestion. Elevated susceptibility to disease has been postulated to be a significant barrier to recovery for birds that have ingested crude oil. Effective defense against pathogens involves integration of physiological and behavioral traits, which are regulated in-part by cytokine signaling pathways. In this study, we tested whether crude oil ingestion altered behavioral and physiological aspects of disease defense in birds. To do so, we used artificially weathered Mississippi Canyon 242 crude oil to orally dose zebra finches (Taeniopygia guttata) with 3.3 mL/kg or 10 mL/kg of crude oil or a control (peanut oil) for 14 days. We measured expression of cytokines (interleukin [IL]-1β, IL-6, IL-10) and proinflammatory pathways (NF-κB, COX-2) in the intestine, liver, and spleen (tissues that exhibit pathology in oil-exposed birds). We also measured heterophil:lymphocyte (H:L) ratio and complement system activity, and video-recorded birds to analyze sickness behavior. Finches that ingested crude oil exhibited tissue-specific changes in cytokine mRNA expression. Proinflammatory cytokine expression decreased in the intestine but increased in the liver and spleen. Birds exposed to crude oil had lower H:L ratios compared to the control on day 14, but there were no differences in complement activity among treatments. Additionally, birds exposed to 10 mL/kg crude oil had reduced activity, indicative of sickness behavior. Our results suggest cytokines play a role in mediating physiological and behavioral responses to crude oil ingestion. Although most avian population damage assessments focus on mortality caused by external oiling, crude oil ingestion may also indirectly affect survival by altering physiological and behavioral traits important for disease defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher G Goodchild
- Oklahoma State University, Department of Integrative Biology, 501 Life Sciences West, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA; Virginia Tech, Biological Sciences, 926 West Campus Dr., Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA.
| | - Ashley C Love
- Oklahoma State University, Department of Integrative Biology, 501 Life Sciences West, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA; University of Arkansas, Department of Biological Sciences, 601 Science and Engineering, Fayetteville, AR, 72701, USA
| | - Jeffrey B Krall
- Oklahoma State University, Department of Integrative Biology, 501 Life Sciences West, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA
| | - Sarah E DuRant
- University of Arkansas, Department of Biological Sciences, 601 Science and Engineering, Fayetteville, AR, 72701, USA
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10
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Fallon JA, Smith EP, Schoch N, Paruk JD, Adams EM, Evers DC, Jodice PGR, Perkins M, Meattey DE, Hopkins WA. Ultraviolet-assisted oiling assessment improves detection of oiled birds experiencing clinical signs of hemolytic anemia after exposure to the Deepwater Horizon oil spill. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2020; 29:1399-1408. [PMID: 32785887 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-020-02255-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
While large-scale oil spills can cause acute mortality events in birds, there is increasing evidence that sublethal oil exposure can trigger physiological changes that have implications for individual performance and survival. Therefore, improved methods for identifying small amounts of oil on birds are needed. Because ultraviolet (UV) light can be used to identify thin crude oil films in water and on substrate that are not visually apparent under normal lighting conditions, we hypothesized that UV light could be useful for detecting small amounts of oil present on the plumage of birds. We evaluated black skimmers (Rynchops niger), brown pelicans (Pelecanus occidentalis), clapper rails (Rallus crepitans), great egrets (Ardea alba), and seaside sparrows (Ammodramus maritimus) exposed to areas affected by the Deepwater Horizon oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico as well as from reference areas from 20 June, 2010 to 23 February, 2011. When visually assessed without UV light, 19.6% of birds evaluated from areas affected by the spill were determined to be oiled (previously published data), whereas when examined under UV light, 56.3% of the same birds were determined to have oil exposure. Of 705 individuals examined in areas potentially impacted by the spill, we found that fluorescence under UV light assessment identified 259 oiled birds that appeared to be oil-free on visual exam, supporting its utility as a simple tool for improving detection of modestly oiled birds in the field. Further, UV assessment revealed an increase in qualitative severity of oiling (approximate % of body surface oiled) in 40% of birds compared to what was determined on visual exam. Additionally, black skimmers, brown pelicans, and great egrets exposed to oil as determined using UV light experienced oxidative injury to erythrocytes, had decreased numbers of circulating erythrocytes, and showed evidence of a regenerative hematological response in the form of increased reticulocytes. This evidence of adverse effects was similar to changes identified in birds with oil exposure as determined by visual examination without UV light, and is consistent with hemolytic anemia likely caused by oil exposure. Thus, UV assessment proved useful for enhancing detection of birds exposed to oil, but did not increase detection of birds experiencing clinical signs of anemia compared to standard visual oiling assessment. We conclude that UV light evaluation can help identify oil exposure in many birds that would otherwise be identified visually as unexposed during oil spill events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse A Fallon
- Department of Fish and Wildlife Conservation, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA.
| | - Eric P Smith
- Department of Statistics, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Nina Schoch
- Adirondack Center for Loon Conservation, Ray Brook, NY, USA
| | | | - Evan M Adams
- Biodiversity Research Institute, Portland, ME, USA
| | | | - Patrick G R Jodice
- U.S. Geological Survey South Carolina Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA
| | - Marie Perkins
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - William A Hopkins
- Department of Fish and Wildlife Conservation, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
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11
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Bonisoli-Alquati A, Xu W, Stouffer PC, Taylor SS. Transcriptome analysis indicates a broad range of toxic effects of Deepwater Horizon oil on Seaside Sparrows. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 720:137583. [PMID: 32325582 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Revised: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In marine species, the transcriptomic response to Deepwater Horizon (DWH) oil implicated many biochemical pathways, with corresponding adverse outcomes on organ development and physiological performance. Terrestrial organisms differ in their mechanisms of exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and their physiological challenges, and may reveal either distinct effects of oil on biochemical pathways or the generality of the responses to oil shown in marine species. Using a cross-species hybridization microarray approach, we investigated the transcriptomic response in the liver of Seaside Sparrows (Ammospiza maritima) exposed to DWH oil compared with birds from a control site. Our analysis identified 295 genes differentially expressed between birds exposed to oil and controls. Gene ontology (GO) and canonical pathway analysis suggested that the identified genes were involved in a coordinated response that promoted hepatocellular proliferation and liver regeneration while inhibiting apoptosis, necrosis, and liver steatosis. Exposure to oil also altered the expression of genes regulating energy homeostasis, including carbohydrate metabolism and gluconeogenesis, and the biosynthesis, transport and metabolism of lipids. These results provide a molecular mechanism for the long-standing observation of hepatic hypertrophy and altered lipid biosynthesis and transport in birds exposed to crude oil. Several of the activated pathways and pathological outcomes shown here overlap with the ones altered in fish species upon exposure to oil. Overall, our study shows that the path of oil contamination from the marine system into salt marshes can lead to similar responses in terrestrial birds to those described in marine organisms, suggesting similar adverse outcomes and shared machinery for detoxification.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Bonisoli-Alquati
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State Polytechnic University, Pomona, Pomona, CA, United States of America.
| | - W Xu
- Department of Life Sciences, Texas A&M University - Corpus Christi, Corpus Christi, TX, United States of America
| | - P C Stouffer
- School of Renewable Natural Resources, Louisiana State University AgCenter, Baton Rouge, LA, United States of America; LSU AgCenter, Baton Rouge, LA, United States of America
| | - S S Taylor
- School of Renewable Natural Resources, Louisiana State University AgCenter, Baton Rouge, LA, United States of America; LSU AgCenter, Baton Rouge, LA, United States of America
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12
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Häder DP, Banaszak AT, Villafañe VE, Narvarte MA, González RA, Helbling EW. Anthropogenic pollution of aquatic ecosystems: Emerging problems with global implications. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 713:136586. [PMID: 31955090 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.136586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2019] [Revised: 01/05/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 04/15/2023]
Abstract
Aquatic ecosystems cover over two thirds of our planet and play a pivotal role in stabilizing the global climate as well as providing a large array of services for a fast-growing human population. However, anthropogenic activities increasingly provoke deleterious impacts in aquatic ecosystems. In this paper we discuss five sources of anthropogenic pollution that affect marine and freshwater ecosystems: sewage, nutrients and terrigenous materials, crude oil, heavy metals and plastics. Using specific locations as examples, we show that land-based anthropogenic activities have repercussions in freshwater and marine environments, and we detail the direct and indirect effects that these pollutants have on a range of aquatic organisms, even when the pollutant source is distant from the sink. While the issues covered here do focus on specific locations, they exemplify emerging problems that are increasingly common around the world. All these issues are in dire need of stricter environmental policies and legislations particularly for pollution at industrial levels, as well as solutions to mitigate the effects of anthropogenic pollutants and restore the important services provided by aquatic ecosystems for future generations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donat-P Häder
- Friedrich-Alexander Universität, Dept. Biology, Neue Str. 9, D-91096 Möhrendorf, Germany.
| | - Anastazia T Banaszak
- Unidad Académica de Sistemas Arrecifales, Instituto de Ciencias del Mar y Limnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Puerto Morelos, Mexico
| | - Virginia E Villafañe
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina; Estación de Fotobiología Playa Unión, Casilla de Correos N° 15, 9103 Rawson, Chubut, Argentina
| | - Maite A Narvarte
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina; Centro de Investigación Aplicada y Transferencia Tecnológica en Recursos Marinos Almirante Storni, Escuela Superior de Ciencias Marinas, Universidad Nacional del Comahue, San Martín 247, 8520 San Antonio Oeste, Río Negro, Argentina
| | - Raúl A González
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina; Centro de Investigación Aplicada y Transferencia Tecnológica en Recursos Marinos Almirante Storni, Escuela Superior de Ciencias Marinas, Universidad Nacional del Comahue, San Martín 247, 8520 San Antonio Oeste, Río Negro, Argentina
| | - E Walter Helbling
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina; Estación de Fotobiología Playa Unión, Casilla de Correos N° 15, 9103 Rawson, Chubut, Argentina
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13
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Dannemiller NG, Horak KE, Ellis JW, Barrett NL, Wolfe LL, Shriner SA. Effects of External Oiling and Rehabilitation on Hematological, Biochemical, and Blood Gas Analytes in Ring-Billed Gulls ( Larus delawarensis). Front Vet Sci 2019; 6:405. [PMID: 31803767 PMCID: PMC6877692 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2019.00405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Avian species experience extensive morbidity and mortality following large-scale oil spills, often resulting in oiled birds being rescued, and admitted to rehabilitation. Our objective was to experimentally establish time-specific, descriptive blood analyte data following sublethal oil exposure and subsequent rehabilitation. Thirty wild Ring-billed Gulls (Larus delawarensis) were randomly allocated to three treatment groups of 10 birds each. One treatment group served as controls and two treatment groups were externally oiled daily for 3 days with weathered MC252 oil collected from the Deepwater Horizon oil spill, mimicking the upper threshold of the US Fish and Wildlife Service's moderate oiling classification. Following external oiling, one oiled treatment group was cleaned via standard rehabilitation practices. Serial venous blood samples were collected for a month to measure packed cell volume, total solids, blood gas and select plasma biochemistry analytes, total white blood cell estimates and differentials, and reticulocyte estimates. We found that both sublethal oil exposure and aspects of captivity were associated with a mild non-regenerative anemia. No other differences in venous blood gas and biochemical analytes as well as white blood cell concentrations were observed among the three groups. These findings suggest that the mild anemia seen in oiled birds undergoing rehabilitation is possibly multifactorial and that moderately oiled gulls have subtle, but potentially not insignificant clinicopathological abnormalities following sublethal oil exposure. Oiled gulls did not develop any clinicopathological derangements post-rehabilitation, suggesting current standard practices for rehabilitation cause minimal morbidity in clinically stable, moderately oiled gulls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas G Dannemiller
- US Department of Agriculture, Animal Plant Health Inspection Service, Wildlife Services, National Wildlife Research Center, Fort Collins, CO, United States.,Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Katherine E Horak
- US Department of Agriculture, Animal Plant Health Inspection Service, Wildlife Services, National Wildlife Research Center, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Jeremy W Ellis
- US Department of Agriculture, Animal Plant Health Inspection Service, Wildlife Services, National Wildlife Research Center, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Nicole L Barrett
- US Department of Agriculture, Animal Plant Health Inspection Service, Wildlife Services, National Wildlife Research Center, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Lisa L Wolfe
- Wildlife Health Program, Colorado Parks and Wildlife, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Susan A Shriner
- US Department of Agriculture, Animal Plant Health Inspection Service, Wildlife Services, National Wildlife Research Center, Fort Collins, CO, United States
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14
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Dorr BS, Hanson-Dorr KC, Assadi-Porter FM, Selen ES, Healy KA, Horak KE. Effects of Repeated Sublethal External Exposure to Deep Water Horizon Oil on the Avian Metabolome. Sci Rep 2019; 9:371. [PMID: 30674908 PMCID: PMC6344488 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-36688-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We assessed adverse effects of external sublethal exposure of Deepwater Horizon, Mississippi Canyon 252 oil on plasma and liver metabolome profiles of the double-crested cormorant (Phalacrocorax auritus), a large (1.5 to 3.0 kg) diving waterbird common in the Gulf of Mexico. Metabolomics analysis of avian plasma showed significant negative effects on avian metabolic profiles, in some cases after only two external exposures (26 g cumulative) to oil. We observed significant (p < 0.05) changes in intermediate metabolites of energy metabolism and fatty acid and amino acid metabolic pathways in cormorants after repeated exposure to oil. Exposure to oil increased several metabolites (glycine, betaine, serine and methionine) that are essential to the one-carbon metabolism pathway. Lipid metabolism was affected, causing an increase in production of ketone bodies, suggesting lipids were used as an alternative energy source for energy production in oil exposed birds. In addition, metabolites associated with hepatic bile acid metabolism were affected by oil exposure which was correlated with changes observed in bile acids in exposed birds. These changes at the most basic level of phenotypic expression caused by sublethal exposure to oil can have effects that would be detrimental to reproduction, migration, and survival in avian species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian S Dorr
- US Department of Agriculture, Wildlife Services, National Wildlife Research Center, MS State, MS, 39762, USA.
| | - Katie C Hanson-Dorr
- US Department of Agriculture, Wildlife Services, National Wildlife Research Center, MS State, MS, 39762, USA
| | - Fariba M Assadi-Porter
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, 53706, USA
| | - Ebru Selin Selen
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, 53706, USA
| | - Katherine A Healy
- US Fish and Wildlife Service, Deepwater Horizon Natural Resource Damage Assessment and Restoration Office, Fairhope, AL, 36532, USA
| | - Katherine E Horak
- US Department of Agriculture, Wildlife Services, National Wildlife Research Center, Fort Collins, CO, 80521, USA
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15
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Mathewson PD, Hanson-Dorr KC, Porter WP, Bursian SJ, Dean KM, Healy K, Horak K, Link JE, Harr KE, Dorr BS. Experimental and modeled thermoregulatory costs of repeated sublethal oil exposure in the Double-crested Cormorant, Phalacrocorax auritus. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2018; 135:216-223. [PMID: 30301033 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2018.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Revised: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
To fully understand the impact of oil exposure, it is important to understand sublethal effects like how increased thermoregulatory costs may affect survival and reproduction. However, it is difficult and time-consuming to measure these effects in wild animals. We present a novel use of a bioenergetics model, Niche Mapper™, to estimate thermoregulatory impacts of oiling, using data from captive Double-crested Cormorants (Phalacrocorax auritus) experimentally exposed to oil. Oiled cormorants had significant increases in surface body temperatures following exposure. Niche Mapper accurately predicted surface temperatures and metabolic rates for unoiled and oiled cormorants and predicted 13-18% increased daily energetic demands due to increased thermoregulatory costs of oiling, consistent with increased food consumption observed in experimentally oiled cormorants. We show that Niche Mapper can provide valuable insight into sublethal oiling effects by quantifying the extent to which thermoregulatory costs divert energy resources away from important life processes like maintenance, reproduction and migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul D Mathewson
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 250 North Mills Street, Madison, WI 53706, USA.
| | - Katie C Hanson-Dorr
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Wildlife Services, National Wildlife Research Center, P.O. Box 6099, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA
| | - Warren P Porter
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 250 North Mills Street, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Steven J Bursian
- Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, 474 South Shaw Lane, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Karen M Dean
- Abt Associates, 1881 Ninth St., Ste. 201, Boulder, CO 80302-5148, USA
| | - Kate Healy
- U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Natural Resource Damage Assessment Regional Field Office, 341 Greeno Road North, Suite A, Fairhope, AL 36532, USA
| | - Katherine Horak
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Wildlife Services, National Wildlife Research, Fort Collins, CO 80521, USA
| | - Jane E Link
- Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, 474 South Shaw Lane, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | | | - Brian S Dorr
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Wildlife Services, National Wildlife Research Center, P.O. Box 6099, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA
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16
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Fallon JA, Smith EP, Schoch N, Paruk JD, Adams EA, Evers DC, Jodice PGR, Perkins C, Schulte S, Hopkins WA. Hematological indices of injury to lightly oiled birds from the Deepwater Horizon oil spill. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2018; 37:451-461. [PMID: 29024020 DOI: 10.1002/etc.3983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2017] [Revised: 04/08/2017] [Accepted: 09/02/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Avian mortality events are common following large-scale oil spills. However, the sublethal effects of oil on birds exposed to light external oiling are not clearly understood. We found that American oystercatchers (area of potential impact n = 42, reference n = 21), black skimmers (area of potential impact n = 121, reference n = 88), brown pelicans (area of potential impact n = 91, reference n = 48), and great egrets (area of potential impact n = 57, reference n = 47) captured between 20 June 2010 and 23 February 2011 following the Deepwater Horizon oil spill experienced oxidative injury to erythrocytes, had decreased volume of circulating erythrocytes, and showed evidence of a regenerative hematological response in the form of increased reticulocytes compared with reference populations. Erythrocytic inclusions consistent with Heinz bodies were present almost exclusively in birds from sites impacted with oil, a finding pathognomonic for oxidative injury to erythrocytes. Average packed cell volumes were 4 to 19% lower and average reticulocyte counts were 27 to 40% higher in birds with visible external oil than birds from reference sites. These findings provide evidence that small amounts of external oil exposure are associated with hemolytic anemia. Furthermore, we found that some birds captured from the area impacted by the spill but with no visible oiling also had erythrocytic inclusion bodies, increased reticulocytes, and reduced packed cell volumes when compared with birds from reference sites. Thus, birds suffered hematologic injury despite no visible oil at the time of capture. Together, these findings suggest that adverse effects of oil spills on birds may be more widespread than estimates based on avian mortality or severe visible oiling. Environ Toxicol Chem 2018;37:451-461. © 2017 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse A Fallon
- Department of Fish and Wildlife Conservation, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Eric P Smith
- Department of Fish and Wildlife Conservation, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Nina Schoch
- Biodiversity Research Institute, Portland, Maine, USA
| | - James D Paruk
- Biodiversity Research Institute, Portland, Maine, USA
| | - Evan A Adams
- Biodiversity Research Institute, Portland, Maine, USA
| | - David C Evers
- Biodiversity Research Institute, Portland, Maine, USA
| | - Patrick G R Jodice
- US Geological Survey, South Carolina Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina
| | - Christopher Perkins
- Center for Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA
| | | | - William A Hopkins
- Department of Fish and Wildlife Conservation, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
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17
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Harr KE, Deak K, Murawski SA, Reavill DR, Takeshita RA. Generation of red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus) hematology Reference Intervals with a focus on identified outliers. Vet Clin Pathol 2018; 47:22-28. [PMID: 29341194 DOI: 10.1111/vcp.12569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Deepwater Horizon (DWH) oil spill in 2010 released millions of barrels of crude oil into the northern Gulf of Mexico, exposing numerous species of animals to the toxic components of oil. A comprehensive assessment of morbidity and mortality caused by DWH oil exposure was undertaken by the DWH Natural Resource Damage Trustees to characterize ecosystem damages. OBJECTIVES This study aimed to characterize normal hematologic RIs in red drum fish with blood cell descriptions, and to demonstrate the importance of identifying and removing outliers when generating RI. METHODS Two years after the oil spill, 57 adult, red drum fish of mixed sexes were caught along the eastern Louisiana coastline. Eight different sites were chosen to catch the fish; 6 sites were contaminated with oil, and 2 sites were not contaminated at the time of the oil spill. Hematologic RIs were generated from heparinized whole blood samples of healthy red drum as determined by gross examination and histopathologic examination. Two methods were used to detect hematologic effects likely caused by oil contamination. RESULTS Red drum PCVs (RI 42-62%) were higher than previously reported in cold water and bottom-dwelling fish species, while absolute WBC counts (RI 2.9-8.7 × 109 /L) were comparable to WBC counts previously reported in other fish species with heterophil and lymphocyte absolute concentrations frequently being equivalent. Anemic animals (PCV<42%) were only identified in oil-contaminated sites. CONCLUSION RIs in many wild fish species are lacking, and therefore, this study provides valuable baseline data on healthy red drum fish. The outliers assessed using ASVCP RI guidelines can provide valuable clinical information regarding individuals in population health assessments, which may be more sensitive for the detection of abnormalities than for population statistics comparing the mean. The importance of removing outliers and rerunning RI statistics is highlighted by this field example.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kristina Deak
- College of Marine Science, University of South Florida, St. Petersburg, FL, USA
| | - Steven A Murawski
- College of Marine Science, University of South Florida, St. Petersburg, FL, USA
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18
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Harr KE, Rishniw M, Rupp TL, Cacela D, Dean KM, Dorr BS, Hanson-Dorr KC, Healy K, Horak K, Link JE, Reavill D, Bursian SJ, Cunningham FL. Dermal exposure to weathered MC252 crude oil results in echocardiographically identifiable systolic myocardial dysfunction in double-crested cormorants (Phalacrocorax auritus). ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2017; 146:76-82. [PMID: 28666537 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2017.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Revised: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
During the Deepwater Horizon Natural Resource Damage Assessment, gross morphologic cardiac abnormalities, including softer, more distensible musculature, were noted upon gross necropsy in hearts from laughing gulls and double-crested cormorants exposed to weathered MC252 crude oil. A species specific, echocardiographic technique was developed for antemortem evaluation of function that was used to evaluate and better characterize cardiac dysfunction. Control (n=12) and treated (n=13) cormorant groups of similar sex-ratio and ages were dermally treated with approximately 13ml of water or weathered MC252 crude oil, respectively, every 3 days for 6 dosages. This resulted in a low to moderate external exposure. Upon visualization and clinical assessment of the hearts of all test subjects, comprehensive diagnostic cardiographic measurements were taken twice, prior to oil application and after a 21day dermal oil exposure. Oil-treated birds showed a decrease in cardiac systolic function, as characterized by an increased left ventricular internal dimension-systole and left ventricular stroke volume as well as concurrent decreased left ventricular ejection fraction and left ventricular fractional shortening when compared to both control birds' and the treated birds' time zero values. These changes are indicative of a possible dilative cardiomyopathy induced by oil exposure, although further elucidation of possible collagen damage is recommended. Arrhythmias including tachycardia in two treated birds and bradycardia in all treated birds were documented, indicating further clinically significant abnormalities induced by MC252 oil that warrant further investigation. A statistically significant increase in free calcium concentration, important to muscular and neurologic function in treated birds was also noted. This study documents that weathered MC252 oil caused clinically significant cardiac dysfunction that could result in mortality and decrease recruitment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - M Rishniw
- Veterinary Information Network, Davis, CA, USA
| | | | - D Cacela
- Abt Associates, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - K M Dean
- Abt Associates, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - B S Dorr
- USDA/APHIS/Wildlife Services/National Wildlife Research Center, Mississippi Field Station Center, Mississippi State, MS, USA
| | - K C Hanson-Dorr
- USDA/APHIS/Wildlife Services/National Wildlife Research Center, Mississippi Field Station Center, Mississippi State, MS, USA
| | - K Healy
- US Fish and Wildlife Service, Deepwater Horizon NRDAR Field Office, Fairhope, AL, USA
| | - K Horak
- USDA/APHIS/Wildlife Services/National Wildlife Research Center, Mississippi Field Station Center, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - J E Link
- Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - D Reavill
- Zoo/Exotic Pathology Service, Carmichael, CA, USA
| | - S J Bursian
- Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - F L Cunningham
- USDA/APHIS/Wildlife Services/National Wildlife Research Center, Mississippi Field Station Center, Mississippi State, MS, USA
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19
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Harr KE, Reavill DR, Bursian SJ, Cacela D, Cunningham FL, Dean KM, Dorr BS, Hanson-Dorr KC, Healy K, Horak K, Link JE, Shriner S, Schmidt RE. Organ weights and histopathology of double-crested cormorants (Phalacrocorax auritus) dosed orally or dermally with artificially weathered Mississippi Canyon 252 crude oil. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2017; 146:52-61. [PMID: 28734790 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2017.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2016] [Revised: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A series of toxicity tests were conducted to assess the effects of low to moderate exposure to artificially weathered Deepwater Horizon Mississippi Canyon 252 crude oil on representative avian species as part of the Natural Resource Damage Assessment. The present report summarizes effects of oral exposure (n=26) of double-crested cormorants (DCCO; Phalacrocorax auritus) to 5 or 10ml oil kg-1 day-1 for up to 21 days or dermal application (n=25) of 13ml oil to breast and back feathers every three days totaling 6 applications in 21 days on organ weights and histopathology. Absolute and relative kidney and liver weights were increased in birds exposed to oil. Additionally, gross and/or histopathologic lesions occurred in the kidney, heart, pancreas and thyroid. Clinically significant renal lesions in the orally dosed birds included squamous metaplasia and increased epithelial hypertrophy of the collecting ducts and renal tubules and mineralization in comparison to controls. Gross cardiac lesions including thin walls and flaccid musculature were documented in both orally and dermally dosed birds and myocardial fibrosis was found in low numbers of dermally dosed birds only. Cytoplasmic vacuolation of the exocrine pancreas was noted in orally dosed birds only. Thyroid follicular hyperplasia was increased in dermally dosed birds only possibly due to increased metabolism required to compensate damaged feather integrity and thermoregulate. Gastrointestinal ulceration was found in orally dosed birds only. There were no significant hepatic histopathologic lesions induced by either exposure route. Therefore, hepatic histopathology is likely not a good representation of oil-induced damage. Taken together, the results suggest that oral or dermal exposure of DCCOs to artificially weathered MC252 crude oil induced organ damage that could potentially affect survivability.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Drury R Reavill
- Zoo/Exotic Pathology Service, 6020 Rutland Drive #14, Carmichael, CA 95608, USA.
| | - Steven J Bursian
- Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, 474 South Shaw Lane, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
| | - Dave Cacela
- Abt Associates, 1881 Ninth St., Ste 201, Boulder, CO 80302-5148, USA.
| | - Fred L Cunningham
- USDA WS National Wildlife Research Center, P.O. Box 6099, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS 39762, USA.
| | - Karen M Dean
- Abt Associates, 1881 Ninth St., Ste 201, Boulder, CO 80302-5148, USA.
| | - Brian S Dorr
- USDA WS National Wildlife Research Center, P.O. Box 6099, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS 39762, USA.
| | - Katie C Hanson-Dorr
- USDA WS National Wildlife Research Center, P.O. Box 6099, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS 39762, USA.
| | - Kate Healy
- DWH NRDAR Field Office, USFWS, 341 Greeno Road North, Suite A, Fairhope, AL 36532, USA.
| | - Katherine Horak
- USDA WS National Wildlife Research Center, Fort Collins, CO 80521 USA.
| | - Jane E Link
- Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, 474 South Shaw Lane, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
| | - Susan Shriner
- USDA WS National Wildlife Research Center, Fort Collins, CO 80521 USA.
| | - Robert E Schmidt
- Zoo/Exotic Pathology Service, 6020 Rutland Drive #14, Carmichael, CA 95608, USA.
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20
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Bursian SJ, Alexander CR, Cacela D, Cunningham FL, Dean KM, Dorr BS, Ellis CK, Godard-Codding CA, Guglielmo CG, Hanson-Dorr KC, Harr KE, Healy KA, Hooper MJ, Horak KE, Isanhart JP, Kennedy LV, Link JE, Maggini I, Moye JK, Perez CR, Pritsos CA, Shriner SA, Trust KA, Tuttle PL. Reprint of: Overview of avian toxicity studies for the Deepwater Horizon Natural Resource Damage Assessment. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2017; 146:4-10. [PMID: 28559122 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2017.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Revised: 03/24/2017] [Accepted: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The Oil Pollution Act of 1990 establishes liability for injuries to natural resources because of the release or threat of release of oil. Assessment of injury to natural resources resulting from an oil spill and development and implementation of a plan for the restoration, rehabilitation, replacement or acquisition of natural resources to compensate for those injuries is accomplished through the Natural Resource Damage Assessment (NRDA) process. The NRDA process began within a week of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill, which occurred on April 20, 2010. During the spill, more than 8500 dead and impaired birds representing at least 93 avian species were collected. In addition, there were more than 3500 birds observed to be visibly oiled. While information in the literature at the time helped to identify some of the effects of oil on birds, it was not sufficient to fully characterize the nature and extent of the injuries to the thousands of live oiled birds, or to quantify those injuries in terms of effects on bird viability. As a result, the US Fish and Wildlife Service proposed various assessment activities to inform NRDA injury determination and quantification analyses associated with the Deepwater Horizon oil spill, including avian toxicity studies. The goal of these studies was to evaluate the effects of oral exposure to 1-20ml of artificially weathered Mississippi Canyon 252 oil kg bw-1 day-1 from one to 28 days or one to five applications of oil to 20% of the bird's surface area. It was thought that these exposure levels would not result in immediate or short-term mortality but might result in physiological effects that ultimately could affect avian survival, reproduction and health. These studies included oral dosing studies, an external dosing study, metabolic and flight performance studies and field-based flight studies. Results of these studies indicated changes in hematologic endpoints including formation of Heinz bodies and changes in cell counts. There were also effects on multiple organ systems, cardiac function and oxidative status. External oiling affected flight patterns and time spent during flight tasks indicating that migration may be affected by short-term repeated exposure to oil. Feather damage also resulted in increased heat loss and energetic demands. The papers in this special issue indicate that the combined effects of oil toxicity and feather effects in avian species, even in the case of relatively light oiling, can significantly affect the overall health of birds.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Bursian
- Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA.
| | - C R Alexander
- The Institute of Environmental and Human Health, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - D Cacela
- Abt Associates, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - F L Cunningham
- US Department of Agriculture, Wildlife Services, Mississippi Field Station, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS, USA
| | - K M Dean
- Abt Associates, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - B S Dorr
- US Department of Agriculture, Wildlife Services, Mississippi Field Station, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS, USA
| | - C K Ellis
- US Department of Agriculture, Wildlife Services, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - C A Godard-Codding
- The Institute of Environmental and Human Health, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - C G Guglielmo
- Department of Biology, Advanced Facility for Avian Research, University of Western Ontario, London, ON Canada
| | - K C Hanson-Dorr
- US Department of Agriculture, Wildlife Services, Mississippi Field Station, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS, USA
| | | | - K A Healy
- US Fish and Wildlife Service, Deepwater Horizon Natural Resource Damage Assessment and Restoration Office, Fairhope, AL, USA
| | - M J Hooper
- US Geological Survey, Columbia Environmental Research Center, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - K E Horak
- US Department of Agriculture, Wildlife Services, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | | | - L V Kennedy
- Department of Biology, Advanced Facility for Avian Research, University of Western Ontario, London, ON Canada
| | - J E Link
- Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - I Maggini
- Department of Biology, Advanced Facility for Avian Research, University of Western Ontario, London, ON Canada
| | - J K Moye
- Department of Agriculture, Nutrition and Veterinary Sciences, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, NV, USA
| | - C R Perez
- Department of Agriculture, Nutrition and Veterinary Sciences, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, NV, USA
| | - C A Pritsos
- Department of Agriculture, Nutrition and Veterinary Sciences, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, NV, USA
| | - S A Shriner
- US Department of Agriculture, Wildlife Services, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - K A Trust
- US Fish and Wildlife Service, National Wildlife Refuge System, Portland, OR, USA
| | - P L Tuttle
- US Fish and Wildlife Service, Deepwater Horizon Natural Resource Damage Assessment and Restoration Office, Fairhope, AL, USA
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21
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Cunningham F, Dean K, Hanson-Dorr K, Harr K, Healy K, Horak K, Link J, Shriner S, Bursian S, Dorr B. Reprint of: Development of methods for avian oil toxicity studies using the double crested cormorant (Phalacrocorax auritus). ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2017; 146:19-28. [PMID: 28571622 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2017.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2016] [Revised: 03/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/18/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Oral and external dosing methods replicating field exposure were developed using the double crested cormorant (DCCO) to test the toxicity of artificially weathered Deepwater Horizon Mississippi Canyon 252 oil. The majority of previous oil dosing studies conducted on wild-caught birds used gavage methods to dose birds with oil and determine toxicity. However, rapid gut transit time of gavaged oil likely reduces oil absorption. In the present studies, dosing relied on injection of oil into live feeder fish for oral dosing of these piscivorous birds, or applying oil to body contour feathers resulting in transdermal oil exposure and oral exposure through preening. Both oral and external oil dosing studies identified oil-related toxicity endpoints associated with oxidative stress such as hemolytic anemia, liver and kidney damage, and immuno-modulation or compromise. External oil application allowed for controlled study of thermoregulatory stress as well. Infrared thermal images indicated significantly greater surface temperatures and heat loss in treated birds following external oil applications; however, measurements collected by coelomically implanted temperature transmitters showed that internal body temperatures were stable over the course of the study period. Birds exposed to oil externally consumed more fish than control birds, indicating metabolic compensation for thermal stress. Conversely, birds orally dosed with oil experienced hypothermia and consumed less fish compared to control birds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fred Cunningham
- USDA/ APHIS/ Wildlife Services/National Wildlife Research Center, Starkville, MS, United States.
| | - Karen Dean
- Abt Associates, Boulder, CO, United States
| | - Katie Hanson-Dorr
- USDA/ APHIS/ Wildlife Services/National Wildlife Research Center, Starkville, MS, United States
| | - Kendal Harr
- Urika Pathology LLC, Mukilteo, WA, United States
| | - Kate Healy
- US Fish and Wildlife Service, Deepwater Horizon NRDAR Field Office, Fairhope, AL, United States
| | - Katherine Horak
- USDA/ APHIS/Wildlife Services/National Wildlife Research Center, Ft. Collins, CO, United States
| | - Jane Link
- Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Susan Shriner
- USDA/ APHIS/Wildlife Services/National Wildlife Research Center, Ft. Collins, CO, United States
| | - Steven Bursian
- Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Brian Dorr
- USDA/ APHIS/ Wildlife Services/National Wildlife Research Center, Starkville, MS, United States
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22
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Pritsos KL, Perez CR, Muthumalage T, Dean KM, Cacela D, Hanson-Dorr K, Cunningham F, Bursian SJ, Link JE, Shriner S, Horak K, Pritsos CA. Dietary intake of Deepwater Horizon oil-injected live food fish by double-crested cormorants resulted in oxidative stress. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2017; 146:62-67. [PMID: 28688517 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2017.06.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2016] [Revised: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The Deepwater Horizon oil spill released 134 million gallons of crude oil into the Gulf of Mexico making it the largest oil spill in US history and exposing fish, birds, and marine mammals throughout the Gulf of Mexico to its toxicity. Fish eating waterbirds such as the double-crested cormorant (Phalacrocorax auritus) were exposed to the oil both by direct contact with the oil and orally through preening and the ingestion of contaminated fish. This study investigated the effects of orally ingestedMC252 oil-contaminated live fish food by double-crested cormorants on oxidative stress. Total, reduced, and oxidized glutathione levels, superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase activities, total antioxidant capacity and lipid peroxidation were assessed in the liver tissues of control and treated cormorants. The results suggest that ingestion of the oil-contaminated fish resulted in significant increase in oxidative stress in the liver tissues of these birds. The oil-induced increase in oxidative stress could have detrimental impacts on the bird's life-history.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen L Pritsos
- Department of Agriculture, Nutrition, and Veterinary Sciences, University of Nevada, Reno, United States
| | - Cristina R Perez
- Department of Agriculture, Nutrition, and Veterinary Sciences, University of Nevada, Reno, United States
| | - Thivanka Muthumalage
- Department of Agriculture, Nutrition, and Veterinary Sciences, University of Nevada, Reno, United States
| | | | | | - Katie Hanson-Dorr
- US Department of Agriculture, APHIS/Wildlife Services' National Wildlife Research Center, MS, United States
| | - Fred Cunningham
- US Department of Agriculture, APHIS/Wildlife Services' National Wildlife Research Center, MS, United States
| | - Steven J Bursian
- Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Jane E Link
- Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Susan Shriner
- US Department of Agriculture, APHIS/Wildlife Services, National Wildlife Research Center, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Katherine Horak
- US Department of Agriculture, APHIS/Wildlife Services, National Wildlife Research Center, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Chris A Pritsos
- Department of Agriculture, Nutrition, and Veterinary Sciences, University of Nevada, Reno, United States.
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23
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Dean KM, Bursian SJ, Cacela D, Carney MW, Cunningham FL, Dorr B, Hanson-Dorr KC, Healy KA, Horak KE, Link JE, Lipton I, McFadden AK, McKernan MA, Harr KE. Changes in white cell estimates and plasma chemistry measurements following oral or external dosing of double-crested cormorants, Phalacocorax auritus, with artificially weathered MC252 oil. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2017; 146:40-51. [PMID: 28844686 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2017.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Revised: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Scoping studies were designed whereby double-crested cormorants (Phalacocorax auritus) were dosed with artificially weathered Deepwater Horizon (DWH) oil either daily through oil injected feeder fish, or by application of oil directly to feathers every three days. Preening results in oil ingestion, and may be an effective means of orally dosing birds with toxicant to improve our understanding of the full range of physiological effects of oral oil ingestion on birds. Blood samples collected every 5-6 days were analyzed for a number of clinical endpoints including white blood cell (WBC) estimates and differential cell counts. Plasma biochemical evaluations were performed for changes associated with oil toxicity. Oral dosing and application of oil to feathers resulted in clinical signs and statistically significant changes in a number of biochemical endpoints consistent with petroleum exposure. In orally dosed birds there were statistically significant decreases in aspartate amino transferase (AST) and gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT) activities, calcium, chloride, cholesterol, glucose, and total protein concentrations, and increases in plasma urea, uric acid, and phosphorus concentrations. Plasma electrophoresis endpoints (pre-albumin, albumin, alpha-2 globulin, beta globulin, and gamma globulin concentrations and albumin: globulin ratios) were decreased in orally dosed birds. Birds with external oil had increases in urea, creatinine, uric acid, creatine kinase (CK), glutamate dehydrogenase (GLDH), phosphorus, calcium, chloride, potassium, albumin, alpha-1 globulin and alpha-2 globulin. Decreases were observed in AST, beta globulin and glucose. WBC also differed between treatments; however, this was in part driven by monocytosis present in the externally oiled birds prior to oil treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen M Dean
- Abt Associates, 1811 Ninth St., Suite 201, Boulder, CO 80302, USA.
| | - Steven J Bursian
- Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Dave Cacela
- Abt Associates, 1811 Ninth St., Suite 201, Boulder, CO 80302, USA
| | - Michael W Carney
- Abt Associates, 1811 Ninth St., Suite 201, Boulder, CO 80302, USA
| | - Fred L Cunningham
- USDA/APHIS/WS/NWRC-MS Field Station, MS State University, P.O. Box 6099, Starkville, MS 39762, USA
| | - Brian Dorr
- USDA/APHIS/WS/NWRC-MS Field Station, MS State University, P.O. Box 6099, Starkville, MS 39762, USA
| | - Katie C Hanson-Dorr
- USDA/APHIS/WS/NWRC-MS Field Station, MS State University, P.O. Box 6099, Starkville, MS 39762, USA
| | - Kate A Healy
- US Fish and Wildlife Service, Deepwater Horizon NRDAR Field Office, Fairhope, AL, USA
| | | | - Jane E Link
- US Fish and Wildlife Service, Ecological Services, Falls Church, VA, USA
| | - Ian Lipton
- Abt Associates, 1811 Ninth St., Suite 201, Boulder, CO 80302, USA
| | | | | | - Kendal E Harr
- Urika Pathology LLC, 8712 53rd Pl W., Mukilteo, WA 98275, USA
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24
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Dean KM, Bursian SJ. Following the Deepwater Horizon oil spill: What we know about the effects of oil on birds? ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2017; 146:1-3. [PMID: 28899549 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2017.08.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Karen M Dean
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB, Canada
| | - Steven J Bursian
- Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
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25
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Bursian SJ, Alexander CR, Cacela D, Cunningham FL, Dean KM, Dorr BS, Ellis CK, Godard-Codding CA, Guglielmo CG, Hanson-Dorr KC, Harr KE, Healy KA, Hooper MJ, Horak KE, Isanhart JP, Kennedy LV, Link JE, Maggini I, Moye JK, Perez CR, Pritsos CA, Shriner SA, Trust KA, Tuttle PL. Overview of avian toxicity studies for the Deepwater Horizon Natural Resource Damage Assessment. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2017; 142:1-7. [PMID: 28376347 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2017.03.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Revised: 03/24/2017] [Accepted: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The Oil Pollution Act of 1990 establishes liability for injuries to natural resources because of the release or threat of release of oil. Assessment of injury to natural resources resulting from an oil spill and development and implementation of a plan for the restoration, rehabilitation, replacement or acquisition of natural resources to compensate for those injuries is accomplished through the Natural Resource Damage Assessment (NRDA) process. The NRDA process began within a week of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill, which occurred on April 20, 2010. During the spill, more than 8500 dead and impaired birds representing at least 93 avian species were collected. In addition, there were more than 3500 birds observed to be visibly oiled. While information in the literature at the time helped to identify some of the effects of oil on birds, it was not sufficient to fully characterize the nature and extent of the injuries to the thousands of live oiled birds, or to quantify those injuries in terms of effects on bird viability. As a result, the US Fish and Wildlife Service proposed various assessment activities to inform NRDA injury determination and quantification analyses associated with the Deepwater Horizon oil spill, including avian toxicity studies. The goal of these studies was to evaluate the effects of oral exposure to 1-20ml of artificially weathered Mississippi Canyon 252 oil kg bw-1 day-1 from one to 28 days or one to five applications of oil to 20% of the bird's surface area. It was thought that these exposure levels would not result in immediate or short-term mortality but might result in physiological effects that ultimately could affect avian survival, reproduction and health. These studies included oral dosing studies, an external dosing study, metabolic and flight performance studies and field-based flight studies. Results of these studies indicated changes in hematologic endpoints including formation of Heinz bodies and changes in cell counts. There were also effects on multiple organ systems, cardiac function and oxidative status. External oiling affected flight patterns and time spent during flight tasks indicating that migration may be affected by short-term repeated exposure to oil. Feather damage also resulted in increased heat loss and energetic demands. The papers in this special issue indicate that the combined effects of oil toxicity and feather effects in avian species, even in the case of relatively light oiling, can significantly affect the overall health of birds.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Bursian
- Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA.
| | - C R Alexander
- The Institute of Environmental and Human Health, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - D Cacela
- Abt Associates, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - F L Cunningham
- US Department of Agriculture, Wildlife Services, Mississippi Field Station, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS, USA
| | - K M Dean
- Abt Associates, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - B S Dorr
- US Department of Agriculture, Wildlife Services, Mississippi Field Station, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS, USA
| | - C K Ellis
- US Department of Agriculture, Wildlife Services, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - C A Godard-Codding
- The Institute of Environmental and Human Health, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - C G Guglielmo
- Department of Biology, Advanced Facility for Avian Research, University of Western Ontario, London, ON Canada
| | - K C Hanson-Dorr
- US Department of Agriculture, Wildlife Services, Mississippi Field Station, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS, USA
| | | | - K A Healy
- US Fish and Wildlife Service, Deepwater Horizon Natural Resource Damage Assessment and Restoration Office, Fairhope, AL, USA
| | - M J Hooper
- US Geological Survey, Columbia Environmental Research Center, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - K E Horak
- US Department of Agriculture, Wildlife Services, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | | | - L V Kennedy
- Department of Biology, Advanced Facility for Avian Research, University of Western Ontario, London, ON Canada
| | - J E Link
- Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - I Maggini
- Department of Biology, Advanced Facility for Avian Research, University of Western Ontario, London, ON Canada
| | - J K Moye
- Department of Agriculture, Nutrition and Veterinary Sciences, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, NV, USA
| | - C R Perez
- Department of Agriculture, Nutrition and Veterinary Sciences, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, NV, USA
| | - C A Pritsos
- Department of Agriculture, Nutrition and Veterinary Sciences, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, NV, USA
| | - S A Shriner
- US Department of Agriculture, Wildlife Services, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - K A Trust
- US Fish and Wildlife Service, National Wildlife Refuge System, Portland, OR, USA
| | - P L Tuttle
- US Fish and Wildlife Service, Deepwater Horizon Natural Resource Damage Assessment and Restoration Office, Fairhope, AL, USA
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26
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Cunningham F, Dean K, Hanson-Dorr K, Harr K, Healy K, Horak K, Link J, Shriner S, Bursian S, Dorr B. Development of methods for avian oil toxicity studies using the double crested cormorant (Phalacrocorax auritus). ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2017; 141:199-208. [PMID: 28349871 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2017.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2016] [Revised: 03/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/18/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Oral and external dosing methods replicating field exposure were developed using the double crested cormorant (DCCO) to test the toxicity of artificially weathered Deepwater Horizon Mississippi Canyon 252 oil. The majority of previous oil dosing studies conducted on wild-caught birds used gavage methods to dose birds with oil and determine toxicity. However, rapid gut transit time of gavaged oil likely reduces oil absorption. In the present studies, dosing relied on injection of oil into live feeder fish for oral dosing of these piscivorous birds, or applying oil to body contour feathers resulting in transdermal oil exposure and oral exposure through preening. Both oral and external oil dosing studies identified oil-related toxicity endpoints associated with oxidative stress such as hemolytic anemia, liver and kidney damage, and immuno-modulation or compromise. External oil application allowed for controlled study of thermoregulatory stress as well. Infrared thermal images indicated significantly greater surface temperatures and heat loss in treated birds following external oil applications; however, measurements collected by coelomically implanted temperature transmitters showed that internal body temperatures were stable over the course of the study period. Birds exposed to oil externally consumed more fish than control birds, indicating metabolic compensation for thermal stress. Conversely, birds orally dosed with oil experienced hypothermia and consumed less fish compared to control birds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fred Cunningham
- USDA/ APHIS/ Wildlife Services/National Wildlife Research Center, Starkville, MS, United States.
| | - Karen Dean
- Abt Associates, Boulder, CO, United States
| | - Katie Hanson-Dorr
- USDA/ APHIS/ Wildlife Services/National Wildlife Research Center, Starkville, MS, United States
| | - Kendal Harr
- Urika Pathology LLC, Mukilteo, WA, United States
| | - Kate Healy
- US Fish and Wildlife Service, Deepwater Horizon NRDAR Field Office, Fairhope, AL, United States
| | - Katherine Horak
- USDA/ APHIS/Wildlife Services/National Wildlife Research Center, Ft. Collins, CO, United States
| | - Jane Link
- Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Susan Shriner
- USDA/ APHIS/Wildlife Services/National Wildlife Research Center, Ft. Collins, CO, United States
| | - Steven Bursian
- Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Brian Dorr
- USDA/ APHIS/ Wildlife Services/National Wildlife Research Center, Starkville, MS, United States
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