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Dos Santos PRM, da Silva Gomes PR, Romão P, Maluf FC, Guimarães VR, Candido P, Gonçalves GL, de Camargo JA, Dos Santos GA, Silva I, Leite KRM, Nahas W, Reis ST, Pimenta R, Viana NI. Enhancing RECK Expression Through miR-21 Inhibition: A Promising Strategy for Bladder Carcinoma Control. Biochem Genet 2024:10.1007/s10528-024-10714-8. [PMID: 38522065 DOI: 10.1007/s10528-024-10714-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024]
Abstract
Bladder carcinoma (BC) is the tenth most frequent malignancy worldwide, with high morbidity and mortality rates. Despite recent treatment advances, high-grade BC and muscle-invasive BC present with significant progression and recurrence rates, urging the need for alternative treatments. The microRNA-21 (miR-21) has superexpression in many malignancies and is associated with cellular invasion and progression. One of its mechanisms of action is the regulation of RECK, a tumor suppressor gene responsible for inhibiting metalloproteinases, including MMP9. In a high-grade urothelial cancer cell line, we aimed to assess if miR-21 downregulation would promote RECK expression and decrease MMP9 expression. We also evaluated cellular migration and proliferation potential by inhibition of this pathway. In a T24 cell line, we inhibited miR-21 expression by transfection of a specific microRNA inhibitor (anti-miR-21). There were also control and scramble groups, the last with a negative microRNA transfected. After the procedure, we performed a genetic expression analysis of miR-21, RECK, and MMP9 through qPCR. Migration, proliferation, and protein expression were evaluated via wound healing assay, colony formation assay, flow cytometry, and immunofluorescence.After anti-miR-21 transfection, miR-21 expression decreased with RECK upregulation and MMP9 downregulation. The immunofluorescence assay showed a significant increase in RECK protein expression (p < 0.0001) and a decrease in MMP9 protein expression (p = 0.0101). The anti-miR-21 transfection significantly reduced cellular migration in the wound healing assay (p < 0.0001). Furthermore, in the colony formation assay, the anti-miR-21 group demonstrated reduced cellular proliferation (p = 0.0008), also revealed in the cell cycle analysis by flow cytometry (p = 0.0038). Our results corroborate the hypothesis that miR-21 is associated with BC cellular migration and proliferation, revealing its potential as a new effective treatment for this pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo Rodolfo Moraes Dos Santos
- Laboratorio de Investigação Médica 55 (LIM55), Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Anhembi Morumbi, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Paulo Ricardo da Silva Gomes
- Laboratorio de Investigação Médica 55 (LIM55), Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, PA, Brazil
| | - Poliana Romão
- Laboratorio de Investigação Médica 55 (LIM55), Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Feres Camargo Maluf
- Laboratorio de Investigação Médica 55 (LIM55), Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Ribeiro Guimarães
- Laboratorio de Investigação Médica 55 (LIM55), Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Candido
- Laboratorio de Investigação Médica 55 (LIM55), Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Moriah Institute of Science and Education (MISE), Hospital Moriah, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Lopes Gonçalves
- Laboratory of Renal Physiology, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Juliana Alves de Camargo
- Laboratorio de Investigação Médica 55 (LIM55), Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Arantes Dos Santos
- Laboratorio de Investigação Médica 55 (LIM55), Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Iran Silva
- Laboratorio de Investigação Médica 55 (LIM55), Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Katia Ramos Moreira Leite
- Laboratorio de Investigação Médica 55 (LIM55), Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - William Nahas
- Uro-Oncology Group, Urology Department, University of Sao Paulo Medical School and Institute of Cancer Estate of Sao Paulo (ICESP), Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sabrina T Reis
- Laboratorio de Investigação Médica 55 (LIM55), Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Moriah Institute of Science and Education (MISE), Hospital Moriah, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Ruan Pimenta
- Laboratorio de Investigação Médica 55 (LIM55), Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
- D'Or Institute for Research and Education (IDOR), Sao Paulo, Brazil
- Precision Immunology Institute, Department of Immunology and Immunotherapy, and Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, United States
| | - Nayara Izabel Viana
- Laboratorio de Investigação Médica 55 (LIM55), Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil.
- Universidade do Estado de Minas Gerais - UEMG, Passos, MG, Brazil.
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Kwon MJ. Matrix metalloproteinases as therapeutic targets in breast cancer. Front Oncol 2023; 12:1108695. [PMID: 36741729 PMCID: PMC9897057 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.1108695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are the most prominent proteinases involved in tumorigenesis. They were initially recognized to promote tumor progression by remodeling the extracellular matrix through their proteolytic activity. However, accumulating evidence has revealed that some MMPs have protective roles in cancer progression, and the same MMP can exert opposing roles depending on the cell type in which it is expressed or the stage of cancer. Moreover, studies have shown that MMPs are involved in cancer progression through their roles in other biological processes such as cell signaling and immune regulation, independent of their catalytic activity. Despite the prognostic significance of tumoral or stromal expression of MMPs in breast cancer, their roles and molecular mechanisms in breast cancer progression remain unclear. As the failures of early clinical trials with broad-spectrum MMP inhibitors were mainly due to a lack of drug specificity, substantial efforts have been made to develop highly selective MMP inhibitors. Some recently developed MMP inhibitory monoclonal antibodies demonstrated promising anti-tumor effects in preclinical models of breast cancer. Importantly, anti-tumor effects of these antibodies were associated with the modulation of tumor immune microenvironment, suggesting that the use of MMP inhibitors in combination with immunotherapy can improve the efficacy of immunotherapy in HER2-positive or triple-negative breast cancer. In this review, the current understanding of the roles of tumoral or stromal MMPs in breast cancer is summarized, and recent advances in the development of highly selective MMP inhibitors are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi Jeong Kwon
- Vessel-Organ Interaction Research Center (MRC), College of Pharmacy, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea,BK21 FOUR Community-Based Intelligent Novel Drug Discovery Education Unit, College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea,*Correspondence: Mi Jeong Kwon,
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Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs), a class of small noncoding RNA, posttranscriptionally regulate the expression of genes. Aberrant expression of miRNA is reported in various types of cancer. Since the first report of oncomiR-21 involvement in the glioma, its upregulation was reported in multiple cancers and was allied with high oncogenic property. In addition to the downregulation of tumor suppressor genes, the miR-21 is also associated with cancer resistance to various chemotherapy. The recent research is appraising miR-21 as a promising cancer target and biomarker for early cancer detection. In this review, we briefly explain the biogenesis and regulation of miR-21 in cancer cells. Additionally, the review features the assorted genes/pathways regulated by the miR-21 in various cancer and cancer stem cells.
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Aberrant miRNAs Regulate the Biological Hallmarks of Glioblastoma. Neuromolecular Med 2018; 20:452-474. [PMID: 30182330 DOI: 10.1007/s12017-018-8507-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
GBM is the highest incidence in primary intracranial malignancy, and it remains poor prognosis even though the patient is gave standard treatment. Despite decades of intense research, the complex biology of GBM remains elusive. In view of eight hallmarks of cancer which were proposed in 2011, studies related to the eight biological capabilities in GBM have made great progress. From these studies, it can be inferred that miRs, as a mode of post-transcriptional regulation, are involved in regulating these malignant biological hallmarks of GBM. Herein, we discuss state-of-the-art research on how aberrant miRs modulate the eight hallmarks of GBM. The upregulation of 'oncomiRs' or the genetic loss of tumor suppressor miRs is associated with these eight biological capabilities acquired during GBM formation. Furthermore, we also discuss the applicable clinical potential of these research results. MiRs may aid in the diagnosis and prognosis of GBM. Moreover, miRs are also therapeutic targets of GBM. These studies will develop and improve precision medicine for GBM in the future.
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Zhang N, Duan WD, Leng JJ, Zhou L, Wang X, Xu YZ, Wang XD, Zhang AQ, Dong JH. STAT3 regulates the migration and invasion of a stem‑like subpopulation through microRNA‑21 and multiple targets in hepatocellular carcinoma. Oncol Rep 2015; 33:1493-8. [PMID: 25571964 DOI: 10.3892/or.2015.3710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2014] [Accepted: 12/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite advances in the detection and treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), the prognosis remains poor partly due to recurrence or extra/intrahepatic metastasis. Stem‑like cancer cells are considered the source of malignant phenotypes including metastasis in various types of cancer. HCC side population (SP), considered as stem‑like cancer cells, plays an important role in the migration and invasion in HCC, while the mechanisms involved remain unknown. In the present study, high levels of STAT3 and phospho‑STAT3 were observed in MHCC97H SP cells compared with the main population (MP) cells. Inhibition of phospho‑STAT3 led to a reduction of miR‑21 expression, an increase of PTEN, RECK, and programmed cell death 4 (PDCD4) expression as well as the migration and invasion of SP cells. A set of rescue experiments was performed using different combinations of STAT3 inhibitor, miR‑21 mimics and siRNAs to observe the expression of miR‑21 targets, cell migration and invasion alterations. Data indicated that the alterations induced by STAT3 inhibition were partly reversed by the upregulation of miR‑21. Additionally, the cells migration and invasion when silencing the targets of miR‑21 were also reversed by STAT3 inhibition. In conclusion, the present study revealed the aberrant expression of STAT3 and miR‑21 in HCC SP cells. Targeting STAT3 may limit HCC migration and invasion, which is likely to involve the regulation of miR‑21 and its targets PTEN, RECK and PDCD4. Strategies directed towards STAT3 may therefore be a novel approach for the treatment of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Zhang
- Institute of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Liver Transplantation Center, China General Hospital of PLA, Beijing 100853, P.R. China
| | - Wei-Dong Duan
- Institute of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Liver Transplantation Center, China General Hospital of PLA, Beijing 100853, P.R. China
| | - Jian-Jun Leng
- Institute of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Liver Transplantation Center, China General Hospital of PLA, Beijing 100853, P.R. China
| | - Liang Zhou
- Department of General Surgery, The 155 Central Hospital of PLA, Kaifeng, He'nan 471000, P.R. China
| | - Xing Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shannxi 710032, P.R. China
| | - Yin-Zhe Xu
- Institute of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Liver Transplantation Center, China General Hospital of PLA, Beijing 100853, P.R. China
| | - Xue-Dong Wang
- Institute of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Liver Transplantation Center, China General Hospital of PLA, Beijing 100853, P.R. China
| | - Ai-Qun Zhang
- Institute of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Liver Transplantation Center, China General Hospital of PLA, Beijing 100853, P.R. China
| | - Jia-Hong Dong
- Institute of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Liver Transplantation Center, China General Hospital of PLA, Beijing 100853, P.R. China
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Chua CEL, Tang BL. The role of the small GTPase Rab31 in cancer. J Cell Mol Med 2014; 19:1-10. [PMID: 25472813 PMCID: PMC4288343 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.12403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2014] [Accepted: 07/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Members of the small GTPase family Rab are emerging as potentially important factors in cancer development and progression. A good number of Rabs have been implicated or associated with various human cancers, and much recent excitement has been associated with the roles of the Rab11 subfamily member Rab25 and its effector, the Rab coupling protein (RCP), in tumourigenesis and metastasis. In this review, we focus on a Rab5 subfamily member, Rab31, and its implicated role in cancer. Well recognized as a breast cancer marker with good prognostic value, recent findings have provided some insights as to the mechanism underlying Rab31's influence on oncogenesis. Levels of Oestrogen Receptor α (ERα)- responsive Rab31 could be elevated through stabilization of its transcript by the RNA binding protein HuR, or though activation by the oncoprotein mucin1-C (MUC1-C), which forms a transcriptional complex with ERα. Elevated Rab31 stabilizes MUC1-C levels in an auto-inductive loop that could lead to aberrant signalling and gene expression associated with cancer progression. Rab31 and its guanine nucleotide exchange factor GAPex-5 have, however, also been shown to enhance early endosome-late endosome transport and degradation of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). The multifaceted action and influences of Rab31 in cancer is discussed in the light of its new interacting partners and pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christelle En Lin Chua
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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ZHOU XUAN, REN YU, LIU AIQIN, HAN LEI, ZHANG KAILIANG, LI SHASHA, LI PENG, LI PING, KANG CHUNSHENG, WANG XUDONG, ZHANG LUN. STAT3 inhibitor WP1066 attenuates miRNA-21 to suppress human oral squamous cell carcinoma growth in vitro and in vivo. Oncol Rep 2014; 31:2173-80. [DOI: 10.3892/or.2014.3114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2013] [Accepted: 03/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Hassan ZK, Daghestani MH. Curcumin effect on MMPs and TIMPs genes in a breast cancer cell line. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2013; 13:3259-64. [PMID: 22994744 DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2012.13.7.3259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Curcumin (CM) possesses anti-cancer activity against a variety of tumors. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) play an important role in remodeling the extracellular matrix and their activities are regulated by tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases (TIMPs) family. Control of MMP and TIMP activity are now of great significance. In this study, the effect of CM is investigated on metastatic MMPs and anti-metastatic TIMPs genes on MDA breast cancer cells cultured in a mixture of DMEM and Ham's F12 medium and treated with different concentrations of CM (10, 20 and 40 μM for various lengths of time. Reverse transcription followed by quantitative real time PCR was used to detect the gene expression levels of MMPs and TIMPs in CM-treated versus untreated cases and the data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA. At high concentrations of curcumin, TIMP-1, -2, -3 and -4 genes were up-regulated after 48 hours of treatment, their over-expression being accompanied by down-regulation of MMP-2 and MMP-9 gene expression levels in a concentration- and time-dependent manner. These results suggest that curcumin plays a role in regulating cell metastasis by inhibiting MMP-2 and MMP-9 and up-regulating TIMP1 and TIMP4 gene expression in breast cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeinab Korany Hassan
- Department of Zoology, Center for Scientific and Medical Female Colleges, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
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Zhou L, Yang ZX, Song WJ, Li QJ, Yang F, Wang DS, Zhang N, Dou KF. MicroRNA-21 regulates the migration and invasion of a stem-like population in hepatocellular carcinoma. Int J Oncol 2013; 43:661-9. [PMID: 23708209 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2013.1965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2012] [Accepted: 03/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to invasion and intrahepatic metastasis, the prognosis for patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is poor. However, the mechanisms underlying these processes of HCC remain unclear. Cancer stem cells may be involved in early systemic dissemination and metastasis formation and side population (SP) cells isolated from diverse cancer cells possess stem cell-like properties. However, the mechanisms involved in migration and invasion of cancer stem cells are not well understood. In this study, we identified and isolated populations of SP cells from HCC cell lines using flow cyto-metry. SP cells showed higher levels of migration and invasion capability. Higher expression of miR-21 was observed in SP cells. Silencing of miR-21 led to a reduction in the migration and invasion of these cells and overexpression of miR-21 can increase in cell migration and invasion. Overexpression of miR-21 did not cause degradation of PTEN or RECK or PDCD4 mRNA but drastically inhibited its protein expression. Consistent with these results, silencing miR-21 increased the levels of PTEN, RECK and PDCD4 protein, respectively. The role of silencing miR-21 was partially attenuated by silencing of PTEN or RECK or PDCD4 mRNA. The results of this study revealed the aberrant expression of miR-21 in SP cells and showed that miR-21 regulates the expression of multiple target proteins that are associated with tumor dissemination. MiR-21 is a pro-metastatic miRNA in SP cells and raises the possibility that therapy of HCC may be improved by pharmaceutical strategies directed towards miR-21.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Zhou
- Department of General Surgery, The 155 Central Hospital of PLA, Kaifeng, He'nan 471000, PR China
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Grismayer B, Sölch S, Seubert B, Kirchner T, Schäfer S, Baretton G, Schmitt M, Luther T, Krüger A, Kotzsch M, Magdolen V. Rab31 expression levels modulate tumor-relevant characteristics of breast cancer cells. Mol Cancer 2012; 11:62. [PMID: 22920728 PMCID: PMC3499445 DOI: 10.1186/1476-4598-11-62] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2012] [Accepted: 08/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Rab proteins constitute a large family of monomeric GTP-binding proteins that regulate intracellular vesicle transport. Several Rab proteins, including rab31, have been shown to affect cancer progression and are related with prognosis in various types of cancer including breast cancer. Recently, the gene encoding rab31 was found to be overexpressed in estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer tissue. In a previous study we found a significant association of high rab31 mRNA expression with poor prognosis in node-negative breast cancer patients. In the present study, we aimed to investigate the impact of rab31 (over)-expression on important aspects of tumor progression in vitro and in vivo. Methods Breast cancer cells displaying low (MDA-MB-231) or no (CAMA-1) endogenous rab31 expression were stably transfected with a rab31 expression plasmid. Batch-transfected cells as well as selected cell clones, expressing different levels of rab31 protein, were analyzed with regard to proliferation, cell adhesion, the invasive capacity of tumor cells, and in vivo in a xenograft tumor model. Polyclonal antibodies directed to recombinantly expressed rab31 were generated and protein expression analyzed by immunohistochemistry, Western blot analysis, and a newly developed sensitive ELISA. Results Elevated rab31 protein levels were associated with enhanced proliferation of breast cancer cells. Interestingly, weak to moderate overexpression of rab31 in cell lines with no detectable endogenous rab31 expression was already sufficient to elicit distinct effects on cell proliferation. By contrast, increased expression of rab31 in breast cancer cells led to reduced adhesion towards several extracellular matrix proteins and decreased invasive capacity through MatrigelTM. Again, the rab31-mediated effects on cell adhesion and invasion were dose-dependent. Finally, in a xenograft mouse model, we observed a significantly impaired metastatic dissemination of rab31 overexpressing MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells to the lung. Conclusions Overexpression of rab31 in breast cancer cells leads to a switch from an invasive to a proliferative phenotype as indicated by an increased cell proliferation, reduced adhesion and invasion in vitro, and a reduced capacity to form lung metastases in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bettina Grismayer
- Clinical Research Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Technical University of Munich, Ismaninger Str, 22, Munich 81675, Germany
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Reis ST, Pontes-Junior J, Antunes AA, Dall'Oglio MF, Dip N, Passerotti CC, Rossini GA, Morais DR, Nesrallah AJ, Piantino C, Srougi M, Leite KR. miR-21 may acts as an oncomir by targeting RECK, a matrix metalloproteinase regulator, in prostate cancer. BMC Urol 2012; 12:14. [PMID: 22642976 PMCID: PMC3431982 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2490-12-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2012] [Accepted: 05/04/2012] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Prognosis of prostate cancer (PCa) is based mainly in histological aspects together with PSA serum levels that not always reflect the real aggressive potential of the neoplasia. The micro RNA (miRNA) mir-21 has been shown to regulate invasiveness in cancer through translational repression of the Metaloproteinase (MMP) inhibitor RECK. Our aim is to investigate the levels of expression of RECK and miR-21 in PCa comparing with classical prognostic factors and disease outcome and also test if RECK is a target of miR-21 in in vitro study using PCa cell line. Materials and methods To determine if RECK is a target of miR-21 in prostate cancer we performed an in vitro assay with PCa cell line DU-145 transfected with pre-miR-21 and anti-miR-21. To determine miR-21 and RECK expression levels in PCa samples we performed quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Results The in vitro assays showed a decrease in expression levels of RECK after transfection with pre-miR-21, and an increase of MMP9 that is regulated by RECK compared to PCa cells treated with anti-miR-21. We defined three profiles to compare the prognostic factors. The first was characterized by miR-21 and RECK underexpression (N = 25) the second was characterized by miR-21 overexpression and RECK underexpression (N = 12), and the third was characterized by miR-21 underexpression and RECK overexpression (N = 16). From men who presented the second profile (miR-21 overexpression and RECK underexpression) 91.7% were staged pT3. For the other two groups 48.0%, and 46.7% of patients were staged pT3 (p = 0.025). Conclusions Our results demonstrate RECK as a target of miR-21. We believe that miR-21 may be important in PCa progression through its regulation of RECK, a known regulator of tumor cell invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Thalita Reis
- Laboratory of Medical Investigation (LIM55), Urology Department, University of Sao Paulo Medical School, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
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Kotzsch M, Dorn J, Doetzer K, Schmalfeldt B, Krol J, Baretton G, Kiechle M, Schmitt M, Magdolen V. mRNA expression levels of the biological factors uPAR, uPAR-del4/5, and rab31, displaying prognostic value in breast cancer, are not clinically relevant in advanced ovarian cancer. Biol Chem 2012; 392:1047-51. [PMID: 21848504 DOI: 10.1515/bc.2011.166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
High tumor tissue mRNA expression of the tumor biological factors uPAR, uPAR-del4/5, or rab31 is associated with shorter distant metastasis-free and overall survival in breast cancer patients. To evaluate whether these factors are also clinically relevant in ovarian cancer, we quantified the respective mRNA levels in primary tumor tissue of advanced ovarian cancer patients (n=103) and evaluated their association with clinicopathological parameters and patients' prognosis. mRNA expression levels of all three markers did not show any significant association with overall or progression-free survival, demonstrating that these factors have no prognostic value in advanced ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Kotzsch
- Institut für Pathologie, Technische Universität Dresden, D-01307 Dresden, Germany
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13
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Hassan ZK, Elamin MH, Daghestani MH, Omer SA, Al-Olayan EM, Elobeid MA, Virk P, Mohammed OB. Oleuropein induces anti-metastatic effects in breast cancer. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2012; 13:4555-9. [PMID: 23167379 DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2012.13.9.4555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer causes death due to distant metastases in which tumor cells produce matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) enzymes which facilitate invasion. Oleuropein, the main olive oil polyphenol, has anti-proliferative effects. This study aimed to investigate the effect of oleuropein on the metastatic and anti-metastatic gene expression in the MDA human breast cancer cell line. We evaluated the MMPs and TIMPs gene expression by semi-quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) in treated and untreated cells. This study demonstrated that OL may induce anti-metastatic effects on human breast cancer cells. We found that TIMP1,-3, and -4 were over-expressed after all periods of incubation in treated cancer cells compared to untreated cells, while MMP2 and MMP9 genes were down-regulated, at least initially. Treatment of breast cancer cells with oleuropein could help in prevention of cancer metastasis by increasing the TIMPs and suppressing the MMPs gene expressions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeinab K Hassan
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, University Centre for Women Students, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
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Kotzsch M, Magdolen V, Greither T, Kappler M, Bache M, Lautenschläger C, Füssel S, Eckert AW, Luther T, Baretton G, Würl P, Taubert H. Combined mRNA expression levels of members of the urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA) system correlate with disease-associated survival of soft-tissue sarcoma patients. BMC Cancer 2011; 11:273. [PMID: 21702998 PMCID: PMC3152967 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-11-273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2011] [Accepted: 06/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Members of the urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) system are up-regulated in various solid malignant tumors. High antigen levels of uPA, its inhibitor PAI-1 and its receptor uPAR have recently been shown to be associated with poor prognosis in soft-tissue sarcoma (STS) patients. However, the mRNA expression of uPA system components has not yet been comprehensively investigated in STS patients. Methods The mRNA expression level of uPA, PAI-1, uPAR and an uPAR splice variant, uPAR-del4/5, was analyzed in tumor tissue from 78 STS patients by quantitative PCR. Results Elevated mRNA expression levels of PAI-1 and uPAR-del4/5 were significantly associated with clinical parameters such as histological subtype (P = 0.037 and P < 0.001, respectively) and higher tumor grade (P = 0.017 and P = 0.003, respectively). In addition, high uPAR-del4/5 mRNA values were significantly related to higher tumor stage of STS patients (P = 0.031). On the other hand, mRNA expression of uPA system components was not significantly associated with patients' survival. However, in STS patients with complete tumor resection (R0), high PAI-1 and uPAR-del4/5 mRNA levels were associated with a distinctly increased risk of tumor-related death (RR = 6.55, P = 0.054 and RR = 6.00, P = 0.088, respectively). Strikingly, R0 patients with both high PAI-1 and uPAR-del4/5 mRNA expression levels showed a significant, 19-fold increased risk of tumor-related death (P = 0.044) compared to the low expression group. Conclusion Our results suggest that PAI-1 and uPAR-del4/5 mRNA levels may add prognostic information in STS patients with R0 status and distinguish a subgroup of R0 patients with low PAI-1 and/or low uPAR-del4/5 values who have a better outcome compared to patients with high marker levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Kotzsch
- Institute of Pathology, Dresden University of Technology, Dresden, Germany.
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15
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Kotzsch M, Bernt K, Friedrich K, Luther E, Albrecht S, Gatzweiler A, Magdolen V, Baretton G, Zietz C, Luther T. Prognostic relevance of tumour cell-associated uPAR expression in invasive ductal breast carcinoma. Histopathology 2011; 57:461-71. [PMID: 20840675 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2559.2010.03644.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR) is a key molecule for pericellular proteolysis in tumour cell invasion and metastasis. The aim was to evaluate the prognostic impact of uPAR in invasive breast cancer dependent on which cell types within the tumour express uPAR. METHODS AND RESULTS uPAR expression was analysed by immunohistochemistry in 270 tumour tissue specimens of invasive ductal breast carcinomas using tissue microarrays. For evaluation of uPAR immunoexpression we used the epitope-mapped, uPAR domain II-specific monoclonal antibody IID7. High uPAR score values in both tumour cells (uPAR-Tc) and stromal cells were significantly related to high tumour grade (G3), and inversely correlated with oestrogen receptor status. On multivariate analysis, high uPAR-Tc values contributed independent prognostic information for disease-free survival (hazard ratio 1.93, P = 0.007) when adjusted for prognostically relevant clinicopathological parameters, whereas uPAR expression in stromal cells was not related to prognosis. In addition, elevated uPAR-Tc values were found to be prognostic indicators in clinically relevant subgroups of patients with invasive breast cancer. CONCLUSIONS In invasive breast cancer uPAR expression in invasive carcinoma cells, but not in stromal cells, has a significant impact on patients' prognosis, and contributes to a more aggressive tumour phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Kotzsch
- Institut für Pathologie, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany.
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16
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Sato S, Kopitz C, Grismayer B, Beaufort N, Reuning U, Schmitt M, Luther T, Kotzsch M, Krüger A, Magdolen V. Overexpression of the urokinase receptor mRNA splice variant uPAR-del4/5 affects tumor-associated processes of breast cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2010; 127:649-57. [PMID: 20635136 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-010-1042-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2010] [Accepted: 07/02/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
uPAR, the three-domain membrane receptor of the serine protease urokinase, plays a crucial role in tumor growth and metastasis. Several mRNA splice variants of this receptor have been reported. One of these, uPAR-del4/5, lacking exons 4 and 5, and thus encoding a uPAR form lacking domain DII, is specifically overexpressed in breast cancer and represents a statistically independent prognostic factor for distant metastasis-free survival in breast cancer patients. The aim of the present study was to examine the molecular and cellular properties of the encoded uPAR-del4/5 protein. To investigate the impact of the uPAR-del4/5 overexpression on in vitro and in vivo aspects of tumor progression (e.g., proliferation, adhesion, invasion, metastatic seeding, and/or metastatic growth), we combined the analysis of transfected cancer cell lines with a murine xenograft tumor model. Increased expression of uPAR-del4/5 in human cancer cells led to reduced adhesion to several extracellular matrix proteins and decreased invasion through Matrigel, while cell proliferation was not affected in vitro. Moreover, invasion of uPAR-del4/5 overexpressing cells was not altered by addition of urokinase, while that of uPAR-wild-type overexpressing cells was drastically increased. Accordingly, we observed that, in contrast to uPAR-wild-type, uPAR-del4/5 does not interact with urokinase. On the other hand, when overexpressed in human breast cancer cells, uPAR-del4/5 distinctly impaired metastatic dissemination and growth in vivo. We demonstrate that the uPAR-del4/5 mRNA splice variant mediates tumor-relevant biological processes in vitro and in vivo. Our results thus illustrate how tumor-specific alternative splicing can distinctly impact the biology of the tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumito Sato
- Clinical Research Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Technical University Munich, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81675 Munich, Germany
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17
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García MF, González-Reyes S, González LO, Junquera S, Berdize N, Del Casar JM, Medina M, Vizoso FJ. Comparative study of the expression of metalloproteases and their inhibitors in different localizations within primary tumours and in metastatic lymph nodes of breast cancer. Int J Exp Pathol 2010; 91:324-34. [PMID: 20412339 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2613.2010.00709.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies on metastasic lesions from human carcinomas are scarce. Therefore there is a need for such studies to identify the expression of the biological factors that will help in the assessment of the natural history of breast cancer. Here an immunohistochemical study was performed using tissue arrays and specific antibodies against matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs)-1, 2, 7, 9, 11, 13, 14 and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteases (TIMPs)-1, 2 and 3 in 39 patients with breast cancer. Specimens from 39 patients with node-positive carcinomas were examined and the analysis was performed at the central core of the tumour, at the invasive front, and in the metastasic axillary lymph nodes (MALNs). Global expression of MMP-1, 7 and 14, TIMP-1, and 3, were significantly higher at the centre of the tumour compared with the invasive front or the MALNs. Significantly higher expression of MMP-7 and 14, and TIMP-3, by fibroblast-like cells and mononuclear inflammatory cells (MICs) was seen in MALNs. In addition, in the tumour centre, the expression of MMP-11 and TIMP-1 and 2 by MICs, as well as TIMP-2 expression by fibroblast-like cells, were associated significantly with the occurrence of distant metastasis. In contrast, TIMP-3 expression by tumour cells or by fibroblast-like cells in this same tumour locations, as well as TIMP-1 expression by fibroblast-like cells at the invasive front, were associated significantly with poor prognosis. However, the expression of all of these biological factors in MALNs was not associated with the development of distant metastasis. Our data suggest that there is prognostic relevance to the expression of MMPs and TIMPs in the stromal cells of primary tumours, rather than to the expression of these enzymes in MALNs.
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18
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Kaur B, Cripe TP, Chiocca EA. "Buy one get one free": armed viruses for the treatment of cancer cells and their microenvironment. Curr Gene Ther 2010; 9:341-55. [PMID: 19860649 DOI: 10.2174/156652309789753329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Oncolytic viral therapy is a promising biological therapy for the treatment of cancer. Recent advances in genetic engineering have facilitated the construction of custom-built oncolytic viruses that can be exquisitely targeted to tumors by exploiting each cancer's unique biology and their efficacy can be further enhanced by "arming" them with additional therapeutic genes. Such an approach allows the virus to unload its "therapeutic cargo" at the tumor site, thereby enhancing its anti-neoplastic properties. While several clever strategies have been recently described using genes that can induce cellular apoptosis/suicide and/or facilitate tumor/virus imaging, viruses armed with genes that also affect the tumor microenvironment present an exciting and promising approach to therapy. In this review we discuss recently developed oncolytic viruses armed with genes encoding for angiostatic factors, inflammatory cytokines, or proteases that modulate the extracellular matrix to regulate tumor vascularization, anti-tumor immune responses and viral spread throughout the solid tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balveen Kaur
- Dardinger Laboratory for Neuro-oncology and Neurosciences, Department of Neurological Surgery, James Comprehensive Cancer Center and The Ohio State University Medical Center, 400 West 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210,USA.
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19
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Zangari M, Fink LM, Elice F, Zhan F, Adcock DM, Tricot GJ. Thrombotic events in patients with cancer receiving antiangiogenesis agents. J Clin Oncol 2009; 27:4865-73. [PMID: 19704059 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2009.22.3875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor-associated neoangiogenesis has recently become a suitable target for antineoplastic drug development. In this overview, we discuss specific drug-associated hemostatic complications, the already known pathogenetic mechanisms involved, and the effect of varying antithrombotic strategies. Multiple agents with angiogenic inhibitory capacity (thalidomide, lenalidomide, bevacizumab, sunitinib, sorafenib, and sirolimus) have obtained US Food and Drug Administration approval, and many others have entered clinical trials. Arterial and venous thromboembolism and hemorrhage have emerged as significant toxicities associated with the use of angiogenesis inhibitors. We present a detailed analysis of the literature on thrombotic complication of antiangiogenic drugs. Close attention to hemostatic complications during antiangiogenic treatment is warranted. Further studies are required to better understand the pathophysiologic mechanisms involved and to define a safe prophylactic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurizio Zangari
- University of Utah, Division of Hematology, Blood/Marrow Transplant and Myeloma Program, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
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20
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Peterson NB, Beeghly-Fadiel A, Gao YT, Long J, Cai Q, Shu XO, Zheng W. Polymorphisms in tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases-2 and -3 and breast cancer susceptibility and survival. Int J Cancer 2009; 125:844-50. [PMID: 19431211 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.24405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs) are endogenous inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinases which are involved in normal cellular processes and also in cancer development and progression. The purpose of this study was to evaluate polymorphisms in the TIMP-2 and TIMP-3 genes for their associations with breast cancer susceptibility and survival. Using data from the Shanghai Breast Cancer Study, 19 SNPs for each gene were evaluated for associations with breast cancer risk among 1,062 cases and 1,069 controls; associations with disease-free and overall survival were evaluated among the cases. For TIMP-2, women with the rs7501477 TT genotype were 3 times more likely to be breast cancer cases than women with the CC genotype (OR: 2.9, 95% CI: 1.2-7.0). For TIMP-3, women with the rs9609643 AA genotype were 60% less likely to be breast cancer cases than women with the GG genotype (OR: 0.4, 95% CI: 0.2-1.0), whereas women with the rs8136803 TT genotype were 5 times more likely to be cases than women with the GG genotype (OR: 5.1, 95% CI: 1.1-24.3). Further, breast cancer cases with rs8136803 TT were almost 4 times more likely to have decreased disease-free survival (HR: 3.9, 95% CI: 1.4-10.6) and had a trend toward decreased overall survival (HR: 1.9, 95% CI: 0.6-6.1). An important study limitation was that these 3 SNPs (rs7501477, rs9609643, rs8136803) had low minor allele frequencies which resulted in small numbers of homozygote individuals. Genetic variation in the TIMP-2 and TIMP-3 genes may contribute to individual differences in breast cancer susceptibility and survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neeraja B Peterson
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
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21
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Uhr J. uPAR and HER2 Genes Are Usually Co-Amplified in Individual Breast Cancer Cells from Blood and Tissues. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 3:16-19. [PMID: 20824009 DOI: 10.1159/000151738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Uhr
- Cancer Immunobiology Center, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, USA
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22
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Gabriely G, Wurdinger T, Kesari S, Esau CC, Burchard J, Linsley PS, Krichevsky AM. MicroRNA 21 promotes glioma invasion by targeting matrix metalloproteinase regulators. Mol Cell Biol 2008; 28:5369-80. [PMID: 18591254 PMCID: PMC2519720 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00479-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 680] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Substantial data indicate that microRNA 21 (miR-21) is significantly elevated in glioblastoma (GBM) and in many other tumors of various origins. This microRNA has been implicated in various aspects of carcinogenesis, including cellular proliferation, apoptosis, and migration. We demonstrate that miR-21 regulates multiple genes associated with glioma cell apoptosis, migration, and invasiveness, including the RECK and TIMP3 genes, which are suppressors of malignancy and inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). Specific inhibition of miR-21 with antisense oligonucleotides leads to elevated levels of RECK and TIMP3 and therefore reduces MMP activities in vitro and in a human model of gliomas in nude mice. Moreover, downregulation of miR-21 in glioma cells leads to decreases of their migratory and invasion abilities. Our data suggest that miR-21 contributes to glioma malignancy by downregulation of MMP inhibitors, which leads to activation of MMPs, thus promoting invasiveness of cancer cells. Our results also indicate that inhibition of a single oncomir, like miR-21, with specific antisense molecules can provide a novel therapeutic approach for "physiological" modulation of multiple proteins whose expression is deregulated in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Galina Gabriely
- Center of Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 4 Blackfan Circle, HIM 758, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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23
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Adcock DM, Fink LM, Marlar RA, Cavallo F, Zangari M. The Hemostatic System and Malignancy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 8:230-6. [DOI: 10.3816/clm.2008.n.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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24
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Hojilla CV, Wood GA, Khokha R. Inflammation and breast cancer: metalloproteinases as common effectors of inflammation and extracellular matrix breakdown in breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res 2008; 10:205. [PMID: 18394187 PMCID: PMC2397522 DOI: 10.1186/bcr1980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Two rapidly evolving fields are converging to impact breast cancer: one has identified novel substrates of metalloproteinases that alter immune cell function, and the other has revealed a role for inflammation in human cancers. Evidence now shows that the mechanisms underlying these two fields interact in the context of breast cancer, providing new opportunities to understand this disease and uncover novel therapeutic strategies. The metalloproteinase class of enzymes is well studied in mammary gland development and physiology, but mostly in the context of extracellular matrix modification. Aberrant metalloproteinase expression has also been implicated in breast cancer progression, where these genes act as tumor modifiers. Here, we review how the metalloproteinase axis impacts mammary physiology and tumorigenesis and is associated with inflammatory cell influx in human breast cancer, and evaluate its potential as a regulator of inflammation in the mammary gland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo V Hojilla
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Ontario Cancer Institute, Toronto, M5G 2M9 Canada
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25
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Smith E, Young NJD, Tian ZQ, Caruso M, Ruszkiewicz AR, Liu JF, Jamieson GG, Drew PA. Methylation of TIMP3 in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. World J Gastroenterol 2008; 14:203-10. [PMID: 18186556 PMCID: PMC2675115 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.14.203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To measure the frequency of DNA methylation of the tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 3 (TIMP3) promoter and relate this to any change of gene expression in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma in patients from a region of high incidence in China.
METHODS: Cancer cell lines were treated with or without the demethylating reagent 5-aza-2’-deoxycytidine. Methylation of the TIMP3 promoter was assessed in three regions by melt curve analysis and its expression was assessed by real-time RT-PCR. Tumors and proximal resection margins were obtained from 64 patients with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma from a region of high incidence in China. Methylation was assessed by melt curve analysis and expression by immunohistochemistry.
RESULTS: Methylation in one of the three promoter regions assessed correlated with gene silencing in esophageal cell lines. A degree of methylation of TIMP3 was found in only four esophageal squamous cell carcinomas, and partial loss of TIMP3 protein expression in just one.
CONCLUSION: Methylation and loss of expression of TIMP3 occurs infrequently in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma in a region of high incidence in China.
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26
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Sharp JA, Mailer SL, Thomson PC, Lefèvre C, Nicholas KR. Identification and transcript analysis of a novel wallaby (Macropus eugenii) basal-like breast cancer cell line. Mol Cancer 2008; 7:1. [PMID: 18179684 PMCID: PMC2263075 DOI: 10.1186/1476-4598-7-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2007] [Accepted: 01/07/2008] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A wide variety of animal models have been used to study human breast cancer. Murine, feline and canine mammary tumor cell lines have been studied for several decades and have been shown to have numerous aspects in common with human breast cancer. It is clear that new comparative approaches to study cancer etiology are likely to be productive. Results A continuous line of breast carcinoma cells (WalBC) was established from a primary breast cancer that spontaneously arose in a female tammar wallaby (Macropus eugenii). The primary tumor was 1.5 cm3 and although large, did not appear to invade the stroma and lacked vimentin expression. The WalBC cell line was cultured from the primary tumor and passaged for 22 months. WalBC cells displayed an epithelial morphology when grown on plastic, were not EGF responsive, stained strongly for cyto-keratin and negatively for vimentin. WalBC cells were shown to be non-invasive within a Matrigel invasion assay and failed to produce tumors following transplantation into nude mice. Gene expression profiling of WalBC cells was performed using a cDNA microarray of nearly 10,000 mammary gland cDNA clones and compared to normal primary mammary cells and profiles of human breast cancer. Seventy-six genes were down-regulated and sixty-six genes were up-regulated in WalBC cells when compared to primary mammary cells. WalBC cells exhibited expression of known markers of basal invasive human breast cancers as well as increased KRT17, KRT 14 and KRT 19, DSP, s100A4, NDRG-1, ANXA1, TK1 and AQP3 gene expression and decreased gene expression of TIMP3, VIM and TAGLN. New targets for breast cancer treatment were identified such as ZONAB, PACSIN3, MRP8 and SUMO1 which have human homologues. Conclusion This study demonstrates how novel models of breast cancer can provide new fundamental clues regarding cancer etiology which may lead to new human treatments and therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie A Sharp
- CRC for Innovative Dairy Products, Department of Zoology, University of Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia.
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27
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Genetic aberrations in tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-3 lead to manifestations of the myofibroblast phenotype in mouse fibroblasts and fibroblasts of patients with Sorsby fundus dystrophy. Bull Exp Biol Med 2007; 143:231-5. [PMID: 17970209 DOI: 10.1007/s10517-007-0058-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in the C-terminal domain of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-3 (TIMP-3) lead to autosomal dominant hereditary disease of the retina (Sorsby fundus dystrophy). Mouse knock-out and heterozygous knock-in fibroblasts and fibroblasts from patients with Sorsby fundus dystrophy exhibit some characteristics of myofibroblasts. Genetic changes in the timp-3 gene (TIMP-3) lead to a shift towards the myofibroblast phenotype in the fibroblast culture. It is hypothesized that Timp-3 (TIMP-3) plays a role of antitransformation agent preventing myofibroblast transformation in vivo and that the pathogenesis of Sorsby fundus dystrophy is associated with the loss of the antitransformation function by the mutant protein.
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28
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Kotzsch M, Sieuwerts AM, Grosser M, Meye A, Fuessel S, Meijer-van Gelder ME, Smid M, Schmitt M, Baretton G, Luther T, Magdolen V, Foekens JA. Urokinase receptor splice variant uPAR-del4/5-associated gene expression in breast cancer: identification of rab31 as an independent prognostic factor. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2007; 111:229-40. [PMID: 17952591 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-007-9782-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2007] [Accepted: 10/03/2007] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the pure prognostic impact of the uPA-receptor splice variant uPAR-del4/5 for lymph node-negative breast cancer patients, and to identify differentially expressed genes associated with high or low uPAR-del4/5 mRNA levels. PATIENTS AND METHODS mRNA transcript levels were measured by real-time PCR in tumor samples from 280 node-negative breast cancer patients who had not received adjuvant systemic therapy. Endpoints were distant metastasis-free survival (DMFS) and overall survival (OS). Gene expression analysis was performed with RNA isolated from breast cancer tissue and breast cancer cell lines using Affymetrix U133a GeneChips. RESULTS In multivariate analysis, uPAR-del4/5 significantly contributed to the base model of traditional prognostic factors for DMFS (HR = 3.29, P < 0.001) and OS (HR = 2.87, P = 0.002). Using microarrays, seven genes were found to be up-regulated in tumor samples and cancer cell lines with high uPAR-del4/5 mRNA expression. The gene encoding rab31, a member of the Ras oncogene family, was selected for quantitative analysis of mRNA expression in the set of 280 patients. High rab31 values were significantly associated with worse outcome of patients for DMFS (HR = 2.27, P < 0.001) and OS (HR = 2.01, P = 0.008) in multivariate analysis, independent from uPAR-del4/5. The patient subgroup with high uPAR-del4/5 and rab31 levels showed the worst DMFS and OS (P < 0.001, both) compared with tumors with low values of both factors. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that uPAR-del4/5 and rab31 mRNA represent independent prognostic markers in breast cancer and may be components of different, but possibly associated, tumor-relevant signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Kotzsch
- Institute of Pathology, Dresden University of Technology, Fetscherstr. 74, 01307, Dresden, Germany.
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Waterman SR, Williamson PR. Pathogen diversity and adaptation to the host: applications to clinical genomics. Future Microbiol 2007; 2:215-8. [PMID: 17661692 DOI: 10.2217/17460913.2.3.215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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30
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Vizoso FJ, González LO, Corte MD, Rodríguez JC, Vázquez J, Lamelas ML, Junquera S, Merino AM, García-Muñiz JL. Study of matrix metalloproteinases and their inhibitors in breast cancer. Br J Cancer 2007; 96:903-11. [PMID: 17342087 PMCID: PMC2360108 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6603666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
An immunohistochemical study was performed using tissue microarrays and specific antibodies against matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) 1, 2, 7, 9, 11, 13, 14, and their tisullar inhibitors (TIMPs) 1, 2, and 3. More than 2600 determinations on cancer specimens from 131 patients with primary ductal invasive tumours of the breast (65 with and 66 without distant metastasis) and controls were performed. Staining results were categorised using a score based on the intensity of the staining and a specific software program calculated the percentage of immunostained cells automatically. We observed a broad variation of the total immunostaining scores and the cell type expressing each protein. There were multiple and significant associations between the expression of the different MMPs and TIMPs evaluated and some parameters indicative of tumour aggressiveness, such as large tumour size, advanced tumour grade, high Nottinham prognostic index, negative oestrogen receptor status, peritumoural inflammation, desmoplastic reaction, and infiltrating tumoural edge. Likewise, the detection of elevated immunohistochemical scores for MMP-9, 11, TIMP-1, and TIMP-2, was significantly associated with a higher rate of distant metastases. The expression of MMP-9 or TIMP-2 by tumour cells, MMP-1, 7, 9, 11, 13, or TIMP-3 by fibroblastic cells, and MMP-7, 9, 11, 13, 14, TIMP-1, or TIMP-2 by mononuclear inflammatory cells, was also significantly associated with a higher rate of distant metastases.
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Affiliation(s)
- F J Vizoso
- Servicio de Cirugía General, Hospital de Jove, Gijón, Spain.
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31
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Mylona E, Magkou C, Giannopoulou I, Agrogiannis G, Markaki S, Keramopoulos A, Nakopoulou L. Expression of tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinases (TIMP)-3 protein in invasive breast carcinoma: relation to tumor phenotype and clinical outcome. Breast Cancer Res 2007; 8:R57. [PMID: 17032447 PMCID: PMC1779495 DOI: 10.1186/bcr1607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2006] [Revised: 07/28/2006] [Accepted: 10/10/2006] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Our aim was to study the expression pattern of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases (TIMP)-3 protein in invasive breast carcinoma, and its clinicopathological and prognostic value as well as its relation to markers indicative of the tumor phenotype. Methods Immunohistochemistry was performed on paraffin-embedded tissue specimens from 173 invasive breast carcinomas to detect the proteins TIMP-3, estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor, p53, c-erbB-2, topoisomerase IIα and Bcl-2. Results TIMP-3 protein was immunodetected in the cytoplasm of the malignant cells and the peritumoral stroma, as well as in in situ carcinoma and normal epithelium. Reduced expression of TIMP-3 protein within cancer cells was correlated with carcinomas of high nuclear and histological grade (p = 0.032 and p = 0.015, respectively), and low ER expression (p = 0.053). Moreover, TIMP-3 immunopositivity was inversely correlated with the expression of p53 and topoIIα proteins (p = 0.002 and p = 0.008, respectively), whereas it was positively associated with Bcl-2 expression (p = 0.020). Reduced expression of TIMP-3 protein within cancer cells was found to have an unfavorable impact on disease-free survival (p = 0.052) in the entirety of the patient population, as well as in both subgroups of lymph-node-positive and mutant-p53-negative patients (p = 0.007 and p = 0.037, respectively). Stromal localization of TIMP-3 protein was found to have no clinicopathological or prognostic value. Conclusion This is the first immunohistochemical study to show that TIMP-3 protein within cancer cells is associated with tumor phenotype. Reduced expression of TIMP-3 protein within cancer cells was found to correlate with an aggressive tumor phenotype, negatively affecting the disease-free survival of both subgroups of lymph node-positive and mutant-p53-negative patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleni Mylona
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 75 Mikras Asias Street, Goudi, GR-115 27 Athens, Greece
| | - Christina Magkou
- Department of Pathology, Attikon Hospital, 1 Rimini Street, GR-124 62 Chaidari, Athens, Greece
| | - Ioanna Giannopoulou
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 75 Mikras Asias Street, Goudi, GR-115 27 Athens, Greece
| | - George Agrogiannis
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 75 Mikras Asias Street, Goudi, GR-115 27 Athens, Greece
| | - Sofia Markaki
- Department of Pathology, Alexandra Hospital, 80 Vasilissis Sofias Street, GR-115 28 Athens, Greece
| | - Antonios Keramopoulos
- Department of Pathology, Alexandra Hospital, 80 Vasilissis Sofias Street, GR-115 28 Athens, Greece
| | - Lydia Nakopoulou
- Department of Pathology, Attikon Hospital, 1 Rimini Street, GR-124 62 Chaidari, Athens, Greece
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Meng S, Tripathy D, Shete S, Ashfaq R, Saboorian H, Haley B, Frenkel E, Euhus D, Leitch M, Osborne C, Clifford E, Perkins S, Beitsch P, Khan A, Morrison L, Herlyn D, Terstappen LWMM, Lane N, Wang J, Uhr J. uPAR and HER-2 gene status in individual breast cancer cells from blood and tissues. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006; 103:17361-5. [PMID: 17079488 PMCID: PMC1838539 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0608113103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Overexpression of urokinase plasminogen activator system or HER-2 (erbB-2) in breast cancer is associated with a poor prognosis. HER-2 overexpression is caused by HER-2 gene amplification. The anti-HER-2 antibody trastuzumab significantly improves clinical outcome for HER2-positive breast cancer. Drugs that target the uPA system are in early clinical trials. The aims of this study were to determine whether urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR) gene amplification occurs and whether analysis of individual tumor cells (TCs) in the blood or tissue can add information to conventional pathological analysis that could help in diagnosis and treatment. Analysis of individual TCs indicates that uPAR amplification occurs in a significant portion of primary breast cancers and also circulating tumor cells (CTCs) from patients with advanced disease. There was complete concordance between touch preps (TPs) and conventional pathological examination of HER-2 and uPAR gene status in primary tumors. There was also excellent concordance of HER-2 gene status between primary tumors and CTCs provided that acquisition of HER-2 gene amplification in CTCs was taken into account. Unexpectedly, gene amplification of HER-2 and uPAR occurred most frequently in the same TC and patient, suggesting a biological bias and potential advantage for coamplification. Expression of HER-2 and uPAR in primary tumors predicted gene status in 100 and 92% of patients, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sanjay Shete
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030
| | | | | | | | | | - David Euhus
- Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 6000 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390
| | - Marilyn Leitch
- Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 6000 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390
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Holzscheiter L, Biermann JC, Kotzsch M, Prezas P, Farthmann J, Baretton G, Luther T, Tjan-Heijnen VCG, Talieri M, Schmitt M, Sweep FCGJ, Span PN, Magdolen V. Quantitative Reverse Transcription-PCR Assay for Detection of mRNA Encoding Full-Length Human Tissue Kallikrein 7: Prognostic Relevance of KLK7 mRNA Expression in Breast Cancer 3. Clin Chem 2006; 52:1070-9. [PMID: 16627559 DOI: 10.1373/clinchem.2005.065599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
AbstractBackground: The human tissue kallikrein gene family (KLK1 to KLK15) encodes a group of 15 serine proteases (hK1 to hK15), several of which have been implicated in cancer-related processes.Methods: We established a specific quantitative reverse transcription-PCR assay for full-length KLK7 mRNA that excluded amplification of the exon 2 deletion splice variant (the latter does not encode a functional protease), and evaluated full-length KLK7 mRNA expression [normalized to human glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (h-G6PDH)] in tumor tissue specimens from 155 breast cancer patients.Results: High KLK7 mRNA expression (continuous) was significantly associated with a better patient outcome according to both univariate (P = 0.005) and multivariate (P = 0.046) Cox survival analysis. Separation of patients by optimized dichotomization revealed a significantly better prognosis for patients with high KLK7 mRNA status (n = 89) compared with patients with low KLK7 mRNA status (n = 66) [univariate hazard ratio (HR) = 0.45 (P = 0.001); multivariate HR = 0.50 (P = 0.005)]. In the subgroup of patients not receiving adjuvant treatment (n = 69), KLK7 mRNA status was a significant prognosticator [univariate HR = 0.29 (P = 0.002); multivariate HR = 0.40 (P = 0.034)]. This subgroup was least influenced by postoperative treatment and thus best showed the impact of KLK7 expression on the natural course of breast cancer disease.Conclusion: Expression of full-length KLK7 mRNA may represent a new prognostic marker in breast cancer disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leon Holzscheiter
- Clinical Research Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
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