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Yang X, Wen H, Liu Y, Huang Y, Zhang Q, Wang W, Zhang H, Fu J, Li G, Liu Q, Jiang G. Lithium Pollution and Its Associated Health Risks in the Largest Lithium Extraction Industrial Area in China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024. [PMID: 38822815 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.4c00225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2024]
Abstract
Lithium (Li) is an important resource that drives sustainable mobility and renewable energy. Its demand is projected to continue to increase in the coming decades. However, the risk of Li pollution has also emerged as a global concern. Here, we investigated the pollution characteristics, sources, exposure levels, and associated health risks of Li in the Jinjiang River basin, the largest area for Li2CO3 production in China. Our results revealed the dominant role of Li extraction activities in the pollution of the river, with over 95% of dissolved Li in downstream river water being emitted from this source. Moreover, the Li concentration in aquatic plants (i.e., water hyacinth) and animals (i.e., fish) significantly increased from upstream to downstream areas, indicating a significant risk to local aquatic ecosystems. More importantly, our study found that local residents were suffering potential chronic noncarcinogenic health risks primarily from consuming contaminated water and vegetables. We also investigated the pollution characteristics of associated elements present in Li ores (e.g., Rb, Cs, Ni, and F-). By uncovering the remarkable impact of Li extraction activities on the Li content in ecosystems for the first time, our study emphasizes the importance of evaluating Li pollution from Li-related industrial activities, including mining, extraction, and recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuezhi Yang
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Haonan Wen
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Yin Liu
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Ying Huang
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Qun Zhang
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Weichao Wang
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Haiyan Zhang
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Jianjie Fu
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100190, China
| | - Gang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Qian Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100190, China
| | - Guibin Jiang
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100190, China
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Gonzalez-Martin R, Palomar A, Perez-Deben S, Salsano S, Quiñonero A, Caracena L, Fernandez-Saavedra R, Fernandez-Martinez R, Conde-Vilda E, Quejido AJ, Giles J, Vidal C, Bellver J, Dominguez F. Higher Concentrations of Essential Trace Elements in Women Undergoing IVF May Be Associated with Poor Reproductive Outcomes Following Single Euploid Embryo Transfer. Cells 2024; 13:839. [PMID: 38786061 PMCID: PMC11119764 DOI: 10.3390/cells13100839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2024] [Revised: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Essential trace elements are micronutrients whose deficiency has been associated with altered fertility and/or adverse pregnancy outcomes, while surplus may be toxic. The concentrations of eight essential trace elements were measured using inductively coupled mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and assessed with respect to clinical in vitro fertilization (IVF) outcomes in a population of 51 women undergoing IVF with intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI), pre-implantation genetic screening for aneuploidy (PGT-A), and single frozen euploid embryo transfer (SET/FET). Specifically, copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), molybdenum, selenium, lithium, iron, chromium, and manganese were quantified in follicular fluid and whole blood collected the day of vaginal oocyte retrieval (VOR) and in urine collected the day of VOR and embryo transfer. We found that the whole blood Cu/Zn ratio was significantly associated with superior responses to ovarian stimulation. Conversely, the whole blood zinc and selenium concentrations were significantly associated with poor ovarian response outcomes. Higher levels of whole blood zinc and selenium, urinary selenium, lithium, and iron had significant negative associations with embryologic outcomes following IVF. Regarding clinical IVF outcomes, higher urinary molybdenum concentrations the day of VOR were associated with significantly lower odds of implantation and live birth, while higher urinary Cu/Mo ratios on the day of VOR were associated with significantly higher odds of implantation, clinical pregnancy, and live birth. Our results suggest that essential trace element levels may directly influence the IVF outcomes of Spanish patients, with selenium and molybdenum exerting negative effects and copper-related ratios exerting positive effects. Additional studies are warranted to confirm these relationships in other human populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Gonzalez-Martin
- IVI-RMA Global Research Alliance, IVI Foundation, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe (IIS La Fe), 46026 Valencia, Spain; (R.G.-M.); (A.P.); (A.Q.); (L.C.); (J.G.); (C.V.); (J.B.)
| | - Andrea Palomar
- IVI-RMA Global Research Alliance, IVI Foundation, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe (IIS La Fe), 46026 Valencia, Spain; (R.G.-M.); (A.P.); (A.Q.); (L.C.); (J.G.); (C.V.); (J.B.)
| | - Silvia Perez-Deben
- IVI-RMA Global Research Alliance, IVI Foundation, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe (IIS La Fe), 46026 Valencia, Spain; (R.G.-M.); (A.P.); (A.Q.); (L.C.); (J.G.); (C.V.); (J.B.)
| | - Stefania Salsano
- IVI-RMA Global Research Alliance, IVI Foundation, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe (IIS La Fe), 46026 Valencia, Spain; (R.G.-M.); (A.P.); (A.Q.); (L.C.); (J.G.); (C.V.); (J.B.)
| | - Alicia Quiñonero
- IVI-RMA Global Research Alliance, IVI Foundation, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe (IIS La Fe), 46026 Valencia, Spain; (R.G.-M.); (A.P.); (A.Q.); (L.C.); (J.G.); (C.V.); (J.B.)
| | - Laura Caracena
- IVI-RMA Global Research Alliance, IVI Foundation, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe (IIS La Fe), 46026 Valencia, Spain; (R.G.-M.); (A.P.); (A.Q.); (L.C.); (J.G.); (C.V.); (J.B.)
- IVI-RMA Global Research Alliance, IVI-RMA Valencia, 46015 Valencia, Spain
| | - Rocio Fernandez-Saavedra
- Unit of Mass Spectrometry and Geochemical Applications, Chemistry Division, Department of Technology, Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), 28040 Madrid, Spain; (R.F.-S.); (R.F.-M.); (E.C.-V.); (A.J.Q.)
| | - Rodolfo Fernandez-Martinez
- Unit of Mass Spectrometry and Geochemical Applications, Chemistry Division, Department of Technology, Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), 28040 Madrid, Spain; (R.F.-S.); (R.F.-M.); (E.C.-V.); (A.J.Q.)
| | - Estefania Conde-Vilda
- Unit of Mass Spectrometry and Geochemical Applications, Chemistry Division, Department of Technology, Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), 28040 Madrid, Spain; (R.F.-S.); (R.F.-M.); (E.C.-V.); (A.J.Q.)
| | - Alberto J. Quejido
- Unit of Mass Spectrometry and Geochemical Applications, Chemistry Division, Department of Technology, Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), 28040 Madrid, Spain; (R.F.-S.); (R.F.-M.); (E.C.-V.); (A.J.Q.)
| | - Juan Giles
- IVI-RMA Global Research Alliance, IVI Foundation, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe (IIS La Fe), 46026 Valencia, Spain; (R.G.-M.); (A.P.); (A.Q.); (L.C.); (J.G.); (C.V.); (J.B.)
- IVI-RMA Global Research Alliance, IVI-RMA Valencia, 46015 Valencia, Spain
| | - Carmen Vidal
- IVI-RMA Global Research Alliance, IVI Foundation, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe (IIS La Fe), 46026 Valencia, Spain; (R.G.-M.); (A.P.); (A.Q.); (L.C.); (J.G.); (C.V.); (J.B.)
- IVI-RMA Global Research Alliance, IVI-RMA Valencia, 46015 Valencia, Spain
| | - Jose Bellver
- IVI-RMA Global Research Alliance, IVI Foundation, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe (IIS La Fe), 46026 Valencia, Spain; (R.G.-M.); (A.P.); (A.Q.); (L.C.); (J.G.); (C.V.); (J.B.)
- IVI-RMA Global Research Alliance, IVI-RMA Valencia, 46015 Valencia, Spain
- Department of Pediatrics, Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Francisco Dominguez
- IVI-RMA Global Research Alliance, IVI Foundation, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe (IIS La Fe), 46026 Valencia, Spain; (R.G.-M.); (A.P.); (A.Q.); (L.C.); (J.G.); (C.V.); (J.B.)
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Tirado N, Mamani J, De Loma J, Ascui F, Broberg K, Gardon J. Genotoxicity in humans exposed to arsenic, lithium, and boron in drinking water in the Bolivian Andes-A cross sectional study. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2024; 65:121-128. [PMID: 38385761 DOI: 10.1002/em.22587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 01/28/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
Elevated concentrations of arsenic, lithium and boron in drinking water have already been reported in Bolivia. Arsenic is known to cause genotoxicity but that caused by lithium and boron is less well known. The aim of the present cross-sectional study was to evaluate potential genotoxic effects of exposure to arsenic, while considering exposure to lithium and boron and genetic susceptibility. Women (n = 230) were recruited in villages located around Lake Poopó. Exposure to arsenic was determined as the sum of concentrations of arsenic metabolites inorganic arsenic, monomethylarsonic acid (MMA), and dimethylarsinic acid (DMA) in urine. Exposure to lithium and boron was determined based on their concentrations in urine. Genetic susceptibility was determined by GSTM1 (glutathione S-transferase-mu-1) and GSTT1 (glutathione S-transferase-theta-1) null genotypes and AS3MT (Arsenite Methyltransferase) rs3740393. Genotoxicity was measured in peripheral blood leukocytes using the comet assay. The geometric means of arsenic, lithium, and boron concentrations were 68, 897, and 3972 μg/L, respectively. GSTM1 and GSTT1 null carriers had more DNA strand breaks than gene carriers (p = .008, p = .005). We found no correlation between urinary arsenic and DNA strand breaks (rS = .03, p = .64), and only a weak non-significant positive association in the adjusted multivariate analysis (β = .09 [-.03; .22], p = .14). Surprisingly, increasing concentrations of lithium in urine were negatively correlated with DNA strand breaks (rS = -.24, p = .0006), and the association persisted in multivariate analysis after adjusting for arsenic (β = -.22 [-.36; -.08], p = .003). We found no association between boron and DNA strand breaks. The apparent protective effect of lithium merits further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noemi Tirado
- Genetics Institute, Universidad Mayor de San Andrés, La Paz, Bolivia
| | - Josué Mamani
- Genetics Institute, Universidad Mayor de San Andrés, La Paz, Bolivia
| | - Jessica De Loma
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Franz Ascui
- Programa de salud familiar comunitaria e Intercultural del Ministerio de Salud de, Oruro, Bolivia
| | - Karin Broberg
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jacques Gardon
- Hydrosciences Montpellier, University of Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, Montpellier, France
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4
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Smith CJ, Payne VM. Epidemiology studies on effects of lithium salts in pregnancy are confounded by the inability to control for other potentially teratogenic factors. Hum Exp Toxicol 2024; 43:9603271241236346. [PMID: 38394684 DOI: 10.1177/09603271241236346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In bipolar women who took lithium during pregnancy, several epidemiology studies have reported small increases in a rare fetal cardiac defect termed Ebstein's anomaly. METHODS Behavioral, environmental, and lifestyle-associated risk factors associated with bipolar disorder and health insurance status were determined from an Internet search. The search was conducted from October 1, 2023, through October 14, 2023. The search terms employed included the following: bipolar, bipolar disorder, mood disorders, pregnancy, congenital heart defects, Ebstein's anomaly, diabetes, hypertension, Medicaid, Medicaid patients, alcohol use, cigarette smoking, marijuana, cocaine, methamphetamine, narcotics, nutrition, diet, obesity, body mass index, environment, environmental exposures, poverty, socioeconomic status, divorce, unemployment, and income. No quotes, special fields, truncations, etc., were used in the searches. No filters of any kind were used in the searches. RESULTS Women who remain on lithium in the United States throughout their pregnancy are likely to be experiencing mania symptoms and/or suicidal ideation refractory to other drugs. Pregnant women administered the highest doses of lithium salts would be expected to have been insufficiently responsive to lower doses. Any small increases in the retrospectively determined risk of fetal cardiac anomalies in bipolar women taking lithium salts cannot be disentangled from potential developmental effects resulting from very high rates of cigarette smoking, poor diet, alcohol abuse, ingestion of illegal drugs like cocaine or opioids, marijuana smoking, obesity, and poverty. CONCLUSIONS The small risks in fetal cardiac abnormalities reported in the epidemiology literature do not establish a causal association for lithium salts and Ebstein's anomaly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carr J Smith
- Department of Alzheimer's Section, Society for Brain Mapping and Therapeutics, Mobile, AL, USA
| | - Victoria M Payne
- Psychiatric Associates of North Carolina Professional Association, Raleigh, NC, USA
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Yao L, Liu L, Dong M, Yang J, Zhao Z, Chen J, Lv L, Wu Z, Wang J, Sun X, Self S, Bhatti P. Trimester-specific prenatal heavy metal exposures and sex-specific postpartum size and growth. JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE SCIENCE & ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY 2023; 33:895-902. [PMID: 35490160 PMCID: PMC9617807 DOI: 10.1038/s41370-022-00443-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There has been limited research considering the effects of prenatal exposure to multiple heavy metals on early childhood size and growth. OBJECTIVE We evaluated prenatal exposures to 15 heavy metals in association with measures of weight, length, and head circumference (HC) measured at birth, and 1, 3 and 6 months of age in a study of 358 mother-child pairs. METHODS Urinary concentrations were measured in the first and third trimesters of pregnancy and examined, using sex-stratified general linear models, in association with average standardized size and changes in size (growth) over the first 6 months of life. Confounding effects among metals were explored. RESULTS Increased first trimester Hg and V were associated with decreased average HC among males and weight among females, respectively. Increased first trimester V was associated with a decline in weight among females over time. Increased third trimester Cs, Rb and Tl were associated with increased average weight and HC among males. Increased third trimester Se was associated with increased HC among females over time. Evidence for confounding was observed between Cs, Rb and Tl in association with weight and HC. SIGNIFICANCE We observed multiple biologically plausible associations between prenatal heavy metal exposures and postnatal size and growth. IMPACT We have taken a comprehensive and novel approach to evaluating the impacts of prenatal heavy metal exposures on size and growth during early childhood. Our detailed analyses consider exposures to 15 different heavy metals at two time points during pregnancy, as well as multiple metrics of size and growth collected at birth and 1, 3 and 6 months of age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Yao
- Program in Epidemiology, Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Lili Liu
- Department of Toxicology, Guangdong Province Hospital for Occupational Disease Prevention and Treatment, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Occupational Disease Prevention and Treatment, Guangdong Province Hospital for Occupational Disease Prevention, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ming Dong
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Occupational Disease Prevention and Treatment, Guangdong Province Hospital for Occupational Disease Prevention, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jinmei Yang
- Department of Toxicology, Guangdong Province Hospital for Occupational Disease Prevention and Treatment, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Occupational Disease Prevention and Treatment, Guangdong Province Hospital for Occupational Disease Prevention, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhiqiang Zhao
- Department of Toxicology, Guangdong Province Hospital for Occupational Disease Prevention and Treatment, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Occupational Disease Prevention and Treatment, Guangdong Province Hospital for Occupational Disease Prevention, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiabin Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Occupational Disease Prevention and Treatment, Guangdong Province Hospital for Occupational Disease Prevention, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lijuan Lv
- Guangdong Maternal and Child Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhaoxia Wu
- Nanhai Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital of Foshan, Foshan, China
| | - Jin Wang
- National Institute for Occupational Health and Poison Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Sun
- National Institute for Occupational Health and Poison Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Steven Self
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Parveen Bhatti
- Program in Epidemiology, Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA.
- Cancer Control Research, BC Cancer Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
- School of Population and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
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Gonzalez-Martin R, Palomar A, Quiñonero A, Pellicer N, Fernandez-Saavedra R, Conde-Vilda E, Quejido AJ, Whitehead C, Scott RT, Dominguez F. The Impact of Essential Trace Elements on Ovarian Response and Reproductive Outcomes following Single Euploid Embryo Transfer. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10968. [PMID: 37446146 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241310968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Essential trace elements are required in extremely small amounts and obtained through diet. This research focuses on detecting major trace elements in different biofluids of sixty women undergoing ICSI with PGT-A and SET/FET at IVI-RMA, New Jersey, and assessing their impact on their IVF outcomes. Urine, plasma, and follicular fluid samples were collected on the vaginal oocyte retrieval day to measure the concentrations of eight essential trace elements (copper, zinc, molybdenum, lithium, selenium, manganese, chromium, and iron) using ICP-MS. After analysis, ovarian response and preimplantation outcomes had significant positive associations with both copper alone and the copper/zinc ratio in the follicular fluid and plasma, in addition to plasma manganese. Alternatively, elevated follicular fluid lithium concentrations were significantly associated with poor preimplantation outcomes while the urinary molybdenum concentration was significantly associated with a lower probability of implantation, clinical pregnancy, and live birth. Urinary lithium and chromium concentrations were significantly associated with a lower probability of achieving a live birth. Our results suggest that the essential trace elements present in follicular fluid, plasma, and urine of women are directly associated with their reproductive outcomes, with copper and manganese exerting positive effects and lithium and molybdenum exerting negative effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Gonzalez-Martin
- IVIRMA Global Research Alliance, IVI Foundation, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe (IIS La Fe), 46026 Valencia, Spain
| | - Andrea Palomar
- IVIRMA Global Research Alliance, IVI Foundation, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe (IIS La Fe), 46026 Valencia, Spain
| | - Alicia Quiñonero
- IVIRMA Global Research Alliance, IVI Foundation, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe (IIS La Fe), 46026 Valencia, Spain
| | - Nuria Pellicer
- IVIRMA Global Research Alliance, IVI Foundation, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe (IIS La Fe), 46026 Valencia, Spain
| | - Rocio Fernandez-Saavedra
- Unit of Mass Spectrometry and Geochemical Applications, Chemistry Division, Department of Technology, CIEMAT, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Estefania Conde-Vilda
- Unit of Mass Spectrometry and Geochemical Applications, Chemistry Division, Department of Technology, CIEMAT, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Alberto J Quejido
- Unit of Mass Spectrometry and Geochemical Applications, Chemistry Division, Department of Technology, CIEMAT, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Christine Whitehead
- IVIRMA Global Research Alliance, IVI-RMA New Jersey, Basking Ridge, New Jersey, NJ 07920, USA
| | - Richard T Scott
- IVIRMA Global Research Alliance, IVI-RMA New Jersey, Basking Ridge, New Jersey, NJ 07920, USA
- Sidney Kimmel College of Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19044, USA
| | - Francisco Dominguez
- IVIRMA Global Research Alliance, IVI Foundation, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe (IIS La Fe), 46026 Valencia, Spain
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Liew Z, Meng Q, Yan Q, Schullehner J, Hansen B, Kristiansen SM, Voutchkova DD, Olsen J, Ersbøll AK, Ketzel M, Raaschou-Nielsen O, Ritz BR. Association Between Estimated Geocoded Residential Maternal Exposure to Lithium in Drinking Water and Risk for Autism Spectrum Disorder in Offspring in Denmark. JAMA Pediatr 2023; 177:617-624. [PMID: 37010840 PMCID: PMC10071398 DOI: 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2023.0346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/04/2023]
Abstract
Importance Lithium is a naturally occurring and trace element that has mood-stabilizing effects. Maternal therapeutic use of lithium has been associated with adverse birth outcomes. In animal models, lithium modulates Wnt/β-catenin signaling that is important for neurodevelopment. It is unknown whether exposure to lithium in drinking water affects brain health in early life. Objective To evaluate whether autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in offspring is associated with maternal exposure to lithium in drinking water during pregnancy. Design, Setting, and Participants This nationwide population-based case-control study in Denmark identified 8842 children diagnosed with ASD born from 2000 through 2013 and 43 864 control participants matched by birth year and sex from the Danish Medical Birth Registry. These data were analyzed from March 2021 through November 2022. Exposures Geocoded maternal residential addresses during pregnancy were linked to lithium level (range, 0.6 to 30.7 μg/L) in drinking water estimated using kriging interpolation based on 151 waterworks measurements of lithium across all regions in Denmark. Main Outcomes and Measures ASD diagnoses were ascertained using International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, Tenth Revision codes recorded in the Danish Psychiatric Central Register. The study team estimated odds ratios (ORs) and 95% CIs for ASD according to estimated geocoded maternal exposure to natural source of lithium in drinking water as a continuous (per IQR) or a categorical (quartile) variable, adjusting for sociodemographic factors and ambient air pollutants levels. The study team also conducted stratified analyses by birth years, child's sex, and urbanicity. Results A total of 8842 participants with ASD (male, 7009 [79.3%]) and 43 864 control participants (male, 34 749 [79.2%]) were studied. Every IQR increase in estimated geocoded maternal exposure to natural source of lithium in drinking water was associated with higher odds for ASD in offspring (OR, 1.23; 95% CI, 1.17-1.29). Elevated odds among offspring for ASD were estimated starting from the second quartile (7.36 to 12.67 μg/L) of estimated maternal exposure to drinking water with lithium and the OR for the highest quartile (more than 16.78 μg/L) compared with the reference group (less than 7.39 μg/L) was 1.46 (95% CI, 1.35-1.59). The associations were unchanged when adjusting for air pollution exposures and no differences were apparent in stratified analyses. Conclusions and Relevance Estimated maternal prenatal exposure to lithium from naturally occurring drinking water sources in Denmark was associated with an increased ASD risk in the offspring. This study suggests that naturally occurring lithium in drinking water may be a novel environmental risk factor for ASD development that requires further scrutiny.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeyan Liew
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut
- Yale Center for Perinatal, Pediatric, and Environmental Epidemiology, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Qi Meng
- Department of Epidemiology, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles
| | - Qi Yan
- Department of Epidemiology, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles
| | - Jörg Schullehner
- Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland (GEUS), Aarhus, Denmark
- Centre for Integrated Register-based Research at Aarhus University (CIRRAU), Aarhus, Denmark
- National Centre for Register-Based Research, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Birgitte Hansen
- Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland (GEUS), Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | | | - Jørn Olsen
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Annette Kjær Ersbøll
- National Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Matthias Ketzel
- Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Roskilde, Denmark
- Global Centre for Clean Air Research (GCARE), Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
| | - Ole Raaschou-Nielsen
- Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Roskilde, Denmark
- Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Danish Cancer Society, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Beate R. Ritz
- Department of Epidemiology, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles
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8
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Mahmudiono T, Fakhri Y, Daraei H, Mehri F, Einolghozati M, Mohamadi S, Mousavi Khaneghah A. The concentration of Lithium in water resources: A systematic review, meta-analysis and health risk assessment. REVIEWS ON ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH 2023; 0:reveh-2023-0025. [PMID: 37261955 DOI: 10.1515/reveh-2023-0025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The presence of trace elements such as lithium (Li) in water resources in the long term can endanger consumers' health. Several studies have been conducted on Li concentration in water sources; hence, this study attempted to retrieve studies using a systematic search. The search was conducted in Web of Sciences, Embase, PubMed, and Scopus databases from 1 January 2010 to 15 January 2023. Li concentration was meta-analyzed based on the type of water resources and countries subgroups in the random effects model (REM) statistical analysis. In addition, health risk assessment in different age groups was calculated using the target hazard quotient (THQ). This study included 76 papers with 157 data reports in our meta-analysis. The overall pooled concentration of Li was 5.374 (95 % CI: 5.261-5.487 μg/L). The pooled concentration of Li in groundwater (40.407 μg/L) was 14.53 times surface water (2.785 μg/L). The highest water Li content was attributed to Mexico (2,209.05 μg/L), Bolivia (1,444.05 μg/L), Iraq (1,350 μg/L), and Argentina (516.39 μg/L). At the same time, the lowest water Li content was associated with Morocco (1.20 μg/L), Spain (0.46 μg/L), and India (0.13 μg/L). THQ due to Li in water resources in consumers of Iraq, Mexico, South Africa, Afghanistan, Bolivia, Portugal, Malawi, South Korea, Nepal, South Korea, Argentina, and the USA was higher than 1 value. Therefore, continuous monitoring of Li concentration in water sources and reducing Li concentration, especially in groundwater water, using new water treatment processes in these countries are recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trias Mahmudiono
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Yadolah Fakhri
- Food Health Research Center, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
| | - Hasti Daraei
- Environmental Health Engineering Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Public Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Fereshteh Mehri
- Nutrition Health Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Mahtab Einolghozati
- Department of Nutrition and food Safety, School of Medicine. Nutrition Health Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Sara Mohamadi
- Department of Food Hygiene and Quality Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahre-Kord University, Shahre-Kord, Iran
| | - Amin Mousavi Khaneghah
- Department of Fruit and Vegetable Product Technology, Prof. Wacław Dąbrowski Institute of Agricultural and Food Biotechnology - State Research Institute, Warsaw, Poland
- Department of Technology of Chemistry, Azerbaijan State Oil and Industry University, Baku, Azerbaijan
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9
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Álvarez-Silvares E, Fernández-Cruz T, Bermudez-González M, Rubio-Cid P, Almeida A, Pinto E, Seoane-Pillado T, Martínez-Carballo E. Placental levels of essential and non-essential trace element in relation to neonatal weight in Northwestern Spain: application of generalized additive models. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:62566-62578. [PMID: 36943567 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-26560-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Adequate gestational progression depends to a great extent on placental development, which can modify maternal and neonatal outcomes. Any environmental toxicant, including metals, with the capacity to affect the placenta can alter the development of the pregnancy and its outcome. The objective of this study was to correlate the placenta levels of 14 essential and non-essential elements with neonatal weight. We examined relationships between placental concentrations of arsenic, cadmium, cobalt, copper, mercury, lithium, manganese, molybdenum, nickel, lead, rubidium, selenium, strontium, and zinc from 79 low obstetric risk pregnant women in Ourense (Northwestern Spain, 42°20'12.1″N 7°51.844'O) with neonatal weight. We tested associations between placental metal concentrations and neonatal weight by conducting multivariable linear regressions using generalized linear models (GLM) and generalized additive models (GAM). While placental Co (p = 0.03) and Sr (p = 0.048) concentrations were associated with higher neonatal weight, concentrations of Li (p = 0.027), Mo (p = 0.049), and Se (p = 0.02) in the placenta were associated with lower newborn weight. Our findings suggest that the concentration of some metals in the placenta may affect fetal growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Álvarez-Silvares
- Obstetrics and Gynaecology Department, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Ourense, C/ Ramón Puga 54, 32005, Ourense, Spain.
| | - Tania Fernández-Cruz
- Food and Health Omics, Analytical and Food Chemistry Department, Campus da Auga, Faculty of Sciences, University of Vigo, 32004, Ourense, Spain
| | - Mónica Bermudez-González
- Obstetrics and Gynaecology Department, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Ourense, C/ Ramón Puga 54, 32005, Ourense, Spain
| | - Paula Rubio-Cid
- Obstetrics and Gynaecology Department, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Ourense, C/ Ramón Puga 54, 32005, Ourense, Spain
| | - Agostinho Almeida
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
| | - Edgar Pinto
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Health, P. Porto, 4200-072, Porto, Portugal
| | | | - Elena Martínez-Carballo
- Food and Health Omics, Analytical and Food Chemistry Department, Campus da Auga, Faculty of Sciences, University of Vigo, 32004, Ourense, Spain
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10
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Freire C, Iribarne-Durán LM, Gil F, Olmedo P, Serrano-Lopez L, Peña-Caballero M, Hurtado-Suazo JA, Alvarado-González NE, Fernández MF, Peinado FM, Artacho-Cordón F, Olea N. Concentrations and predictors of aluminum, antimony, and lithium in breast milk: A repeated-measures study of donors. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 319:120901. [PMID: 36565913 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Aluminum (Al), antimony (Sb), and lithium (Li) are relatively common toxic metal(oid)s that can be transferred into breast milk and potentially to the nursing infant. This study assessed concentrations of Al, Sb, and Li in breast milk samples collected from donor mothers and explored the predictors of these concentrations. Two hundred forty-two pooled breast milk samples were collected at different times post-partum from 83 donors in Spain (2015-2018) and analyzed for Al, Sb, and Li concentrations. Mixed-effect linear regression was used to investigate the association of breast milk concentrations of these elements with the sociodemographic profile of the women, their dietary habits and utilization of personal care products (PCPs), the post-partum interval, and the nutritional characteristics of milk samples, among other factors. Al was detected in 94% of samples, with a median concentration of 57.63 μg/L. Sb and Li were detected in 72% and 79% of samples at median concentrations of 0.08 μg/L and 0.58 μg/L, respectively. Concentrations of Al, Sb, and Li were not associated with post-partum time. Al was positively associated with total lipid content of samples, weight change since before pregnancy, and coffee and butter intakes and inversely with meat intake. Li was positively associated with intake of chocolate and use of face cream and eyeliner and inversely with year of sample collection, egg, bread, and pasta intakes, and use of hand cream. Sb was positively associated with fatty fish, yoghurt, rice, and deep-fried food intakes and use of eyeliner and inversely with egg and cereal intakes and use of eyeshadow. This study shows that Al, Sb, and Li, especially Al, are widely present in donor breast milk samples. Their concentrations in the milk samples were most frequently associated with dietary habits but also with the lipid content of samples and the use of certain PCPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Freire
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada (ibs.GRANADA), 18012, Granada, Spain; CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain.
| | | | - Fernando Gil
- Department of Legal Medicine, Toxicology and Physical Anthropology, University of Granada, 108016, Granada, Spain.
| | - Pablo Olmedo
- Department of Legal Medicine, Toxicology and Physical Anthropology, University of Granada, 108016, Granada, Spain.
| | - Laura Serrano-Lopez
- Neonatology Unit, Virgen de las Nieves University Hospital, 18014, Granada, Spain.
| | - Manuela Peña-Caballero
- Neonatology Unit, Virgen de las Nieves University Hospital, 18014, Granada, Spain; Human Milk Bank, Virgen de las Nieves University Hospital, 18012, Granada, Spain.
| | | | - Nelva E Alvarado-González
- Instituto Especializado de Análisis (IEA), Vicerrectoría de Investigación y Postgrado, Universidad de Panamá, Panama.
| | - Mariana F Fernández
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada (ibs.GRANADA), 18012, Granada, Spain; CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain; Department of Radiology and Physical Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Granada, 18016, Granada, Spain.
| | - Francisco M Peinado
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada (ibs.GRANADA), 18012, Granada, Spain.
| | - Francisco Artacho-Cordón
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada (ibs.GRANADA), 18012, Granada, Spain; CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain; Department of Radiology and Physical Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Granada, 18016, Granada, Spain.
| | - Nicolás Olea
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada (ibs.GRANADA), 18012, Granada, Spain; CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain; Department of Radiology and Physical Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Granada, 18016, Granada, Spain; Nuclear Medicine Unit, San Cecilio University Hospital, 18016, Granada, Spain.
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11
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Bai M, Zhang C, Bai Y, Wang T, Qu S, Qi H, Zhang M, Tan C, Zhang C. Occurrence and Health Risks of Heavy Metals in Drinking Water of Self-Supplied Wells in Northern China. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph191912517. [PMID: 36231814 PMCID: PMC9566312 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191912517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Self-supplied wells, an important water resource in remote and scattered regions, are commonly deteriorated by environmental pollution and human activity. In this study, 156 self-supplied well-water samples were collected from remote and scattered areas of Inner Mongolia (NMG), Heilongjiang (HLJ), and the suburbs of Beijing (BJ) in Northern China. Twenty-four heavy metals were identified by using the inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES), and the associated human health risks were assessed by using standards of the US Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA). The concentrations of four heavy metals (As, Fe, Mn, and Tl) in HLJ, one heavy metal (Tl) in BJ, and ten heavy metals (Al, As, B, Cr, Fe, Mn, Mo, Se, Tl, and Zn) in NMG exceeded the limits set by China or the World Health Organization (WHO). The total carcinogenic risk (TCR) and total non-carcinogenic risk (THQ) exceeding set limits mainly occurred in NMG, compared to HLJ and BJ. Moreover, As accounted for 97.87% and 60.06% of the TCR in HLJ and BJ, respectively, while Cr accounted for 70.83% of the TCR in NMG. The TCR caused by Cd in all three areas had a negligible hazard (<10-4). As accounted for 51.11%, 32.96%, and 40.88% of the THQ in HLJ, BJ, and NMG, respectively. According to the results of the principal component analysis, heavy metals in well water from HLJ and NMG mainly originated from mixed natural processes and anthropogenic sources, whereas, in BJ, most heavy metals probably originated from natural sources. In the future, long-term monitoring of heavy metals in water from self-supplied wells should be conducted for an extensive range of well-water sites, and well water with high As contamination should be monitored more and fully assessed before being used as a drinking-water source.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Bai
- Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Chinese PLA, Beijing 100071, China
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Can Zhang
- Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Chinese PLA, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Yuchao Bai
- Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Chinese PLA, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Tianyi Wang
- Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Chinese PLA, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Shaojuan Qu
- Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Chinese PLA, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Hongjuan Qi
- Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Chinese PLA, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Minglu Zhang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Chaohong Tan
- School of Environment and Energy Engineering, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing 102616, China
| | - Chuanfu Zhang
- Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Chinese PLA, Beijing 100071, China
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12
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De Loma J, Vicente M, Tirado N, Ascui F, Vahter M, Gardon J, Schlebusch CM, Broberg K. Human adaptation to arsenic in Bolivians living in the Andes. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 301:134764. [PMID: 35490756 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.134764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Humans living in the Andes Mountains have been historically exposed to arsenic from natural sources, including drinking water. Enzymatic methylation of arsenic allows it to be excreted more efficiently by the human body. Adaptation to high-arsenic environments via enhanced methylation and excretion of arsenic was first reported in indigenous women in the Argentinean Andes, but whether adaptation to arsenic is a general phenomenon across native populations from the Andes Mountains remains unclear. Therefore, we evaluated whether adaptation to arsenic has occurred in the Bolivian Andes by studying indigenous groups who belong to the Aymara-Quechua and Uru ethnicities and have lived in the Bolivian Andes for generations. Our population genetics methods, including genome-wide selection scans based on linkage disequilibrium patterns and allele frequency differences, in combination with targeted and whole-genome sequencing and genotype-phenotype association analyses, detected signatures of positive selection near the gene encoding arsenite methyltransferase (AS3MT), the main arsenic methylating enzyme. This was among the strongest selection signals (top 0.5% signals via locus-specific branch length and extended haplotype homozygosity tests) at a genome-wide level in the Bolivian study groups. We found a large haplotype block of 676 kb in the AS3MT region and identified candidate functional variants for further analysis. Moreover, our analyses revealed associations between AS3MT variants and the fraction of mono-methylated arsenic in urine and showed that the Bolivian study groups had the highest frequency of alleles associated with more efficient arsenic metabolism reported so far. Our data support the idea that arsenic exposure has been a driver for human adaptation to tolerate arsenic through more efficient arsenic detoxification in different Andean populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica De Loma
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mário Vicente
- Human Evolution, Department of Organismal Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Noemi Tirado
- Genetics Institute, Universidad Mayor de San Andrés, La Paz, Bolivia
| | - Franz Ascui
- Programa de Salud Familiar Comunitaria e Intercultural, Ministerio de Salud Bolivia, La Paz, Bolivia
| | - Marie Vahter
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jacques Gardon
- Hydrosciences Montpellier, Université de Montpellier, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Montpellier, France
| | - Carina M Schlebusch
- Human Evolution, Department of Organismal Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; Palaeo-Research Institute, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 524, Auckland Park, 2006, South Africa; SciLifeLab Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Karin Broberg
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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13
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Placental concentrations of alkali metals and their associations with neural tube defects in offspring. Placenta 2022; 121:46-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2022.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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14
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Araya P, Martínez C, Barros J. Lithium in Drinking Water as a Public Policy for Suicide Prevention: Relevance and Considerations. Front Public Health 2022; 10:805774. [PMID: 35252091 PMCID: PMC8891154 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.805774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Although suicide is considered a major preventable cause of mortality worldwide, we do not have effective strategies to prevent it. Lithium has been consistently associated with lowering risk of suicide. This effect could occur at very low concentrations, such as trace doses of lithium in tap water. Several ecological studies and recent meta-analysis have suggested an inverse association between lithium in water and suicide in the general population, with a lack of knowledge of clinically significant side effects. This paper is aimed as a proposal to discuss the addition of lithium to drinking water to decrease the suicide rate. For this, we review the evidence available, use previous experiences, such as water fluoridation to prevent dental caries, and discuss the complexity involved in such a public policy. Considering the limited data available and the controversies contained in this proposal, we suggest that a consensus on lithium concentration in water is needed, where the suicide rates start to reduce, as happened with water fluoridation. This measure will require to develop community-controlled trials with strict monitoring of any side effects, where democratic procedures would constitute one of the most appropriate ways to validate its implementation according to the reality of each community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Araya
- Department of Escuela de Medicina PUC School of Medicine, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Camila Martínez
- Department of Escuela de Medicina PUC School of Medicine, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Jorge Barros
- Departamento de Psiquiatría, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- *Correspondence: Jorge Barros
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15
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The Impact of Oxidative Stress of Environmental Origin on the Onset of Placental Diseases. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11010106. [PMID: 35052610 PMCID: PMC8773163 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11010106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Revised: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress (OS) plays a pivotal role in placental development; however, abnormal loads in oxidative stress molecules may overwhelm the placental defense mechanisms and cause pathological situations. The environment in which the mother evolves triggers an exposure of the placental tissue to chemical, physical, and biological agents of OS, with potential pathological consequences. Here we shortly review the physiological and developmental functions of OS in the placenta, and present a series of environmental pollutants inducing placental oxidative stress, for which some insights regarding the underlying mechanisms have been proposed, leading to a recapitulation of the noxious effects of OS of environmental origin upon the human placenta.
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16
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Chiou SYS, Kysenius K, Huang Y, Habgood MD, Koehn LM, Qiu F, Crouch PJ, Varshney S, Ganio K, Dziegielewska KM, Saunders NR. Lithium administered to pregnant, lactating and neonatal rats: entry into developing brain. Fluids Barriers CNS 2021; 18:57. [PMID: 34876168 PMCID: PMC8650431 DOI: 10.1186/s12987-021-00285-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Little is known about the extent of drug entry into developing brain, when administered to pregnant and lactating women. Lithium is commonly prescribed for bipolar disorder. Here we studied transfer of lithium given to dams, into blood, brain and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in embryonic and postnatal animals as well as adults. Methods Lithium chloride in a clinically relevant dose (3.2 mg/kg body weight) was injected intraperitoneally into pregnant (E15–18) and lactating dams (birth-P16/17) or directly into postnatal pups (P0–P16/17). Acute treatment involved a single injection; long-term treatment involved twice daily injections for the duration of the experiment. Following terminal anaesthesia blood plasma, CSF and brains were collected. Lithium levels and brain distribution were measured using Laser Ablation Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry and total lithium levels were confirmed by Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry. Results Lithium was detected in blood, CSF and brain of all fetal and postnatal pups following lithium treatment of dams. Its concentration in pups’ blood was consistently below that in maternal blood (30–35%) indicating significant protection by the placenta and breast tissue. However, much of the lithium that reached the fetus entered its brain. Levels of lithium in plasma fluctuated in different treatment groups but its concentration in CSF was stable at all ages, in agreement with known stable levels of endogenous ions in CSF. There was no significant increase of lithium transfer into CSF following application of Na+/K+ ATPase inhibitor (digoxin) in vivo, indicating that lithium transfer across choroid plexus epithelium is not likely to be via the Na+/K+ ATPase mechanism, at least early in development. Comparison with passive permeability markers suggested that in acute experiments lithium permeability was less than expected for diffusion but similar in long-term experiments at P2. Conclusions Information obtained on the distribution of lithium in developing brain provides a basis for studying possible deleterious effects on brain development and behaviour in offspring of mothers undergoing lithium therapy. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12987-021-00285-w.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shene Yi-Shiuan Chiou
- Department of Biochemistry & Pharmacology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Kai Kysenius
- Department of Biochemistry & Pharmacology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Yifan Huang
- Department of Biochemistry & Pharmacology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia.,Department of Neuroscience, Monash University, 99 Commercial Road, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia
| | - Mark David Habgood
- Department of Biochemistry & Pharmacology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia.,Department of Neuroscience, Monash University, 99 Commercial Road, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia
| | - Liam M Koehn
- Department of Biochemistry & Pharmacology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Fiona Qiu
- Department of Biochemistry & Pharmacology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia.,Department of Neuroscience, Monash University, 99 Commercial Road, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia
| | - Peter J Crouch
- Department of Biochemistry & Pharmacology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Swati Varshney
- Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Katherine Ganio
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia
| | - Katarzyna Magdalena Dziegielewska
- Department of Biochemistry & Pharmacology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia.,Department of Neuroscience, Monash University, 99 Commercial Road, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia
| | - Norman Ruthven Saunders
- Department of Biochemistry & Pharmacology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia. .,Department of Neuroscience, Monash University, 99 Commercial Road, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia.
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17
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Mohammed DAE, Ahmed RR, R G A. Maternal LiCl exposure disrupts thyroid-cerebral axis in neonatal albino rats. Int J Dev Neurosci 2021; 81:741-758. [PMID: 34528732 DOI: 10.1002/jdn.10151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
This work aimed to elucidate whether maternal lithium chloride (LiCl) exposure disturbs the thyroid-cerebral axis in neonatal albino rats. 50 mg of LiCl/kg b.wt. is orally given for pregnant Wistar rats from gestational day (GD) 1 to lactation day (LD) 28. The maternal administration of LiCl induced follicular dilatation and degeneration, hyperplasia, lumen obliteration and colloid vacuolation in the maternal and neonatal thyroid gland at postnatal days (PNDs) 14, 21 and 28. Neuronal degeneration (spongiform), gliosis, nuclear pyknosis, perivascular oedema, and meningeal hyperaemia were observed in the neonatal cerebral cortex of the maternal LiCl-treated group at examined PNDs. This disturbance appears to depend on intensification in the neonatal cerebral malondialdehyde (MDA), nitric oxide (NO), and hydrogen peroxide (H2 O2 ) levels, and attenuation in the glutathione (GSH), total thiol (t-SH), catalase (CAT), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) levels. In the neonatal cerebrum, the fold change in the relative mRNA expression of deiodinases (DII and DIII) increased significantly at PNDs 21 and 14, respectively, in the maternal LiCl-treated group. These data suggest that maternal LiCl may perturb the thyroid-cerebrum axis generating neonatal neurodevelopmental disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dena A E Mohammed
- Division of Anatomy and Embryology, Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - Rasha R Ahmed
- Division of Histology and Cytology, Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - Ahmed R G
- Division of Anatomy and Embryology, Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
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18
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Eyre-Watt B, Mahendran E, Suetani S, Firth J, Kisely S, Siskind D. The association between lithium in drinking water and neuropsychiatric outcomes: A systematic review and meta-analysis from across 2678 regions containing 113 million people. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 2021; 55:139-152. [PMID: 33045847 DOI: 10.1177/0004867420963740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lithium in drinking water may have significant mental health benefits. We investigated the evidence on the association between lithium concentrations in drinking water and their neuropsychiatric outcomes. METHODS We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis and searched Pubmed, Embase, Web of Science, PsycINFO and CINAHL up to 19 January 2020, for peer-reviewed research examining the association between lithium concentrations in drinking water and neuropsychiatric outcomes. We used a pairwise analysis and a random effects model to meta-analyse suicide rates and psychiatric hospital admissions. We assessed for publication bias using Egger's test and Duval and Tweedie's Trim and Fill analysis. RESULTS Twenty-seven studies including 113 million subjects were included in this systematic review. Meta-analysis of 14 studies including 94 million people found higher lithium concentrations were associated with reduced suicide rates (r = -0.191, 95% confidence interval = [-0.287, -0.090], p < 0.001) and meta-analysis of two studies including 5 million people found higher lithium concentrations were associated with fewer hospital admissions (r = -0.413, 95% confidence interval = [-0.689, -0.031], p = 0.035). We found significant heterogeneity between studies (Q = 67.4, p < 0.001, I2 = 80.7%) and the presence of publication bias (Egger's test; t value = 2.90, p = 0.013). Other included studies did not provide sufficient data to analyse other neuropsychiatric outcomes quantitatively. CONCLUSION Higher lithium concentrations in drinking water may be associated with reduced suicide rates and inpatient psychiatric admissions. The relationship with other neuropsychiatric outcomes and complications remains unclear. Further research is required before any public health recommendations can be made.Trial registration number: The study was registered with PROSPERO, number CRD42018090145.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Shuichi Suetani
- School of Medicine, Griffith University, Southport, QLD, Australia.,Metro South Mental Health and Addiction Services, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research, The Park Centre for Mental Health, Wacol, QLD, Australia.,Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Joseph Firth
- NICM Health Research Institute, School of Science and Health, Western Sydney University, Sydney, Australia.,Division of Psychology and Mental Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Steve Kisely
- Metro South Mental Health and Addiction Services, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,School of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia
| | - Dan Siskind
- Metro South Mental Health and Addiction Services, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research, The Park Centre for Mental Health, Wacol, QLD, Australia.,School of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia
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19
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Poels EMP, Sterrenburg K, Wierdsma AI, Wesseloo R, Beerthuizen A, van Dijke L, Lau C, Hoogendijk WJG, Marroun HE, van Kamp IL, Bijma HH, Bergink V. Lithium exposure during pregnancy increases fetal growth. J Psychopharmacol 2021; 35:178-183. [PMID: 32684118 PMCID: PMC7859661 DOI: 10.1177/0269881120940914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lithium is an effective treatment in pregnancy and postpartum for the prevention of relapse in bipolar disorder, but there is a lack of knowledge about the potential adverse impact on fetal development. AIMS To investigate the impact of lithium exposure on early fetal growth. METHODS In this retrospective observational cohort study, we included all singleton pregnancies of women using lithium and referred for advanced fetal ultrasound scanning between 1994 and 2018 to the University Medical Centers in Leiden and Rotterdam, the Netherlands (n=119). The Generation R study, a population-based cohort, served as a non-exposed control population from the same geographic region (n=8184). Fetal head circumference, abdominal circumference, femur length, and transcerebellar diameter were measured by ultrasound at 18-22 weeks of gestation. RESULTS Lithium use during pregnancy was associated with an average increase in head circumference of 1.77 mm (95% confidence interval: 0.53, 3.01), in abdominal circumference of 5.54 mm (95% confidence interval: 3.95, 7.12) and in femur length of 0.59 mm (95% confidence interval: 0.22, 0.96) at 18-22 weeks gestation. Furthermore, lithium use during pregnancy was associated with an average increase in birth weight of 142.43 grams (95% confidence interval: 58.01, 226.89), whereas it was associated with an average decrease of 1.41 weeks in gestational duration (95% confidence interval: -1.78, -1.05). CONCLUSIONS Lithium use during pregnancy was associated with increased fetal growth parameters at 18-22 weeks gestational age and increased birth weight. Further research is needed to evaluate both short- and long-term implications, as well as the mechanisms driving this difference in growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eline MP Poels
- Department of Psychiatry, Erasmus
University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands,Eline MP Poels, Department of Psychiatry,
Erasmus Medical Center, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD, Rotterdam, The
Netherlands.
| | - Karin Sterrenburg
- Department of Obstetrics and
Gynaecology, Division of Obstetrics and Prenatal Medicine, Erasmus University
Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - André I Wierdsma
- Department of Psychiatry, Erasmus
University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Richard Wesseloo
- Department of Psychiatry, Erasmus
University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands,Department of Psychiatry, GGZ Delfland,
Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Annemerle Beerthuizen
- Department of Psychiatry, Erasmus
University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Laura van Dijke
- Department of Obstetrics, Leiden
University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Condon Lau
- Department of Physics, City University
of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Witte JG Hoogendijk
- Department of Psychiatry, Erasmus
University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hanan El Marroun
- Department of Child and Adolescent
Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The
Netherlands,Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus
University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands,Department of Psychology, Education and
Child Studies, Erasmus School of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Erasmus University,
Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Inge L van Kamp
- Department of Obstetrics, Leiden
University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Hilmar H Bijma
- Department of Obstetrics and
Gynaecology, Division of Obstetrics and Prenatal Medicine, Erasmus University
Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Veerle Bergink
- Department of Psychiatry, Erasmus
University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands,Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School
of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, United States of America,Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology
and Reproductive Science, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, United
States of America
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20
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De Loma J, Gliga AR, Levi M, Ascui F, Gardon J, Tirado N, Broberg K. Arsenic Exposure and Cancer-Related Proteins in Urine of Indigenous Bolivian Women. Front Public Health 2020; 8:605123. [PMID: 33381488 PMCID: PMC7767847 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2020.605123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Indigenous people living in the Bolivian Andes are exposed through their drinking water to inorganic arsenic, a potent carcinogen. However, the health consequences of arsenic exposure in this region are unknown. The aim of this study was to evaluate associations between arsenic exposure and changes in cancer-related proteins in indigenous women (n = 176) from communities around the Andean Lake Poopó, Bolivia. Arsenic exposure was assessed in whole blood (B-As) and urine (as the sum of arsenic metabolites, U-As) by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Cancer-related proteins (N = 92) were measured in urine using the proximity extension assay. The median B-As concentration was 2.1 (range 0.60-9.1) ng/g, and U-As concentration was 67 (12-399) μg/L. Using linear regression models adjusted for age, urinary osmolality, and urinary leukocytes, we identified associations between B-As and four putative cancer-related proteins: FASLG, SEZ6L, LYPD3, and TFPI2. Increasing B-As concentrations were associated with lower protein expression of SEZ6L, LYPD3, and TFPI2, and with higher expression of FASLG in urine (no association was statistically significant after correcting for multiple comparisons). The associations were similar across groups with different arsenic metabolism efficiency, a susceptibility factor for arsenic toxicity. In conclusion, arsenic exposure in this region was associated with changes in the expression of some cancer-related proteins in urine. Future research is warranted to understand if these proteins could serve as valid biomarkers for arsenic-related toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica De Loma
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anda R Gliga
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Michael Levi
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Franz Ascui
- Programa de Salud Familiar Comunitaria e Intercultural, Ministerio de Salud Bolivia, La Paz, Bolivia
| | - Jacques Gardon
- Hydrosciences Montpellier, Université de Montpellier, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Montpellier, France
| | - Noemi Tirado
- Genetics Institute, Universidad Mayor de San Andrés, La Paz, Bolivia
| | - Karin Broberg
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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21
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Chen L, Ma T, Wang Y, Zheng J. Health risks associated with multiple metal(loid)s in groundwater: A case study at Hetao Plain, northern China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 263:114562. [PMID: 32315822 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Revised: 04/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
To compare the health risks of multiple metal(loid)s in groundwater, and discuss the feasibility of drinking water standards, 66 groundwater samples were collected from the Hetao Plain in October 2017. Eighteen metal(loid) species (boron (B), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), strontium (Sr), barium (Ba), lithium (Li), scandium (Sc), titanium (Ti), vanadium (V), cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), arsenic (As), selenium (Se), rubidium (Rb), molybdenum (Mo), uranium (U)) were analyzed, and the related non-carcinogenic risks were assessed. The results showed that 83.3% of the groundwater samples had As and Fe contents above the maximum allowed contaminant levels (MCLs) in drinking water standards, followed by Mn (70.2%), B (65.2%), Se (60.6%), U (18.2%), Ni (18.2%) and Mo (1.50%). Compared with the dermal exposure pathway, oral ingestion made a risk contribution of more than 99% for all target metal(loid)s. Site-specific hazard quotient (HQ) values ranged from 2.30E+00 to 1.75E+02, indicating that multiple metal(loid)s in the drinking groundwater cause a serious non-carcinogenic risk to the local people. The risk contributions (mean value) were ranked as As (55.2%) > U (25.5%) > Li (10.8%) > other total metal(loid)s (8.60%), and the contributions of U and Li could reach 91.7% (site 20) and 69.8% (site 56), respectively. The calculation of specific health risks further indicated that the MCLs of metal(loid)s do not match the corresponding health risk well. Some metal(loid)s such as Li that showed high exposure risks in this study, still have no MCL values until now. Therefore, current drinking water standards need to be updated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liuzhu Chen
- School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Teng Ma
- School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China.
| | - Yanxin Wang
- School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Jiejun Zheng
- School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
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22
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Vahter M, Broberg K, Harari F. Placental and Cord Blood Telomere Length in Relation to Maternal Nutritional Status. J Nutr 2020; 150:2646-2655. [PMID: 32678440 PMCID: PMC7549303 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxaa198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Revised: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The uterine environment may be important for the chromosomal telomere length (TL) at birth, which, in turn, influences disease susceptibility throughout life. However, little is known about the importance of specific nutritional factors. OBJECTIVES We assessed the impact of multiple maternal nutritional factors on TL in placenta and cord blood. METHODS In a population-based mother-child cohort in northwestern Argentina, we measured maternal weight, BMI, body fat percentage (BFP), and several nutrients [selenium, magnesium, calcium, zinc, manganese, iodine, vitamin B-12, folate, 25-hydroxycholecalciferol (25(OH)D3)], hemoglobin, and homocysteine in maternal whole blood, serum, plasma, or urine during pregnancy (mean gestational week 27). We measured the relative TL (rTL) in placenta (n = 99) and cord blood (n = 98) at delivery by real-time PCR. Associations were evaluated by multivariable-adjusted linear regression. RESULTS The women's prepregnancy BMI (kg/m2; mean ± SD: 23.7 ± 4.1), body weight (55.4 ± 9.9 kg), and BFP (29.9 ± 5.5%), but not height (153 ± 5.3 cm), were inversely associated with placental rTL (P < 0.01 for all), with ∼0.5 SD shorter rTL for an IQR increase in prepregnancy body weight, BMI, or BFP. Also, impedance-based BFP, but not lean body mass, in the third trimester was associated with shorter placental rTL. In addition, serum vitamin B-12 (232 ± 96 pmol/L) in pregnancy (P = 0.038), but not folate or homocysteine, was associated with shorter placental rTL (0.2 SD for an IQR increase). In contrast, plasma 25(OH)D3 (46 ± 15 nmol/L) was positively associated with placental rTL (P < 0.01), which increased by 0.4 SD for an IQR increase in 25(OH)D3. No clear associations of the studied maternal nutritional factors were found with cord blood rTL. CONCLUSIONS Maternal BMI, BFP, and vitamin B-12 were inversely associated, whereas 25(OH)D3 was positively associated, with placental TL. No association was observed with cord blood TL. Future studies should elucidate the role of placental TL for child health.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Karin Broberg
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Florencia Harari
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden,Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Sahlgrenska University Hospital and University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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23
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Voica C, Roba C, Iordache AM. Lithium Levels in Food from the Romanian Market by Inductively Coupled Plasma – Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS): A Pilot Study. ANAL LETT 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2020.1748642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C. Voica
- National Institute for Research and Development of Isotopic and Molecular Technologies, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - C. Roba
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Babeș-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - A. M. Iordache
- National Research and Development Institute for Cryogenics and Isotopes Technologies, Ramnicu Valcea, Romania
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24
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Ewuzie U, Nnorom IC, Eze SO. Lithium in drinking water sources in rural and urban communities in Southeastern Nigeria. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 245:125593. [PMID: 31855764 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.125593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2019] [Revised: 11/24/2019] [Accepted: 12/08/2019] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
There is a dearth of data on lithium content of domestic water sources in Nigeria. This study reported the lithium concentration in ground and surface water sources used for drinking in Southeastern Nigeria. Thirteen (13) natural springs, 24 streams, 7 hand-dug wells and 80 boreholes, making a total of 124 water samples were collected from strategic locations and analysed by ICP-OES. The distribution of lithium according to water sources and lithostratigraphic units as well as dietary contribution of lithium through drinking water was investigated. Average lithium concentrations in water samples from all sources were between 0.09 and 1.54 μg/L (overall mean ± SEM: 1.0 ± 0.2 μg/L). Results according to the geological formations of the areas studied indicated that only water sources located within the Benin Formation and Bende-Ameki Formation contained lithium in the range of <0.21-7.24 and < 0.21-1.97 μg/L respectively, whereas lithium was not detected in samples located within the Nsukka and Mamu lithostratigraphic units. Total intakes of lithium from water consumption (0.64 L for children and 2 L for adults) for all water sources were 79 and 247 μg/day for children and adults respectively, while the average daily intake of lithium from the water sources ranged from 0.004 to 0.066 and 0.002-0.044 μg/kg body weight for children (15 kg) and adults (70 kg) respectively. Drinking water in the study areas contributes only about 0.02-0.47% of the U.S. EPA estimated daily intake (9.3-44.3 μg/kg) of Lithium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ugochukwu Ewuzie
- Analytical/Environmental Chemistry Unit, Department of Pure and Industrial Chemistry, Abia State University, Uturu, Nigeria.
| | - Innocent C Nnorom
- Analytical/Environmental Chemistry Unit, Department of Pure and Industrial Chemistry, Abia State University, Uturu, Nigeria; Visiting Research Fellow, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Sunday O Eze
- Analytical/Environmental Chemistry Unit, Department of Pure and Industrial Chemistry, Abia State University, Uturu, Nigeria
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25
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Effects of boron compounds on human reproduction. Arch Toxicol 2020; 94:717-724. [PMID: 32170343 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-020-02700-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Because of the high pKa of boric acid, inorganic borates, when taken up by the human or animal organism, exist in the body almost exclusively in the form of non-dissociated boric acid. Therefore, the variety of inorganic boron compounds is commonly addressed in the toxicological literature as "boron" (B). There is a discussion concerning categorisation of inorganic boron compounds as reproductive toxins. Boron treatment of rats, mice and dogs was dose-dependently associated with testicular toxicity, characterised by inhibited spermiation at lower dose levels and by reduction of epididymal sperm counts at higher dose levels. The NOAEL for such fertility effects of boric acid in male rats (oral feeding, Sprague Dawley strain) was evaluated to be 17.5 mg B/kg bw per day. As far as developmental toxicity is concerned, oral dosing of 9.6 mg B/kg bw daily to female pregnant Sprague Dawley rats remained without effects, with foetal skeletal effects observed at higher doses. Therefore, 9.6 mg B/kg bw (oral dosing) was evaluated as NOAEL for developmental effects of boric acid. The blood level in rats, equivalent to this NOAEL, is 1270 ng B/g. As far as B-exposed humans are concerned, field studies on the effect of boron on human reproduction are possible only in a few boron-rich geographical areas. Published field studies were conducted in China's Liaoning province, the Argentinian Andes and Western Anatolia/Turkey. Particularly relevant are studies on occupationally B-exposed groups, because the potential exposure to boron is much higher in occupational compared to environmental settings. Comparison of estimated daily B exposure levels in humans and actually measured B blood levels confirms the preference of biomonitoring for exposure assessment in environmental and occupational studies. A boron blood level scaling shows that the levels of high occupational B exposures reported in China and in Turkey are compatible. Compared to the experimental B blood levels at boron-related NOAELs for male fertility and for developmental toxicity in rats, the human blood level means of the highest occupational exposure groups in China and in Turkey are lower by factors of > 4 and > 2, respectively. Basically, concentrations of B within the body that exert reproductive toxicity in humans are not reached under the conditions of human normal handling and use, including conditions of extreme occupational exposures. In consequence, all relevant results of studies into human reproductive toxicity of B are basically negative. Considering the effective doses, there is no scientific contradiction between experimental and human results of B reproductive toxicity.
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26
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Medić B, Stojanović M, Stimec BV, Divac N, Vujović KS, Stojanović R, Čolović M, Krstić D, Prostran M. Lithium - Pharmacological and Toxicological Aspects: The Current State of the Art. Curr Med Chem 2020; 27:337-351. [DOI: 10.2174/0929867325666180904124733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Revised: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
:
Lithium is the smallest monovalent cation with many different biological effects.
Although lithium is present in the pharmacotherapy of psychiatric illnesses for decades, its
precise mechanism of action is still not clarified. Today lithium represents first-line therapy
for bipolar disorders (because it possesses both antimanic and antidepressant properties) and
the adjunctive treatment for major depression (due to its antisuicidal effects). Beside, lithium
showed some protective effects in neurological diseases including acute neural injury, chronic
degenerative conditions, Alzheimer's disease as well as in treating leucopenia, hepatitis and
some renal diseases. Recent evidence suggested that lithium also possesses some anticancer
properties due to its inhibition of Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 beta (GSK3β) which is included
in the regulation of a lot of important cellular processes such as: glycogen metabolism,
inflammation, immunomodulation, apoptosis, tissue injury, regeneration etc.
:
Although recent evidence suggested a potential utility of lithium in different conditions, its
broader use in clinical practice still trails. The reason for this is a narrow therapeutic index of
lithium, numerous toxic effects in various organ systems and some clinically relevant interactions
with other drugs. Additionally, it is necessary to perform more preclinical as well as
clinical studies in order to a precise therapeutic range of lithium, as well as its detailed
mechanism of action. The aim of this review is to summarize the current knowledge concerning
the pharmacological and toxicological effects of lithium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Branislava Medić
- Department of Pharmacology, Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Marko Stojanović
- Department of Pharmacology, Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Bojan V. Stimec
- Anatomy Sector, Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Nevena Divac
- Department of Pharmacology, Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Katarina Savić Vujović
- Department of Pharmacology, Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Radan Stojanović
- Department of Pharmacology, Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Mirjana Čolović
- Department of Physical Chemistry, “Vinca“ Institute of Nuclear Sciences, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Danijela Krstić
- Institute of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Milica Prostran
- Department of Pharmacology, Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
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27
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Mohammed DAE, Ahmed RR, Ahmed RG. Maternal lithium chloride exposure alters the neuroendocrine-cytokine axis in neonatal albino rats. Int J Dev Neurosci 2020; 80:123-138. [PMID: 31994228 DOI: 10.1002/jdn.10010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this work was to clarify whether maternal lithium chloride (LiCl) exposure disrupts the neonatal neuroendocrine-cytokine axis. Pregnant Wistar rats were orally administrated 50 mg LiCl/kg b.wt. from gestational day (GD) 1 to postpartum day 28. Maternal administration of LiCl induced a hypothyroid state in both dams and their neonates compared to the control dams and neonates at lactation days (LDs) 14, 21 and 28, where the levels of serum free triiodothyronine (FT3) and free thyroxin (FT4) were decreased and the level of serum thyrotropin (TSH) level was increased. A noticeable depression in maternal body weight gain, neonatal body weight and neonatal serum growth hormone (GH) was observed on all examined postnatal days (PNDs; 14, 21 and 28). A single abortion case was recorded at GD 17, and three dead neonates were noted at birth in the LiCl-treated group. Maternal administration of LiCl disturbed the levels of neonatal serum tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β), interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), interferon-gamma (INF-γ), leptin, adiponectin and resistin at all tested PNDs compared to the control group. This administration produced a stimulatory action on the level of neonatal cerebral serotonin (5-HT) at PND 14 and on the level of neonatal cerebral norepinephrine (NE) at PNDs 21 and 28. However, this administration produced an inhibitory action on the level of neonatal cerebral dopamine (DA) at all examined PNDs and on the level of neonatal cerebral NE at PND 14 and the level of neonatal cerebral 5-HT at PNDs 21 and 28 compared to the corresponding control group. Thus, maternal LiCl exposure-induced hypothyroidism disrupts the neonatal neuroendocrine-cytokine system, which delay cerebral development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dena A-E Mohammed
- Division of Anatomy and Embryology, Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - Rasha R Ahmed
- Division of Histology and Cytology, Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - R G Ahmed
- Division of Anatomy and Embryology, Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
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28
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López Steinmetz RL, Fong SB, Boyer E, López Steinmetz LC, Tejerina NE, Meuric V. Lithium and Boron in Calcified Tissues of Vicuna and Their Relation to Chronic Exposure by Water Ingestion in The Andean Lithium Triangle. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2020; 39:200-209. [PMID: 31614392 DOI: 10.1002/etc.4608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2019] [Revised: 07/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Vicuna is a wild, endangered species of Andean camelid living in the hyperarid Andean plateau. In the central part of the plateau, the Lithium Triangle defines a zone with lithium-rich salt pans. Brine pools naturally form within the salt pans, and the adaptation strategy of vicuna consists of drinking from brine pools. Together with reporting the first chemical data on vicuna bones and teeth, we analyzed lithium, boron, and arsenic in water and brines, with the aim of assessing their relation to chronic exposure by water ingestion. We collected and analyzed bones of vicuna specimens lying in an Andean salt pan, together with brine and water samples. Brine and water samples are highly saline and contain large amounts of lithium, boron, and arsenic. Lithium (13.50-40 mg kg-1 ) and boron (40-46.80 mg kg-1 ), but not arsenic, were found in the vicuna bones and teeth. Based on our results and on previously reported data on human tissues in the Andes, we conducted statistical assessments of the relationships between lithium and boron in body tissues and water samples, and discuss their environmental significance in the context of the Lithium Triangle. Environ Toxicol Chem 2019;39:200-209. © 2019 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romina Lucrecia López Steinmetz
- Instituto de Ecorregiones Andinas (Universidad Nacional de Jujuy-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas), Jujuy, Argentina
- Instituto de Geología y Minería, Universidad Nacional de Jujuy, Jujuy, Argentina
| | | | - Emile Boyer
- Université Rennes, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Institut Nutrition Métabolismes Cancer, Rennes, France
| | - Lorena Cecilia López Steinmetz
- Instituto de Investigaciones Psicológicas (Universidad Nacional de Córdoba-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas), Enfermera Gordillo y Enrique Barros, Córdoba, Argentina
| | | | - Vincent Meuric
- Université Rennes, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Institut Nutrition Métabolismes Cancer, Rennes, France
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Huang I, Mak D, Cheung P, Abraham M, Clemens T, Turner S. A systematic review of associations between maternal exposures during pregnancy other than smoking and antenatal fetal measurements. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2019; 173:528-538. [PMID: 30991176 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2019.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Revised: 03/30/2019] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Reduced birth weight is associated with many maternal environmental exposures during pregnancy, but the gestational age at onset of this association is unknown. We have previously reported associations between maternal smoking and fetal size. OBJECTIVE To report on our systematic review of the literature describing associations between antenatal size and growth and maternal exposures during pregnancy. DATA SOURCES Electronic databases (OVID and EMBASE) and web sites for cohort studies were searched. Studies were eligible if they examined associations between maternal environmental exposures (including ambient air exposure, diet and alcohol) and antenatal fetal ultrasound measurements. The Navigation Guide was used to assess the strength of evidence. RESULTS There were 451 abstracts identified and 36 papers were included of which maternal diet was the exposure of interest in 15, maternal ambient air exposure in 10, maternal alcohol in 3 and other exposures in 8. The first paper was published in 2006. Associations were present between exposures and fetal measurements in 18% of comparisons with second trimester measurements and in 46% of comparisons with third trimester measurements. In the third trimester, when an association was present, reduced head size was most commonly (58%) associated with current or previous maternal exposure, with reduced length being least commonly (32%) associated and reduced weight being intermediate (52%). In the third trimester, increased maternal nitrogen dioxide exposure was associated with reduced head size was associated with in all seven studies identified and reduced fetal weight in five out of six studies. CONCLUSION There is sufficient evidence of toxicity in the context of maternal exposure to nitrogen dioxide and reduced third trimester fetal head size. There is currently insufficient evidence of toxicity with regard to maternal exposures to dietary factors, alcohol and environmental chemicals and reduced fetal size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivory Huang
- Child Health, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Diane Mak
- Child Health, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | | | | | - Tom Clemens
- School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, UK
| | - Steve Turner
- Child Health, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK.
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Szklarska D, Rzymski P. Is Lithium a Micronutrient? From Biological Activity and Epidemiological Observation to Food Fortification. Biol Trace Elem Res 2019; 189:18-27. [PMID: 30066063 PMCID: PMC6443601 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-018-1455-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Lithium compounds have been widely used in psychopharmacology, particularly in the treatment of bipolar disorder. Their normothymic and neuroprotective properties when used at high doses have been well established. However, a number of observations suggest that environmentally relevant lithium doses may also exert beneficial health effects, leading to a decrease in the rate of suicides and levels of violence. Despite the fact that this element is not officially considered to be a micronutrient, some authors have suggested provisional recommended intakes set at 1000 μg/day for a 70-kg adult (14.3 μg/kg body weight). The present paper reviews the biological action of lithium, its bioavailability and metabolism, and content in different foodstuffs and water. It also assesses epidemiological data on potential correlations between lithium intake and suicide rate as well as examines the concept of fortifying food with this element as a strategy in the primary prevention of mood disorders and pre-suicidal syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daria Szklarska
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Rokietnicka 8, 60-806, Poznań, Poland
| | - Piotr Rzymski
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Rokietnicka 8, 60-806, Poznań, Poland.
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Exploring telomere length in mother-newborn pairs in relation to exposure to multiple toxic metals and potential modifying effects by nutritional factors. BMC Med 2019; 17:77. [PMID: 30971237 PMCID: PMC6458832 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-019-1309-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The uterine environment may influence telomere length at birth, which is essential for cellular function, aging, and disease susceptibility over the lifespan. However, little is known about the impact of toxic chemicals on early-life telomeres. Therefore, we assessed the potential impact of multiple toxic metals on relative telomere length (rTL) in the maternal blood, cord blood, and placenta, as well as the potential modifying effects of pro-oxidants. METHOD In a mother-child cohort in northern Argentina (n = 169), we measured multiple toxic metals in the maternal blood or urine collected during late pregnancy, as well as the placenta and cord blood collected at delivery, using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). We assessed associations of log2-transformed metal concentrations with rTL, measured in maternal and cord blood leukocytes and the placenta by real-time PCR, using multivariable-adjusted linear regression. Additionally, we tested for modifications by antioxidants (zinc, selenium, folate, and vitamin D3). RESULTS Exposure to boron and antimony during pregnancy was associated with shorter maternal rTL, and lithium with longer maternal rTL; a doubling of exposure was associated with changes corresponding to 0.2-0.4 standard deviations (SD) of the rTL. Arsenic concentrations in the placenta (n = 98), blood, and urine were positively associated with placental rTL, about 0.2 SD by doubled arsenic. In the cord blood (n = 88), only lead was associated with rTL (inversely), particularly in boys (p for interaction 0.09). Stratifying by newborn sex showed ten times stronger association in boys (about 0.6 SD) than in girls. The studied antioxidants did not modify the associations, except that with antimony. CONCLUSIONS Elevated exposure to boron, lithium, arsenic, and antimony was associated with maternal or newborn rTL in a tissue-specific, for lead also sex-specific, manner. Nutritional antioxidants did not generally influence the associations.
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Hjelm C, Harari F, Vahter M. Pre- and postnatal environmental boron exposure and infant growth: Results from a mother-child cohort in northern Argentina. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2019; 171:60-68. [PMID: 30654250 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2019.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Revised: 12/27/2018] [Accepted: 01/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Experimental studies show developmental toxicity of boron and we recently found impaired weight and length in newborns of mothers exposed to boron through drinking water during pregnancy. OBJECTIVES To evaluate potential impact of pre- and postnatal boron exposure on infant anthropometry. METHODS In our mother-child cohort (n = 177) in Argentinean Andes, where drinking water concentrations of boron, lithium and arsenic have been found to vary considerably, we collected maternal blood and urine during and after pregnancy, placenta, breast milk, as well as infant urine and blood during the first 6 months of life. In all samples, boron and other potentially toxic elements were measured by ICP-MS. Infant weight (g), length (cm) and head circumference (cm) were measured at birth, 0-3 (n = 120) and/or 3-6 months (n = 120; 79 overlap) of age. RESULTS Boron concentrations in breast milk (range: 46-786 µg/L) correlated strongly with those in maternal serum (range: 47-624 µg/L; rs = 0.94) 0-3 months post-partum. In multivariable-adjusted linear regression, urinary boron (log2-transformed; range 60-9200 µg/L) in the youngest infants, but not maternal serum boron during pregnancy, was inversely associated with body weight at both 0-3 months (B: -141, 95% CI: -240; -42, p = 0.006) and 3-6 months (B: -200, 95% CI: -377; -23, p = 0.027). Infant urinary boron was also inversely associated with head circumference at 0-3 months (B: -0.39, 95% CI: -0.74; -0.04, p = 0.028), as well as length (B: -0.57, 95% CI: -1.1; -0.03, p = 0.040) and head circumference (B: -0.30, 95% CI: -0.64; 0.04, p = 0.083) at 3-6 months. CONCLUSIONS The observed first evidence that elevated environmental boron exposure in early infancy may adversely affect growth supports previous findings of boron-related impaired fetal growth. More research is needed to verify the findings at older age and in other populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla Hjelm
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Box 210, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Florencia Harari
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Box 210, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Sahlgrenska University Hospital and University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Marie Vahter
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Box 210, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden.
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De Loma J, Tirado N, Ascui F, Levi M, Vahter M, Broberg K, Gardon J. Elevated arsenic exposure and efficient arsenic metabolism in indigenous women around Lake Poopó, Bolivia. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 657:179-186. [PMID: 30537579 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.11.473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Revised: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Elevated concentrations of inorganic arsenic, one of the most potent environmental toxicants and carcinogens, have been detected in well water around Lake Poopó, Bolivia. This study aimed to assess human exposure to arsenic in villages around Lake Poopó, and also to elucidate whether the metabolism and detoxification of arsenic in this population is as efficient as previously indicated in other Andean areas. We recruited 201 women from 10 villages around Lake Poopó. Arsenic exposure was determined as the sum concentration of arsenic metabolites (inorganic arsenic; monomethylarsonic acid, MMA; and dimethylarsinic acid, DMA) in urine (U-As), measured by HPLC-HG-ICP-MS. Efficiency of arsenic metabolism was assessed by the relative fractions of the urinary metabolites. The women had a wide variation in U-As (range 12-407 μg/L, median 65 μg/L) and a markedly efficient metabolism of arsenic with low %MMA (median 7.7%, range: 2.2-18%) and high %DMA (80%, range: 54-91%) in urine. In multivariable-adjusted linear regression models, ethnicity (Aymara-Quechua vs. Uru), body weight, fish consumption and tobacco smoking were associated with urinary arsenic metabolite fractions. On average, the Uru women had 2.5 lower % (percentage unit) iAs, 2.2 lower %MMA and 4.7 higher %DMA compared with the Aymara-Quechua women. Our study identified several factors that may predict these women's arsenic methylation capacity, particularly ethnicity. Further studies should focus on mechanisms underlying these differences in arsenic metabolism efficiency, and its importance for the risk of arsenic-related health effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica De Loma
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Unit of Metals and Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Noemi Tirado
- Genetics Institute, Genotoxicology Unit, Universidad Mayor de San Andrés, La Paz, Bolivia
| | - Franz Ascui
- Programa de Salud Familiar Comunitaria e Intercultural (SAFCI), Ministerio de Salud Bolivia, Bolivia
| | - Michael Levi
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Unit of Metals and Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Marie Vahter
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Unit of Metals and Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Karin Broberg
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Unit of Metals and Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Jacques Gardon
- Hydrosciences Montpellier, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, CNRS, University of Montpellier, France
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Ng J, Sjöstrand M, Eyal N. Adding Lithium to Drinking Water for Suicide Prevention—The Ethics. Public Health Ethics 2019. [DOI: 10.1093/phe/phz002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Recent observations associate naturally occurring trace levels of Lithium in ground water with significantly lower suicide rates. It has been suggested that adding trace Lithium to drinking water could be a safe and effective way to reduce suicide. This article discusses the many ethical implications of such population-wide Lithium medication. It compares this policy to more targeted solutions that introduce trace amounts of Lithium to groups at higher risk of suicide or lower risk of adverse effects. The question of mass treatment with Lithium recalls other choices in public health between population-wide and more targeted interventions. The framework we propose could be relevant to some of these other dilemmas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jared Ng
- Department of Developmental Psychiatry, Institute of Mental Health
| | - Manne Sjöstrand
- Department of Learning, Informatics, Management and Ethics, Karolinska Institutet
| | - Nir Eyal
- Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health
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Peng Y, Hu J, Li Y, Zhang B, Liu W, Li H, Zhang H, Hu C, Chen X, Xia W, Lu S, Xu S. Exposure to chromium during pregnancy and longitudinally assessed fetal growth: Findings from a prospective cohort. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2018; 121:375-382. [PMID: 30245360 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2018.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Revised: 09/02/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prenatal exposure to chromium may be associated with reduced birth weight; however, critical windows of such exposure for fetal growth are unclear. OBJECTIVE Our study was aimed to assess trimester-specific associations of chromium exposure with fetal growth parameters measured repeatedly by ultrasound and birth size, and to see whether these associations were modified by fetal sex. METHODS We conducted a prospective cohort of 3041 women in Wuhan, China, from 2013 to 2016. Chromium concentrations were measured in maternal urine samples collected in the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd trimesters using an inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. We calculated standard deviation scores for ultrasound measured head circumference, abdominal circumference (AC), femur length, and estimated fetal weight (EFW) at 16, 24, and 31 weeks of gestation. Linear regressions with generalized estimating equations were used to estimate the associations of specific gravity-adjusted urinary chromium concentrations in each trimester with fetal growth parameters and birth weight, birth length, and ponderal index. RESULTS Inverse associations of chromium exposure in the 1st trimester with fetal growth parameters at 31 weeks of gestation were observed, resulting in significant reductions in AC of -5.4% (95% confidence interval [CI]: -9.6%, -1.2%) and EFW of -5.6% (95% CI: -9.8%, -1.4%) per unit increase in natural logarithm transformed urinary chromium concentration. Urinary chromium concentration in the 2nd trimester was also associated with reductions in AC of -7.0% (95% CI: -12.5%, -1.4%) and in EFW of -5.0% (95% CI: -10.6%, 0.6%) at 31 weeks, and these inverse associations were evident in boys (reduction in AC of -13.9% [95% CI: -21.1%, -6.7%]; EFW of -9.5% [95% CI: -16.9%, -2.0%]) but not in girls (increase in AC of 2.9% [95% CI: -5.7%, 11.5%]; EFW of 1.5% [95% CI: -6.8%, 9.8%]) (both pineraction < 0.05). Moreover, one-unit increase in urinary chromium concentrations in the 1st and 2nd trimesters were both associated with significant reductions in ponderal index of -0.11 kg/m3 (95% CI: -0.19, -0.03 kg/m3) and -0.15 kg/m3 (95% CI: -0.27, -0.03 kg/m3), respectively. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that chromium may be a toxic metal for fetal growth. Early and mid-pregnancy seem to be the most vulnerable period for fetal exposure to chromium, but these results need further confirmation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Peng
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health (HUST), Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubation), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Hu
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health (HUST), Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubation), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China; Department of Epidemiology, Brown University of Public Health, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Yuanyuan Li
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health (HUST), Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubation), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Zhang
- Wuhan Children's Hospital (Wuhan Maternal and Child Healthcare Hospital), Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenyu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health (HUST), Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubation), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Han Li
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health (HUST), Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubation), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongling Zhang
- School of Health Science and Nursing, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Chen Hu
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health (HUST), Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubation), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaomei Chen
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health (HUST), Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubation), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Xia
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health (HUST), Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubation), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Shi Lu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China.
| | - Shunqing Xu
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health (HUST), Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubation), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China.
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Hunt PR, Olejnik N, Bailey KD, Vaught CA, Sprando RL. C. elegans Development and Activity Test detects mammalian developmental neurotoxins. Food Chem Toxicol 2018; 121:583-592. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.09.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2018] [Revised: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Hu J, Peng Y, Zheng T, Zhang B, Liu W, Wu C, Jiang M, Braun JM, Liu S, Buka SL, Zhou A, Wise JP, Zhang Y, Jiang Y, Hu C, Chen X, Huang Z, Zheng D, Shi K, Zhang X, Truong A, Qian Z, Xia W, Li Y, Xu S. Effects of trimester-specific exposure to vanadium on ultrasound measures of fetal growth and birth size: a longitudinal prospective prenatal cohort study. Lancet Planet Health 2018; 2:e427-e437. [PMID: 30318100 DOI: 10.1016/s2542-5196(18)30210-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2018] [Revised: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Identification of windows of heightened vulnerability to environmental factors has substantial public health implications. Prenatal exposure to vanadium has been linked to adverse birth outcomes; however, critical windows for such exposure during fetal growth remain unknown. We aimed to assess trimester-specific associations of vanadium exposure with ultrasound measures of fetal growth and birth size in a Chinese longitudinal cohort. METHODS The present study was embedded in our ongoing prospective prenatal cohort study at the Wuhan Women and Children Medical Care Center (Wuhan, Hubei, China). Pregnant women were eligible for inclusion if they provided signed informed consent and were less than 16 weeks pregnant with a single gestation, and agreed to take in-person interviews, undergo ultrasound examinations, and provide blood and urine samples. We collected urine samples and measured urinary vanadium concentrations using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. We calculated SD scores for ultrasound-measured biparietal diameter, head circumference, occipitofrontal diameter, abdominal circumference, femur length, and estimated fetal weight at 16, 24, and 31 weeks of gestation. We applied linear regressions with generalised estimating equations to estimate associations of urinary vanadium concentrations in each trimester with ultrasound-measured fetal growth parameters or neonatal size at birth. FINDINGS As of Oct 12, 2016, we recruited 3075 women who were non-smokers and non-drinkers during pregnancy, provided up to three urine samples during the first, second, and third trimesters, and gave birth to live singletons without birth defects. We excluded women who did not provide information on ultrasound measurements (n=20) or who only had one ultrasound measurement of fetal crown-rump length at the first trimester (n=14). We excluded another 16 women because they had missing values for confounding variables, leaving 3025 women retained in the study. Every doubling of urinary vanadium concentration in the first trimester was associated with a significant increase in femur length (adjusted percentage change 6·4%, 95% CI 0·7 to 12·1) at 16 weeks of gestation and reductions in biparietal diameter (-4·2%, -8·2 to -0·1), head circumference (-6·0%, -10·1 to -1·9), occipitofrontal diameter (-5·7%, -9·9 to -1·5), and abdominal circumference (-5·3%, -9·4 to -1·2) at 31 weeks of gestation. Every doubling of urinary vanadium concentration in the second trimester was significantly associated with reductions in SD scores for head circumference (-7·2%, -14·1 to -0·3) and abdominal circumference (-6·9%, -13·8 to -0·1) at 31 weeks of gestation. The highest quartile of urinary vanadium concentration (>1·18 μg/L) in the first trimester, when compared with the lowest quartile (≤0·60 μg/L), was associated with a mean decrease in birthweight of 12·6 g (95% CI 2·5-22·8; ptrend=0·0055) and a mean decrease in ponderal index of 0·07 kg/m3 (0·01-0·12; ptrend=0·0053). Moreover, newborns with restricted birth size had higher vanadium exposure in the first and third trimesters. INTERPRETATION Vanadium might be toxic to humans and impair fetal growth. The first, early second, and late third trimesters could be critical windows for heightened vulnerability to vanadium for fetal growth. Our findings require further investigation in other populations. FUNDING National Key R&D Plan of China, National Natural Science Foundation of China, and Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities, Huazhong University of Science and Technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Hu
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health (HUST), Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubation), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China; Department of Epidemiology, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI, USA; Division of Women's Health, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yang Peng
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health (HUST), Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubation), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Tongzhang Zheng
- Department of Epidemiology, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Bin Zhang
- Wuhan Women and Children Medical Care Center, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Wenyu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health (HUST), Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubation), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Chuansha Wu
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health (HUST), Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubation), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Minmin Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health (HUST), Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubation), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Joseph M Braun
- Department of Epidemiology, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Simin Liu
- Department of Epidemiology, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI, USA; Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Stephen L Buka
- Department of Epidemiology, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Aifen Zhou
- Wuhan Women and Children Medical Care Center, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - John Pierce Wise
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Yiming Zhang
- Wuhan Women and Children Medical Care Center, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yangqian Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health (HUST), Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubation), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Chen Hu
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health (HUST), Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubation), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Xiaomei Chen
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health (HUST), Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubation), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Zheng Huang
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health (HUST), Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubation), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Dan Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health (HUST), Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubation), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Kunchong Shi
- Department of Epidemiology, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Xichi Zhang
- The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Ashley Truong
- Department of Epidemiology, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Zhengmin Qian
- Department of Epidemiology, College for Public Health and Social Justice, Saint Louis University, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Wei Xia
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health (HUST), Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubation), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yuanyuan Li
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health (HUST), Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubation), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Shunqing Xu
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health (HUST), Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubation), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
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Duydu Y, Başaran N, Üstündağ A, Aydın S, Yalçın CÖ, Anlar HG, Bacanlı M, Aydos K, Atabekoğlu CS, Golka K, Ickstadt K, Schwerdtle T, Werner M, Meyer S, Bolt HM. Birth weights of newborns and pregnancy outcomes of environmentally boron-exposed females in Turkey. Arch Toxicol 2018; 92:2475-2485. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-018-2238-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Brown EE, Gerretsen P, Pollock B, Graff-Guerrero A. Psychiatric benefits of lithium in water supplies may be due to protection from the neurotoxicity of lead exposure. Med Hypotheses 2018; 115:94-102. [PMID: 29685207 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2018.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2018] [Revised: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Lithium is a medication used to treat bipolar disorder and may also prevent cognitive decline and suicide. Lithium is also found naturally, in levels well below clinical doses, in drinking water worldwide, and levels have been inversely associated with rates of psychiatric disorders. Lead (Pb) is another element in the environment but is a toxin of public health concern. Negative effects of chronic lead exposure and possible benefits of environmental lithium exposure appear complementary. HYPOTHESIS Exposure to environmental lithium has associated benefits, which may be due to the mitigation of lead toxicity by lithium. METHODS A series of reviews tested each element of the hypothesis. A systematic review clarified the psychiatric and medical correlates of lithium in drinking water. Non-systematic reviews clarified the harms of environmental lead, summarized experimental studies of lithium used to prevent lead toxicity, and explored overlapping biological mechanisms in lithium and lead exposure. RESULTS Higher levels of lithium in drinking water were associated with lower suicide rates in 13 of 15 identified studies. While fewer studies were available for other outcomes, lithium was associated with lower rates of homicide, crime, dementia, and mortality. Lead was reported to be ubiquitous in the environment, and chronic low-level exposure has been associated with adverse effects, including effects opposite to the outcomes associated with lithium. Animal studies demonstrated that lithium pre-treatment mitigates lead toxicity. Neurophysiological correlates of lead and lithium exposure overlap. CONCLUSIONS Microdose lithium is associated with better psychiatric and medical outcomes, which are complementary to harms of environmental lead exposure. Experimental animal evidence is supportive, and lead and lithium impact overlapping neurophysiologic pathways. Therefore, several lines of circumstantial evidence suggest that lithium protects against the neurotoxic effects of lead. Further studies are required to clarify the benefits and mechanisms of low-dose lithium. There are significant public health implications if this paper's hypothesis is true.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric E Brown
- Department of Psychiatry and Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada.
| | - Philip Gerretsen
- Department of Psychiatry and Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada
| | - Bruce Pollock
- Department of Psychiatry and Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada
| | - Ariel Graff-Guerrero
- Department of Psychiatry and Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada
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40
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Levi M, Hjelm C, Harari F, Vahter M. ICP-MS measurement of toxic and essential elements in human breast milk. A comparison of alkali dilution and acid digestion sample preparation methods. Clin Biochem 2017; 53:81-87. [PMID: 29233626 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2017.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2017] [Revised: 12/01/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Levi
- Karolinska Institutet, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Division of Metals and Health, Box 210, S-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Camilla Hjelm
- Karolinska Institutet, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Division of Metals and Health, Box 210, S-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Florencia Harari
- Karolinska Institutet, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Division of Metals and Health, Box 210, S-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Marie Vahter
- Karolinska Institutet, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Division of Metals and Health, Box 210, S-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
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41
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Jakobsson E, Argüello-Miranda O, Chiu SW, Fazal Z, Kruczek J, Nunez-Corrales S, Pandit S, Pritchet L. Towards a Unified Understanding of Lithium Action in Basic Biology and its Significance for Applied Biology. J Membr Biol 2017; 250:587-604. [PMID: 29127487 PMCID: PMC5696506 DOI: 10.1007/s00232-017-9998-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2017] [Accepted: 10/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Lithium has literally been everywhere forever, since it is one of the three elements created in the Big Bang. Lithium concentration in rocks, soil, and fresh water is highly variable from place to place, and has varied widely in specific regions over evolutionary and geologic time. The biological effects of lithium are many and varied. Based on experiments in which animals are deprived of lithium, lithium is an essential nutrient. At the other extreme, at lithium ingestion sufficient to raise blood concentration significantly over 1 mM/, lithium is acutely toxic. There is no consensus regarding optimum levels of lithium intake for populations or individuals-with the single exception that lithium is a generally accepted first-line therapy for bipolar disorder, and specific dosage guidelines for sufferers of that condition are generally agreed on. Epidemiological evidence correlating various markers of social dysfunction and disease vs. lithium level in drinking water suggest benefits of moderately elevated lithium compared to average levels of lithium intake. In contrast to other biologically significant ions, lithium is unusual in not having its concentration in fluids of multicellular animals closely regulated. For hydrogen ions, sodium ions, potassium ions, calcium ions, chloride ions, and magnesium ions, blood and extracellular fluid concentrations are closely and necessarily regulated by systems of highly selective channels, and primary and secondary active transporters. Lithium, while having strong biological activity, is tolerated over body fluid concentrations ranging over many orders of magnitude. The lack of biological regulation of lithium appears due to lack of lithium-specific binding sites and selectivity filters. Rather lithium exerts its myriad physiological and biochemical effects by competing for macromolecular sites that are relatively specific for other cations, most especially for sodium and magnesium. This review will consider what is known about the nature of this competition and suggest using and extending this knowledge towards the goal of a unified understanding of lithium in biology and the application of that understanding in medicine and nutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Jakobsson
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA.
- Center for Biophysics and Computational Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA.
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA.
- Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA.
- National Center for Supercomputing Applications, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA.
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA.
| | | | - See-Wing Chiu
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
- National Center for Supercomputing Applications, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Zeeshan Fazal
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - James Kruczek
- Department of Physics, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Santiago Nunez-Corrales
- National Center for Supercomputing Applications, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
- Illinois Informatics Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Sagar Pandit
- Department of Physics, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Laura Pritchet
- Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of California at Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
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Duydu Y. Recent Epidemiological Studies on Boron Exposure – Contradiction between Hazard and Risk-Based Assessments. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.15406/mojt.2017.03.00053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Boron and its compounds: current biological research activities. Arch Toxicol 2017; 91:2719-2722. [PMID: 28601966 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-017-2010-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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[Impact of natural lithium ressources on suicide mortality in Chile 2000-2009: a geographical analysis]. NEUROPSYCHIATRIE : KLINIK, DIAGNOSTIK, THERAPIE UND REHABILITATION : ORGAN DER GESELLSCHAFT ÖSTERREICHISCHER NERVENÄRZTE UND PSYCHIATER 2017; 31:70-76. [PMID: 28357647 DOI: 10.1007/s40211-017-0222-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is increasing evidence for the hypothesis that lithium salts at naturally occurring levels in drinking water may have a moderating effect on suicide rates of the exposed population. The aim of this study was to examine whether the lithium rich Atacama region in Chile is associated with lower suicide mortality in comparison to other regions. METHODS Suicide data was acquired from the Chilean Ministry of Health. Socio-economic variables (rate of unemployment, urbanity, median household income, percentage of indeginous population) were obtained for all regions of Chile from the national statistical institute. We calculated annual suicide rates per 100,000 for each group for the years 2000-2009 and tested the hypothesis that suicide rates are lower in lithium rich regions in comparison to other regions of Chile. RESULTS The lithium rich Atacama Desert shows a significantly lower suicide rate (9.99 per 100,000) in comparison to other parts of Chile (12.50 per 100,000) (t = 4.75, df = 18, p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Chilean regions rich in naturally occurring lithium salts show lower suicide mortality rates in comparison to other regions. Although causality cannot be proven by this design, these findings add to previous findings and warrant further research on the effects of naturally occurring low-dose lithium on health.
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Igra AM, Harari F, Lu Y, Casimiro E, Vahter M. Boron exposure through drinking water during pregnancy and birth size. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2016; 95:54-60. [PMID: 27502898 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2016.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Revised: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 07/28/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Boron is a metalloid found at highly varying concentrations in soil and water. Experimental data indicate that boron is a developmental toxicant, but the few human toxicity data available concern mostly male reproduction. OBJECTIVES To evaluate potential effects of boron exposure through drinking water on pregnancy outcomes. METHODS In a mother-child cohort in northern Argentina (n=194), 1-3 samples of serum, whole blood and urine were collected per woman during pregnancy and analyzed for boron and other elements to which exposure occurred, using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Infant weight, length and head circumference were measured at birth. RESULTS Drinking water boron ranged 377-10,929μg/L. The serum boron concentrations during pregnancy ranged 0.73-605μg/L (median 133μg/L) and correlated strongly with whole-blood and urinary boron, and, to a lesser extent, with water boron. In multivariable-adjusted linear spline regression analysis (non-linear association), we found that serum boron concentrations above 80μg/L were inversely associated with birth length (B-0.69cm, 95% CI -1.4; -0.024, p=0.043, per 100μg/L increase in serum boron). The impact of boron appeared stronger when we restricted the exposure to the third trimester, when the serum boron concentrations were the highest (0.73-447μg/L). An increase in serum boron of 100μg/L in the third trimester corresponded to 0.9cm shorter and 120g lighter newborns (p=0.001 and 0.021, respectively). CONCLUSIONS Considering that elevated boron concentrations in drinking water are common in many areas of the world, although more screening is warranted, our novel findings warrant additional research on early-life exposure in other populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annachiara Malin Igra
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Box 210, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Florencia Harari
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Box 210, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Ying Lu
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Box 210, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Esperanza Casimiro
- Atención Primaria de la Salud, Área Operativa XXIX, Hospital Dr. Nicolás Cayetano Pagano, San Antonio de los Cobres, 4411, Salta, Argentina
| | - Marie Vahter
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Box 210, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
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Harari F, Åkesson A, Casimiro E, Lu Y, Vahter M. Exposure to lithium through drinking water and calcium homeostasis during pregnancy: A longitudinal study. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2016; 147:1-7. [PMID: 26828622 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2016.01.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2015] [Revised: 01/14/2016] [Accepted: 01/21/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
There is increasing evidence of adverse health effects due to elevated lithium exposure through drinking water but the impact on calcium homeostasis is unknown. This study aimed at elucidating if lithium exposure through drinking water during pregnancy may impair the maternal calcium homeostasis. In a population-based mother-child cohort in the Argentinean Andes (n=178), with elevated lithium concentrations in the drinking water (5-1660μg/L), blood lithium concentrations (correlating significantly with lithium in water, urine and plasma) were measured repeatedly during pregnancy by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry and used as exposure biomarker. Markers of calcium homeostasis included: plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D3, serum parathyroid hormone (PTH), and calcium, phosphorus and magnesium concentrations in serum and urine. The median maternal blood lithium concentration was 25μg/L (range 1.9-145). In multivariable-adjusted mixed-effects linear regression models, blood lithium was inversely associated with 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (-6.1nmol/L [95%CI -9.5; -2.6] for a 25μg/L increment in blood lithium). The estimate increased markedly with increasing percentiles of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3. In multivariable-adjusted mixed-effects logistic regression models, the odds ratio of having 25-hydroxyvitamin D3<30nmol/L (19% of the women) was 4.6 (95%CI 1.1; 19.3) for a 25μg/L increment in blood lithium. Blood lithium was also positively associated with serum magnesium, but not with serum calcium and PTH, and inversely associated with urinary calcium and magnesium. In conclusion, our study suggests that lithium exposure through drinking water during pregnancy may impair the calcium homeostasis, particularly vitamin D. The results reinforce the need for better control of lithium in drinking water, including bottled water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florencia Harari
- Unit of Metals and Health, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Agneta Åkesson
- Unit of Nutritional Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Esperanza Casimiro
- Atención Primaria de la Salud, Área Operativa XXIX, Hospital Dr. Nicolás Cayetano Pagano, San Antonio de los Cobres, Salta, Argentina
| | - Ying Lu
- Unit of Metals and Health, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Marie Vahter
- Unit of Metals and Health, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Harari F, Bottai M, Casimiro E, Palm B, Vahter M. Exposure to Lithium and Cesium Through Drinking Water and Thyroid Function During Pregnancy: A Prospective Cohort Study. Thyroid 2015; 25:1199-208. [PMID: 26332132 PMCID: PMC4652143 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2015.0280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Impaired thyroid function is a common side effect of lithium medication. Recent data indicate that lithium exposure through drinking water, although providing much lower doses than the medication, may also affect thyroid hormone levels. However, the effects in susceptible groups like pregnant women are not known. METHODS In a population-based mother-child cohort in the Argentinean Andes (n = 194), an area with varying concentrations of lithium in the drinking water, we assessed lithium exposure repeatedly during pregnancy by measuring the concentrations in blood using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. The markers of thyroid function included thyrotropin (TSH), free/total thyroxine (fT4/T4), free/total triiodothyronine (fT3/T3), thyroglobulin, and transthyretin in serum, sampled at the same time. Multiple potential confounders, including exposure to arsenic, cesium, and boron (elevated in water) as well as selenium and iodine (essential for thyroid function) were considered. RESULTS The lithium concentrations in blood [median 25 μg/L (0.0036 mmol/L); range 1.9-145 μg/L (0.000027-0.021 mmol/L)] correlated significantly with those in urine and drinking water (rs = 0.84, p < 0.001, and rs = 0.40, p < 0.001, respectively). Using linear quantile regression models, we found a positive association between blood lithium (log2 transformed) and TSH concentrations, particularly in the lowest percentiles of TSH (B = 0.20 mIU/L, [95% confidence interval 0.048-0.35] at the fifth percentile). We also found inverse associations of blood lithium with transthyretin, particularly at the highest percentiles, as well as with fT3 and T3, with less obvious variation across percentiles. Unexpectedly, blood cesium concentrations (median 111 μg/L, range 2.5-711 μg/L) were also inversely associated with fT3 and T3, particularly at the highest T3 percentiles, but not with TSH or transthyretin. Arsenic and boron exposure (also through drinking water) did not show any associations with the thyroid parameters. CONCLUSIONS The study supports previous findings that lithium exposure through drinking water may impair thyroid function. The results regarding cesium exposure through drinking water are new. During pregnancy, impaired thyroid function may be detrimental for fetal development. The findings reinforce the need for better control of drinking water, including bottled water, as well as a health-based guideline value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florencia Harari
- Unit of Metals and Health, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Matteo Bottai
- Unit of Biostatistics, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Esperanza Casimiro
- Atención Primaria de la Salud, Hospital Dr. Nicolás Cayetano Pagano, San Antonio de los Cobres, Salta, Argentina
| | - Brita Palm
- Unit of Metals and Health, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Marie Vahter
- Unit of Metals and Health, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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