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Hu S, Guo X, Tu L, Xiong H, Lu X, Xu X, Li Y, Yu Y, Zhou C, Hui K, Li Y, Zeng J, Ma X, Efferth T. The efficacy and toxicity equilibrium of emodin for liver injury: A bidirectional meta-analysis and machine learning. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2025; 142:156650. [PMID: 40339537 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2025.156650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2024] [Revised: 09/14/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2025] [Indexed: 05/10/2025]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Emodin, a hepatoprotective agent derived from various herbs, exhibits dual effects on liver injury, necessitating further investigation into its therapeutic and toxic properties. Traditional meta-analyses lack predictive capability for dose- and duration-dependent effects. This study uniquely employs meta-analysis to confirm both hepatoprotective and hepatotoxic effects of emodin and uses machine learning to predict critical thresholds where these effects invert. PURPOSE We aimed to unravel the balance between emodin's hepatoprotective and hepatotoxic effects in rodent models, focusing on identifying dose- and duration-dependent responses. By dissecting emodin's efficacy and toxicity and elucidating the underlying mechanisms, our project contributes to developing a more rational dosing regimen and provides insights for the judicious and standardized use of traditional medicine in clinical pharmacology. METHODS AND MATERIALS A systematic review and meta-analysis, registered with INPLASY (202330123), were conducted to evaluate the bidirectional effects of emodin on liver injury. Relevant preclinical studies were searched in the Cochrane Library, PubMed, EMBASE, and Web of Science up until December 1, 2023. From an initial pool of 695 records, 28 pertinent rat and mouse studies were ultimately included. Data analysis for the meta-analysis was performed using STATA 17.0, while machine learning models were implemented in R 4.2.1 and Python 3.9 to assess the impact of intervention variables (dose and duration) on serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels. RESULTS This meta-analysis incorporated 28 studies with 537 rodents, confirming emodin's dual effects on liver injury. Controlled doses and durations of emodin significantly reduced aspartate aminotransferase (AST) (SMD = -3.29, 95 % CI [-4.33, -2.25], p < 0.001), ALT (SMD = -2.65, 95 % CI [-3.44, -1.86], p < 0.001), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) (SMD = -1.70, 95 % CI [-2.59, -0.80], p < 0.001) levels, primarily by inhibiting cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1) expression and activating the farnesoid X receptor/bile salt export pump (FXR/BSEP) pathway. Conversely, higher doses and prolonged durations were associated with increased hepatotoxicity, as indicated by a significant rise in AST (SMD = 2.19, 95 % CI [0.91, 3.47], p < 0.001) in healthy animals, with ALT (SMD = 0.59, 95 % CI [-0.18, 1.35], p > 0.05) and ALP (SMD = -0.35, 95 % CI [-1.00, 0.30], p > 0.05) levels showing no significant changes. Furthermore, machine learning targeting serum ALT levels suggests that a dosage exceeding 45.74 mg/kg/day or a duration beyond 30.41 days may represent the critical thresholds at which emodin transitions from hepatoprotective to hepatotoxic. This provides a more objective reference for minimizing the risk of hepatotoxicity while maximizing therapeutic efficacy. CONCLUSIONS Emodin demonstrates significant potential in treating liver injury within specific therapeutic windows. The integration of meta-analysis with machine learning in this study not only confirms the bidirectional effects of emodin but also offers a framework for explaining preclinical intervention variables, thereby advancing its clinical applications in diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sihan Hu
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Peking University First Hospital; Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Peking University, Beijing, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Xiaochuan Guo
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, PR China
| | - Lang Tu
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Huiling Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Xiaohua Lu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Xinyi Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Yilai Li
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Yibing Yu
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Peking University First Hospital; Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Peking University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Chenyang Zhou
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Kunpeng Hui
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Peking University First Hospital; Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Peking University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Yeyu Li
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, PR China.
| | - Jinhao Zeng
- TCM Regulating Metabolic Diseases Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, PR China.
| | - Xiao Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, PR China.
| | - Thomas Efferth
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany.
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Luo M, Shang L, Xie J, Zhou T, He C, Fisher D, Pronyuk K, Musabaev E, Hien NTT, Wang H, Zhao L. Current status and trend of global research on the pharmacological effects of emodin family: bibliometric study and visual analysis. NAUNYN-SCHMIEDEBERG'S ARCHIVES OF PHARMACOLOGY 2025; 398:6165-6178. [PMID: 39792164 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-024-03758-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2024] [Accepted: 12/20/2024] [Indexed: 01/12/2025]
Abstract
Emodin, as a natural active ingredient, has shown great application potential in the fields of medicine, food and cosmetics due to its unique pharmacological effects, such as anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-cancer, etc. In recent years, with the development of science and technology and the increase of people's demand for natural medicine, emodin research has been paid more and more attention by the global scientific research community. The bibliometric analysis of emodin and the construction of knowledge map are still blank. We searched the publications of emodin related studies in the Web of Science Core Collection (WoSCC) database from 2004 to 2024 and conducted a bibliometric analysis. Data processing was done using the R packages Bibliometrix, VOSviewer and CiteSpace. The consensus identified 4,125 emodin related articles from multiple countries, with China being the main contributor. The number of publications in this field is increasing year by year. China Medical University, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, and Nanjing University of Traditional Chinese Medicine are all prominent research institutions in this field. The Journal of ethnopharmacology published the most articles on the subject. The total number of authors of these articles has reached 14,991, among which Yi Wang is the author with the most output and Xiaoxv Dong is the author with the most cited times. "emodin", "apoptosis", and "liver injury" were the main research focuses. Topics such as "pharmacology", "photodynamic therapy", "advancing drug discovery" and "gallbladder cancer cell" may represent emerging areas of research in medicine. The results of this study help to identify the latest research frontiers and hot topics, and provide a valuable reference for the study of emodin family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Luo
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Luorui Shang
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Jiao Xie
- Health Management Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Tao Zhou
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Huanggang Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Huanggang, Hubei, China
| | - Chengyi He
- Department of Vascular Surgery, the Affiliated People's Hospital of Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - David Fisher
- Department of Medical Biosciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of The Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Khrystyna Pronyuk
- Infectious Diseases Department, O.Bogomolets National Medical University, Kiev, Ukraine
| | - Erkin Musabaev
- The Research Institute of Virology, Ministry of Health, Tashkent, Uzbekistan
| | | | - Huan Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
| | - Lei Zhao
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
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Thakral F, Prasad B, Sehgal R, Gupta S, Sharma U, Singh BJ, Sharma B, Tuli HS, Haque S, Ahmad F. Role of emodin to prevent gastrointestinal cancers: recent trends and future prospective. Discov Oncol 2025; 16:468. [PMID: 40186678 PMCID: PMC11972247 DOI: 10.1007/s12672-025-02240-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2025] [Indexed: 04/07/2025] Open
Abstract
Gastrointestinal malignancies are responsible for approximately 35% of all cancer-related deaths, underscoring the critical need to explore pharmacologically active molecules for chemoprevention. Emodin (1,3,8-trihydroxy-6-methylanthraquinone), a natural compound derived from traditional Chinese and Japanese medicine, has recently garnered significant attention for its potential anticancer properties. Emodin exerts its chemoprotective effects through a combination of antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, and anti-proliferative mechanisms. Research indicates that emodin inhibits cancer metastasis, disrupts cell cycle progression, and impairs cancer cell survival. These effects are mediated through the activation of the p38 MAPK/JNK1/2 signaling pathway, the upregulation of pro-apoptotic factors such as Bax/Bcl-2 and caspases, and the enhancement of reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels (Supplementary Fig. 1). To optimize emodin's therapeutic potential, it is crucial to further investigate its underlying mechanisms of action and develop advanced nano-targeted delivery systems to enhance its bioavailability. This review highlights emodin's promise as a chemopreventive agent for gastrointestinal cancers and emphasizes its potential for development into a novel clinical formulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Falak Thakral
- Department of Bio-Sciences and Technology, Maharishi Markandeshwar Engineering College, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to Be University), Mullana, Ambala, India
| | - Bhairav Prasad
- Department of Biotechnology, Chandigarh Group of Colleges, Landran, Mohali, Punjab, India
| | - Rippin Sehgal
- Department of Biotechnology, Ambala College of Engineering and Applied Research, Devsthali, Ambala, Haryana, 133101, India
| | | | - Ujjawal Sharma
- Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Central University of Punjab, Bhatinda, 151001, India
| | - Bikram Jit Singh
- Mechanical Engineering Department, MM Engineering College, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to Be University), Mullana, Ambala, Haryana, 133207, India
| | - Bunty Sharma
- Department of Biotechnology, Graphic Era (Deemed to Be University), Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Hardeep Singh Tuli
- Department of Bio-Sciences and Technology, Maharishi Markandeshwar Engineering College, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to Be University), Mullana, Ambala, India
| | - Shafiul Haque
- Department of Nursing, College of Nursing and Health Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan-45142, Saudi Arabia
- School of Medicine, Universidad Espiritu Santo, Samborondon, 091952, Ecuador
| | - Faraz Ahmad
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bio Sciences and Technology (SBST), Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, 632014, India.
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Girisa S, Aswani BS, Manickasamy MK, Hegde M, Alqahtani MS, Abbas M, Sethi G, Kunnumakkara AB. Restoring FXR expression as a novel treatment strategy in liver cancer and other liver disorders. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2025; 29:193-221. [PMID: 40169227 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2025.2487465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2025] [Indexed: 04/03/2025]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Liver cancer is a leading cause of cancer-associated mortality and is often linked to preexisting liver conditions. Emerging research demonstrates FXR dysregulation, particularly its reduced expression, in the pathogenesis of liver diseases, including inflammation, fibrosis, cholestatic disorders, metabolic dysregulation, and liver cancer. Therefore, this review explores the role of FXR and its agonists in mitigating these conditions. AREAS COVERED This article summarizes FXR's involvement in liver disorders, primarily emphasizing on hepatic neoplasms, and examines the potential of FXR agonists in restoring FXR activity in liver diseases, thereby preventing their progression to liver cancer. The information presented is drawn from existing preclinical and clinical studies specific to each liver disorder, sourced from PubMed. EXPERT OPINION It is well established that FXR expression is downregulated in liver disorders, contributing to disease progression. Notably, FXR agonists have demonstrated therapeutic potential in ameliorating liver diseases, including hepatocellular carcinoma. We believe that activating or restoring FXR expression with agonists offers significant promise for the treatment of liver cancer and other liver conditions. Therefore, FXR modulation by agonists, particularly in combination with other therapeutic agents, could lead to more targeted treatments, improving efficacy while reducing side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sosmitha Girisa
- Cancer Biology Laboratory, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati (IITG), Guwahati, India
| | - Babu Santha Aswani
- Cancer Biology Laboratory, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati (IITG), Guwahati, India
| | - Mukesh Kumar Manickasamy
- Cancer Biology Laboratory, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati (IITG), Guwahati, India
| | - Mangala Hegde
- Cancer Biology Laboratory, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati (IITG), Guwahati, India
| | - Mohammed S Alqahtani
- Radiological Sciences Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
- BioImaging Unit, Space Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Mohamed Abbas
- Electrical Engineering Department, College of Engineering, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Gautam Sethi
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ajaikumar B Kunnumakkara
- Cancer Biology Laboratory, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati (IITG), Guwahati, India
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Chen R, Sabeel Z, Ying L, Liang Y, Guo R, Hao M, Chen X, Zhang W, Dong J, Liu Y, Yu C, Yang Z. Rhoifolin Suppresses Cell Proliferation and Induces Apoptosis in Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cells In Vitro and In Vivo. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2025; 18:79. [PMID: 39861143 PMCID: PMC11768873 DOI: 10.3390/ph18010079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2024] [Revised: 12/15/2024] [Accepted: 01/08/2025] [Indexed: 01/27/2025] Open
Abstract
Background: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most prevalent malignant tumor, ranking fifth in terms of fatality with poor prognosis and a low survival rate. Rhoifolin (ROF), a flavonoid constituent, has previously been shown to suppress the proliferation of breast and pancreatic cancer cells. However, its inhibitory effect on HCC has remained unexplored. Objectives: Exploring the potent inhibitory activities and underlying mechanisms of ROF on HCC cells. Methods: The suppressive effect of ROF on HCC cells were assessed via CCK8 assay, apoptosis assay, cell cycle analysis and xenograft tumor mouse model. Furthermore, quantitative real-time PCR and western blot were applied to analyze the underlying mechanisms of ROF on HCC cells. Results: Firstly, the IC50 values of ROF in HepG2 and HuH7 cells were 373.9 and 288.7 µg/mL at 24 h and 208.9 and 218.0 µg/mL at 48 h, respectively. Moreover, the apoptosis rates of HepG2 and HuH7 cells increased from 6.63% and 6.59% to 17.61% and 21.83% at 24 h and increased from 6.63% and 6.59% to 30.04% and 37.90% at 48 h, respectively. Additionally, ROF induced cell cycle arrest at the S phase in HCC cells. Furthermore, ROF suppressed the tumor growth of HCC cells in vivo without obvious toxicity. Mechanically, ROF facilitated apoptosis by upregulating the expression of PIDD1, CASP8, CASP9, BID, BAX, BIM, and BAK1 in HCC cells. Conclusions: ROF significantly restrains the growth of HCC cells in vitro and in vivo, which could be an effective supplement for HCC therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Changyuan Yu
- Innovation Center of Molecular Diagnostics, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China; (R.C.); (Z.S.); (L.Y.); (Y.L.); (R.G.); (M.H.); (X.C.); (W.Z.); (J.D.); (Y.L.)
| | - Zhao Yang
- Innovation Center of Molecular Diagnostics, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China; (R.C.); (Z.S.); (L.Y.); (Y.L.); (R.G.); (M.H.); (X.C.); (W.Z.); (J.D.); (Y.L.)
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Yu L, Qin J, Zhang M, Gao Y, Zhao Y. Research Progress on the Anti-Liver Cancer Mechanism and Toxicity of Rhubarb Anthraquinone. Drug Des Devel Ther 2024; 18:6089-6113. [PMID: 39717199 PMCID: PMC11664478 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s489377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2024] [Accepted: 12/05/2024] [Indexed: 12/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Ethnopharmacological Relevance Rhubarb has the effect of breaking blood stasis and abnormal mass, and was often used to treat various tumor diseases including liver cancer in ancient China. Recipes containing rhubarb have anti-liver cancer properties and are still used today. However, the main components and mechanism of action of rhubarb against liver cancer are still unclear. Aim of the Review To conduct a review of the anti-liver cancer effects and toxicity of rhubarb anthraquinones (AQs). Materials and Methods This article reviewed the effects of rhubarb AQs in the treatment of liver cancer and the signaling pathways involved, and discussed the toxicity and pharmacokinetics of rhubarb AQs by searching the Web of Science, PubMed and CNKI databases. Results Rhubarb (Rhei Radix et Rhizoma) is a traditional Chinese medicine that has been existed for thousands of years and is used as an anti-cancer drug. Modern pharmacological research shows that rhubarb AQs, as the main component of rhubarb, contains emodin, rhein, chrysophanol, physcione and aloe-emodin, which has anti-liver cancer effects and can be considered as a potential therapeutic drug for liver cancer. However, many modern studies have shown that rhubarb AQs have certain toxicity, which hinders in-depth research on rhubarb AQs. Conclusion Rhubarb AQs can be used as a potential anti-liver cancer drug, but its research still has many limitations. Strengthening research on related experiments and finding a balance between toxicity and efficacy are all directions worth studying in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linyuan Yu
- Department of Pharmacy, Chengdu Integrative TCM & Western Medicine Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610095, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Pharmacy, Sichuan Second Hospital of T.C.M, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610031, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jinxing Qin
- Department of Pharmacy, Sichuan Second Hospital of T.C.M, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610031, People’s Republic of China
| | - Mei Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Guiqian International General Hospital, Guiyang, Guizhou, 550000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yawen Gao
- Department of Anesthesia, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, 646000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yongli Zhao
- Department of Pharmacy, Chengdu Integrative TCM & Western Medicine Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610095, People’s Republic of China
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Guo Y, Song J, Liu Y, Yuan M, Zhong W, Guo Y, Guo L. Study on the Hepatotoxicity of Emodin and Its Application in the Treatment of Liver Fibrosis. Molecules 2024; 29:5122. [PMID: 39519763 PMCID: PMC11547690 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29215122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2024] [Revised: 10/13/2024] [Accepted: 10/26/2024] [Indexed: 11/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Emodin (EMO) is an anthraquinone compound derived from Rheum palmatum L., which has rich pharmacological activity. However, studies have shown that EMO may cause hepatotoxicity. In this study, EMO was combined with tetrandrine and prepared as lipid nanoparticles (E-T/LNPs). The anti-liver fibrosis activity of EMO before and after formulation was evaluated by zebrafish and mice. In addition, the toxicity of EMO and E-T/LNPs was compared and the toxicity-efficacy concentrations of E-T/LNPs in zebrafish were verified. E-T/LNPs are morphologically stable (particle size within 100 nm), have high encapsulation efficiency and good stability, and are capable of long-lasting slow release in vitro. The combination and preparation can reduce the toxicity and enhance the effect of EMO, and increase the toxicity and effect concentration of E-T/LNPs in vivo. In a short period, low doses of E-T/LNPs can be used for the treatment of liver fibrosis; high doses of E-T/LNPs cause toxicity in vivo. Immunohistochemistry showed that E-T/LNPs inhibited hepatic fibrosis by downregulating the levels of IL-1β and TGF-β. Based on the advantages of combination therapy and nanotechnology, it can play a role in reducing the toxicity and increasing the efficacy of EMO in the treatment of liver fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yurou Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China; (Y.G.); (J.S.); (Y.L.); (M.Y.); (W.Z.)
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Jiawen Song
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China; (Y.G.); (J.S.); (Y.L.); (M.Y.); (W.Z.)
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Yushi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China; (Y.G.); (J.S.); (Y.L.); (M.Y.); (W.Z.)
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Minghao Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China; (Y.G.); (J.S.); (Y.L.); (M.Y.); (W.Z.)
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Wenxiao Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China; (Y.G.); (J.S.); (Y.L.); (M.Y.); (W.Z.)
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Yiping Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China; (Y.G.); (J.S.); (Y.L.); (M.Y.); (W.Z.)
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Li Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China; (Y.G.); (J.S.); (Y.L.); (M.Y.); (W.Z.)
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
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Wang Y, Li S, Ren T, Zhang Y, Li B, Geng X. Mechanism of emodin in treating hepatitis B virus-associated hepatocellular carcinoma: network pharmacology and cell experiments. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2024; 14:1458913. [PMID: 39346898 PMCID: PMC11427391 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2024.1458913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2024] [Accepted: 08/27/2024] [Indexed: 10/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a pressing global issue, with Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection remaining the primary. Emodin, an anthraquinone compound extracted from the natural plant's. This study investigates the molecular targets and possible mechanisms of emodin in treating HBV-related HCC based on network pharmacology and molecular docking and validates the screened molecular targets through in vitro experiments. Methods Potential targets related to emodin were obtained through PubChem, CTD, PharmMapper, SuperPred, and TargetNet databases. Potential disease targets for HBV and HCC were identified using the DisGeNET, GeneCards, OMIM, and TTD databases. A Venn diagram was used to determine overlapping genes between the drug and the diseases. Enrichment analysis of these genes was performed using GO and KEGG via bioinformatics websites. The overlapping genes were imported into STRING to construct a protein-protein interaction network. Cytoscape 3.9.1 software was used for visualizing and analyzing the core targets. Molecular docking analysis of the drug and core targets was performed using Schrodinger. The regulatory effects of emodin on these core targets were validate through in vitro experiments. Results A total of 43 overlapping genes were identified. GO analysis recognized 926 entries, and KEGG analysis identified 135 entries. The main pathways involved in the KEGG analysis included cancer, human cytomegalovirus infection and prostate cancer. The binding energies of emodin with HSP90AA1, PTGS2, GSTP1, SOD2, MAPK3, and PCNA were all less than -5 kcal/mol. Compared to normal liver tissue, the mRNA levels of XRCC1, MAPK3, and PCNA were significantly elevated in liver cancer tissue. The expression levels of XRCC1, HIF1A, MAPK3, and PCNA genes were closely related to HCC progression. High expressions of HSP90AA1, TGFB1, HIF1A, MAPK3, and PCNA were all closely associated with poor prognosis in HCC. In vitro experiments demonstrated that emodin significantly downregulated the expression of HSP90AA1, MAPK3, XRCC1, PCNA, and SOD2, while significantly upregulating the expression of PTGS2 and GSTP1. Conclusion This study, based on network pharmacology and molecular docking validation, suggests that emodin may exert therapeutic effects on HBV-related HCC by downregulating the expression of XRCC1, MAPK3, PCNA, HSP90AA1, and SOD2, and upregulating the expression of PTGS2 and GSTP1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yupeng Wang
- National Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- National Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Shuangxing Li
- National Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Tianqi Ren
- National Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
- School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yikun Zhang
- National Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Bo Li
- National Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- National Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Xingchao Geng
- National Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- National Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
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Talib WH, Baban MM, Bulbul MF, Al-Zaidaneen E, Allan A, Al-Rousan EW, Ahmad RHY, Alshaeri HK, Alasmari MM, Law D. Natural Products and Altered Metabolism in Cancer: Therapeutic Targets and Mechanisms of Action. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:9593. [PMID: 39273552 PMCID: PMC11394730 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25179593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2024] [Revised: 08/27/2024] [Accepted: 08/30/2024] [Indexed: 09/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Cancer is characterized by uncontrolled cell proliferation and the dysregulation of numerous biological functions, including metabolism. Because of the potential implications of targeted therapies, the metabolic alterations seen in cancer cells, such as the Warburg effect and disruptions in lipid and amino acid metabolism, have gained attention in cancer research. In this review, we delve into recent research examining the influence of natural products on altered cancer metabolism. Natural products were selected based on their ability to target cancer's altered metabolism. We identified the targets and explored the mechanisms of action of these natural products in influencing cellular energetics. Studies discussed in this review provide a solid ground for researchers to consider natural products in cancer treatment alone and in combination with conventional anticancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wamidh H Talib
- Faculty of Allied Medical Sciences, Applied Science Private University, Amman 11931, Jordan
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Inti International University, Nilai 71800, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia
| | - Media Mohammad Baban
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics, Applied Science Private University, Amman 11931, Jordan
| | - Mais Fuad Bulbul
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics, Applied Science Private University, Amman 11931, Jordan
| | - Esraa Al-Zaidaneen
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics, Applied Science Private University, Amman 11931, Jordan
| | - Aya Allan
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics, Applied Science Private University, Amman 11931, Jordan
| | - Eiman Wasef Al-Rousan
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics, Applied Science Private University, Amman 11931, Jordan
| | - Rahaf Hamed Yousef Ahmad
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics, Applied Science Private University, Amman 11931, Jordan
| | - Heba K Alshaeri
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdul-Aziz University, Rabigh 25724, Saudi Arabia
| | - Moudi M Alasmari
- College of Medicine, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences (KSAU-HS), Jeddah 21423, Saudi Arabia
- King Abdullah International Medical Research Centre (KAIMRC), Jeddah 22233, Saudi Arabia
| | - Douglas Law
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Inti International University, Nilai 71800, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia
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10
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Sun S, Zhang G, Lv S, Sun J. Potential mechanisms of traditional Chinese medicine in the treatment of liver cirrhosis: a focus on gut microbiota. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1407991. [PMID: 39234554 PMCID: PMC11371771 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1407991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 07/29/2024] [Indexed: 09/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Cirrhosis, a pathological stage that develops from various chronic liver diseases, is characterized by liver fibrosis, pseudolobular formation, and chronic inflammation. When it progresses to the decompensated phase, the mortality rate of cirrhosis can reach 80%. The role of gut microbiota in the progression of liver diseases has received significant attention. Numerous studies have shown that regulating gut microbiota has significant therapeutic effects on preventing and reversing liver cirrhosis. This article reviewed the mechanisms by which gut microbiota influence liver cirrhosis, explaining the effective therapeutic effects of traditional Chinese medicine. Through multi-directional regulation involving signaling pathways, gut microbiota diversity, and restoration of intestinal barrier function, traditional Chinese medicine has been promising in ameliorating liver cirrhosis, providing treatment options and pharmacological guidance for the occurrence and development of liver cirrhosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyuan Sun
- First Clinical Medical College, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Guangheng Zhang
- First Clinical Medical College, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Shimeng Lv
- First Clinical Medical College, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Jinhui Sun
- Gastroenterology Department, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
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11
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Feng C, Qiao C, Ji W, Pang H, Wang L, Feng Q, Ge Y, Rui M. In silico screening and in vivo experimental validation of 15-PGDH inhibitors from traditional Chinese medicine promoting liver regeneration. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 274:133263. [PMID: 38901515 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.133263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2024] [Revised: 05/25/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024]
Abstract
The enzyme 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (15-PGDH), which acts as a negative regulator of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) levels and activity, represents a promising pharmacological target for promoting liver regeneration. In this study, we collected data on 15-PGDH homologous family proteins, their inhibitors, and traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) compounds. Leveraging machine learning and molecular docking techniques, we constructed a prediction model for virtual screening of 15-PGDH inhibitors from TCM compound library and successfully screened genistein as a potential 15-PGDH inhibitor. Through further validation, it was discovered that genistein considerably enhances liver regeneration by inhibiting 15-PGDH, resulting in a significant increase in the PGE2 level. Genistein's effectiveness suggests its potential as a novel therapeutic agent for liver diseases, highlighting this study's contribution to expanding the clinical applications of TCM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunlai Feng
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, PR China
| | - Chunxue Qiao
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, PR China
| | - Wei Ji
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, PR China
| | - Hui Pang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, PR China
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, PR China
| | - Qiuqi Feng
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, PR China
| | - Yingying Ge
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, PR China
| | - Mengjie Rui
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, PR China.
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12
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Hu Z, Cheng X, Cai J, Huang C, Hu J, Liu J. Emodin alleviates cholestatic liver injury by modulating Sirt1/Fxr signaling pathways. Sci Rep 2024; 14:16756. [PMID: 39033253 PMCID: PMC11271454 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-67882-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2024] [Accepted: 07/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Emodin (EMO) has the effect of anti-cholestasis induced by alpha-naphthylisothiocyanate (ANIT). But its mechanism is still unclear. The farnesoid X receptor (Fxr) is the master bile acid nuclear receptor. Recent studies have reported that Sirtuin 1 (Sirt1) can regulate the activities of Fxr. The purpose of the current study was to investigate the mechanism of EMO against ANIT-induced liver injury based on Sirt1/Fxr signaling pathway. The ANIT-induced cholestatic rats were used with or without EMO treatment. Serum biochemical indicators, as well as liver histopathological changes were examined. The genes expressions of Sirt1, Fxr, Shp, Bsep and Mrp2 were detected. The expressions of Sirt1, Fxr and their downstream related genes were investigated in vitro. The results showed that EMO significantly alleviated ANIT-induced liver injury in rats, and increased Sirt1, Fxr, Shp, Bsep and Mrp2 gene expression in liver, while decreased the expression of Cyp7a1. EMO significantly activated Fxr, while Sirt1 inhibitor and Sirt1 gene silencing significantly reduced Fxr activity in vitro. Collectively, EMO in the right dose has a protective effect on liver injury induced by ANIT, and the mechanism may be through activation of Fxr by Sirt1, thus regulating bile acid metabolism, and reducing bile acid load in hepatocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Hu
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaohua Cheng
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Cai
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, People's Republic of China
| | - Chao Huang
- School of Pharmacy, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinfang Hu
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jianming Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, People's Republic of China.
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Yu A, Wang H, Cheng Q, Rajput SA, Qi D. The Effects of Aflatoxin B 1 on Liver Cholestasis and Its Nutritional Regulation in Ducks. Toxins (Basel) 2024; 16:239. [PMID: 38922135 PMCID: PMC11209606 DOI: 10.3390/toxins16060239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2024] [Revised: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) on cholestasis in duck liver and its nutritional regulation. Three hundred sixty 1-day-old ducks were randomly divided into six groups and fed for 4 weeks. The control group was fed a basic diet, while the experimental group diet contained 90 μg/kg of AFB1. Cholestyramine, atorvastatin calcium, taurine, and emodin were added to the diets of four experimental groups. The results show that in the AFB1 group, the growth properties, total bile acid (TBA) serum levels and total superoxide dismutase (T-SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), and glutathione (GSH) liver levels decreased, while the malondialdehyde (MDA) and TBA liver levels increased (p < 0.05). Moreover, AFB1 caused cholestasis. Cholestyramine, atorvastatin calcium, taurine, and emodin could reduce the TBA serum and liver levels (p < 0.05), alleviating the symptoms of cholestasis. The qPCR results show that AFB1 upregulated cytochrome P450 family 7 subfamily A member 1 (CYP7A1) and cytochrome P450 family 8 subfamily B member 1 (CYP8B1) gene expression and downregulated ATP binding cassette subfamily B member 11 (BSEP) gene expression in the liver, and taurine and emodin downregulated CYP7A1 and CYP8B1 gene expression (p < 0.05). In summary, AFB1 negatively affects health and alters the expression of genes related to liver bile acid metabolism, leading to cholestasis. Cholestyramine, atorvastatin calcium, taurine, and emodin can alleviate AFB1-induced cholestasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aimei Yu
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (A.Y.); (H.W.); (Q.C.)
| | - Huanbin Wang
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (A.Y.); (H.W.); (Q.C.)
| | - Qianhui Cheng
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (A.Y.); (H.W.); (Q.C.)
| | - Shahid Ali Rajput
- Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Science, Muhammad Nawaz Shareef University of Agriculture Multan, Multan 60000, Pakistan;
| | - Desheng Qi
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (A.Y.); (H.W.); (Q.C.)
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14
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Ning Y, Dou X, Wang Z, Shi K, Wang Z, Ding C, Sang X, Zhong X, Shao M, Han X, Cao G. SIRT3: A potential therapeutic target for liver fibrosis. Pharmacol Ther 2024; 257:108639. [PMID: 38561088 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2024.108639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2023] [Revised: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Sirtuin3 (SIRT3) is a nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+)-dependent protein deacetylase located in the mitochondria, which mainly regulates the acetylation of mitochondrial proteins. In addition, SIRT3 is involved in critical biological processes, including oxidative stress, inflammation, DNA damage, and apoptosis, all of which are closely related to the progression of liver disease. Liver fibrosis characterized by the deposition of extracellular matrix is a result of long termed or repeated liver damage, frequently accompanied by damaged hepatocytes, the recruitment of inflammatory cells, and the activation of hepatic stellate cells. Based on the functions and pharmacology of SIRT3, we will review its roles in liver fibrosis from three aspects: First, the main functions and pharmacological effects of SIRT3 were investigated based on its structure. Second, the roles of SIRT3 in major cells in the liver were summarized to reveal its mechanism in developing liver fibrosis. Last, drugs that regulate SIRT3 to prevent and treat liver fibrosis were discussed. In conclusion, exploring the pharmacological effects of SIRT3, especially in the liver, may be a potential strategy for treating liver fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Ning
- School of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xinyue Dou
- School of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhichao Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Kao Shi
- School of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zeping Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chuan Ding
- School of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xianan Sang
- School of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiang Zhong
- School of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Meiyu Shao
- School of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xin Han
- School of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Gang Cao
- School of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China; The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
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15
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Di T, He L, Shi Q, Chen L, Zhu L, Zhao S, Zhang C. Emodin Blocks mPTP Opening and Improves LPS-Induced HMEC-1 Cell Injury by Upregulation of ATP5A1. Chem Biodivers 2024; 21:e202301916. [PMID: 38511277 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202301916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Emodin has been shown to exert anti-inflammatory and cytoprotective effects. Our study aimed to identify a novel anti-inflammatory mechanism of emodin. METHODS An LPS-induced model of microvascular endothelial cell (HMEC-1) injury was constructed. Cell proliferation was examined using a CCK-8 assay. The effects of emodin on reactive oxygen species (ROS), cell migration, the mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), and the opening of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP) were evaluated. Actin-Tracker Green was used to examine the relationship between cell microfilament reconstruction and ATP5A1 expression. The effects of emodin on the expression of ATP5A1, NALP3, and TNF-α were determined. After treatment with emodin, ATP5A1 and inflammatory factors (TNF-α, IL-1, IL-6, IL-13 and IL-18) were examined by Western blotting. RESULTS Emodin significantly increased HMEC-1 cell proliferation and migration, inhibited the production of ROS, increased the mitochondrial membrane potential, and blocked the opening of the mPTP. Moreover, emodin could increase ATP5A1 expression, ameliorate cell microfilament remodeling, and decrease the expression of inflammatory factors. In addition, when ATP5A1 was overexpressed, the regulatory effect of emodin on inflammatory factors was not significant. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that emodin can protect HMEC-1 cells against inflammatory injury. This process is modulated by the expression of ATP5A1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tietao Di
- Department of Trauma Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, 550000, Guizhou, China
| | - Limin He
- Department of Trauma Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, 550000, Guizhou, China
| | - Qing Shi
- Department of Nutrition, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, 550000, Guizhou, China
| | - Lu Chen
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, 550000, Guizhou, China
| | - Lei Zhu
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, 550000, Guizhou, China
| | - Sisi Zhao
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, 550000, Guizhou, China
| | - Chunling Zhang
- Department of Nutrition, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, 550000, Guizhou, China
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16
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Lashgari NA, Khayatan D, Roudsari NM, Momtaz S, Dehpour AR, Abdolghaffari AH. Therapeutic approaches for cholestatic liver diseases: the role of nitric oxide pathway. NAUNYN-SCHMIEDEBERG'S ARCHIVES OF PHARMACOLOGY 2024; 397:1433-1454. [PMID: 37736835 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-023-02684-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
Cholestasis describes bile secretion or flow impairment, which is clinically manifested with fatigue, pruritus, and jaundice. Neutrophils play a crucial role in many diseases such as cholestasis liver diseases through mediating several oxidative and inflammatory pathways. Data have been collected from clinical, in vitro, and in vivo studies published between 2000 and December 2021 in English and obtained from the PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus, and Cochrane libraries. Although nitric oxide plays an important role in the pathogenesis of cholestatic liver diseases, excessive levels of NO in serum and affected tissues, mainly synthesized by the inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) enzyme, can exacerbate inflammation. NO induces the inflammatory and oxidative processes, which finally leads to cell damage. We found that natural products such as baicalin, curcumin, resveratrol, and lycopene, as well as chemical likes ursodeoxycholic acid, dexamethasone, rosuvastatin, melatonin, and sildenafil, are able to markedly attenuate the NO production and iNOS expression, mainly through inducing the nuclear factor κB (NF-κB), Janus kinase and signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK/STAT), and toll like receptor-4 (TLR4) signaling pathways. This study summarizes the latest scientific data about the bile acid signaling pathway, the neutrophil chemotaxis recruitment process during cholestasis, and the role of NO in cholestasis liver diseases. Literature review directed us to propose that suppression of NO and its related pathways could be a therapeutic option for preventing or treating cholestatic liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naser-Aldin Lashgari
- Department of Toxicology & Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, No. 99, Yakhchal, Gholhak, Shariati St., Tehran, Iran, P. O. Box: 19419-33111
- GI Pharmacology Interest Group (GPIG), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
| | - Danial Khayatan
- Department of Toxicology & Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, No. 99, Yakhchal, Gholhak, Shariati St., Tehran, Iran, P. O. Box: 19419-33111
- GI Pharmacology Interest Group (GPIG), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
| | - Nazanin Momeni Roudsari
- Department of Toxicology & Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, No. 99, Yakhchal, Gholhak, Shariati St., Tehran, Iran, P. O. Box: 19419-33111
- GI Pharmacology Interest Group (GPIG), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
| | - Saeideh Momtaz
- Medicinal Plants Research Center, Institute of Medicinal Plants, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
- Toxicology and Diseases Group (TDG), Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center (PSRC), The Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (TIPS), and Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ahmad Reza Dehpour
- Experimental Medicine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Amir Hossein Abdolghaffari
- Department of Toxicology & Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, No. 99, Yakhchal, Gholhak, Shariati St., Tehran, Iran, P. O. Box: 19419-33111.
- GI Pharmacology Interest Group (GPIG), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran.
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Huang L, Tan L, Lv Z, Chen W, Wu J. Pharmacology of bioactive compounds from plant extracts for improving non-alcoholic fatty liver disease through endoplasmic reticulum stress modulation: A comprehensive review. Heliyon 2024; 10:e25053. [PMID: 38322838 PMCID: PMC10844061 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e25053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a prevalent chronic liver condition with significant clinical implications. Emerging research indicates endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress as a critical pathogenic factor governing inflammatory responses, lipid metabolism and insulin signal transduction in patients with NAFLD. ER stress-associated activation of multiple signal transduction pathways, including the unfolded protein response, disrupts lipid homeostasis and substantially contributes to NAFLD development and progression. Targeting ER stress for liver function enhancement presents an innovative therapeutic strategy. Notably, the natural bioactive compounds of plant extracts have shown potential for treating NAFLD by reducing the level of ER stress marker proteins and mitigating inflammation, stress responses, and de novo lipogenesis. However, owing to limited comprehensive reviews, the effectiveness and pharmacology of these bioactive compounds remain uncertain. Objectives To address the abovementioned challenges, the current review categorizes the bioactive compounds of plant extracts by chemical structures and properties into flavonoids, phenols, terpenoids, glycosides, lipids and quinones and examines their ameliorative potential for NAFLD under ER stress. Methods This review systematically analyses the literature on the interactions of bioactive compounds from plant extracts with molecular targets under ER stress, providing a holistic view of NAFLD therapy. Results Bioactive compounds from plant extracts may improve NAFLD by alleviating ER stress; reducing lipid synthesis, inflammation, oxidative stress and apoptosis and enhancing fatty acid metabolism. This provides a multifaceted approach for treating NAFLD. Conclusion This review underscores the role of ER stress in NAFLD and the potential of plant bioactive compounds in treating this condition. The molecular mechanisms by which plant bioactive compounds interact with their ER stress targets provide a basis for further exploration in NAFLD management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liying Huang
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Chronic Disease in Prevention and Treatment, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Yunnan, Kunming, China
- Key Laboratory of Microcosmic Syndrome Differentiation, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Yunnan, Kunming, China
| | - Liping Tan
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Chronic Disease in Prevention and Treatment, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Yunnan, Kunming, China
- Key Laboratory of Microcosmic Syndrome Differentiation, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Yunnan, Kunming, China
| | - Zhuo Lv
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Chronic Disease in Prevention and Treatment, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Yunnan, Kunming, China
- Key Laboratory of Microcosmic Syndrome Differentiation, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Yunnan, Kunming, China
| | - Wenhui Chen
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Chronic Disease in Prevention and Treatment, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Yunnan, Kunming, China
- Key Laboratory of Microcosmic Syndrome Differentiation, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Yunnan, Kunming, China
| | - Junzi Wu
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Chronic Disease in Prevention and Treatment, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Yunnan, Kunming, China
- Key Laboratory of Microcosmic Syndrome Differentiation, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Yunnan, Kunming, China
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18
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Wang J, Ouyang B, Cao R, Xu Y. An UHPLC-QTOF-MS-based strategy for systematic profiling of chemical constituents and associated in vivo metabolites of a famous traditional Chinese medicine formula, Yinchenhao decoction. Biomed Chromatogr 2024; 38:e5784. [PMID: 38009806 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.5784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Yinchenhao decoction (YCHD), a famous traditional Chinese medicine formula, has been applied for relieving jaundice in China for more than 1800 years. However, the material basis for YCHD is still unclear, and the chemical composition and metabolism characteristic in vivo are undefined, making the potential effective constituents and mechanism of action unclear. Herein, an ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC-QTOF-MS)-based strategy was applied for the chemical profiling of YCHD, as well as their in vivo prototypes and global metabolites that defined the metabolome. Our results showed that a total of 139 chemicals were identified in YCHD, including 28 organic acids, 12 monoterpenoids, five diterpenes, three triterpenoids, 17 iridoids, 23 anthraquinones, 26 flavonoids, four coumarins and 21 other types. Moreover, 58 prototypes and 175 metabolites were found in rat biological samples after oral administration of YCHD; those distributed in plasma, liver, intestine and feces were suggested to be potentially effective substances. Oxidation, hydrogenation, decarboxylation and conjugations with methyl, sulfate and glucuronate were considered as the predominant metabolic pathways in vivo. In conclusion, this is a systemic study of chemical constituents and in vivo metabolome profiles of YCHD, contributing to the material basis understanding and further mechanism research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Nanjing Hospital of Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Bingchen Ouyang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Rui Cao
- Department of Pharmacy, Nanjing Hospital of Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Yu Xu
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Mao J, Tan L, Tian C, Wang W, Zhang H, Zhu Z, Li Y. Research progress on rodent models and its mechanisms of liver injury. Life Sci 2024; 337:122343. [PMID: 38104860 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2023.122343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
The liver is the most important organ for biological transformation in the body and is crucial for maintaining the body's vital activities. Liver injury is a serious pathological condition that is commonly found in many liver diseases. It has a high incidence rate, is difficult to cure, and is prone to recurrence. Liver injury can cause serious harm to the body, ranging from mild to severe fatty liver disease. If the condition continues to worsen, it can lead to liver fibrosis and cirrhosis, ultimately resulting in liver failure or liver cancer, which can seriously endanger human life and health. Therefore, establishing an rodent model that mimics the pathogenesis and severity of clinical liver injury is of great significance for better understanding the pathogenesis of liver injury patients and developing more effective clinical treatment methods. The author of this article summarizes common chemical liver injury models, immune liver injury models, alcoholic liver injury models, drug-induced liver injury models, and systematically elaborates on the modeling methods, mechanisms of action, pathways of action, and advantages or disadvantages of each type of model. The aim of this study is to establish reliable rodent models for researchers to use in exploring anti-liver injury and hepatoprotective drugs. By creating more accurate theoretical frameworks, we hope to provide new insights into the treatment of clinical liver injury diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingxin Mao
- Chongqing Medical and Pharmaceutical College, Chongqing 400030, China; College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Lihong Tan
- Chongqing Medical and Pharmaceutical College, Chongqing 400030, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of High Active Traditional Chinese Drug Delivery System, Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Cheng Tian
- Chongqing Medical and Pharmaceutical College, Chongqing 400030, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of High Active Traditional Chinese Drug Delivery System, Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Wenxiang Wang
- Chongqing Three Gorges Medical College, Chongqing 404120, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Chongqing Medical and Pharmaceutical College, Chongqing 400030, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of High Active Traditional Chinese Drug Delivery System, Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Zhaojing Zhu
- Chongqing Medical and Pharmaceutical College, Chongqing 400030, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of High Active Traditional Chinese Drug Delivery System, Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Yan Li
- Chongqing Medical and Pharmaceutical College, Chongqing 400030, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of High Active Traditional Chinese Drug Delivery System, Chongqing 400030, China.
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Kurnaz SÇ, Tahir E, Uştu EK, Ertuğrul T, Tütüncü Ş. Histological Effect of Emodin on Acute Vocal Fold Injury in a Rat Model. J Voice 2023:S0892-1997(23)00300-4. [PMID: 37951816 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvoice.2023.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 09/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Emodin has beneficial effects on wound healing and reduces excessive fibrosis during tissue regeneration. Its positive effects on the wound-healing process were demonstrated on human fibroblasts. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effectiveness of emodin application on acute vocal fold injury. MATERIALS AND METHODS Twenty-four Wistar albino rats were divided into three groups: control, sham, and emodin group. The glottis was examined using a 30°-2.7 mm diameter telescope, and vocal folds was unilaterally wounded by a microscissor through the entire layer of the lamina propria down to the vocalis muscle. While no procedure(no acute injury of the vocal fold or an injection of saline/emodin) was applied to the control group, 0.5 cc of saline was injected into the sham group and 0.5 cc of emodin in the emodin group, just lateral to the vocal folds, with 27 gauge injectors. Animals were sacrificed on the 21st day after the procedure. After excised larynx experiments, serial sections were prepared from the vocal fold. Hematoxylin eosin and immunohistochemical staining were performed and fibroblast density, lamina propria thickness, and vessel formation were graded from 0 (none) to 3 (severe reaction). Transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-β1) and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) staining was used for immunohistochemical examinations. Four-point scoring scale for intensity being scored as 0 (no staining) to 3 (severeley stained) to quantify immonuhistochemical reaction. This scoring system was applied to vocal fold epithelium, lamina propria, vessel wall, and vocalis muscle tissues. The groups were compared with the Kruskal Wallis and Dunn tests. RESULTS Histologically, there was no significant difference (P > 0.05) between the sham group and the emodin group in terms of fibroblast density, vessel formation, and lamina propria thickness. These parameters were higher (P < 0.05) in both groups compared to the control group. In the lamina propria and vessel wall, MMP-9 staining was more intense in the emodin group than in the sham group. TGF-β1 staining of lamina propria, epithelial tissue, and vocalis muscle was significantly more intense in the emodin group than in the other groups. CONCLUSION Emodin induced MMP-9 and TGF-1 staining in the vocalis muscle and epithelium, as well as TGF-1 staining in the lamina propria. In terms of fibroblast density, new vascular creation, and LP thickness in acute vocal fold damage, there was no difference between saline administration and emodin injection. It may increase fibroblast activation in the acute phase of wound healing, but its long-term effects should be further investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Senem Ç Kurnaz
- Ondokuz Mayıs University Faculty of Medicine Department of Otolaryngology, Samsun, Türkiye
| | - Emel Tahir
- Ondokuz Mayıs University Faculty of Medicine Department of Otolaryngology, Samsun, Türkiye.
| | - Esra K Uştu
- Ondokuz Mayıs University Faculty of Medicine Department of Otolaryngology, Samsun, Türkiye
| | - Tuğrul Ertuğrul
- Ondokuz Mayıs University Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Department of Histology, Samsun, Türkiye
| | - Şerife Tütüncü
- Ondokuz Mayıs University Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Department of Histology, Samsun, Türkiye
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Yu L, Zhao Y, Zhao Y. Advances in the pharmacological effects and molecular mechanisms of emodin in the treatment of metabolic diseases. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1240820. [PMID: 38027005 PMCID: PMC10644045 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1240820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Rhubarb palmatum L., Polygonum multijiorum Thunb., and Polygonum cuspidatum Sieb. Et Zucc. are traditional Chinese medicines that have been used for thousands of years. They are formulated into various preparations and are widely used. Emodin is a traditional Chinese medicine monomer and the main active ingredient in Rhubarb palmatum L., Polygonum multijiorum Thunb., and Polygonum cuspidatum Sieb. Et Zucc. Modern research shows that it has a variety of pharmacological effects, including promoting lipid and glucose metabolism, osteogenesis, and anti-inflammatory and anti-autophagy effects. Research on the toxicity and pharmacokinetics of emodin can promote its clinical application. This review aims to provide a basis for further development and clinical research of emodin in the treatment of metabolic diseases. We performed a comprehensive summary of the pharmacology and molecular mechanisms of emodin in treating metabolic diseases by searching databases such as Web of Science, PubMed, ScienceDirect, and CNKI up to 2023. In addition, this review also analyzes the toxicity and pharmacokinetics of emodin. The results show that emodin mainly regulates AMPK, PPAR, and inflammation-related signaling pathways, and has a good therapeutic effect on obesity, hyperlipidemia, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, diabetes and its complications, and osteoporosis. In addition, controlling toxic factors and improving bioavailability are of great significance for its clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linyuan Yu
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu Integrated TCM and Western Medicine Hospital, Chengdu, China
- Department of Pharmacy, Sichuan Second Hospital of TCM, Chengdu, China
| | - Yongliang Zhao
- Nursing Department, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Yongli Zhao
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu Integrated TCM and Western Medicine Hospital, Chengdu, China
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Chen L, Liang B, Xia S, Wang F, Li Z, Shao J, Zhang Z, Chen A, Zheng S, Zhang F. Emodin promotes hepatic stellate cell senescence and alleviates liver fibrosis via a nuclear receptor (Nur77)-mediated epigenetic regulation of glutaminase 1. Br J Pharmacol 2023; 180:2577-2598. [PMID: 37263753 DOI: 10.1111/bph.16156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2022] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Senescence in hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) limits liver fibrosis. Glutaminolysis promotes HSC activation. Here, we investigated how emodin affected HSC senescence involving glutaminolysis. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Senescence, glutaminolysis metabolites, Nur77 nuclear translocation, glutaminase 1 (GLS1) promoter methylation and related signalling pathways were examined in human HSC-LX2 cells using multiple cellular and molecular approaches. Fibrotic mice with shRNA-mediated knockdown of Nur77 were treated with emodin-vitamin A liposome for investigating the mechanisms in vivo. Human fibrotic liver samples were examined to verify the clinical relevance. KEY RESULTS Emodin upregulated several key markers of senescence and inhibited glutaminolysis cascade in HSCs. Emodin promoted Nur77 nuclear translocation, and knockdown of Nur77 abolished emodin blockade of glutaminolysis and induction of HSC senescence. Mechanistically, emodin facilitated Nur77/DNMT3b interaction and increased GLS1 promoter methylation, leading to inhibited GLS1 expression and blockade of glutaminolysis. Moreover, the glutaminolysis intermediate α-ketoglutarate promoted extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) phosphorylation, which in turn phosphorylated Nur77 and reduced its interaction with DNMT3b. This led to decreased GLS1 promoter methylation and increased GLS1 expression, forming an ERK/Nur77/glutaminolysis positive feedback loop. However, emodin repressed ERK phosphorylation and interrupted the feedback cascade, stimulating senescence in HSCs. Studies in mice showed that emodin-vitamin A liposome inhibited glutaminolysis and induced senescence in HSCs, and consequently alleviated liver fibrosis; but knockdown of Nur77 abrogated these beneficial effects. Similar alterations were validated in human fibrotic liver tissues. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Emodin stimulated HSC senescence through interruption of glutaminolysis. HSC-targeted delivery of emodin represented a therapeutic option for liver fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Baoyu Liang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Siwei Xia
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Feixia Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhanghao Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
- Law Sau Fai Institute for Advancing Translational Medicine in Bone and Joint Diseases, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jiangjuan Shao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Zili Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Anping Chen
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Shizhong Zheng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Feng Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
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23
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Song Y, Lin W, Zhu W. Traditional Chinese medicine for treatment of sepsis and related multi-organ injury. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1003658. [PMID: 36744251 PMCID: PMC9892725 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1003658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Sepsis is a common but critical illness in patients admitted to the intensive care unit and is associated with high mortality. Although there are many treatments for sepsis, specific and effective therapies are still lacking. For over 2,000 years, traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has played a vital role in the treatment of infectious diseases in Eastern countries. Both anecdotal and scientific evidence show that diverse TCM preparations alleviate organ dysfunction caused by sepsis by inhibiting the inflammatory response, reducing oxidative stress, boosting immunity, and maintaining cellular homeostasis. This review reports on the efficacy and mechanism of action of various TCM compounds, herbal monomer extracts, and acupuncture, on the treatment of sepsis and related multi-organ injury. We hope that this information would be helpful to better understand the theoretical basis and empirical support for TCM in the treatment of sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaqin Song
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Weiji Lin
- Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Wei Zhu
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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Wang T, Xu ZH. Natural Compounds with Aldose Reductase (AR) Inhibition: A Class of Medicative Agents for Fatty Liver Disease. Comb Chem High Throughput Screen 2023; 26:1929-1944. [PMID: 36655533 DOI: 10.2174/1386207326666230119101011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Fatty liver disease (FLD), which includes both non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and alcoholic fatty liver disease (ALD), is a worldwide health concern. The etiology of ALD is long-term alcohol consumption, while NAFLD is defined as an abnormal amount of lipid present in liver cells, which is not caused by alcohol intake and has recently been identified as a hepatic manifestation of metabolic syndrome (such as type 2 diabetes, obesity, hypertension, and obesity). Inflammation, oxidative stress, and lipid metabolic dysregulation are all known to play a role in FLD progression. Alternative and natural therapies are desperately needed to treat this disease since existing pharmaceuticals are mostly ineffective. The aldose reductase (AR)/polyol pathway has recently been shown to play a role in developing FLD by contributing to inflammation, oxidative stress, apoptosis, and fat accumulation. Herein, we review the effects of plantderived compounds capable of inhibiting AR in FLD models. Natural AR inhibitors have been found to improve FLD in part by suppressing inflammation, oxidative stress, and steatosis via the regulation of several critical pathways, including the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) pathway, cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1) pathway, AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) pathway, etc. This review revealed that natural compounds with AR inhibitory effects are a promising class of therapeutic agents for FLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Wang
- Department of Integrative Medicine, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Zi-Hui Xu
- Department of Integrative Medicine, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
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25
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Potential of Compounds Originating from the Nature to Act in Hepatocellular Carcinoma Therapy by Targeting the Tumor Immunosuppressive Microenvironment: A Review. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 28:molecules28010195. [PMID: 36615387 PMCID: PMC9822070 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28010195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), the most prevalent subtype of liver cancer, is the second main reason for cancer-related deaths worldwide. In recent decades, sufficient evidence supported that immunotherapy was a safe and effective treatment option for HCC. However, tolerance and frequent recurrence and metastasis occurred in patients after immunotherapy due to the complicated crosstalk in the tumor immunosuppressive microenvironment (TIME) in HCC. Therefore, elucidating the TIME in HCC and finding novel modulators to target TIME for attenuating immune suppression is critical to optimize immunotherapy. Recently, studies have shown the potentially immunoregulatory activities of natural compounds, characterized by multiple targets and pathways and low toxicity. In this review, we concluded the unique role of TIME in HCC. Moreover, we summarized evidence that supports the hypothesis of natural compounds to target TIME to improve immunotherapy. Furthermore, we discussed the comprehensive mechanisms of these natural compounds in the immunotherapy of HCC. Accordingly, we present a well-grounded review of the naturally occurring compounds in cancer immunotherapy, expecting to shed new light on discovering novel anti-HCC immunomodulatory drugs from natural sources.
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26
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Chen K, Gao Z, Ding Q, Tang C, Zhang H, Zhai T, Xie W, Jin Z, Zhao L, Liu W. Effect of natural polyphenols in Chinese herbal medicine on obesity and diabetes: Interactions among gut microbiota, metabolism, and immunity. Front Nutr 2022; 9:962720. [PMID: 36386943 PMCID: PMC9651142 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.962720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 08/30/2023] Open
Abstract
With global prevalence, metabolic diseases, represented by obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), have a huge burden on human health and medical expenses. It is estimated that obese population has doubled in recent 40 years, and population with diabetes will increase 1.5 times in next 25 years, which has inspired the pursuit of economical and effective prevention and treatment methods. Natural polyphenols are emerging as a class of natural bioactive compounds with potential beneficial effects on the alleviation of obesity and T2DM. In this review, we investigated the network interaction mechanism of "gut microbial disturbance, metabolic disorder, and immune imbalance" in both obesity and T2DM and systemically summarized their multiple targets in the treatment of obesity and T2DM, including enrichment of the beneficial gut microbiota (genera Bifidobacterium, Akkermansia, and Lactobacillus) and upregulation of the levels of gut microbiota-derived metabolites [short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs)] and bile acids (BAs). Moreover, we explored their effect on host glucolipid metabolism, the AMPK pathway, and immune modulation via the inhibition of pro-inflammatory immune cells (M1-like Mϕs, Th1, and Th17 cells); proliferation, recruitment, differentiation, and function; and related cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-17, and MCP-1). We hope to provide evidence to promote the clinical application of natural polyphenols in the management of obesity and T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keyu Chen
- Department of Endocrinology, Guang’anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Institute of Metabolic Diseases, Guang’anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Graduate School, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Zezheng Gao
- Department of Endocrinology, Guang’anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Institute of Metabolic Diseases, Guang’anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qiyou Ding
- Department of Endocrinology, Guang’anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Institute of Metabolic Diseases, Guang’anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Graduate School, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Cheng Tang
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Haiyu Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, Guang’anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Institute of Metabolic Diseases, Guang’anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Tiangang Zhai
- Department of Endocrinology, Guang’anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Institute of Metabolic Diseases, Guang’anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Graduate School, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Weinan Xie
- Department of Endocrinology, Guang’anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Institute of Metabolic Diseases, Guang’anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Graduate School, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Zishan Jin
- Department of Endocrinology, Guang’anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Institute of Metabolic Diseases, Guang’anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Graduate School, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Linhua Zhao
- Institute of Metabolic Diseases, Guang’anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wenke Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, Guang’anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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Potential Therapeutic Implication of Herbal Medicine in Mitochondria-Mediated Oxidative Stress-Related Liver Diseases. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11102041. [PMID: 36290765 PMCID: PMC9598588 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11102041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are double-membrane organelles that play a role in ATP synthesis, calcium homeostasis, oxidation-reduction status, apoptosis, and inflammation. Several human disorders have been linked to mitochondrial dysfunction. It has been found that traditional therapeutic herbs are effective on alcoholic liver disease (ALD) and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) which are leading causes of liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. The generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in response to oxidative stress is caused by mitochondrial dysfunction and is considered critical for treatment. The role of oxidative stress, lipid toxicity, and inflammation in NAFLD are well known. NAFLD is a chronic liver disease that commonly progresses to cirrhosis and chronic liver disease, and people with obesity, insulin resistance, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, and hypertension are at a higher risk of developing NAFLD. NAFLD is associated with a number of pathological factors, including insulin resistance, lipid metabolic dysfunction, oxidative stress, inflammation, apoptosis, and fibrosis. As a result, the improvement in steatosis and inflammation is enough to entice researchers to look into liver disease treatment. However, antioxidant treatment has not been very effective for liver disease. Additionally, it has been suggested that the beneficial effects of herbal medicines on immunity and inflammation are governed by various mechanisms for lipid metabolism and inflammation control. This review provided a summary of research on herbal medicines for the therapeutic implementation of mitochondria-mediated ROS production in liver disease as well as clinical applications through herbal medicine. In addition, the pathophysiology of common liver disorders such as ALD and NAFLD would be investigated in the role that mitochondria play in the process to open new therapeutic avenues in the management of patients with liver disease.
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28
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Wang Y, Yu F, Li A, He Z, Qu C, He C, Ma X, Zhan H. The progress and prospect of natural components in rhubarb (Rheum ribes L.) in the treatment of renal fibrosis. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:919967. [PMID: 36105187 PMCID: PMC9465315 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.919967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Renal fibrosis is a key pathological change that occurs in the progression of almost all chronic kidney diseases . CKD has the characteristics of high morbidity and mortality. Its prevalence is increasing each year on a global scale, which seriously affects people’s health and quality of life. Natural products have been used for new drug development and disease treatment for many years. The abundant natural products in R. ribes L. can intervene in the process of renal fibrosis in different ways and have considerable therapeutic prospects. Purpose: The etiology and pathology of renal fibrosis were analyzed, and the different ways in which the natural components of R. ribes L. can intervene and provide curative effects on the process of renal fibrosis were summarized. Methods: Electronic databases, such as PubMed, Life Science, MEDLINE, and Web of Science, were searched using the keywords ‘R. ribes L.’, ‘kidney fibrosis’, ‘emodin’ and ‘rhein’, and the various ways in which the natural ingredients protect against renal fibrosis were collected and sorted out. Results: We analyzed several factors that play a leading role in the pathogenesis of renal fibrosis, such as the mechanism of the TGF-β/Smad and Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathways. Additionally, we reviewed the progress of the treatment of renal fibrosis with natural components in R. ribes L. and the intervention mechanism of the crucial therapeutic targets. Conclusion: The natural components of R. ribes L. have a wide range of intervention effects on renal fibrosis targets, which provides new ideas for the development of new anti-kidney fibrosis drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangyang Wang
- Clinical School of Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Fangwei Yu
- Clinical School of Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Ao Li
- Clinical School of Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Zijia He
- Clinical School of Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Caiyan Qu
- Clinical School of Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Caiying He
- Clinical School of Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiao Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Xiao Ma, ; Huakui Zhan,
| | - Huakui Zhan
- Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine-Sichuan Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Xiao Ma, ; Huakui Zhan,
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Li WQ, Liu WH, Qian D, Liu J, Zhou SQ, Zhang L, Peng W, Su L, Zhang H. Traditional Chinese medicine: An important source for discovering candidate agents against hepatic fibrosis. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:962525. [PMID: 36081936 PMCID: PMC9445813 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.962525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatic fibrosis (HF) refers to the pathophysiological process of connective tissue dysplasia in the liver caused by various pathogenic factors. Nowadays, HF is becoming a severe threat to the health of human being. However, the drugs available for treating HF are limited. Currently, increasing natural agents derived from traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs) have been found to be beneficial for HF. A systemic literature search was conducted from PubMed, GeenMedical, Sci-Hub, CNKI, Google Scholar and Baidu Scholar, with the keywords of "traditional Chinese medicine," "herbal medicine," "natural agents," "liver diseases," and "hepatic fibrosis." So far, more than 76 natural monomers have been isolated and identified from the TCMs with inhibitory effect on HF, including alkaloids, flavones, quinones, terpenoids, saponins, phenylpropanoids, and polysaccharides, etc. The anti-hepatic fibrosis effects of these compounds include hepatoprotection, inhibition of hepatic stellate cells (HSC) activation, regulation of extracellular matrix (ECM) synthesis & secretion, regulation of autophagy, and antioxidant & anti-inflammation, etc. Natural compounds and extracts from TCMs are promising agents for the prevention and treatment of HF, and this review would be of great significance to development of novel drugs for treating HF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Qing Li
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wen-Hao Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Tenth People’s Hospital of Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Die Qian
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Jia Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Shi-Qiong Zhou
- Hospital of Nursing, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Peng
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Li Su
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hong Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Wang M, Zhang Z, Ruan P, Zhang G, Xiao C, Wang Y, Gao Y. Emodin-induced hepatotoxicity is enhanced by 3-methylcholanthrene through activating aryl hydrocarbon receptor and inducing CYP1A1 in vitro and in vivo. Chem Biol Interact 2022; 365:110089. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2022.110089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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San-Huang-Chai-Zhu Formula Ameliorates Liver Injury in Intrahepatic Cholestasis through Suppressing SIRT1/PGC-1 α-Regulated Mitochondrial Oxidative Stress. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2022; 2022:7832540. [PMID: 35845569 PMCID: PMC9286970 DOI: 10.1155/2022/7832540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Background Chinese herbal formulae possess promising applications in treating intrahepatic cholestasis. Objective Our study aims to explore the protective effect of the San-Huang-Chai-Zhu formula (SHCZF) on liver injury in intrahepatic cholestasis (IC) and investigate the underlying mechanism related to mitochondrial oxidative stress. Methods An IC rat model was established by α-naphthyl isothiocyanate induction. Hepatic histomorphology was observed through hematoxylin and eosin staining. Levels of biochemical indexes of hepatic function and oxidative stress were determined by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Cell apoptosis in liver tissues was detected by the TUNEL assay. The mRNA expression of mtDNA, SIRT1, and PGC-1α was measured by qRT-PCR, and the protein expression of Bax, Bcl-2, caspase-3, SIRT1, and PGC-1α was determined by Western blotting. Results SHCZF treatment attenuated liver injury in IC. Levels of hepatic function parameters were decreased after SHCZF administration. In addition, the decreased level of malondialdehyde (MDA) and the increased levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione (GSH), and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in hepatic mitochondria confirmed that SHCZF could attenuate oxidative stress in IC. SHCZF treatment also reduced the apoptosis in the liver tissues of IC rats. Furthermore, SHCZF administration upregulated the expression of mtDNA, SIRT1, and PGC-1α in IC. Conclusions SHCZF exerts a protective effect on liver injury in IC via alleviating SIRT1/PGC-1α-regulated mitochondrial oxidative stress.
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Mechanism of a Herbal Formula Associated with Prognosis and Immune Infiltration in LIHC: Transcriptomics Analysis and Molecular Dynamics Simulations. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2022; 2022:6084321. [PMID: 35754689 PMCID: PMC9217603 DOI: 10.1155/2022/6084321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 05/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Background The aim of this study is to explore the interactions between effective monomers of herbal formulas and their therapeutic targets using systems biology approaches which may be a promising approach to unraveling their underlying mechanisms. Shentao Ruangan decoction (STRGD), which has been experimentally, clinically demonstrated to be effective in treating liver hepatocellular carcinoma (LIHC), was selected. Methods Bioactive ingredients and drug targets of STRGD were retrieved from the traditional Chinese medicine systems pharmacology database and analysis platform and BATMAN-TCM databases. LIHC-related differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and key modules were identified by a weighted gene coexpression network analysis using The Cancer Genome Atlas data. The Kaplan–Meier analysis was used to investigate the relationship between STRGD tumor targets and patients survival. The CIBERSORT deconvolution algorithm was used to analyze the correlation between STRGD tumor targets and infiltrating immune cells. Enrichment analysis was used to analyze biological functions. Interactions between STRGD compounds and LIHC-immune-related genes were investigated using molecular docking and MDS. Results We identified 24 STRGD tumor targets, which were found to be correlated with survival and the level of immune cell infiltration in LIHC patients. Immune infiltration, gene set enrichment, and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analyses highlighted the roles of T and B cell subsets, which were both related to activator protein 1 (AP1), in STRGD action. Docking studies and HPLC indicated that tanshinone IIA is the main compound of STRGD in LIHC treatment, and MDS showed that the potential LIHC-immune-related targets 1FOS and 1JUN firmly bind to tanshinone IIA. Conclusions The mechanisms of STRGD in improving the immune and survival status of LIHC patients include interactions between STRGD compounds and LIHC-immune-related targets. The findings of this study can guide research studies on the potential usefulness of tanshinone IIA in the development of drugs targeting 1JUN and 1FOS for the treatment of LIHC.
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Jiang H, Mao T, Liu Y, Tan X, Sun Z, Cheng Y, Han X, Zhang Y, Wang J, Shi L, Guo Y, Li J, Han H. Protective Effects and Mechanisms of Yinchen Linggui Zhugan Decoction in HFD-Induced Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Rats Based on Network Pharmacology and Experimental Verification. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:908128. [PMID: 35721171 PMCID: PMC9202027 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.908128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a common chronic liver disease, characterized by excessive accumulation of hepatocyte fat. However, there is no exact and effective pharmacotherapy for NAFLD. Yinchen linggui zhugan decoction (YLZD) has been widely used to treat NAFLD. Nevertheless, its pharmacological and molecular mechanisms have not been clearly elucidated. This study was carried out to investigate the active components of YLZD and explore its potential mechanisms for treating NAFLD by network pharmacology and experimental verification. The results showed that a total of 120 active components of YLZD and 365 targets were retrieved through databases, and the main active ingredients of YLZD consisted of chlorogenic acid, emodin, aloe-emodin, rhein, and geniposide. KEGG enrichment analysis revealed fundamental roles of TNF, PI3K/AKT, HIF-1α, and insulin resistance signaling pathways in the treatment of NAFLD by YLZD. Moreover, our experimental verification results showed that YLZD improved the liver pathological and cholesterol level, and reduced the expressions of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, NF-κB, CCL2, and CXCL10 in NAFLD rats, which all belonged to TNF signaling pathway. The molecular docking confirmed the correlation between the four core components (chlorogenic acid, emodin, rhein, and geniposide) and key factors (TNF-α, IL-6, and NF-κB) in TNF signaling pathway. In conclusion, the present study systematically clarified the protective mechanisms of YLZD against NAFLD through targeting the TNF signaling pathway, and provided new ideas for the drug research of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Jiang
- School of Graduate, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China.,Dongfang Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Tangyou Mao
- Dongfang Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yuyue Liu
- Dongfang Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xiang Tan
- Shenzhen Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhongmei Sun
- Dongfang Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yuan Cheng
- Dongfang Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao Han
- Dongfang Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Zhang
- Dongfang Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Jiali Wang
- Dongfang Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Shi
- Dongfang Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Guo
- Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Junxiang Li
- Dongfang Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Haixiao Han
- Dongfang Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
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Qin B, Zeng Z, Xu J, Shangwen J, Ye ZJ, Wang S, Wu Y, Peng G, Wang Q, Gu W, Tang Y. Emodin inhibits invasion and migration of hepatocellular carcinoma cells via regulating autophagy-mediated degradation of snail and β-catenin. BMC Cancer 2022; 22:671. [PMID: 35715752 PMCID: PMC9206273 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-022-09684-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies reported that emodin extracted from Rheum palmatum L. exerts antiproliferation and antimetastatic effects in a variety of human cancer types. However, the role of emodin in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remain unknown. METHODS EdU and colony formation assays were performed to evaluate the effects of emodin on proliferation. The mobility capacities of HCC treated with emodin were evaluated using wound healing assay. Transwell invasion and migration assays were performed to evaluate anti-migratory and anti-invasive effects of emodin on HCC. Annexin V-FITC/PI was performed to analyze the apoptosis. PI stain was performed to analyze cell cycle. RNA sequencing technology was used to identify the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) induced by emodin in HCC. The impact of emodin on autophagic flux in HepG2 cells was examined by mCherry-GFP-LC3 analysis. Western blot was used to assess the protein expressions of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), autophagy, PI3K/AKT/mTOR and Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. RESULTS We found that emodin inhibited the growth of HepG2 cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner. In addition, emodin inhibited cell proliferation, induced S and G2/M phases arrest, and promoted apoptosis in HepG2 cells. The migration and invasion of HepG2 cells were also suppressed by emodin. Enrichment analysis revealed that DEGs involved in cell adhesion, cancer metastasis and cell cycle arrest. Moreover, western bolt results show that emodin-induced autophagy promotes Snail and β-catenin degradation. We also found that blocking autophagic flux after emodin treatment caused EMT reversal. Furthermore, the PI3K agonist Y-P 740 significantly reversed the phosphorylation levels of GSK3β and mTOR. These results indicated that emodin induced autophagy and inhibited the EMT in part through suppression of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR and Wnt/β-catenin pathways. CONCLUSION Our study indicated that emodin inhibited cell metastasis in HCC via the crosstalk between autophagy and EMT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binyu Qin
- Institute of Tumor, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhili Zeng
- Institute of Tumor, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianliang Xu
- Hepatobilliary Surgery Department, The Third affiliated Hospital of Su Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jing Shangwen
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zeng Jie Ye
- Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shutang Wang
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanheng Wu
- Gillion ITM Research Institute, Guangzhou Hongkeyuan, Guangzhou, China
| | - Gongfeng Peng
- Gillion ITM Research Institute, Guangzhou Hongkeyuan, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qi Wang
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Wenyi Gu
- Gillion ITM Research Institute, Guangzhou Hongkeyuan, Guangzhou, China.
- Australian Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, QLD, Brisbane, 4072, Australia.
| | - Ying Tang
- Institute of Tumor, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.
- Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.
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Chen JQ, Chen YY, Du X, Tao HJ, Pu ZJ, Shi XQ, Yue SJ, Zhou GS, Shang EX, Tang YP, Duan JA. Fuzzy identification of bioactive components for different efficacies of rhubarb by the back propagation neural network association analysis of UPLC-Q-TOF/MS E and integrated effects. Chin Med 2022; 17:50. [PMID: 35473719 PMCID: PMC9040240 DOI: 10.1186/s13020-022-00612-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Rhei Radix et Rhizoma (rhubarb), as one of the typical representatives of multi-effect traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs), has been utilized in the treatment of various diseases due to its multicomponent nature. However, there are few systematic investigations for the corresponding effect of individual components in rhubarb. Hence, we aimed to develop a novel strategy to fuzzily identify bioactive components for different efficacies of rhubarb by the back propagation (BP) neural network association analysis of ultra-performance liquid chromatography/quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry for every data (UPLC-Q-TOF/MSE) and integrated effects. Methods Through applying the fuzzy chemical identification, most components of rhubarb were classified into different chemical groups. Meanwhile the integration effect values of different efficacies can be determined by animal experiment evaluation and multi-attribute comprehensive indexes. Then the BP neural network was employed for association analysis of components and different efficacies by correlating the component contents determined from UPLC-Q-TOF/MSE profiling and the integration effect values. Finally, the effect contribution of one type of components may be totaled to demonstrate the universal and individual characters for different efficacies of rhubarb. Results It suggested that combined anthraquinones, flavanols and their polymers may be the universal character to the multi-functional properties of rhubarb. Other components contributed to the individuality of rhubarb efficacies, including stilbene glycosides, anthranones and their dimers, free anthraquinones, chromones, gallic acid and gallotannins, butyrylbenzenes and their glycosides. Conclusions Our findings demonstrated that the bioactive components for different efficacies of rhubarb were not exactly the same and can be systematically differentiated by the network-oriented strategy. These efforts will advance our knowledge and understanding of the bioactive components in rhubarb and provide scientific evidence to support the expansion of its use in clinical applications and the further development of some products based on this medicinal herb. Supplementary information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13020-022-00612-9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Qian Chen
- Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine for TCM Compatibility, State Key Laboratory of Research & Development of Characteristic Qin Medicine Resources (Cultivation), Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Fundamentals and New Drugs Research, Shaanxi Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, 712046, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, and National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 210023, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yan-Yan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine for TCM Compatibility, State Key Laboratory of Research & Development of Characteristic Qin Medicine Resources (Cultivation), Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Fundamentals and New Drugs Research, Shaanxi Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, 712046, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Xia Du
- Shaanxi Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 710003, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Hui-Juan Tao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, and National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 210023, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Zong-Jin Pu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, and National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 210023, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xu-Qin Shi
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, and National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 210023, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Shi-Jun Yue
- Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine for TCM Compatibility, State Key Laboratory of Research & Development of Characteristic Qin Medicine Resources (Cultivation), Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Fundamentals and New Drugs Research, Shaanxi Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, 712046, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Gui-Sheng Zhou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, and National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 210023, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Er-Xin Shang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, and National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 210023, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yu-Ping Tang
- Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine for TCM Compatibility, State Key Laboratory of Research & Development of Characteristic Qin Medicine Resources (Cultivation), Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Fundamentals and New Drugs Research, Shaanxi Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, 712046, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China.
| | - Jin-Ao Duan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, and National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 210023, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
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Adsorption Characteristics and Enrichment of Emodin from Marine-Derived Aspergillus flavipes HN4-13 Extract by Macroporous Resin XAD-16. Mar Drugs 2022; 20:md20040231. [PMID: 35447904 PMCID: PMC9028206 DOI: 10.3390/md20040231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Emodin, a hydroxyanthraquinone derivative, has been used as medicine for more than 2000 years due to its extensive pharmacological activities. Large-scale production of emodin has been achieved by optimizing the fermentation conditions of marine-derived Aspergillus flavus HN4-13 in a previous study. However, the fermentation broth contained complex unknown components, which adversely affected the study of emodin. Herein, the conditions for the enrichment of emodin from A. flavipes HN4-13 extract using XAD-16 resin were optimized, and a separation method with high efficiency, simple operation, a low cost, and a large preparative scale was established. The adsorption process of emodin on the XAD-16 resin conformed to pseudo-second-order kinetics and Langmuir models. The optimal conditions for the adsorption process were as follows: An emodin concentration, flow rate, and loading volume of 0.112 mg/mL, 2 BV/h, and 10 BV, respectively. For desorption, 50% ethanol was used to elute impurities and 80% ethanol was used to desorb emodin. After enrichment with XAD-16 resin, the emodin content increased from 1.16% to 11.48%, and the recovery rate was 75.53% after one-step treatment. These results demonstrate the efficiency of the simple adsorption–desorption strategy, using the XAD-16 resin for emodin enrichment.
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Liu B, Zhang J, Shao L, Yao J. Network pharmacology analysis and molecular docking to unveil the potential mechanisms of San-Huang-Chai-Zhu formula treating cholestasis. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0264398. [PMID: 35196362 PMCID: PMC8865668 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0264398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Chinese medicine formulae possess the potential for cholestasis treatment. This study aimed to explore the underlying mechanisms of San-Huang-Chai-Zhu formula (SHCZF) against cholestasis. Methods The major chemical compounds of SHCZF were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography. The bioactive compounds and targets of SHCZF, and cholestasis-related targets were obtained from public databases. Intersected targets of SHCZF and cholestasis were visualized by Venn diagram. The protein-protein interaction and compound-target networks were established by Cytoscape according to the STRING database. The biological functions and pathways of potential targets were characterized by Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes enrichment analysis. The biological process-target-pathway network was constructed by Cytoscape. Finally, the interactions between biological compounds and hub target proteins were validated via molecular docking. Results There 7 major chemical compounds in SHCZF. A total of 141 bioactive compounds and 83 potential targets were screened for SHCZF against cholestasis. The process of SHCZF against cholestasis was mainly involved in AGE-RAGE signaling pathway in diabetic complications, fluid shear stress and atherosclerosis, and drug metabolism-cytochrome P450. ALB, IL6, AKT1, TP53, TNF, MAPK3, APOE, IL1B, PPARG, and PPARA were the top 10 hub targets. Molecular docking showed that bioactive compounds of SHCZF had a good binding affinity with hub targets. Conclusions This study predicted that the mechanisms of SHCZF against cholestasis mainly involved in AGE-RAGE signaling pathway in diabetic complications, fluid shear stress and atherosclerosis, and drug metabolism-cytochrome P450. Moreover, APOE, AKT1, and TP53 were the critical hub targets for bioactive compounds of SHCZF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binbin Liu
- Department of Digestion, Hangzhou TCM Hospital Affiliated to Zhejiang Chinese Medical University (Hangzhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine), Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Department of Digestion, Hangzhou TCM Hospital Affiliated to Zhejiang Chinese Medical University (Hangzhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine), Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lu Shao
- Department of Digestion, Hangzhou TCM Hospital Affiliated to Zhejiang Chinese Medical University (Hangzhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine), Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jiaming Yao
- Department of Digestion, Hangzhou TCM Hospital Affiliated to Zhejiang Chinese Medical University (Hangzhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine), Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- * E-mail:
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McDonald SJ, VanderVeen BN, Velazquez KT, Enos RT, Fairman CM, Cardaci TD, Fan D, Murphy EA. Therapeutic Potential of Emodin for Gastrointestinal Cancers. Integr Cancer Ther 2022; 21:15347354211067469. [PMID: 34984952 PMCID: PMC8738880 DOI: 10.1177/15347354211067469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastrointestinal (GI) cancers cause one-third of all cancer-related deaths worldwide. Natural compounds are emerging as alternative or adjuvant cancer therapies given their distinct advantage of manipulating multiple pathways to both suppress tumor growth and alleviate cancer comorbidities; however, concerns regarding efficacy, bioavailability, and safety are barriers to their development for clinical use. Emodin (1,3,8-trihydroxy-6-methylanthraquinone), a Chinese herb-derived anthraquinone, has been shown to exert anti-tumor effects in colon, liver, and pancreatic cancers. While the mechanisms underlying emodin's tumoricidal effects continue to be unearthed, recent evidence highlights a role for mitochondrial mediated apoptosis, modulated stress and inflammatory signaling pathways, and blunted angiogenesis. The goals of this review are to (1) highlight emodin's anti-cancer properties within GI cancers, (2) discuss the known anti-cancer mechanisms of action of emodin, (3) address emodin's potential as a treatment complementary to standard chemotherapeutics, (4) assess the efficacy and bioavailability of emodin derivatives as they relate to cancer, and (5) evaluate the safety of emodin.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Daping Fan
- University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
- AcePre, LLC, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - E. Angela Murphy
- University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
- AcePre, LLC, Columbia, SC, USA
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Ruan N, Jiao Z, Tang L. Response surface methodology to optimize supercritical carbon dioxide extraction of Polygonum cuspidatum. J AOAC Int 2021; 105:272-281. [PMID: 34410415 DOI: 10.1093/jaoacint/qsab108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 08/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Resveratrol and emodin are abundant polyhydroxy compounds that are found in the Chinese traditional medicinal herb Polygonum cuspidatum and widely used due to their excellent antioxidant properties. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to obtain the maximum extraction yields of resveratrol and emodin from the P. cuspidatum via green extraction. METHODS The extracts were acquired through supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO2) extraction with ethanol as cosolvent. The independent variables of the extraction process, namely, temperature (45-55 °C), the pressure (20-30 MPa), and the ethanol content (80 -120 mL/L), were optimized by response surface methodology (RSM). RESULTS These variables extremely affected the yields of resveratrol and emodin. Second-order polynomial mathematical models were developed and applied to predict the optimal extraction conditions (i.e., temperature of 51.8 °C, pressure of 25.34 MPa, and ethanol content of 110.83 mL/L). Under these conditions, confirmatory experiment displayed that the yields of resveratrol and emodin were 2.564 ± 0.121 and 2.804 ± 0.108 mg/g, respectively. High antioxidant properties, strong free radical scavenging ability, and good reducing ability were observed for the extracts. CONCLUSION Resveratrol and emodin could be successfully extracted from P. cuspidatum by SC-CO2, and RSM can effective optimize the process. HIGHLIGHTS The SC-CO2 extraction of resveratrol and emodin from P. cuspidatum was developed, and RSM was successfully used to optimize the extraction parameters and predict the optimal conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ningjie Ruan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biomaterials and Devices, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211189, PR China
| | - Zhen Jiao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biomaterials and Devices, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211189, PR China.,Joint Research Institute of Southeast University and Monash University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, PR China.,Joint Graduate School of Southeast University and Monash University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, PR China
| | - Linglong Tang
- Joint Graduate School of Southeast University and Monash University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, PR China.,School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211189, PR China
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Shen P, Han L, Chen G, Cheng Z, Liu Q. Emodin Attenuates Acetaminophen-Induced Hepatotoxicity via the cGAS-STING Pathway. Inflammation 2021; 45:74-87. [PMID: 34409550 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-021-01529-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Emodin is a natural bioactive compound from traditional Chinese herbs that exerts anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anticancer, hepatoprotective, and neuroprotective effects. However, the protective effects of emodin in acetaminophen (APAP)-induced hepatotoxicity are not clear. The present study examined the effects of emodin on APAP-induced hepatotoxicity and investigated the potential molecular mechanisms. C57BL/6 mice were pretreated with emodin (15 and 30 mg/kg) for 5 consecutive days and then given APAP (300 mg/kg) to establish an APAP-induced liver injury model. Mice were sacrificed to detect the serum levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and albumin (ALB) and the liver tissue levels of glutathione (GSH), malondialdehyde (MDA), and superoxide dismutase (SOD). Histological assessment, Western blotting, and ELISA were performed. Emodin pretreatment significantly reduced the levels of ALT, AST, and ALP; increased the levels of ALB; alleviated hepatocellular damage and apoptosis; attenuated the exhaustion of GSH and SOD and the accumulation of MDA; and increased the expression of antioxidative enzymes, including nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1), and NAD(P)H quinone dehydrogenase 1 (NQO1). Emodin also inhibited the expression of NLRP3 and reduced the levels of pro-inflammatory factors, including interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α). Emodin inhibited interferon (IFN)-α, cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS), and its downstream signaling effector stimulator of interferon genes (STING) expression to protect the liver against APAP-induced inflammatory responses and apoptosis. These results suggest that emodin protected hepatocytes from APAP-induced liver injury via the upregulation of the Nrf2-mediated antioxidative stress pathway, the inhibition of the NLRP3 inflammasome, and the downregulation of the cGAS-STING signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan Shen
- Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No. 1095, Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Liang Han
- Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No. 1095, Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Guang Chen
- Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No. 1095, Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Zhe Cheng
- Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No. 1095, Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Qiong Liu
- Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No. 1095, Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430030, China.
- Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No. 1095, Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430030, China.
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Qiu X, Gong L, Xin X, An F. Enhancement of Emodin Production by Medium Optimization and KH 2PO 4 Supplementation in Submerged Fermentation of Marine-Derived Aspergillus favipes HN4-13. Mar Drugs 2021; 19:md19080421. [PMID: 34436260 PMCID: PMC8398268 DOI: 10.3390/md19080421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Emodin is a widely distributed anthraquinone derivative with a variety of biological activities, one that can be efficiently produced by marine-derived fungus Aspergillus favipes HN4-13. However, its relatively low fermentation yield limits further development and pharmaceutical research work. In this study, Plaekett-Burman design and central composite design were adopted to optimize the fermentation conditions of A. favipes HN4-13. Optimal fermentation conditions in a 250-mL Erlenmeyer flask with 50 mL of medium were 59.3 g/L soluble starch, 10 g/L yeast extract paste, 30 g/L seawater salt, 1.04 g/L KH2PO4, 0.05 g/L MgSO4·7H2O, 0.01 g/L FeSO4·7H2O, seed culture 24 h, pH 5, inoculum size 18%, culture temperature 32 °C, and shaking at 160 rpm/min for 7 days. The production of emodin could achieve 132.40 ± 3.09 mg/L, with no significant difference from the predicted value (132.47 mg/L). Furthermore, KH2PO4 supplementation strategy was employed to regulate the mycelial morphology, upregulate the transcriptional level of biosynthesis gene cluster, and enhance emodin production (185.56 ± 4.39 mg/L).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Faliang An
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-21-6425-1185
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Hu YH, Li DK, Quan ZY, Wang CY, Zhou M, Sun ZX. Exploration of components and mechanisms of Polygoni Multiflori Radix-induced hepatotoxicity using siRNA -mediated CYP3A4 or UGT1A1 knockdown liver cells. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 270:113845. [PMID: 33485974 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.113845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 01/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Polygoni Multiflori Radix, the dried root of Polygonum multiflorum Thunb., and its processed products have been used as restoratives for centuries in China. However, the reports of Polygoni Multiflori Radix-induced liver injury (PMR-ILI) have received wide attention in recent years, and the components and mechanism of PMR-ILI are not completely clear yet. Our previous studies found that the PMR-ILI was related to the down-regulation of some drug metabolism enzymes (DME). AIM OF THE STUDY To explore the effect of the inhibition of CYP3A4 or UGT1A1 on PMR-ILI, screen the relevant hepatotoxic components and unveil its mechanism. METHODS RT-qPCR was used to detect the effects of water extract of Polygoni Multiflori Radix (PMR) and its main components on the mRNA expression of CYP3A4 and UGT1A1 in human hepatic parenchyma cell line L02. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was employed to detect the content of major components in the PMR. And then, the stable CYP3A4 or UGT1A1 knockdown cells were generated using short hairpin RNAs (shRNA) in L02 and HepaRG cells. Hepatotoxic components were identified by cell viability assay when PMR and its four representative components, 2,3,5,4'-tetrahydroxy stilbene glycoside (TSG), emodin (EM), emodin-8-O-β-D-glucoside (EG), and gallic acid (GA), acted on CYP3A4 or UGT1A1 knockdown cell lines. The PMR-ILI mechanism of oxidative stress injury and apoptosis in L02 and HepaRG cells were detected by flow cytometry. Finally, the network toxicology prediction analysis was employed to excavate the targets of its possible toxic components and the influence on the metabolic pathway. RESULTS PMR and EM significantly inhibited the mRNA expression of CYP3A4 and UGT1A1 in L02 cells, while TSG and GA activated the mRNA expression of CYP3A4 and UGT1A1, and EG activated CYP3A4 expression while inhibited UGT1A1 expression. The contents of TSG, EG, EM and GA were 34.93 mg/g, 1.39 mg/g, 0.43 mg/g and 0.44 mg/g, respectively. The CYP3A4 or UGT1A1 knockdown cells were successfully constructed in both L02 and HepaRG cells. Low expression of CYP3A4 or UGT1A1 increased PMR cytotoxicity remarkably. Same as PMR, the toxicity of EM and GA increased in shCYP3A4 and shUGT1A1 cells, which suggested EM and GA may be the main components of hepatotoxicity in PMR. Besides, EM not only inhibited the expression of metabolic enzymes but also reduced the cytotoxicity threshold. EM and GA affected the level of ROS, mitochondrial membrane potential, Ca2+ concentration, and dose-dependent induced hepatocyte apoptosis in L02 and HepaRG cells. The network toxicology analysis showed that PMR-ILI was related to drug metabolism-cytochrome P450, glutathione metabolism, and steroid hormone biosynthesis. CONCLUSION The inhibition of mRNA expression of CYP3A4 or UGT1A1 enhanced hepatotoxicity of PMR. EM and GA, especially EM, may be the main hepatotoxic components in PMR. The mechanism of PMR, EM and GA induced hepatotoxicity was proved to be related to elevated levels of ROS, mitochondrial membrane potential, Ca2+ concentration, and induction of apoptosis in liver cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Huan Hu
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China.
| | - Deng-Ke Li
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Zheng-Yang Quan
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Cheng-Yu Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Ming Zhou
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Zhen-Xiao Sun
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China.
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Mitochondrial Protection and Anti-inflammatory Effects Induced by Emodin in the Human Neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y Cells Exposed to Hydrogen Peroxide: Involvement of the AMPK/Nrf2 Signaling Pathway. Neurochem Res 2020; 46:482-493. [PMID: 33219897 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-020-03181-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2020] [Revised: 10/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Emodin (EM; 1,3,8-trihydroxy-6-methylanthracene-9,10-dione; C15H10O5) is an anthraquinone and exerts cytoprotective effects, as observed in both in vitro and in vivo experimental models. Mitochondrial dysfunction induced by reactive species plays a central role in the onset and progression of different human diseases. Thus, we have tested here whether a pretreatment (for 4 h) with EM (at 40 µM) would be able to promote mitochondrial protection in the human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells exposed to the pro-oxidant agent hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). We found that the pretreatment with EM suppressed the effects of H2O2 on the activity of the mitochondrial complexes I and V, as well as on the production of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and on the mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP). EM also prevented the H2O2-induced collapse in the tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA) function. An anti-inflammatory role for EM was also observed in this experimental model, since this anthraquinone decreased the secretion of interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) by the H2O2-challenged cells. Inhibition of the adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) or silencing of the transcription factor nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) abolished the protection induced by EM in the H2O2-treated cells. Therefore, EM prevented the H2O2-induced mitochondrial dysfunction and pro-inflammatory state in the SH-SY5Y cells by an AMPK/Nrf2-dependent manner.
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