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Burgos C, Alvarenga N, Sotelo PH, Langjahr P. Anti-inflammatory activity of Baccharis notosergila against lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation and identification of active fractions and their chemical constituents. Eur J Integr Med 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eujim.2022.102208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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2
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Gandhi VD, Shrestha Palikhe N, Vliagoftis H. Protease-activated receptor-2: Role in asthma pathogenesis and utility as a biomarker of disease severity. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:954990. [PMID: 35966869 PMCID: PMC9372307 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.954990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
PAR2, a receptor activated by serine proteases, has primarily pro-inflammatory roles in the airways and may play a role in asthma pathogenesis. PAR2 exerts its effects in the lungs through activation of a variety of airway cells, but also activation of circulating immune cells. There is evidence that PAR2 expression increases in asthma and other inflammatory diseases, although the regulation of PAR2 expression is not fully understood. Here we review the available literature on the potential role of PAR2 in asthma pathogenesis and propose a model of PAR2-mediated development of allergic sensitization. We also propose, based on our previous work, that PAR2 expression on peripheral blood monocyte subsets has the potential to serve as a biomarker of asthma severity and/or control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek Dipak Gandhi
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- Alberta Respiratory Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- School of Health Sciences and Technology, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Nami Shrestha Palikhe
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- Alberta Respiratory Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Harissios Vliagoftis
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- Alberta Respiratory Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- *Correspondence: Harissios Vliagoftis,
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3
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Janssens P, Decuypere JP, De Rechter S, Breysem L, Van Giel D, Billen J, Hindryckx A, De Catte L, Baldewijns M, Claes KBM, Wissing KM, Devriendt K, Bammens B, Meyts I, Torres VE, Vennekens R, Mekahli D. Enhanced MCP-1 Release in Early Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease. Kidney Int Rep 2021; 6:1687-1698. [PMID: 34169210 PMCID: PMC8207325 DOI: 10.1016/j.ekir.2021.03.893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2021] [Revised: 03/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) causes kidney failure typically in adulthood, but the disease starts in utero. Copeptin, epidermal growth factor (EGF), and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) are associated with severity and hold prognostic value in adults but remain unstudied in the early disease stage. Kidneys from adults with ADPKD exhibit macrophage infiltration, and a prominent role of MCP-1 secretion by tubular epithelial cells is suggested from rodent models. Methods In a cross-sectional study, plasma copeptin, urinary EGF, and urinary MCP-1 were evaluated in a pediatric ADPKD cohort and compared with age-, sex-, and body mass index (BMI)-matched healthy controls. MCP-1 was studied in mouse collecting duct cells, human proximal tubular cells, and fetal kidney tissue. Results Fifty-three genotyped ADPKD patients and 53 controls were included. The mean (SD) age was 10.4 (5.9) versus 10.5 (6.1) years (P = 0.543), and the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was 122.7 (39.8) versus 114.5 (23.1) ml/min per 1.73 m2 (P = 0.177) in patients versus controls, respectively. Plasma copeptin and EGF secretion were comparable between groups. The median (interquartile range) urinary MCP-1 (pg/mg creatinine) was significantly higher in ADPKD patients (185.4 [213.8]) compared with controls (154.7 [98.0], P = 0.010). Human proximal tubular cells with a heterozygous PKD1 mutation and mouse collecting duct cells with a PKD1 knockout exhibited increased MCP-1 secretion. Human fetal ADPKD kidneys displayed prominent MCP-1 immunoreactivity and M2 macrophage infiltration. Conclusion An increase in tubular MCP-1 secretion is an early event in ADPKD. MCP-1 is an early disease severity marker and a potential treatment target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Janssens
- PKD Research Group, Laboratory of Pediatrics, Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Nephrology, University Hospitals Brussels, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jean-Paul Decuypere
- PKD Research Group, Laboratory of Pediatrics, Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Stéphanie De Rechter
- PKD Research Group, Laboratory of Pediatrics, Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Luc Breysem
- Department of Radiology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Dorien Van Giel
- PKD Research Group, Laboratory of Pediatrics, Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Laboratory of Ion Channel Research, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Biomedical Sciences Group, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jaak Billen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University Hospitals Leuven, Belgium
| | - An Hindryckx
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, KU Leuven, Belgium
| | - Luc De Catte
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, KU Leuven, Belgium
| | | | | | - Karl M Wissing
- Department of Nephrology, University Hospitals Brussels, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Koen Devriendt
- Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bert Bammens
- Department of Nephrology, Dialysis and Renal Transplantation, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Isabelle Meyts
- Laboratory for Inborn Errors of Immunity, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Laboratory for Inborn Errors of Immunity, Department of Pediatrics, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Vicente E Torres
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Rudi Vennekens
- Laboratory of Ion Channel Research, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Biomedical Sciences Group, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Djalila Mekahli
- PKD Research Group, Laboratory of Pediatrics, Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Pediatric Nephrology and Organ Transplantation, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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4
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Seth S, Batra J, Srinivasan S. COVID-19: Targeting Proteases in Viral Invasion and Host Immune Response. Front Mol Biosci 2020; 7:215. [PMID: 33195400 PMCID: PMC7581869 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2020.00215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
An acute respiratory disorder (COVID-19) that accelerated across the globe has been found to be caused by a novel strain of coronaviruses (SARS-CoV-2). The absence of a specific antiviral drug or vaccination has promoted the development of immediate therapeutic responses against SARS-CoV-2. As increased levels of plasma chemokines and, cytokines and an uncontrolled influx of inflammatory cells were observed in lethal cases, it was concluded that the severity of the infection corresponded with the imbalanced host immunity against the virus. Tracing back the knowledge acquired from SERS and MERS infections, clinical evidence suggested similar host immune reactions and host ACE2 receptor-derived invasion by SARS-CoV-2. Further studies revealed the integral role of proteases (TMPRSS2, cathepsins, plasmin, etc.) in viral entry and the immune system. This review aims to provide a brief review on the latest research progress in identifying the potential role of proteases in SARS-CoV-2 viral spread and infection and combines it with already known information on the role of different proteases in providing an immune response. It further proposes a multidisciplinary clinical approach to target proteases specifically, through a combinatorial administration of protease inhibitors. This predictive review may help in providing a perspective to gain deeper insights of the proteolytic web involved in SARS-CoV-2 viral invasion and host immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanchit Seth
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Translational Research Institute, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Jyotsna Batra
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Translational Research Institute, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Srilakshmi Srinivasan
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Translational Research Institute, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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5
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Activated clotting factor X mediates mitochondrial alterations and inflammatory responses via protease-activated receptor signaling in alveolar epithelial cells. Eur J Pharmacol 2019; 869:172875. [PMID: 31877279 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2019.172875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Revised: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
There is growing evidence for the contribution of the activated coagulation factor X (FXa) in the development of chronic inflammatory lung diseases. Therefore, we aimed to investigate effects of exogenous FXa on mitochondrial and metabolic function as well as the induction of inflammatory molecules in type II alveolar epithelial cells. Effects of FXa on epithelial cells were investigated in A549 cell line. Activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and induction of inflammatory molecules were examined by immunoblot and gene expression analysis. Mitochondrial function was assessed by the measurement of oxygen consumption during maximal oxidative phosphorylation and quantitative determination of cardiolipin oxidation. Apoptosis was tested using a caspase 3 antibody. Metabolic activity and lactate dehydrogenase assay were applied for the detection of cellular viability. FXa activated ERK1/2 and induced an increase in the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, which was prevented by an inhibitor of FXa, edoxaban, or an inhibitor of protease-activated receptor 1, vorapaxar. Exposure to FXa caused mitochondrial alteration with restricted capacity for ATP generation, which was effectively prevented by edoxaban, vorapaxar and GB83 (inhibitor of protease-activated receptor 2). Of note, exposure to FXa did not initiate apoptosis in epithelial cells. FXa-dependent pro-inflammatory state and impairment of mitochondria did not reach the level of significance in lung epithelial cells. However, these effects might limit regenerative potency of lung epithelial cells, particular under clinical circumstances where lung injury causes exposure to clotting factors.
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Bozzelli PL, Yin T, Avdoshina V, Mocchetti I, Conant KE, Maguire-Zeiss KA. HIV-1 Tat promotes astrocytic release of CCL2 through MMP/PAR-1 signaling. Glia 2019; 67:1719-1729. [PMID: 31124192 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Revised: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The HIV-1 protein Tat is continually released by HIV-infected cells despite effective combination antiretroviral therapies (cART). Tat promotes neurotoxicity through enhanced expression of proinflammatory molecules from resident and infiltrating immune cells. These molecules include matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), which are pathologically elevated in HIV, and are known to drive central nervous system (CNS) injury in varied disease settings. A subset of MMPs can activate G-protein coupled protease-activated receptor 1 (PAR-1), a receptor that is highly expressed on astrocytes. Although PAR-1 expression is increased in HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder (HAND), its role in HAND pathogenesis remains understudied. Herein, we explored Tat's ability to induce expression of the PAR-1 agonists MMP-3 and MMP-13. We also investigated MMP/PAR-1-mediated release of CCL2, a chemokine that drives CNS entry of HIV infected monocytes and remains a significant correlate of cognitive dysfunction in the era of cART. Tat exposure significantly increased the expression of MMP-3 and MMP-13. These PAR-1 agonists both stimulated the release of astrocytic CCL2, and both genetic knock-out and pharmacological inhibition of PAR-1 reduced CCL2 release. Moreover, in HIV-infected post-mortem brain tissue, within-sample analyses revealed a correlation between levels of PAR-1-activating MMPs, PAR-1, and CCL2. Collectively, these findings identify MMP/PAR-1 signaling to be involved in the release of CCL2, which may underlie Tat-induced neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Lorenzo Bozzelli
- Interdisciplinary Program in Neuroscience, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC.,Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC
| | - Tao Yin
- Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC
| | - Valeria Avdoshina
- Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC
| | - Italo Mocchetti
- Interdisciplinary Program in Neuroscience, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC.,Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC
| | - Katherine E Conant
- Interdisciplinary Program in Neuroscience, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC.,Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC
| | - Kathleen A Maguire-Zeiss
- Interdisciplinary Program in Neuroscience, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC.,Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC
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7
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Chao HH, Chen PY, Hao WR, Chiang WP, Cheng TH, Loh SH, Leung YM, Liu JC, Chen JJ, Sung LC. Lipopolysaccharide pretreatment increases protease-activated receptor-2 expression and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 secretion in vascular endothelial cells. J Biomed Sci 2017; 24:85. [PMID: 29141644 PMCID: PMC5688698 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-017-0393-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background This study investigated whether lipopolysaccharide (LPS) increase protease-activated receptor-2 (PAR-2) expression and enhance the association between PAR-2 expression and chemokine production in human vascular endothelial cells (ECs). Methods The morphology of ECs was observed through microphotography in cultured human umbilical vein ECs (EA. hy926 cells) treated with various LPS concentrations (0, 0.25, 0.5, 1, and 2 μg/mL) for 24 h, and cell viability was assessed using the MTT assay. Intracellular calcium imaging was performed to assess agonist (trypsin)-induced PAR-2 activity. Western blotting was used to explore the LPS-mediated signal transduction pathway and the expression of PAR-2 and adhesion molecule monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) in ECs. Results Trypsin stimulation increased intracellular calcium release in ECs. The calcium influx was augmented in cells pretreated with a high LPS concentration (1 μg/mL). After 24 h treatment of LPS, no changes in ECs viability or morphology were observed. Western blotting revealed that LPS increased PAR-2 expression and enhanced trypsin-induced extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)/p38 phosphorylation and MCP-1 secretion. However, pretreatment with selective ERK (PD98059), p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) (SB203580) inhibitors, and the selective PAR-2 antagonist (FSLLRY-NH2) blocked the effects of LPS-activated PAR-2 on MCP-1 secretion. Conclusions Our findings provide the first evidence that the bacterial endotoxin LPS potentiates calcium mobilization and ERK/p38 MAPK pathway activation and leads to the secretion of the pro-inflammatory chemokine MCP-1 by inducing PAR-2 expression and its associated activity in vascular ECs. Therefore, PAR-2 exerts vascular inflammatory effects and plays an important role in bacterial infection-induced pathological responses. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12929-017-0393-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hung-Hsing Chao
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Shin Kong Wu Ho-Su Memorial Hospital, Taipei, 111, Taiwan.,Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 11031, Taiwan
| | - Po-Yuan Chen
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, College of Biopharmaceutical and Food Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Rui Hao
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, No. 291, Zhongzheng Rd, Zhonghe District, New Taipei City, 23561, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Ping Chiang
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, No. 291, Zhongzheng Rd, Zhonghe District, New Taipei City, 23561, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Hurng Cheng
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan.,Department of Pharmacology & Graduate Institute of Pharmacology, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, 114, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Hurng Loh
- Department of Pharmacology & Graduate Institute of Pharmacology, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, 114, Taiwan
| | - Yuk-Man Leung
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan
| | - Ju-Chi Liu
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, No. 291, Zhongzheng Rd, Zhonghe District, New Taipei City, 23561, Taiwan.,Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 11031, Taiwan
| | - Jin-Jer Chen
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan.,Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 115, Taiwan
| | - Li-Chin Sung
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, No. 291, Zhongzheng Rd, Zhonghe District, New Taipei City, 23561, Taiwan. .,Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 11031, Taiwan.
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8
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Liu X, Yu J, Song S, Yue X, Li Q. Protease-activated receptor-1 (PAR-1): a promising molecular target for cancer. Oncotarget 2017; 8:107334-107345. [PMID: 29291033 PMCID: PMC5739818 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.21015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
PAR-1 is expressed not only in epithelium, neurons, astrocytes, immune cells, but also in cancer-associated fibroblasts, ECs (epithelial cells), myocytes of blood vessels, mast cells, and macrophages in tumor microenvironment, whereas PAR-1 stimulates macrophages to synthesize and secrete thrombin as well as other growth factors, resulting in enhanced cell proliferation, tumor growth and metastasis. Therefore, considerable effort has been devoted to the development of inhibitors targeting PAR-1. Here, we provide a comprehensive review of PAR-1’s role in cancer invasiveness and dissemination, as well as potential therapeutic strategies targeting PAR-1 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Liu
- Department of Medical Oncology and Cancer Institute, Shuguang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China.,Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China
| | - Jiahui Yu
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China
| | - Shangjin Song
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China
| | - Xiaoqiang Yue
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China
| | - Qi Li
- Department of Medical Oncology and Cancer Institute, Shuguang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
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9
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He RQ, Tang XF, Zhang BL, Li XD, Hong MN, Chen QZ, Han WQ, Gao PJ. Protease-activated receptor 1 and 2 contribute to angiotensin II-induced activation of adventitial fibroblasts from rat aorta. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 473:517-23. [PMID: 27012211 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.03.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Adventitial fibroblasts (AFs) can be activated by angiotensin II (Ang II) and exert pro-fibrotic and pro-inflammatory effects in vascular remodeling. Protease-activated receptor (PAR) 1 and 2 play a significant role in fibrogenic and inflammatory diseases. The present study hypothesized that PAR1 and PAR2 are involved in Ang II-induced AF activation and contribute to adventitial remodeling. We found that direct activation of PAR1 and PAR2 with PAR1-AP and PAR2-AP led to AF activation, including proliferation and differentiation of AFs, extracellular matrix synthesis, as well as production of pro-fibrotic cytokine TGF-β and pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and MCP-1. Furthermore, PAR1 and PAR2 mediated Ang II-induced AF activation, since both PAR1 and PAR2 antagonists inhibited Ang II-induced proliferation, migration, differentiation, extracellular matrix synthesis and production of pro-fibrotic and pro-inflammatory cytokines in AFs. Finally, mechanistic study showed that Ang II, via Ang II type I receptor (AT1R), upregulated both PAR1 and PAR2 expression, and transactivated PAR1 and PAR2, as denoted by internalization of both proteins. In conclusion, our results suggest that PAR1 and PAR2 play a critical role in Ang II-induced AF activation, and this may contribute to adventitia-related pathological changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui-Qing He
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Hypertension and Department of Hypertension, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, China; Shanghai Institute of Hypertension, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao-Feng Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Hypertension and Department of Hypertension, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, China; Shanghai Institute of Hypertension, Shanghai, China
| | - Bao-Li Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Hypertension and Department of Hypertension, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, China; Shanghai Institute of Hypertension, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao-Dong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Hypertension and Department of Hypertension, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, China; Laboratory of Vascular Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Institute of Hypertension, Shanghai, China
| | - Mo-Na Hong
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Hypertension and Department of Hypertension, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, China; Shanghai Institute of Hypertension, Shanghai, China
| | - Qi-Zhi Chen
- Shanghai Institute of Hypertension, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei-Qing Han
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Hypertension and Department of Hypertension, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, China; Laboratory of Vascular Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Institute of Hypertension, Shanghai, China.
| | - Ping-Jin Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Hypertension and Department of Hypertension, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, China; Laboratory of Vascular Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Institute of Hypertension, Shanghai, China.
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10
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Thrombin-induced IL-8/CXCL8 release is mediated by CK2, MSK1, and NF-κB pathways in human lung epithelial cells. Eur J Pharmacol 2015; 767:135-43. [PMID: 26463037 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2015.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2015] [Revised: 10/07/2015] [Accepted: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Airway inflammation plays a major role in the pathophysiology of lung inflammatory diseases such as asthma. Thrombin, a serine protease, is known to mediate central functions in thrombosis and hemostasis and also plays a critical role in lung inflammation via producing chemokine release including interleukin (IL)-8/CXCL8. Our previous studies showed that c-Src- and Rac-dependent nuclear factor (NF)-κB signaling pathways participate in thrombin-induced IL-8/CXCL8 release in human lung epithelial cells. In this study, we further investigated the role of casein kinase 2 (CK2)/mitogen stress-activated protein kinase 1 (MSK1)-dependent p65 phosphorylation in thrombin-induced NF-κB activation and IL-8/CXCL8 release. Thrombin-induced IL-8/CXCL8 release was inhibited by CK2 inhibitors (apigenin and tetrabromobenzotriazole, TBB), small interfering RNA of CK2β (CK2β siRNA), and MSK1 siRNA. Treatment of cells with thrombin caused increases in CK2β phosphorylation at Ser209, which was inhibited by a protein kinase C α (PKCα) inhibitor (Ro-32-0432). Thrombin-induced MSK1 phosphorylation at Ser581 and Akt phosphorylation at Ser473 were inhibited by apigenin. Moreover, the thrombin-induced increase in IL-8/CXCL8 release was attenuated by p65 siRNA. Stimulation of cells with thrombin resulted in an increase in p65 phosphorylation at Ser276, which was inhibited by apigenin and MSK1 siRNA. Thrombin-induced κB-luciferase activity was also inhibited by apigenin and MSK1 siRNA. Taken together, these results show that thrombin activates the PKCα/CK2/MSK1 signaling pathways, which in turn initiates p65 phosphorylation and NF-κB activation, and ultimately induces IL-8/CXCL8 release in human lung epithelial cells.
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11
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Gandhi VD, Vliagoftis H. Airway epithelium interactions with aeroallergens: role of secreted cytokines and chemokines in innate immunity. Front Immunol 2015; 6:147. [PMID: 25883597 PMCID: PMC4382984 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2014] [Accepted: 03/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Airway epithelial cells are the first line of defense against the constituents of the inhaled air, which include allergens, pathogens, pollutants, and toxic compounds. The epithelium not only prevents the penetration of these foreign substances into the interstitium, but also senses their presence and informs the organism’s immune system of the impending assault. The epithelium accomplishes the latter through the release of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines that recruit and activate innate immune cells at the site of assault. These epithelial responses aim to eliminate the inhaled foreign substances and minimize their detrimental effects to the organism. Quite frequently, however, the innate immune responses of the epithelium to inhaled substances lead to chronic and high level release of pro-inflammatory mediators that may mediate the lung pathology seen in asthma. The interactions of airway epithelial cells with allergens will be discussed with particular focus on interactions-mediated epithelial release of cytokines and chemokines and their role in the immune response. As pollutants are other major constituents of inhaled air, we will also discuss how pollutants may alter the responses of airway epithelial cells to allergens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek D Gandhi
- Pulmonary Research Group, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta , Edmonton, AB , Canada
| | - Harissios Vliagoftis
- Pulmonary Research Group, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta , Edmonton, AB , Canada
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12
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Evaluation on potential contributions of protease activated receptors related mediators in allergic inflammation. Mediators Inflamm 2014; 2014:829068. [PMID: 24876677 PMCID: PMC4021743 DOI: 10.1155/2014/829068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2013] [Accepted: 01/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Protease activated receptors (PARs) have been recognized as a distinctive four-member family of seven transmembrane G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) that can be cleaved by certain serine proteases. In recent years, there has been considerable interest in the role of PARs in allergic inflammation, the fundamental pathologic changes of allergy, but the potential roles of PARs in allergy remain obscure. Since many of these proteases are produced and actively involved in the pathologic process of inflammation including exudation of plasma components, inflammatory cell infiltration, and tissue damage and repair, PARs appear to make important contribution to allergy. The aim of the present review is to summarize the expression of PARs in inflammatory and structural cells, the influence of agonists or antagonists of PARs on cell behavior, and the involvement of PARs in allergic disorders, which will help us to better understand the roles of serine proteases and PARs in allergy.
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Antoniak S, Sparkenbaugh EM, Tencati M, Rojas M, Mackman N, Pawlinski R. Protease activated receptor-2 contributes to heart failure. PLoS One 2013; 8:e81733. [PMID: 24312345 PMCID: PMC3842269 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0081733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2013] [Accepted: 10/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Heart failure is a major clinical problem worldwide. Previous studies have demonstrated an important role for G protein-coupled receptors, including protease-activated receptors (PARs), in the pathology of heart hypertrophy and failure. Activation of PAR-2 on cardiomyocytes has been shown to induce hypertrophic growth in vitro. PAR-2 also contributes to myocardial infarction and heart remodeling after ischemia/reperfusion injury. In this study, we found that PAR-2 induced hypertrophic growth of cultured rat neonatal cardiomyocytes in a MEK1/2 and p38 dependent manner. In addition, PAR-2 activation on mouse cardiomyocytes increased expression of the pro-fibrotic chemokine MCP-1. Furthermore, cardiomyocyte-specific overexpression of PAR-2 in mice induced heart hypertrophy, cardiac fibrosis, inflammation and heart failure. Finally, in a mouse model of myocardial infarction induced by permanent ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery, PAR-2 deficiency attenuated heart remodeling and improved heart function independently of its contribution to the size of the initial infarct. Taken together, our data indicate that PAR-2 signaling contributes to the pathogenesis of hypertrophy and heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvio Antoniak
- UNC McAllister Heart Institute, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Erica M. Sparkenbaugh
- UNC McAllister Heart Institute, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Michael Tencati
- Department of Microbiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana-Champaign, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Mauricio Rojas
- UNC McAllister Heart Institute, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Nigel Mackman
- UNC McAllister Heart Institute, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Rafal Pawlinski
- UNC McAllister Heart Institute, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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14
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Aerts L, Hamelin MÈ, Rhéaume C, Lavigne S, Couture C, Kim W, Susan-Resiga D, Prat A, Seidah NG, Vergnolle N, Riteau B, Boivin G. Modulation of protease activated receptor 1 influences human metapneumovirus disease severity in a mouse model. PLoS One 2013; 8:e72529. [PMID: 24015257 PMCID: PMC3755973 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0072529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2013] [Accepted: 07/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Human metapneumovirus (hMPV) infection causes acute respiratory tract infections (RTI) which can result in hospitalization of both children and adults. To date, no antiviral or vaccine is available for this common viral infection. Immunomodulators could represent an interesting strategy for the treatment of severe viral infection. Recently, the role of protease-activated receptors (PAR) in inflammation, coagulation and infection processes has been of growing interest. Herein, the effects of a PAR1 agonist and a PAR1 antagonist on hMPV infection were investigated in BALB/c mice. Intranasal administration of the PAR1 agonist resulted in increased weight loss and mortality of infected mice. Conversely, the PAR1 antagonist was beneficial to hMPV infection by decreasing weight loss and clinical signs and by significantly reducing pulmonary inflammation, pro-inflammatory cytokine levels (including IL-6, KC and MCP-1) and recruitment of immune cells to the lungs. In addition, a significant reduction in pulmonary viral titers was also observed in the lungs of PAR1 antagonist-treated mice. Despite no apparent direct effect on virus replication during in vitro experiments, an important role for PAR1 in the regulation of furin expression in the lungs was shown for the first time. Further experiments indicated that the hMPV fusion protein can be cleaved by furin thus suggesting that PAR1 could have an effect on viral infectivity in addition to its immunomodulatory properties. Thus, inhibition of PAR1 by selected antagonists could represent an interesting strategy for decreasing the severity of paramyxovirus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laetitia Aerts
- Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec and Université Laval, Quebec, Canada
| | - Marie-Ève Hamelin
- Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec and Université Laval, Quebec, Canada
| | - Chantal Rhéaume
- Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec and Université Laval, Quebec, Canada
| | - Sophie Lavigne
- Department of Anatomo-pathology, Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Quebec, Canada
| | - Christian Couture
- Department of Anatomo-pathology, Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Quebec, Canada
| | - WooJin Kim
- Laboratory of Biochemical Neuroendocrinology, Clinical Research Institute of Montreal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Delia Susan-Resiga
- Laboratory of Biochemical Neuroendocrinology, Clinical Research Institute of Montreal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Annik Prat
- Laboratory of Biochemical Neuroendocrinology, Clinical Research Institute of Montreal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Nabil G. Seidah
- Laboratory of Biochemical Neuroendocrinology, Clinical Research Institute of Montreal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Nathalie Vergnolle
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier, Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan, Toulouse, France
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Beatrice Riteau
- Virologie et Pathologie Humaine, Université Lyon, Faculté de Médecine RTH Laennec, Lyon, France
- Centre de Tours-Nouzilly Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Nouzilly, France
| | - Guy Boivin
- Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec and Université Laval, Quebec, Canada
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15
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Li X, Tai HH. Thromboxane A2 receptor-mediated release of matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1) induces expression of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) by activation of protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR2) in A549 human lung adenocarcinoma cells. Mol Carcinog 2013; 53:659-66. [PMID: 23475608 DOI: 10.1002/mc.22020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2012] [Revised: 01/24/2013] [Accepted: 02/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1, CCL2) are known to be upregulated in many tumors. Their roles in tumor invasion and metastasis are being uncovered. How they are related to each other and involved in tumor progression remains to be determined. Earlier it was reported that I-BOP-initiated activation of thromboxane A2 receptor (TP) induced the release of MMP-1, MMP-3, and MMP-9 from lung cancer A549 cells overexpressing TPα (A549-TPα). Herein it was found that MMP-1, but not MMP-3 or MMP-9, induced the expression of MCP-1 in A549 cells. Conditioned medium (CM) from I-BOP activated, MMP-1 siRNA pretreated A549-TPα cells induced greatly attenuated expression of MCP-1 in A549 cells indicating that MMP-1 in the CM contributed significantly to the expression of MCP-1. MMP-1 was shown to activate protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR2) instead of commonly assumed PAR1 to increase the expression of MCP-1 in A549 cells. This conclusion was reached from the following findings: (1) expression of MCP-1 induced by trypsin, a PAR2 agonist, and also PAR2 agonist peptide, was inhibited by a PAR2 antagonist; (2) expression of MCP-1 induced by MMP-1 and by CM from I-BOP activated A549-TPα cells was blocked by a PAR2 antagonist but not by other PAR antagonists; (3) expression of MCP-1 induced by MMP-1 and by CM from I-BOP activated A549-TPα cells was attenuated significantly by pretreatment of cells with PAR2-siRNA. These results suggest that PAR2 is a novel MMP-1 target mediating MMP-1-induced signals in A549 lung cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuling Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
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16
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Atochina-Vasserman EN, Bates SR, Zhang P, Abramova H, Zhang Z, Gonzales L, Tao JQ, Gochuico BR, Gahl W, Guo CJ, Gow AJ, Beers MF, Guttentag S. Early alveolar epithelial dysfunction promotes lung inflammation in a mouse model of Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2011; 184:449-58. [PMID: 21616998 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201011-1882oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE The pulmonary phenotype of Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome (HPS) in adults includes foamy alveolar type 2 cells, inflammation, and lung remodeling, but there is no information about ontogeny or early disease mediators. OBJECTIVES To establish the ontogeny of HPS lung disease in an animal model, examine disease mediators, and relate them to patients with HPS1. METHODS Mice with mutations in both HPS1/pale ear and HPS2/AP3B1/pearl (EPPE mice) were studied longitudinally. Total lung homogenate, lung tissue sections, and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) were examined for phospholipid, collagen, histology, cell counts, chemokines, surfactant protein D (SP-D), and S-nitrosylated SP-D. Isolated alveolar epithelial cells were examined for expression of inflammatory mediators, and chemotaxis assays were used to assess their importance. Pulmonary function test results and BAL from patients with HPS1 and normal volunteers were examined for clinical correlation. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS EPPE mice develop increased total lung phospholipid, followed by a macrophage-predominant pulmonary inflammation, and lung remodeling including fibrosis. BAL fluid from EPPE animals exhibited early accumulation of both SP-D and S-nitrosylated SP-D. BAL fluid from patients with HPS1 exhibited similar changes in SP-D that correlated inversely with pulmonary function. Alveolar epithelial cells demonstrated expression of both monocyte chemotactic protein (MCP)-1 and inducible nitric oxide synthase in juvenile EPPE mice. Last, BAL from EPPE mice and patients with HPS1 enhanced migration of RAW267.4 cells, which was attenuated by immunodepletion of SP-D and MCP-1. CONCLUSIONS Inflammation is initiated from the abnormal alveolar epithelial cells in HPS, and S-nitrosylated SP-D plays a significant role in amplifying pulmonary inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena N Atochina-Vasserman
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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17
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Errahali YJ, Taka E, Abonyo BO, Heiman AS. CCL26-targeted siRNA treatment of alveolar type II cells decreases expression of CCR3-binding chemokines and reduces eosinophil migration: implications in asthma therapy. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2011; 29:227-39. [PMID: 19203252 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2008.0051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The underlying inflammation present in chronic airway diseases is orchestrated by increased expression of CC chemokines that selectively recruit leukocyte populations into the pulmonary system. Human CCL26 signals through CC chemokine receptor 3 (CCR3), is dramatically upregulated in challenged asthmatics, and stimulates recruitment of eosinophils (EOSs) and other leukocytes. CCL26 participates in regulation of its receptor CCR3 and modulates expression of a variety of chemokines in alveolar type II cells. Utilizing the A549 alveolar type II epithelial cell culture model, we carried out studies to test the hypothesis that CCL26-siRNA treatment of these cells would ameliorate Th2-driven release of the eotaxins and other CCR3 ligands that would, in turn, decrease recruitment and activation of EOSs. Results demonstrate that CCL26-siRNA treatments decreased interleukin-4-induced CCL26 and CCL24 expression by >70%. CCL26-directed small-interfering RNA (siRNA) treatments significantly decreased release of CCL5 (RANTES), CCL15 (MIP-1δ), CCL8 (MCP-2), and CCL13 (MCP-4). In bioactivity assays it was shown that EOS migration and activation were reduced up to 80% and 90%, respectively, when exposed to supernatants of CCL26-siRNA-treated cells. These results provide evidence that CCL26 may be an appropriate target for development of new therapeutic agents designed to alleviate the underlying inflammation associated with chronic diseases of the airways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Younes J Errahali
- College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, Florida 32307, USA
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18
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Respiratory echovirus 30 and coxsackievirus B5 can induce production of RANTES, MCP-1 and IL-8 by human bronchial epithelial cells. Virus Res 2010; 152:41-9. [PMID: 20540976 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2010.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2010] [Revised: 05/31/2010] [Accepted: 06/01/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Human Enteroviruses (HEV) (picornaviridae) are considered as one the major viral causes of childhood acute respiratory wheezing illnesses including bronchiolitis and asthma exacerbation. To identify the mechanisms that can regulate the development of airway mucosa inflammation during HEV respiratory lower tract infection, we investigated the profile and the levels of mRNA and protein secretion for CC and CXC human chemokines by HEV-infected primary human bronchial epithelial cells (SAE cells) using RT-PCR array and Bio-Plex assay. Cultures of SAE cells were infected by reference and wild-type HEV respiratory strains, demonstrating a replicative and productive viral infection. We observed that the replicative infection of the SAE cells by reference and wild-type HEV strains induced specific dose and time-dependent increases in mRNA and protein secretion only for RANTES, MCP-1 and IL-8 and not for all other CC and CXC human chemokines tested. The protein secretion of these chemokines appeared to be significantly increased at 48 or 72h post-infection in cultures treated by low-doses of IFN-gamma comparatively to mock-infected cells (P<0.001), and was correlated to the viral replication activity. In conclusion, our findings demonstrated a selective production of RANTES, IL-8 and MCP-1 released by HEV-infected epithelial cells of the small bronchioles along with mechanisms of amplification mediated by IFN-gamma.
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19
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Khoufache K, LeBouder F, Morello E, Laurent F, Riffault S, Andrade-Gordon P, Boullier S, Rousset P, Vergnolle N, Riteau B. Protective role for protease-activated receptor-2 against influenza virus pathogenesis via an IFN-gamma-dependent pathway. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 182:7795-802. [PMID: 19494303 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0803743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Protease-activated receptor-2 (PAR(2)), a receptor highly expressed in the respiratory tract, can influence inflammation at mucosal surfaces. Although the effects of PAR(2) in the innate immune response to bacterial infection have been documented, knowledge of its role in the context of viral infection is lacking. We thus investigated the role of PAR(2) in influenza pathogenesis in vitro and in vivo. In vitro, stimulation of PAR(2) on epithelial cells inhibited influenza virus type A (IAV) replication through the production of IFN-gamma. In vivo, stimulation of PAR(2) using specific agonists protected mice from IAV-induced acute lung injury and death. This effect correlated with an increased clearance of IAV in the lungs associated with increased IFN- gamma production and a decreased presence of neutrophils and RANTES release in bronchoalveolar fluids. More importantly, the protective effect of the PAR(2) agonist was totally abrogated in IFN- gamma-deficient mice. Finally, compared with wild-type mice, PAR(2)-deficient mice were more susceptible to IAV infection and displayed more severe lung inflammation. In these mice higher neutrophil counts and increased RANTES concentration but decreased IFN- gamma levels were observed in the bronchoalveolar lavages. Collectively, these results showed that PAR(2) plays a protective role during IAV infection through IFN-gamma production and decreased excessive recruitment of inflammatory cells to lung alveoli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khaled Khoufache
- Unité de Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires, Unité de Recherche 892, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Domaine de Vilvert, Jouy-en-Josas, France
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20
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Monocyte chemotactic protein 1 promotes lung cancer-induced bone resorptive lesions in vivo. Neoplasia 2009; 11:228-36. [PMID: 19242604 DOI: 10.1593/neo.81282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2008] [Revised: 12/03/2008] [Accepted: 12/08/2008] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related deaths. The morbidity and mortality of lung cancer have markedly increased in the past decade with at least 75% of patients with lung cancer having evidence of metastases at the time of diagnosis. It frequently metastasizes to bone resulting in osteolytic lesions with unknown mechanisms. The aim of this study was to identify factors that mediate lung cancer-induced osteoclast activity in vivo. Using a human cytokine antibody array, we first determined cytokine levels in a conditioned medium collected from non-small cell lung cancer A549 and H1299 cells and the non-neoplastic human bronchial epithelial BEAS2B cells. Both A549 and H1229 cells produced significantly higher amount of several cytokines including monocyte chemotactic protein 1 (MCP-1) and interleukin 8 (IL-8) compared with BEAS2B cells. These findings were confirmed by ELISA. From clinical serum specimens, we also observed that MCP-1 and IL-8 levels were increased in lung cancer patients with bone metastases compared with the patients with localized tumor. Next, we investigated the effects of MCP-1 on osteoclast formation in vitro using murine bone marrow-derived monocytes. A549 conditioned medium induced osteoclast formation that was inhibited by neutralizing antibodies against MCP-1. Finally, A549 cells were stably transfected with MCP-1 short hairpin RNA. The MCP-1 knockdown A549 cells were implanted into the tibia of severe combined immunodeficient mice for 4 weeks. The MCP-1 knockdown significantly diminished A549 cell growth. We conclude that MCP-1 promotes lung cancer-induced osteoclast activity and thus bone resorptive lesions in vivo.
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21
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Atzori L, Lucattelli M, Scotton CJ, Laurent GJ, Bartalesi B, De Cunto G, Lunghi B, Chambers RC, Lungarella G. Absence of proteinase-activated receptor-1 signaling in mice confers protection from fMLP-induced goblet cell metaplasia. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2009; 41:680-7. [PMID: 19307611 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2007-0386oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The morphological features of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in man include emphysema and chronic bronchitis associated with mucus hypersecretion. These alterations can be induced in mice by a single intratracheal instillation of N-formyl-L-methionyl-L-leucyl-L-phenylalanine (fMLP), a chemoattractant and degranulating agent for neutrophils. The mechanisms underlying excessive mucus production and, in particular, goblet cell hyperplasia/metaplasia in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease remain poorly understood. The proteinase-activated receptors (PARs) are widely recognized for their modulatory properties during inflammation. In this study, we examined whether PAR-1 contributes to inflammation and lung damage induced by fMLP by comparing the response of PAR-1-deficient (PAR-1(-/-)) mice with that of wild-type (WT) mice. Mice were killed at various time points after fMLP instillation (200 microg/50 microl). WT mice developed emphysema and goblet cell metaplasia. The onset of pulmonary lesions was preceded by an increase in thrombin immunoreactivity in bronchial airways and alveolar tissue. This was followed by a decrease in PAR-1 immunoreactivity, and by an increase in IL-13 immunostaining on the luminal surface of airway epithelial cells. In PAR-1(-/-) mice, fMLP administration induced similar responses in terms of inflammation and emphysema, but these mice were protected from the development of goblet cell metaplasia. The involvement of PAR-1 in airway epithelial cell transdifferentiation was confirmed by demonstrating that intratracheal instillation of the selective PAR-1 agonist (TFLLR) induced goblet cell metaplasia in the airways of WT mice only. These data suggest that emphysema and goblet cell metaplasia occur independently, and that PAR-1 signaling through IL-13 stimulation may play an important role in inducing goblet cell metaplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Atzori
- Department of Toxicology, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
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22
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Wilson TJ, Nannuru KC, Singh RK. Cathepsin G Recruits Osteoclast Precursors via Proteolytic Activation of Protease-Activated Receptor-1. Cancer Res 2009; 69:3188-95. [DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-08-1956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Billich A, Urtz N, Reuschel R, Baumruker T. Sphingosine kinase 1 is essential for proteinase-activated receptor-1 signalling in epithelial and endothelial cells. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2009; 41:1547-55. [PMID: 19162217 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2009.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2008] [Revised: 12/24/2008] [Accepted: 01/05/2009] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
There is accumulating evidence that activation of sphingosine kinase 1 (SPHK1) is an important element in intracellular signalling cascades initiated by stimulation of multiple receptors, including certain growth factor, cytokine, and also G-protein coupled receptors. We here report that stimulation of the lung epithelial cell line A549 by thrombin leads to transient increase of SPHK1 activity and elevation of intracellular sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P); abrogation of this stimulation by SPHK1-specific siRNA, pharmacological inhibition, or expression of a dominant-negative SPHK1 mutant blocks the response to thrombin, as measured by secretion of MCP-1, IL-6, IL-8, and PGE(2). Using selective stimulation of proteinase-activated receptors (PARs) a specific involvement of SPHK1 in the PAR-1 induced responses in A549 cell, including activation of NFkappaB, was evident, while PAR-2 and PAR-4 responses were independent of SPHK1. Moreover, PAR-1 or thrombin-induced cytokine production and adhesion factor expression of human umbilical vein endothelial cells was also seen to depend on SPHK1. Using dermal microvascular endothelial cells from SPHK1-deficient mice, we showed that absence of the enzyme abrogates MCP-1 production induced in these cells upon treatment with thrombin or PAR-1 activating peptide. We propose SPHK1 inhibition as a novel way to block PAR-1 mediated signalling, which could be useful in treatment of a number of diseases, in particular in atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Billich
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Brunnerstrasse 59, Vienna, Austria.
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24
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Mercer PF, Johns RH, Scotton CJ, Krupiczojc MA, Königshoff M, Howell DCJ, McAnulty RJ, Das A, Thorley AJ, Tetley TD, Eickelberg O, Chambers RC. Pulmonary epithelium is a prominent source of proteinase-activated receptor-1-inducible CCL2 in pulmonary fibrosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2008; 179:414-25. [PMID: 19060230 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.200712-1827oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Studies in patients and experimental animals provide compelling evidence of the involvement of the major thrombin receptor, proteinase-activated receptor-1 (PAR(1)), and the potent chemokine, chemokine (CC motif) ligand-2 (CCL2)/monocyte chemotactic protein-1, in the pathogenesis of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). PAR(1) knockout mice are protected from bleomycin-induced lung inflammation and fibrosis and this protection is associated with marked attenuation in CCL2 induction. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to determine which cell types represent the major source of PAR(1)-inducible CCL2 in the fibrotic lung. METHODS Using immunohistochemistry and dual immunofluorescence, we examined PAR(1) and CCL2 expression in the bleomycin model and human IPF lung. PAR(1) and CCL2 gene expression was also assessed in laser-captured alveolar septae from patients with IPF. The ability of PAR(1) to induce CCL2 production by lung epithelial cells was also examined in vitro. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS We report for the first time that PAR(1) and CCL2 are coexpressed and co-up-regulated on the activated epithelium in fibrotic areas in IPF. Similar observations were found in bleomycin-induced lung injury. Furthermore, we show that thrombin is a potent inducer of CCL2 gene expression and protein release by cultured lung epithelial cells via a PAR(1)-dependent mechanism. CONCLUSIONS These data support the notion that PAR(1) activation on lung epithelial cells may represent an important mechanism leading to increased local CCL2 release in pulmonary fibrosis. Targeting PAR(1) on the pulmonary epithelium may offer a unique opportunity for therapeutic intervention in pulmonary fibrosis and other inflammatory and fibroproliferative conditions associated with excessive local generation of thrombin and CCL2 release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul F Mercer
- Centre for Respiratory Research, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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25
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Richardson MA, Gupta A, O'Brien LA, Berg DT, Gerlitz B, Syed S, Sharma GR, Cramer MS, Heuer JG, Galbreath EJ, Grinnell BW. Treatment of sepsis-induced acquired protein C deficiency reverses Angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 inhibition and decreases pulmonary inflammatory response. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2008; 325:17-26. [PMID: 18182560 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.107.130609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The protein C (PC) pathway plays an important role in vascular and immune function, and acquired deficiency during sepsis is associated with increased mortality in both animal models and in clinical studies. However, the association of acquired PC deficiency with the pathophysiology of lung injury is unclear. We hypothesized that low PC induced by sepsis would associate with increased pulmonary injury and that replacement with activated protein C (APC) would reverse the activation of pathways associated with injury. Using a cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) model of polymicrobial sepsis, we examined the role of acquired PC deficiency on acute lung injury assessed by analyzing changes in pulmonary pathology, chemokine response, inducible nitric-oxide synthase (iNOS), and the angiotensin pathway. Acquired PC deficiency was strongly associated with an increase in lung inflammation and drivers of pulmonary injury, including angiotensin (Ang) II, thymus and activation-regulated chemokine, plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI)-1, and iNOS. In contrast, the protective factor angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE)-2 was significantly suppressed in animals with acquired PC deficiency. The endothelial protein C receptor, required for the cytoprotective signaling of APC, was significantly increased post-CLP, suggesting a compensatory up-regulation of the signaling receptor. Treatment of septic animals with APC reduced pulmonary pathology, suppressed the macrophage inflammatory protein family chemokine response, iNOS expression, and PAI-1 activity and up-regulated ACE-2 expression with concomitant reduction in AngII peptide. These data demonstrate a clear link between acquired PC deficiency and pulmonary inflammatory response in the rat sepsis model and provide support for the concept of APC as a replacement therapy in acute lung injury associated with acquired PC deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Richardson
- Biotechnology Discovery Research, Lilly Research Laboratories, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, IN 46285, USA
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