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Wu K, Tao J, Wu Q, Su H, Huang C, Xia Q, Zhu C, Wei J, Yang M, Yan J, Cheng J. A stronger association of mental disorders with smaller particulate matter and a modifying effect of air temperature. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 347:123677. [PMID: 38447653 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.123677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2023] [Revised: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
Mental disorders (MDs) can be triggered by adverse weather conditions and particulate matter (PM) such as PM2.5 and PM10 (aerodynamic diameter ≤2.5 μm and ≤10 μm). However, there is a dearth of evidence on the role of smaller PM (e.g. PM1, aerodynamic diameter ≤1 μm) and the potential modifying effects of weather conditions. We aimed to collect daily data on emergency department visits and hospitalisations for schizophrenia-, mood-, and stress-related disorders in a densely populated Chinese city (Hefei) between 2016 and 2019. A time-stratified case-crossover analysis was used to examine the short-term association of MDs with PM1, PM2.5, and PM10. The potential modifying effects of air temperature conditions (cold and warm days) were also explored. The three size-fractioned PMs were all associated with an increased risk of MDs; however, the association differed between emergency department visit and hospitalisation. Specifically, PM1 was primarily associated with an increased risk of emergency department visit, whereas PM2.5 was primarily associated with an increased risk of hospitalisation, and PM10 was associated with an increased risk of both emergency department visit and hospitalisation. The PM-MD association appeared to be greatest (although not significant) for PM1 (odds ratio range: 1.014-1.055), followed by PM2.5 (odds ratio range: 1.001-1.009) and PM10 (odds ratio range: 1.001-1.006). Furthermore, the PM-MD association was observed on cold days; notably, the association between PM and schizophrenia-related disorders was significant on both cold and warm days. Our results suggest that the smaller the PM, the greater the risk of MDs, and that the PM-MD association could be determined by air temperature conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keyu Wu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Disease, Hefei, China
| | - Junwen Tao
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Disease, Hefei, China
| | - Qiyue Wu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Disease, Hefei, China
| | - Hong Su
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Disease, Hefei, China
| | - Cunrui Huang
- Vanke School of Public Health, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Qingrong Xia
- Affiliated Psychological Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China; Anhui Mental Health Center, Hefei, China; Hefei Fourth People's Hospital, Hefei, China; Anhui Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Hefei, China
| | - Cuizhen Zhu
- Affiliated Psychological Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China; Anhui Mental Health Center, Hefei, China; Hefei Fourth People's Hospital, Hefei, China; Anhui Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Hefei, China
| | - Jing Wei
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Science, Earth System Science Interdisciplinary Center, University of Maryland, College Park, USA
| | - Min Yang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Disease, Hefei, China
| | - Junwei Yan
- Affiliated Psychological Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China; Anhui Mental Health Center, Hefei, China; Hefei Fourth People's Hospital, Hefei, China; Anhui Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Hefei, China
| | - Jian Cheng
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Disease, Hefei, China.
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Chen J, Zhang M, Aniagu S, Jiang Y, Chen T. PM 2.5 induces cardiac defects via AHR-SIRT1-PGC-1α mediated mitochondrial damage. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2024; 106:104393. [PMID: 38367920 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2024.104393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/19/2024]
Abstract
Recent evidence indicates that PM2.5 poses a risk for congenital heart diseases, but the mechanisms remain unclear. We hypothesized that AHR activated by PM2.5 might cause mitochondrial damage via PGC-1α dysregulation, leading to heart defects. We initially discovered that the PGC-1α activator ZLN005 counteracted cardiac defects in zebrafish larvae exposed to EOM (extractable organic matter) from PM2.5. Moreover, ZLN005 attenuated EOM-induced PGC-1α downregulation, mitochondrial dysfunction/biogenesis, and apoptosis. EOM exposure not only decreased PGC-1α expression levels, but suppressed its activity via deacetylation, and SIRT1 activity is required during both processes. We then found that SIRT1 expression levels and NAD+/NADH ratio were reduced in an AHR-dependent way. We also demonstrated that AHR directly suppressed the transcription of SIRT1 while promoted the transcription of TiPARP which consumed NAD+. In conclusion, our study suggests that PM2.5 induces mitochondrial damage and heart defects via AHR/SIRT1/PGC-1α signal pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Chen
- Suzhou medical college, Soochow University, Suzhou, China; MOE Education Key Laboratory of Geriatric Diseases and Immunology, Suzhou, China
| | - Mingxuan Zhang
- Suzhou medical college, Soochow University, Suzhou, China; MOE Education Key Laboratory of Geriatric Diseases and Immunology, Suzhou, China
| | - Stanley Aniagu
- Toxicology, Risk Assessment, and Research Division, Texas Commission on Environmental Quality, 12015 Park 35 Cir, Austin TX, USA
| | - Yan Jiang
- Suzhou medical college, Soochow University, Suzhou, China.
| | - Tao Chen
- Suzhou medical college, Soochow University, Suzhou, China; MOE Education Key Laboratory of Geriatric Diseases and Immunology, Suzhou, China.
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do Nascimento RDKS, Carvalho JS, Miranda RR, Lima MA, Rocha FV, Zucolotto V, Lynch I, Urban RC. In vitro toxicity and lung cancer risk: Atmospheric particulate matter from a city in southeastern Brazil impacted by biomass burning. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 338:139484. [PMID: 37442389 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.139484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
The effects of PM10 on human health were investigated using samples collected in São Carlos city (São Paulo state), by the determination of the concentrations of PAHs and derivatives, together with evaluations of cytotoxicity and the formation of ROS in in vitro tests. In 2016, the mean concentrations of PM10, ΣPAHs, Σoxy-PAHs, Σnitro-PAHs, Σsaccharides, and Σions were 21.12 ± 9.90 μg m-3, 1.47 ± 1.70 ng m-3, 0.37 ± 0.31 ng m-3, 0.84 ng m-3, 119.91 ± 62.14 ng m-3, and 5.66 ± 4.52 μg m-3, respectively. The PM10 concentrations did not exceed the limit thresholds set by national legislation, however, the annual lung cancer risk calculated was 2.59 ± 1.22 cases per 100,000 people, in the dry season, which accounts for the annual risk (April to September). Moreover, the carcinogenic activities of the PAHs mixture were more than 1000-fold higher in the dry season (dry season: BaPeq = 0.30 ng m-3; wet season BaPeq = 0.02 ng m-3). The concentrations of most analytes were also higher during the dry season, as had already been demonstrated in the same city. This was due to reductions in precipitation, relative humidity and air temperature, and increased biomass burning, which was the main source of PM10 in the city in 2016 (contribution rate of more than 50%). Toxicological results also showed the negative impacts of PM10, exposure to PM10 extracts for 72 h reduced the viability of A549 and MRC5 cells, and the formation of ROS was observed. The cellular responses obtained using combined and individual extracts of PM10 differed and were sometimes associated with specific compounds. These demonstrate the importance of monitoring PM toxicity using different approaches and the main anthropogenic sources' contribution. Therefore, to improve air quality and human health, existing legislation needs to be modified to incorporate these tests.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jonatas S Carvalho
- Chemistry Department, Federal University of São Carlos, 13565-905, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Renata R Miranda
- Nanomedicine and Nanotoxicology Group, São Carlos Physics Institute, University of São Paulo, 13566-590, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Mauro A Lima
- Chemistry Department, Federal University of São Carlos, 13565-905, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Fillipe V Rocha
- Chemistry Department, Federal University of São Carlos, 13565-905, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Valtencir Zucolotto
- Nanomedicine and Nanotoxicology Group, São Carlos Physics Institute, University of São Paulo, 13566-590, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Iseult Lynch
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, B15 2TT, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Roberta C Urban
- Chemistry Department, Federal University of São Carlos, 13565-905, São Carlos, SP, Brazil; School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, B15 2TT, Birmingham, United Kingdom.
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Ji C, Tao Y, Li X, Wang J, Chen J, Aniagu S, Jiang Y, Chen T. AHR-mediated m 6A RNA methylation contributes to PM 2.5-induced cardiac malformations in zebrafish larvae. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 457:131749. [PMID: 37270964 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.131749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A growing body of evidence indicates that ambient fine particle matter (PM2.5) exposure inhibits heart development, but the underlying mechanisms remain elusive. We hypothesized that m6A RNA methylation plays an important role in the cardiac developmental toxicity of PM2.5. In this study, we demonstrated that extractable organic matter (EOM) from PM2.5 significantly decreased global m6A RNA methylation levels in the heart of zebrafish larvae, which were restored by the methyl donor, betaine. Betaine also attenuated EOM-induced ROS overgeneration, mitochondrial damage, apoptosis and heart defects. Furthermore, we found that the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR), which was activated by EOM, directly repressed the transcription of methyltransferases mettl14 and mettl3. EOM also induced genome-wide m6A RNA methylation changes, which led us to focus more on the aberrant m6A methylation changes that were subsequently alleviated by the AHR inhibitor, CH223191. In addition, we found that the expression levels of traf4a and bbc3, two apoptosis related genes, were upregulated by EOM but restored to control levels by the forced expression of mettl14. Moreover, knockdown of either traf4a or bbc3 attenuated EOM-induced ROS overproduction and apoptosis. In conclusion, our results indicate that PM2.5 induces m6A RNA methylation changes via AHR-mediated mettl14 downregulation, which upregulates traf4a and bbc3, leading to apoptosis and cardiac malformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Ji
- Suzhou Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yizhou Tao
- Suzhou Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Li
- Suzhou Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Jin Wang
- Suzhou Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Jin Chen
- Suzhou Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Stanley Aniagu
- Toxicology, Risk Assessment, and Research Division, Texas Commission on Environmental Quality, 12015 Park 35 Cir, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Yan Jiang
- Suzhou Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou, China.
| | - Tao Chen
- Suzhou Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, Soochow University, Suzhou, China.
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Shen M, Liu G, Zhou L, Yin H, Arif M, Leung KMY. Spatial distribution, driving factors and health risks of fine particle-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from indoors and outdoors in Hefei, China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 851:158148. [PMID: 35988617 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric particulate matter, especially in urban and industrial environments, can act as a source of different organic pollutants that can pose significant health impacts to residents. However, the pollution status and transport mechanisms of fine particle-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in indoor and outdoor environments are uncertain. This study aimed to determine the spatial distribution and morphological characteristics of fine particle-bound PAHs and analyze the factors (source contributions and backward trajectories) that influence their concentrations. The results showed that mean concentrations of 16 PAHs were higher in indoor dust as compared to outdoor dust. In addition, the lowest concentrations of the 16 PAHs were found on the 11-20th floor, with smoking households > nonsmoking households (except Nap, Acy, and Ace). The 2-3 ring PAHs were more prominent in households with cooking activities. The particle size distribution showed that most of the particles were <62 μm in diameter, indicating that the indoor particles were smaller in size. Furthermore, the range of δ13C values in the outdoor dust (-30.17 ~ -28.63 ‰) samples was significantly lower than in indoor dust (-28.29 ~ -22.53 ‰). The results based on diagnostic ratios, positive matrix factorization (PMF) analysis and backward trajectory model analysis suggested that the sources of PAHs in indoor and outdoor dust were mixed, originated both locally and from neighboring provinces transported over long distances, especially concentrated in the Yangtze River Delta area. Finally, carcinogenic risk values for indoor dust were greater than those for outdoor dust. Therefore, it is recommended that local governments and industries with high PAH emissions should implement proper protocols to monitor and minimize the pollution levels of PAHs in the urban industrial environment in order to mitigate their health risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengchen Shen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Crust-Mantle Materials and Environment, School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China; State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution and Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong, China; Suzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Science and Technology of China, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Guijian Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Crust-Mantle Materials and Environment, School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China.
| | - Li Zhou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Crust-Mantle Materials and Environment, School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China; State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution and Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong, China; Suzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Science and Technology of China, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Hao Yin
- CAS Key Laboratory of Crust-Mantle Materials and Environment, School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Muhammad Arif
- CAS Key Laboratory of Crust-Mantle Materials and Environment, School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Kenneth Mei Yee Leung
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution and Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong, China
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Kawichai S, Bootdee S. Health Risk Assessment on Exposure to PM2.5-bound PAHs from an Urban-industrial Area in Rayong City, Thailand. Open Access Maced J Med Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.3889/oamjms.2022.9977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND: A city's industrial area's air quality has become a major priority. PM2.5-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are one of the most common pollutants in urban-industrial area, and can be linked to health problems.
AIM: This study aims to 1) investigate PM2.5 and PAHs emitted from roadside area (RS) and industrial estate (IE) in Rayong city 2) assess the inhalation of PM2.5 and PAHs on the human health of the age group.
METHODS: PM2.5-bound PAHs were investigated and thier carcinogenic risk was evalued in this study. PM2.5 samples were collected on quartz filters contained in a mini-volume air sampler and analyzed for PAHs by GC-MS.
RESULTS: The average PM2.5 concentrations at RS and IE were 43.3±26.8 and 40.4±21.7 µg/m3, while the values of total PAHs in both sites were 1.68±1.53 and 1.34±1.22 ng/m3, respectively. However, it was found that the PM2.5 and PAHs values were not significantly different (p>0.05). The results revealed that the individual lifetime cancer risk (Ric) of PM2.5 values for children and adults at both sites indicated acceptable cancer risk (10-6 to10-4). According to the incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) values of PAHs for different age groups, exposure to PAHs in PM2.5 through the inhalation pathway was a negligible (<10-6).
CONCLUSION: As a result, the PM2.5 concentrations have substantial implications for Rayong city’s environmental management and protection, relating to car emissions and coal combustion.
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Chen J, Zhang M, Zou H, Aniagu S, Jiang Y, Chen T. Synergistic protective effects of folic acid and resveratrol against fine particulate matter-induced heart malformations in zebrafish embryos. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2022; 241:113825. [PMID: 36068752 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.113825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2022] [Revised: 06/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Ambient fine particulate matter (PM2.5) is a major environmental health problem worldwide, and recent studies indicate that maternal PM2.5 exposure is closely associated with congenital heart diseases (CHDs) in offspring. We previously found that supplementation with folic acid (FA) or Resveratrol (RSV) could protect against heart defects in zebrafish embryos exposed to extractable organic matter (EOM) from PM2.5 by targeting aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) signaling and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production respectively. Thus, we hypothesized that FA combined with RSV may have a synergistic protective effect against PM2.5-induced heart defects. To test our hypothesis, we treated zebrafish embryos with EOM in the presence or absence of FA, RSV or a combination of both. We found that RSV and FA showed a clear synergistic protection against EOM-induced heart defects in zebrafish embryos. Further studies showed that FA and RSV suppressed EOM-induced AHR activity and ROS generation respectively. Although only RSV inhibited EOM-induced apoptosis, FA enhanced the inhibitory effect of RSV. Moreover, vitamin C (VC), a typical antioxidant, also exhibits a synergistic inhibitory effect with FA on EOM-induced apoptosis and heart defects. In conclusion, supplementation with FA and RSV have a synergistic protective effect against PM2.5-induced heart defects in zebrafish embryos by targeting AHR activity and ROS production respectively. Our results indicate that, in the presence of antioxidants, FA even at a low concentration level could protect against the high risk of CHDs caused by air pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Chen
- Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Mingxuan Zhang
- Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Hongmei Zou
- Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Stanley Aniagu
- Toxicology, Risk Assessment, and Research Division, Texas Commission on Environmental Quality, 12015 Park 35 Cir, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Yan Jiang
- Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.
| | - Tao Chen
- Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, Soochow University, Suzhou, China.
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Wu X, Cao X, Lintelmann J, Peters A, Koenig W, Zimmermann R, Schneider A, Wolf K. Assessment of the association of exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, oxidative stress, and inflammation: A cross-sectional study in Augsburg, Germany. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2022; 244:113993. [PMID: 35777219 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2022.113993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/05/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) has been linked to acute and chronic health effects through the suggested pathways of oxidative stress and inflammation. However, evidence is still limited. We aimed to investigate jointly the relationship of PAHs, oxidative stress, and inflammation. METHODS We measured 13 biomarkers of PAH exposure (n = 6: hydroxylated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, [OH-PAHs]), oxidative stress (n = 6: malondialdehyde (MDA); 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG); and 4 representatives of the compound class of F2α-isoprostanes) in urine, and inflammation (n = 1: high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, [hs-CRP]) in serum from 400 participants at the second follow-up (2013/2014) of the German KORA survey S4. Multiple linear regression models were applied to investigate the interplay between biomarkers. RESULTS Concentrations of biomarkers varied according to sex, age, smoking status, season, and a history of obesity, diabetes, or chronic kidney disease. All OH-PAHs were significantly and positively associated with oxidative stress biomarkers. An interquartile range (IQR) increase in sum OH-PAHs was associated with a 13.3% (95% CI: 9.9%, 16.9%) increase in MDA, a 6.5% (95% CI: 3.5%, 9.6%) increase in 8-OHdG, and an 8.4% (95% CI: 6.6%, 11.3%) increase in sum F2α-isoprostanes. Associations were more pronounced between OH-PAHs and F2α-isoprostanes but also between OH-PAHs and 8-OHdG for participants with potential underlying systemic inflammation (hs-CRP ≥ 3 mg/L). We observed no association between OH-PAHs and hs-CRP levels. While 8-OHdG was significantly positively associated with hs-CRP (13.7% [95% CI: 2.2%, 26.5%] per IQR increase in 8-OHdG), F2α-isoprostanes and MDA indicated only a positive or null association, respectively. CONCLUSION The results of this cross-sectional study suggest, at a population level, that exposure to PAHs is associated with oxidative stress even in a low exposure setting. Oxidative stress markers, but not PAHs, were associated with inflammation. Individual risk factors were important contributors to these processes and should be considered in future studies. Further longitudinal studies are necessary to investigate the causal chain of the associations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Wu
- Division of Analytical and Technical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany; Cooperation Group of Comprehensive Molecular Analytics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Xin Cao
- Division of Analytical and Technical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany; Cooperation Group of Comprehensive Molecular Analytics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Jutta Lintelmann
- Metabolomics and Proteomics Core, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Annette Peters
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research, Munich, Germany; Institute for Medical Information Processing, Biometry and Epidemiology, Medical Faculty, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Koenig
- German Heart Centre Munich, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany; DZHK, German Centre for Cardiovascular Research, Partner Site Munich, Munich, Germany; Institute of Epidemiology and Medical Biometry, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Ralf Zimmermann
- Division of Analytical and Technical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany; Cooperation Group of Comprehensive Molecular Analytics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | | | - Kathrin Wolf
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany.
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Imane S, Oumaima B, Kenza K, Laila I, Youssef EM, Zineb S, Mohamed EJ. A Review on Climate, Air Pollution, and Health in North Africa. Curr Environ Health Rep 2022; 9:276-298. [PMID: 35352307 PMCID: PMC8964241 DOI: 10.1007/s40572-022-00350-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The aim of this review is to summarize and provide clear insights into studies that evaluate the interaction between air pollution, climate, and health in North Africa. RECENT FINDINGS Few studies have estimated the effects of climate and air pollution on health in North Africa. Most of the studies highlighted the evidence of the link between climate and air pollution as driving factors and increased mortality and morbidity as health outcomes. Each North African country prioritized research on a specific health factor. It was observed that the health outcome from each driving factor depends on the studied area and data availability. The latter is a major challenge in the region. As such, more studies should be led in the future to cover more areas in North Africa and when more data are available. Data availability will help to explore the applicability of different tools and techniques new to the region. This review explores studies related to climate and air pollution, and their possible impacts on health in North Africa. On one hand, air quality studies have focused mainly on particulate matter exceedance levels and their long-term exposure impacts, namely, morbidity and mortality. The observed differences between the various studies are mainly due to the used exposure-response function, the studied population, background emissions, and natural emission from the Sahara Desert that characterize the region. On the other hand, climate studies have focused primarily on the impact of heat waves, vector-borne disease, and mental disorders. More than half of these studies have been on leishmaniasis disease. The review revealed unbalanced and insufficient research on health impacts from air pollution episodes and climate extremes across the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sekmoudi Imane
- Process and Environment Engineering Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences and Technologies, Mohammedia. Hassan II University, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Bouakline Oumaima
- SETIME Laboratory, Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Ibn Tofail University, B.P 133, Kenitra, 14000 Morocco
| | - Khomsi Kenza
- General Directorate of Meteorology, Casablanca, Morocco
- Laboratory of Chemistry-Biochemistry, Environment, Nutrition and Health, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Hassan II University, Ain Chock, Casablanca, P.O. Box 5696, Morocco
| | - Idrissi Laila
- Process and Environment Engineering Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences and Technologies, Mohammedia. Hassan II University, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - El merabet Youssef
- SETIME Laboratory, Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Ibn Tofail University, B.P 133, Kenitra, 14000 Morocco
| | - Souhaili Zineb
- Laboratory of Chemistry-Biochemistry, Environment, Nutrition and Health, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Hassan II University, Ain Chock, Casablanca, P.O. Box 5696, Morocco
| | - El jarmouni Mohamed
- National School of Applied Sciences, Water and Environmental Engineering Team, Applied Sciences Laboratory, Abdelmalek Essaadi University, B.P03, Ajdir, Al-Hoceima, Morocco
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Comprehensive investigation of binding of some polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons with bovine serum albumin: spectroscopic and molecular docking studies. Bioorg Chem 2022; 120:105656. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2022.105656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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11
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Akanbi MJ, Jayasinghe SN, Wojcik A. Characterisation of electrospun PS/PU polymer blend fibre mat for oil sorption. POLYMER 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2020.123129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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12
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Ranjbar Jafarabadi A, Dashtbozorg M, Raudonytė-Svirbutavičienė E, Riyahi Bakhtiari A. Biomonitoring of perylene in symbiotic reef and non-reef building corals and species-specific responses in the Kharg and Larak coral reefs (Persian Gulf, Iran): Bioaccumulation and source identification. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 267:115476. [PMID: 32891049 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In this study, coral soft tissue, skeleton and zooxanthellae, as well as their ambient sediment and seawater were analyzed for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) with a special focus on perylene. Samples were collected from two different environments: the Kharg Island, which is affected by numerous anthropogenic stressors and Larak Island, which is mainly used for recreational and fishing activities and is characterized by dense vegetation. The heaviest loadings of PAHs were observed on Kharg Island, yet higher concentrations of perylene were detected on Larak Island and it was identified as the prevailing compound in this area. Pyrogenic perylene sources were prevailing on Kharg Island, whereas the perylene on Larak Island was determined to be of natural origin. After analyzing the biological samples, higher perylene concentrations were observed in zooxanthellae than in tissue and skeleton. The lowest and the highest perylene loadings were found in the tissue and skeleton of Platygyra daedalea and Porites lutea, respectively. This applies to both reefs. We found that perylene distribution in the corals and their ambient environment follows an irregular pattern, demonstrating remarkable effects from the local inputs. The lipid content in the coral tissue and the location of the coral colony were deduced to be the main factors affecting perylene distribution in corals. On Larak Island, a significant correlation between perylene loadings in sediment and corals was observed. On Kharg Island, a strong interaction between the water column and the corals was detected. The symbiotic relationship between the corals and zooxanthellae might play the most significant role in bioconcentration and bioaccumulation of perylene. Due to the insolubility of PAHs, they could be transferred through a food chain to zooxanthellae and eventually deposited in the coral bodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Ranjbar Jafarabadi
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Natural Resources and Marine Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Noor, Mazandaran, Iran.
| | - Mehdi Dashtbozorg
- Young Researchers and Elites Club, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Alireza Riyahi Bakhtiari
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Natural Resources and Marine Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Noor, Mazandaran, Iran.
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13
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Barhoumi B, Tedetti M, Heimbürger-Boavida LE, Tesán Onrubia JA, Dufour A, Doan QT, Boutaleb S, Touil S, Scippo ML. Chemical composition and in vitro aryl hydrocarbon receptor-mediated activity of atmospheric particulate matter at an urban, agricultural and industrial site in North Africa (Bizerte, Tunisia). CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 258:127312. [PMID: 32947663 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2020] [Revised: 05/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
As recognized risk factor to pose a health threat to humans and wildlife globally, atmospheric particulate matter (PM) were collected from a North African coastal city (Bizerte, Tunisia) for one year, and were characterized for their chemical compositions, including mercury (HgPM), as well as organic contaminants (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), organochlorine pesticides (OCPs)), organic carbon (OC) and organic nitrogen (ON), determined in a previous study. Then, we applied an in vitro reporter gene assay (DR-CALUX) to detect and quantify the dioxin-like activity of PM-associated organic contaminants. Results showed that average HgPM concentration over the entire sampling period was found to be 13.4 ± 12 pg m-3. Seasonal variation in the HgPM concentration was observed with lower values in spring and summer and higher values in winter and autumn due to the variation of meteorological conditions together with the emission sources. Principal component analysis suggested that fossil fuel combustion and a nearby cement factory were the dominant anthropogenic HgPM sources. Aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR)-mediated activities were observed in all organic extracts of atmospheric PM from Bizerte city (388.3-1543.6 fg m-3), and shows significant positive correlations with all PM-associated organic contaminants. A significant proportion of dioxin-like activity of PM was related to PAHs. The dioxin-like activity followed the same trend as PM-associated organic contaminants, with higher dioxin-like activity in the cold season than in the warm season, indicating the advantage and utility of the use of bioassays in risk assessment of complex environmental samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Badreddine Barhoumi
- Laboratory of Hetero-Organic Compounds and Nanostructured Materials (LR18ES11), Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences of Bizerte, University of Carthage, 7021, Zarzouna, Tunisia.
| | - Marc Tedetti
- Aix Marseille Univ., Université de Toulon, CNRS, IRD, MIO UM 110, 13288, Marseille, France
| | | | - Javier A Tesán Onrubia
- Aix Marseille Univ., Université de Toulon, CNRS, IRD, MIO UM 110, 13288, Marseille, France
| | - Aurélie Dufour
- Aix Marseille Univ., Université de Toulon, CNRS, IRD, MIO UM 110, 13288, Marseille, France
| | - Que Thi Doan
- Laboratory of Food Analysis, FARAH-Veterinary Public Health, University of Liège, Liège, 4000, Belgium
| | - Samiha Boutaleb
- Laboratory of Food Analysis, FARAH-Veterinary Public Health, University of Liège, Liège, 4000, Belgium
| | - Soufiane Touil
- Laboratory of Hetero-Organic Compounds and Nanostructured Materials (LR18ES11), Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences of Bizerte, University of Carthage, 7021, Zarzouna, Tunisia
| | - Marie-Louise Scippo
- Laboratory of Food Analysis, FARAH-Veterinary Public Health, University of Liège, Liège, 4000, Belgium
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14
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Vondráček J, Pěnčíková K, Ciganek M, Pivnička J, Karasová M, Hýžďalová M, Strapáčová S, Pálková L, Neča J, Matthews J, Lom MV, Topinka J, Milcová A, Machala M. Environmental six-ring polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are potent inducers of the AhR-dependent signaling in human cells. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 266:115125. [PMID: 32679438 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The toxicities of many environmental polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), in particular those of high-molecular-weight PAHs (with MW higher than 300), remain poorly characterized. The objective of this study was to evaluate the ability of selected environmentally relevant PAHs with MW 302 (MW302 PAHs) to activate the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), since this represents a major toxic mode of action of PAHs. A large number of the evaluated compounds exhibited strong AhR-mediated activities, in particular in human models. The studied MW302 PAHs also significantly contributed to the overall calculated AhR activities of complex environmental mixtures, including both defined standard reference materials and collected diesel exhaust particles. The high AhR-mediated activities of representative MW302 PAHs, e.g. naphtho[1,2-k]fluoranthene, corresponded with the modulation of expression of relevant AhR target genes in a human lung cell model, or with the AhR-dependent suppression of cell cycle progression/proliferation in estrogen-sensitive cells. This was in a marked contrast with the limited genotoxicity of the same compound(s). Given the substantial levels of the AhR-activating MW302 PAHs in combustion particles, it seems important to continue to investigate the toxic modes of action of this large group of PAHs associated with airborne particulate matter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Vondráček
- Department of Cytokinetics, Institute of Biophysics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Královopolská 135, 61265 Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Kateřina Pěnčíková
- Department of Chemistry and Toxicology, Veterinary Research Institute, Hudcova 70, 62100 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslav Ciganek
- Department of Chemistry and Toxicology, Veterinary Research Institute, Hudcova 70, 62100 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jakub Pivnička
- Department of Cytokinetics, Institute of Biophysics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Královopolská 135, 61265 Brno, Czech Republic; Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 61137 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Martina Karasová
- Department of Cytokinetics, Institute of Biophysics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Královopolská 135, 61265 Brno, Czech Republic; Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 61137 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Martina Hýžďalová
- Department of Cytokinetics, Institute of Biophysics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Královopolská 135, 61265 Brno, Czech Republic; Department of Chemistry and Toxicology, Veterinary Research Institute, Hudcova 70, 62100 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Simona Strapáčová
- Department of Chemistry and Toxicology, Veterinary Research Institute, Hudcova 70, 62100 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Pálková
- Department of Chemistry and Toxicology, Veterinary Research Institute, Hudcova 70, 62100 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Neča
- Department of Chemistry and Toxicology, Veterinary Research Institute, Hudcova 70, 62100 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jason Matthews
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Sognsvannsveien 9, 0372 Oslo, Norway; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, M5S 1A8 Toronto, Canada
| | - Michal Vojtíšek Lom
- Center for Sustainable Mobility, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Technická 4, 160 00 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Topinka
- Department of Genetic Toxicology and Nanotoxicology, Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Alena Milcová
- Department of Genetic Toxicology and Nanotoxicology, Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslav Machala
- Department of Chemistry and Toxicology, Veterinary Research Institute, Hudcova 70, 62100 Brno, Czech Republic
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15
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Novák J, Vaculovič A, Klánová J, Giesy JP, Hilscherová K. Seasonal variation of endocrine disrupting potentials of pollutant mixtures associated with various size-fractions of inhalable air particulate matter. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 264:114654. [PMID: 32375093 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Revised: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Ambient air pollution, namely exposure to air particulate matter (PM), has been shown to be connected with a number of adverse health effects. At least part of the effects can be caused by organic pollutant mixtures associated with PM, which can elicit a wide range of specific toxic potentials. These potentials could be affected by seasonal variation of pollutant mixtures and PM size fraction. To examine this, six size subfractions of PM10 were collected at rural and urban site in the Czech Republic in a year-long sampling campaign. The samples were assessed for aryl hydrocarbon (AhR)-mediated activity, estrogenicity and anti-androgenicity using mammalian cell models. The concentrations of detected toxic potentials differed among seasons. The greatest levels were observed in samples collected during winter when AhR-mediated effects and estrogenicity were at least 10-times greater than in summer. While the observed potentials were mostly less pronounced in samples from rural area, during winter, their AhR-mediated activity was twice as great as at the urban site. This was probably caused by the low-quality of fuel used for heating at the rural site. Assessed toxic potentials were associated mainly with PM size fractions with lesser aerodynamic diameters (<1 μm). Toxic potentials were compared with data from chemical analyses covering 102 chemicals from different pollutant groups to model their contribution to the observed effects. For AhR-mediated activity, chemical analyses explained on average 44% of the effect and the main identified effect-drivers were polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. For estrogenicity and anti-androgenicity, detected chemicals were able to explain on average less than 1.6% and 11% of the potentials, with their highest explicability reaching 13% and 57%, respectively. This was affected by the lack of data on specific toxic potency of some detected air pollutants, but also indicates a possible role of further not analyzed chemicals in these effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiří Novák
- RECETOX, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Anita Vaculovič
- RECETOX, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Klánová
- RECETOX, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - John P Giesy
- Dept. Biomedical Veterinary Sciences and Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada; Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University, Waco, TX, United States
| | - Klára Hilscherová
- RECETOX, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic.
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16
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Mullen KR, Rivera BN, Tidwell LG, Ivanek R, Anderson KA, Ainsworth DM. Environmental surveillance and adverse neonatal health outcomes in foals born near unconventional natural gas development activity. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 731:138497. [PMID: 32434096 PMCID: PMC7430053 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Revised: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Studies of neonatal health risks of unconventional natural gas development (UNGD) have not included comprehensive assessments of environmental chemical exposures. We investigated a clustering of dysphagic cases in neonatal foals born between 2014 and 2016 in an area of active UNGD in Pennsylvania (PA),USA. We evaluated equine biological data and environmental exposures on the affected PA farm and an unaffected New York (NY) farm owned by the same proprietor. Dams either spent their entire gestation on one farm or moved to the other farm in late gestation. Over the 21-month study period, physical examinations and blood/tissue samples were obtained from mares and foals on each farm. Grab samples of water, pasture soil and feed were collected; continuous passive sampling of air and water for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons was performed. Dysphagia was evaluated as a binary variable; logistic regression was used to identify risk factors. Sixty-five foals were born, 17 (all from PA farm) were dysphagic. Odds of dysphagia increased with the dam residing on the PA farm for each additional month of gestation (OR = 1.4, 95% CI 1.2, 1.7, p = 6.0E-04). Males were more likely to be born dysphagic (OR = 5.5, 95% CI 1.2, 24.5, p = 0.03) than females. Prior to installation of a water filtration/treatment system, PA water concentrations of 3,6-dimethylphenanthrene (p = 6.0E-03), fluoranthene (p = 0.03), pyrene (p = 0.02) and triphenylene (p = 0.01) exceeded those in NY water. Compared to NY farm water, no concentrations of PAHs were higher in PA following installation of the water filtration/treatment system. We provide evidence of an uncommon adverse health outcome (dysphagia) in foals born near UNGD that was eliminated in subsequent years (2017-2019) following environmental management changes. Notably, this study demonstrates that domestic large animals such as horses can serve as important sentinels for human health risks associated with UNGD activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen R Mullen
- Littleton Equine Medical Center, 8025 S. Santa Fe Dr., Littleton, CO 80120, USA; Department of Clinical Sciences, Tower Rd., College of Veterinary Medicine-Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
| | - Brianna N Rivera
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Agricultural Life Sciences, Room 1007, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA.
| | - Lane G Tidwell
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Agricultural Life Sciences, Room 1007, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA.
| | - Renata Ivanek
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Tower Rd., College of Veterinary Medicine-Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
| | - Kim A Anderson
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Agricultural Life Sciences, Room 1007, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA.
| | - Dorothy M Ainsworth
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Tower Rd., College of Veterinary Medicine-Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
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17
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Ren F, Ji C, Huang Y, Aniagu S, Jiang Y, Chen T. AHR-mediated ROS production contributes to the cardiac developmental toxicity of PM2.5 in zebrafish embryos. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 719:135097. [PMID: 31837856 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Revised: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies have shown an association between maternal exposure to ambient fine particle matter (PM2.5) and congenital heart defects in the offspring, but the underlying molecular mechanisms are yet to be elucidated. Previously, we demonstrated that extractable organic matter (EOM) from PM2.5 induced heart defects in zebrafish embryos by activating the aromatic hydrocarbon receptor (AHR). Hence, we hypothesized that AHR mediates excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, leading to the cardiac developmental toxicity of PM2.5. To test our hypothesis, we examined AHR activity and ROS levels in the heart of zebrafish embryos under a fluorescence microscope. mRNA expression levels were then quantified using qPCR whereas DNA damage and apoptosis were detected by immunofluorescence. Our results showed that the AHR inhibitor, CH223191 (CH) as well as the ROS scavenger, N-Acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC), significantly mitigated the PM2.5-induced cardiac malformations in zebrafish embryos. Furthermore, both CH and NAC diminished the EOM-elevated ROS generation, DNA damage and apoptosis in the test system. Incidentally, both CH and NAC attenuated the EOM-induced changes in the mRNA expression of genes involved in cardiac development (nkx2.5, sox9b), oxidative stress (nrf2a, nrf2b, gstp1, gstp2, sod2, ho1, cat) and apoptosis (p53, bax). We further confirmed that AHR activity is a necessary condition for EOM-induced ROS generation, DNA damage and apoptosis, through AHR knockdown. However, the ROS scavenger NAC did not counteract the EOM-induced AHR activity. In conclusion, our findings suggest that AHR mediates EOM-induced oxidative stress, resulting in DNA damage and apoptosis, thereby contributing to the cardiac developmental toxicity of PM2.5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Ren
- Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Cheng Ji
- Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yujie Huang
- Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Stanley Aniagu
- Toxicology, Risk Assessment and Research Division, Texas Commission on Environmental Quality, 12015 Park 35 Cir, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Yan Jiang
- Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.
| | - Tao Chen
- Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, Soochow University, Suzhou, China.
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18
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van Drooge BL, Rivas I, Querol X, Sunyer J, Grimalt JO. Organic Air Quality Markers of Indoor and Outdoor PM 2.5 Aerosols in Primary Schools from Barcelona. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:E3685. [PMID: 32456201 PMCID: PMC7277704 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17103685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Airborne particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter smaller than 2.5 µg, PM2.5 was regularly sampled in classrooms (indoor) and playgrounds (outdoor) of primary schools from Barcelona. Three of these schools were located downtown and three in the periphery, representing areas with high and low traffic intensities. These aerosols were analyzed for organic molecular tracers and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) to identify the main sources of these airborne particles and evaluate the air quality in the urban location of the schools. Traffic emissions were the main contributors of PAHs to the atmospheres in all schools, with higher average concentrations in those located downtown (1800-2700 pg/m3) than in the periphery (760-1000 pg/m3). The similarity of the indoor and outdoor concentrations of the PAH is consistent with a transfer of outdoor traffic emissions to the indoor classrooms. This observation was supported by the hopane and elemental carbon concentrations in PM2.5, markers of motorized vehicles, that were correlated with PAHs. The concentrations of food-related markers, such as glucoses, sucrose, malic, azelaic and fatty acids, were correlated and were higher in the indoor atmospheres. These compounds were also correlated with plastic additives, such as phthalic acid and diisobutyl, dibutyl and dicyclohexyl phthalates. Clothing constituents, e.g., adipic acid, and fragrances, galaxolide and methyl dihydrojasmonate were also correlated with these indoor air compounds. All these organic tracers were correlated with the organic carbon of PM2.5, which was present in higher concentrations in the indoor than in the outdoor atmospheres.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barend L. van Drooge
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain; (I.R.); (X.Q.); (J.O.G.)
| | - Ioar Rivas
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain; (I.R.); (X.Q.); (J.O.G.)
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal), Dr. Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - Xavier Querol
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain; (I.R.); (X.Q.); (J.O.G.)
| | - Jordi Sunyer
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal), Dr. Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - Joan O. Grimalt
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain; (I.R.); (X.Q.); (J.O.G.)
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19
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Pikula KS, Chernyshev VV, Zakharenko AM, Chaika VV, Waissi G, Hai LH, Hien TT, Tsatsakis AM, Golokhvast KS. Toxicity assessment of particulate matter emitted from different types of vehicles on marine microalgae. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2019; 179:108785. [PMID: 31606615 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2019.108785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Revised: 09/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Air pollution caused by vehicle emissions remains a serious environmental threat in urban areas. Sedimentation of atmospheric aerosols, surface wash, drainage water, and urbane wastewater can bring vehicle particle emissions into the aquatic environment. However, the level of toxicity and mode of toxic action for this kind of particles are not fully understood. Here we explored the aquatic toxic effects of particulate matter emitted from different types of vehicles on marine microalgae Porphyridium purpureum and Heterosigma akashiwo. We used flow cytometry to evaluate growth rate inhibition, changes in the level of esterase activity, changes in membrane potential and size changes of microalgae cells under the influence of particulate matter emitted by motorcycles, cars and specialized vehicles with different types of engines and powered by different types of fuel. Both microalgae species were highly influenced by the particles emitted by diesel-powered vehicles. These particle samples had the highest impact on survival, esterase activity, and membrane potential of microalgae and caused the most significant increase in microalgae cell size compared to the particles produced by gasoline-powered vehicles. The results of the algae-bioassay strongly correlate with the data of laser granulometry analyses, which indicate that the most toxic samples had a significantly higher percentage of particles in the size range less than 1 μm. Visual observation with an optical microscope showed intensive agglomeration of the particles emitted by diesel-powered vehicles with microalgae cells. Moreover, within the scope of this research, we did not observe the direct influence of metal content in the particles to the level of their aquatic toxicity, and we can conclude that physical damage is the most probable mechanism of toxicity for vehicle emitted particles.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Vladimir V Chaika
- Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok, 690950, Russian Federation
| | - Greta Waissi
- University of Eastern Finland, School of Pharmacy, Kuopio, POB 1627 70211, Finland
| | - Le Hong Hai
- Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok, 690950, Russian Federation
| | - To Trong Hien
- Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok, 690950, Russian Federation
| | - Aristidis M Tsatsakis
- Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok, 690950, Russian Federation; University of Crete, School of Medicine, Laboratory of Toxicology, Heraklion, 71003, Greece; I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, 119048, Russian Federation
| | - Kirill S Golokhvast
- Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok, 690950, Russian Federation; Pacific Geographical Institute FEB RAS, Vladivostok, 690014, Russian Federation
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20
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Chen Y, Ma J, Duan H, Miao C. Occurrence, source apportionment, and potential human health risks of metal(loid)s and PAHs in dusts from driving school campuses in an urban area of Henan, China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:30029-30043. [PMID: 31414389 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-06044-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Concentrations, health risks, and sources of 9 metal(loid)s (As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, and Zn) and 16 PAHs in dusts collected from the 29 driving school campuses in the urban area of Kaifeng, Henan Province, China, were evaluated. The health risks due to exposure to these pollutants in dusts were assessed under three different scenarios (working for 10 years, 20 years, and 30 years in driving schools), using the health risk assessment model developed by US EPA. The results indicated that the mean concentrations for As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Pb, and Zn were higher than the local dust background except Co and Ni. The total PAH concentrations ranged from 198.21 to 3 400.89 μg kg-1, with a mean value of 908.72 μg kg-1. The dominant components were the two and three member-ring PAHs, accounting for 55.79% of the ∑PAHs, while PAHs with four to six member-rings accounted for 44.21% of total PAHs. The non-cancer risks of metal(loid)s in most samples were within the safe range except for two samples, with Pb as the major non-carcinogenic risk factor. The cancer risks of As, Cd, Cr, and Ni were also within the currently acceptable range except for one sample under two scenarios (working for 20a and 30a in a driving school). The cancer risks of PAHs in most samples were within the safe range except for one sample under scenario 3. The source identification results demonstrated that Pb, Zn, Cu, and Cd in the driving school dusts are mainly affected by the emission of driving-school vehicles. For PAHs, the typical driving school vehicle emissions were predominated by Phe and Ant, followed by Flu, Pyr, BkF, and Nap. The concentrations and health risks of the metal(loid)s and PAHs in the dusts were not significantly related to the driving school operation time or vehicle density, but closely related to the surrounding environments and the historical land uses of driving schools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinan Chen
- Key Research Institute of Yellow River Civilization and Sustainable Development, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475001, China
| | - Jianhua Ma
- Key Research Institute of Yellow River Civilization and Sustainable Development, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475001, China.
- The College of Environment and Planning of Henan University, Kaifeng, 475001, China.
| | - Haijing Duan
- The College of Environment and Planning of Henan University, Kaifeng, 475001, China
| | - Changhong Miao
- Key Research Institute of Yellow River Civilization and Sustainable Development, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475001, China
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21
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Chen T, Jin H, Wang H, Yao Y, Aniagu S, Tong J, Jiang Y. Aryl hydrocarbon receptor mediates the cardiac developmental toxicity of EOM from PM 2.5 in P19 embryonic carcinoma cells. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 216:372-378. [PMID: 30384306 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.10.160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2018] [Revised: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Ambient fine particulate matter (PM2.5) has been found to be associated with congenital heart defects, but the molecular mechanisms remain to be elucidated. Our previous study revealed that extractable organic matter (EOM) from PM2.5 exerted cardiac developmental toxicity in zebrafish embryos. The aim of the current study is to explore the effects of EOM on cardiac differentiation of P19 mouse embryonic carcinoma stem cells. We found that EOM at 10 μg/ml (a non-cytotoxic dose level) significantly reduced the proportion of cardiac muscle troponin (cTnT) positive cells and the percentage of spontaneously beating embryoid bodies, indicating a severe inhibition of cardiac differentiation. Immunofluorescence and qPCR data demonstrated that EOM increased the expression levels of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) and its target gene Cyp1A1 and diminished the expression level of β-catenin. Furthermore, EOM treatment significantly upregulated cell proliferation rate and elevated the percentage of γH2A.X positive cells without affecting apoptosis. It is worth noting that the EOM-induced changes in gene expression, cellular proliferation and DNA double strain breaks were attenuated by the AhR antagonist CH223191. In conclusion, our data indicate that AhR mediates the inhibitory effects of EOM (from PM2.5) on the cardiac differentiation of P19 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Chen
- Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Hongmei Jin
- Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Huimin Wang
- Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yugang Yao
- Suzhou Environmental Monitor Center, Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Combined Pollution Monitoring, Environmental Protection Department of Jiangsu Province, Suzhou, China
| | - Stanley Aniagu
- Toxicology Division, Texas Commission on Environmental Quality, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Jian Tong
- Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yan Jiang
- Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.
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van Drooge BL, Marco E, Grimalt JO. Atmospheric pattern of volatile organochlorine compounds and hexachlorobenzene in the surroundings of a chlor-alkali plant. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 628-629:782-790. [PMID: 29454218 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.02.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Revised: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 02/08/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The outdoor atmospheric distributions of chlorinated volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from locations receiving the emissions of a chlor-alkali plant have been studied. Trichloroethylene and tetrachloroethylene (medians 2.4 μg/m3 and 1.7 μg/m3, respectively) were the most abundant compounds, which was in accordance with the production processes from these installations. The concentrations of trichlorofluoromethane, median 1.6 μg/m3, are rather similar to the average levels described in general in the troposphere and cannot be attributed to this specific source. Several by-products involving dichloroacetylene, carbon tetrachloride, hexachloroethane, hexachlorobutadiene, trans-1H-pentachloro-1,3-butadiene, 2H-pentachloro-1,3-butadiene, cis-1H-pentachloro-1,3-butadiene, tetrachloro- and trichloro-butadienes and hexachlorobenzene were also identified. Some of these compounds, e.g. carbon tetrachloride, chloroform and tetrachloroethane, could also have been manufactured during some periods. The occurrence of these manufactured compounds and by-products in the atmosphere could also reflect, at least in part, volatilization during the extraction of previously discharged chlor-alkali residues developed within the environmental restoration program of the Flix water reservoir. In this respect, the tri-, tetra- and pentachloro-1,3-butadienes could also originate from microbial transformation in the solid deposits accumulated in the water reservoir which were volatilized after extraction. Among all identified VOCs, trichloroethylene showed the highest health risks considering the measured airborne concentrations and the WHO and USEPA recommendations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barend L van Drooge
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDÆA-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Esther Marco
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDÆA-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Joan O Grimalt
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDÆA-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
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Roper C, Simonich SLM, Tanguay RL. Development of a high-throughput in vivo screening platform for particulate matter exposures. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 235:993-1005. [PMID: 29751403 PMCID: PMC5951187 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Revised: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Particulate matter (PM) exposure is a public health burden with poorly understood health effect mechanisms and lacking an efficient model to compare the vast diversity of PM exposures. Zebrafish (Danio rerio) are amenable to high-throughput screening (HTS), but few studies have investigated PM toxicity in zebrafish, despite the multitude of advantages. To develop standardized exposure procedures, the urban PM standard reference material (SRM) 1649b was used to systematically determine sample preparation methods, design experimental controls, determine concentration ranges and evaluation procedures. Embryos (n = 32/treatment) were dechorionated and placed into 96-well plates containing SRM1649b (0-200 μg/mL) at 6 h post fertilization (hpf). Developmental toxicity was assessed at 24 and 120 hpf by evaluating morphological changes, embryonic/larval photomotor behavior, and mortality. Differences from blank medium and particle controls were observed for all biological responses measured. Differences due to SRM1649b concentration and preparation method were also observed. Exposure to SRM1649b from DMSO extraction was associated with changes in morphology and mortality and hypoactivity in photomotor responses compared to the DMSO control for the whole particle suspension (76, 68%) and soluble fraction (59, 54%) during the embryonic and larval stages, respectively. Changes in behavioral responses were not observed following exposure to the insoluble fraction of SRM1649b from DMSO extraction. The toxicity bias from PM preparation provided further impetus to select a single HTS exposure method. Based on the biological activity results, the soluble fraction of SRM1649b from DMSO extraction was selected and shown to have concentration dependent cyp1a/GFP expression. This rapid, sensitive and consistently scalable model is a potentially cost-effective vertebrate approach to study the toxicology of PM from diverse locations, and provides a path to identifying the toxic material(s) in these samples, and discover the mechanisms of toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney Roper
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, 1011 ALS Bldg., Corvallis, OR, 97331, United States
| | - Staci L Massey Simonich
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, 1011 ALS Bldg., Corvallis, OR, 97331, United States; Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, 153 Gilbert Hall, Corvallis, OR, 97331, United States
| | - Robert L Tanguay
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, 1011 ALS Bldg., Corvallis, OR, 97331, United States.
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Olmos V, Marro M, Loza-Alvarez P, Raldúa D, Prats E, Padrós F, Piña B, Tauler R, de Juan A. Combining hyperspectral imaging and chemometrics to assess and interpret the effects of environmental stressors on zebrafish eye images at tissue level. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2018; 11:e201700089. [PMID: 28766927 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201700089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Revised: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Changes on an organism by the exposure to environmental stressors may be characterized by hyperspectral images (HSI), which preserve the morphology of biological samples, and suitable chemometric tools. The approach proposed allows assessing and interpreting the effect of contaminant exposure on heterogeneous biological samples monitored by HSI at specific tissue levels. In this work, the model example used consists of the study of the effect of the exposure of chlorpyrifos-oxon on zebrafish tissues. To assess this effect, unmixing of the biological sample images followed by tissue-specific classification models based on the unmixed spectral signatures is proposed. Unmixing and classification are performed by multivariate curve resolution-alternating least squares (MCR-ALS) and partial least squares-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA), respectively. Crucial aspects of the approach are: (1) the simultaneous MCR-ALS analysis of all images from 1 population to take into account biological variability and provide reliable tissue spectral signatures, and (2) the use of resolved spectral signatures from control and exposed populations obtained from resampling of pixel subsets analyzed by MCR-ALS multiset analysis as information for the tissue-specific PLS-DA classification models. Classification results diagnose the presence of a significant effect and identify the spectral regions at a tissue level responsible for the biological change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Víctor Olmos
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Chemistry, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mònica Marro
- Institut de Ciencies Fotòniques (ICFO), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Castelldefels, Spain
| | - Pablo Loza-Alvarez
- Institut de Ciencies Fotòniques (ICFO), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Castelldefels, Spain
| | - Demetrio Raldúa
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Diagnostic (IDAEA-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eva Prats
- Research and Development Centre (CID-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francesc Padrós
- Pathological Diagnostic Service in Fish, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Benjamin Piña
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Diagnostic (IDAEA-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Romà Tauler
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Diagnostic (IDAEA-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anna de Juan
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Chemistry, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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25
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Besis A, Tsolakidou A, Balla D, Samara C, Voutsa D, Pantazaki A, Choli-Papadopoulou T, Lialiaris TS. Toxic organic substances and marker compounds in size-segregated urban particulate matter - Implications for involvement in the in vitro bioactivity of the extractable organic matter. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2017; 230:758-774. [PMID: 28732338 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.06.096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Revised: 05/28/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Toxic organic substances and polar organic marker compounds, i.e. polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and their nitro-derivatives (N-PAHs), as well as dicarboxylic acids (DCAs) and sugars/sugar anhydrites (S/SAs) were analyzed in size-segregated PM samples (<0.49, 0.49-0.97, 0.97-3 and >3 μm) collected at two urban sites (urban traffic and urban background) during the cold and the warm season. The potential associations between the organic PM determinants and the adverse cellular effects (i.e. cytotoxicity, genotoxicity, DNA damage, oxidative DNA adduct formation, and inflammatory response) induced by the extractable organic matter (EOM) of PM, previously measured in Velali et al. (2016b), were investigated by bivariate correlations and Principal Component Analysis (PCA). Partial Least Square regression analysis (PLS) was also employed in order to identify the chemical classes mainly involved in the EOM-induced toxicological endpoints in the various particle size fractions. Results indicated that particle size range <0.49 μm was the major carrier of PM mass and organic compounds at both sites. All toxic organic compounds exhibited higher concentrations at the urban traffic site, except PCBs and OCPs that did not exhibit intra-urban variations. Conversely, wintertime levels of levoglucosan were significantly higher at the urban background site as a result of residential biomass burning. The PLS regression analysis allowed quite good prediction of the EOM-induced cytotoxicity and genotoxicity based on the determined organic chemical classes, particularly for the finest size fraction of PM. Nevertheless, it is expected that other chemical constituents, not determined here, also contribute to the measured toxicological responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athanasios Besis
- Environmental Pollution Control Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Alexandra Tsolakidou
- Environmental Pollution Control Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Dimitra Balla
- Environmental Pollution Control Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Constantini Samara
- Environmental Pollution Control Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-54124 Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | - Dimitra Voutsa
- Environmental Pollution Control Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-54124 Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | - Anastasia Pantazaki
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Theodora Choli-Papadopoulou
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Theodore S Lialiaris
- Demokrition University of Thrace, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Genetics, Alexandroupolis 68100, Greece
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26
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van Drooge BL, Marqueño A, Grimalt JO, Fernández P, Porte C. Comparative toxicity and endocrine disruption potential of urban and rural atmospheric organic PM 1 in JEG-3 human placental cells. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2017; 230:378-386. [PMID: 28672150 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2017] [Revised: 06/08/2017] [Accepted: 06/10/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Outdoor ambient air particulate matter and air pollution are related to adverse effects on human health. The present study assesses the cytotoxicity and ability to disrupt aromatase activity of organic PM1 extracts from rural and urban areas at equivalent air volumes from 2 to 30 m3, in human placental JEG-3 cells. Samples were chemically analyzed for particle bounded organic compounds with endocrine disrupting potential, i.e. PAH, O-PAH, phthalate esters, but also for organic molecular tracer compounds for the emission source identification. Rural samples collected in winter were cytotoxic at the highest concentration tested and strongly inhibited aromatase activity in JEG-3 cells. No cytotoxicity was detected in summer samples from the rural site and the urban samples, while aromatase activity was moderately inhibited in these samples. In the urban area, the street site samples, collected close to intensive traffic, showed stronger inhibition of aromatase activity than the samples simultaneously collected at a roof site, 50 m above ground level. The cytotoxicity and endocrine disruption potential of the samples were linked to combustion products, i.e. PAH and O-PAH, especially from biomass burning in the rural site in winter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barend L van Drooge
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, c/Jordi Girona 18-26, Barcelona 08034, Spain.
| | - Anna Marqueño
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, c/Jordi Girona 18-26, Barcelona 08034, Spain
| | - Joan O Grimalt
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, c/Jordi Girona 18-26, Barcelona 08034, Spain
| | - Pilar Fernández
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, c/Jordi Girona 18-26, Barcelona 08034, Spain
| | - Cinta Porte
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, c/Jordi Girona 18-26, Barcelona 08034, Spain
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27
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Calas A, Uzu G, Martins JMF, Voisin D, Spadini L, Lacroix T, Jaffrezo JL. The importance of simulated lung fluid (SLF) extractions for a more relevant evaluation of the oxidative potential of particulate matter. Sci Rep 2017; 7:11617. [PMID: 28912590 PMCID: PMC5599505 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-11979-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Particulate matter (PM) induces oxidative stress in vivo, leading to adverse health effects. Oxidative potential (OP) of PM is increasingly studied as a relevant metric for health impact (instead of PM mass concentration) as much of the ambient particle mass do not contribute to PM toxicity. Several assays have been developed to quantify PM oxidative potential and a widely used one is the acellular dithiothreitol (DTT) assay. However in such assays, particles are usually extracted with methanol or Milli-Q water which is unrepresentative of physiological conditions. For this purpose, OPDTT measurements after simulated lung fluids (SLF) extraction, in order to look at the impact of simulated lung fluid constituents, were compared to Milli-Q water extraction measurements. Our major finding is a significant decrease of the OPDTT when the artificial lysosomal fluid (ALF) solution was used. Indeed, ligand compounds are present in the SLF solutions and some induce a decrease of the OP when compared to water extraction. Our results suggest that the effect of ligands and complexation in lining fluids towards PM contaminants probably has been underestimated and should be investigated further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aude Calas
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, IRD, IGE, Grenoble, F-38 000, France
| | - Gaëlle Uzu
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, IRD, IGE, Grenoble, F-38 000, France.
| | - Jean M F Martins
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, IRD, IGE, Grenoble, F-38 000, France
| | - Didier Voisin
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, IRD, IGE, Grenoble, F-38 000, France
| | - Lorenzo Spadini
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, IRD, IGE, Grenoble, F-38 000, France
| | - Thomas Lacroix
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, IRD, IGE, Grenoble, F-38 000, France
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28
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Relevant aspects of unmixing/resolution analysis for the interpretation of biological vibrational hyperspectral images. Trends Analyt Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2017.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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29
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Duan J, Hu H, Zhang Y, Feng L, Shi Y, Miller MR, Sun Z. Multi-organ toxicity induced by fine particulate matter PM 2.5 in zebrafish (Danio rerio) model. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 180:24-32. [PMID: 28391149 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2017] [Revised: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The fine particulate matter (PM2.5) in air pollution is a major public health concern and now known to contribute to severe diseases, therefore, a comprehensive understanding of PM2.5-induced adverse effects in living organisms is needed urgently. This study was aimed to evaluate the toxicity of PM2.5 on multi-organ systems in a zebrafish (Danio rerio) model. The embryonic toxicity induced by PM2.5 was demonstrated by an increase in mortality and inhibition of hatching rate, in a dose- and time-dependent manner. PM2.5 caused the pericardial edema, as well as reducing heart rate and cardiac output. The area of sub-intestinal vessels (SIVs) was significant reduced in Tg(fli-1:EGFP) transgenic zebrafish lines. Morphological defects and yolk sac retention were associated with hepatocyte injury. In addition, PM2.5 disrupted the axonal integrity, altering of axon length and pattern in Tg(NBT:EGFP) transgenic lines. Genes involved in cardiac function (spaw, supt6h, cmlc1), angiogenesis (vegfr2a, vegfr2b), and neural function (gabrd, chrna3, npy8br) were markedly down-regulated; while genes linked to hepatic metabolism (cyp1a, cyp1b1, cyp1c1) were significantly up-regulated by PM2.5. In summary, our data showed that PM2.5 induced the cardiovascular toxicity, hepatotoxicity and neurotoxicity in zebrafish, suggested that PM2.5 could cause multi-organ toxicity in aquatic organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junchao Duan
- Department of Toxicology and Sanitary Chemistry, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Hejing Hu
- Department of Toxicology and Sanitary Chemistry, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Yannan Zhang
- Department of Toxicology and Sanitary Chemistry, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Lin Feng
- Department of Toxicology and Sanitary Chemistry, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Yanfeng Shi
- Department of Toxicology and Sanitary Chemistry, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Mark R Miller
- University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queens Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
| | - Zhiwei Sun
- Department of Toxicology and Sanitary Chemistry, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, PR China.
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30
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Mesquita SR, van Drooge BL, Dall'Osto M, Grimalt JO, Barata C, Vieira N, Guimarães L, Piña B. Toxic potential of organic constituents of submicron particulate matter (PM1) in an urban road site (Barcelona). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:15406-15415. [PMID: 28508335 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-9201-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric particulate matter (PM) is a recognized risk factor contributing to a number of diseases in human populations and wildlife globally. Organic matter is a major component of PM, but its contribution to overall toxicity of PM has not been thoroughly evaluated yet. In the present work, the biological activity of organic extracts from PM1 (particles with less than 1 μm of aerodynamic diameter) collected from an urban road site in the centre of Barcelona (NE Spain) was evaluated using a yeast-based assay (AhR-RYA) and different gene expression markers in zebrafish embryos. Dioxin-like activity of the extracts correlated to primary emissions from local traffic exhausts, reflecting weekday/weekend alternance. Expression levels of cyp1a and of gene markers for key cellular processes and development (ier2, fos) also correlated to vehicle emissions, whereas expression of gene markers related to antioxidant defence and endocrine effects (gstal, hao1, ttr) was strongly reduced in samples with strong contribution from regional air masses with aged secondary organic species or with strong influence of biomass burning emissions. Our data suggest that the toxic potential of PM1 organic chemical constituents strongly depends on the emission sources and on the process of ageing from primary to secondary organic aerosols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia R Mesquita
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, Carrer Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034, Barcelona, Spain.
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, Rua dos Bragas 289, 4050-123, Porto, Portugal.
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Barend L van Drooge
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, Carrer Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Manuel Dall'Osto
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, Carrer Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joan O Grimalt
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, Carrer Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carlos Barata
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, Carrer Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Natividade Vieira
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, Rua dos Bragas 289, 4050-123, Porto, Portugal
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal
| | - Laura Guimarães
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, Rua dos Bragas 289, 4050-123, Porto, Portugal
| | - Benjamin Piña
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, Carrer Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034, Barcelona, Spain
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Rivetti C, López-Perea JJ, Laguna C, Piña B, Mateo R, Eljarrat E, Barceló D, Barata C. Integrated environmental risk assessment of chemical pollution in a Mediterranean floodplain by combining chemical and biological methods. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 583:248-256. [PMID: 28119008 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.01.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2016] [Revised: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The Tablas de Daimiel National Park (TDNP) is a unique floodplain ecosystem in central Spain, serving as permanent resting and breeding areas for many waterbird species. In the last decades, this biodiversity hotspot has been severely endangered by poorly treated wastewater discharges from upstream urban communities arriving through its two major contributors, the Cigüela and Guadiana rivers. In this work, we analysed the potential risk of this constant input of micropollutants (estrogens, dioxin-like compounds and other endocrine disruptors) for the resident wildlife. We sampled 12 locations in TDNP and in the nearby Navaseca Pond during 2013, and performed a series of in-vivo and in-vitro bioassays, including Daphnia magna post-exposure feeding inhibition and recombinant yeast-based assays for dioxin-like and estrogenic activities. These results were then compared with the chemical composition of the samples, analysed by GC-MS/MS and LC-MS/MS, and evaluated according to their toxic potential as toxic equivalents or TEQ. The Navaseca Pond, heavily impacted by wastewater from the town of Daimiel, showed the highest levels of toxic compounds, estrogenic activity, and Daphnia toxicity. Conversely, the less impacted TDNP sites showed low residue levels of contaminants, low estrogenicity and dioxin-like activity and negligible toxicity. The results indicates that the current good chemical status of TDNP is menaced by both the inflow of wastewater treatment plants effluents from Guadiana and Cigüela rivers into TDNP tributaries and, as it occurs in the Navaseca Pond, by direct sewage discharges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Rivetti
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA, CSIC), Jordi Girona 18, 08017 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jhon J López-Perea
- Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos (IREC), CSIC-UCLM-JCCM, Ronda de Toledo 12, 13005 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Celia Laguna
- Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos (IREC), CSIC-UCLM-JCCM, Ronda de Toledo 12, 13005 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Benjamín Piña
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA, CSIC), Jordi Girona 18, 08017 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rafael Mateo
- Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos (IREC), CSIC-UCLM-JCCM, Ronda de Toledo 12, 13005 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Ethel Eljarrat
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA, CSIC), Jordi Girona 18, 08017 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Damià Barceló
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA, CSIC), Jordi Girona 18, 08017 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carlos Barata
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA, CSIC), Jordi Girona 18, 08017 Barcelona, Spain.
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Sánchez-Soberón F, van Drooge BL, Rovira J, Grimalt JO, Nadal M, Domingo JL, Schuhmacher M. Size-distribution of airborne polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and other organic source markers in the surroundings of a cement plant powered with alternative fuels. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 550:1057-1064. [PMID: 26859698 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.01.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The distributions of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and molecular tracer organic compounds for biomass combustion, traffic emissions, soil dust, and secondary aerosol processing have been studied in three fractions of ambient air particulate matter (PM10, 2.5, and 1) collected in the vicinity of a cement plant. PAH concentrations were used to estimate the carcinogenic risks in humans. Combustion related compounds, including PAHs, and those from secondary aerosol processing, predominated in the finest (PM<1) fraction, while saccharides related to organic soil dust predominated in the coarse fraction (2.5<PM<10). The molecular markers of biomass combustion were found in high concentrations, indicating the influence of biomass burning on PM. Most predominant PAHs were five and six rings species, related to a PAH profile characteristic of urban-industrial environments. The concentrations of benzo[a]pyrene varied between 0.2 and 1.0ng/m(3), which is close but lower than the annual limit value of 1ng/m(3) established by law. Exposure and inhalation carcinogenic risks from total PAHs were below the EPA threshold of acceptable risk (1·10(-6)).
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Sánchez-Soberón
- Environmental Engineering Laboratory, Departament d'Enginyeria Quimica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Av. Països Catalans 26, 43007 Tarragona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Barend L van Drooge
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, CSIC, Jordi Girona 18, 08034 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Joaquim Rovira
- Environmental Engineering Laboratory, Departament d'Enginyeria Quimica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Av. Països Catalans 26, 43007 Tarragona, Catalonia, Spain; Laboratory of Toxicology and Environmental Health, School of Medicine, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Sant Llorenç 21, 43201 Reus, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Joan O Grimalt
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, CSIC, Jordi Girona 18, 08034 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Martí Nadal
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Environmental Health, School of Medicine, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Sant Llorenç 21, 43201 Reus, Catalonia, Spain
| | - José L Domingo
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Environmental Health, School of Medicine, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Sant Llorenç 21, 43201 Reus, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Marta Schuhmacher
- Environmental Engineering Laboratory, Departament d'Enginyeria Quimica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Av. Països Catalans 26, 43007 Tarragona, Catalonia, Spain.
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Manzano-León N, Serrano-Lomelin J, Sánchez BN, Quintana-Belmares R, Vega E, Vázquez-López I, Rojas-Bracho L, López-Villegas MT, Vadillo-Ortega F, De Vizcaya-Ruiz A, Perez IR, O’Neill MS, Osornio-Vargas AR. TNFα and IL-6 Responses to Particulate Matter in Vitro: Variation According to PM Size, Season, and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon and Soil Content. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2016; 124:406-12. [PMID: 26372663 PMCID: PMC4829995 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.1409287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2014] [Accepted: 09/10/2015] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Observed seasonal differences in particulate matter (PM) associations with human health may be due to their composition and to toxicity-related seasonal interactions. OBJECTIVES We assessed seasonality in PM composition and in vitro PM pro-inflammatory potential using multiple PM samples. METHODS We collected 90 weekly PM10 and PM2.5 samples during the rainy-warm and dry-cold seasons in five urban areas with different pollution sources. The elements, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and endotoxins identified in the samples were subjected to principal component analysis (PCA). We tested the potential of the PM to induce tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) and interleukin 6 (IL-6) secretion in cultured human monocytes (THP-1), and we modeled pro-inflammatory responses using the component scores. RESULTS PM composition varied by size and by season. PCA identified two main components that varied by season. Combustion-related constituents (e.g., vanadium, benzo[a]pyrene, benzo[a]anthracene) mainly comprised component 1 (C1). Soil-related constituents (e.g., endotoxins, silicon, aluminum) mainly comprised component 2 (C2). PM from the rainy-warm season was high in C2. PM (particularly PM2.5) from the dry-cold season was rich in C1. Elevated levels of cytokine production were associated with PM10 and C2 (rainy-warm season), whereas reduced levels of cytokine production were associated with PM2.5 and C1 (dry-cold season). TNFα secretion was increased following exposure to PM with high (vs. low) C2 content, but TNFα secretion in response to PM was decreased following exposure to samples containing ≥ 0.1% of C1-related PAHs, regardless of C2 content. The results of the IL-6 assays suggested more complex interactions between PM components and particle size. CONCLUSIONS Variations in PM soil and PAH content underlie seasonal and PM size-related patterns in TNFα secretion. These results suggest that the mixture of components in PM explains some seasonal differences in associations between health outcomes and PM in epidemiologic studies. CITATION Manzano-León N, Serrano-Lomelin J, Sánchez BN, Quintana-Belmares R, Vega E, Vázquez-López I, Rojas-Bracho L, López-Villegas MT, Vadillo-Ortega F, De Vizcaya-Ruiz A, Rosas Perez I, O'Neill MS, Osornio-Vargas AR. 2016. TNFα and IL-6 responses to particulate matter in vitro: variation according to PM size, season, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon and soil content. Environ Health Perspect 124:406-412; http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1409287.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Manzano-León
- Departamento de Investigación Básica, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, México, DF, México
| | | | - Brisa N. Sánchez
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, and
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Raúl Quintana-Belmares
- Departamento de Investigación Básica, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, México, DF, México
| | - Elizabeth Vega
- Dirección de Investigación y Posgrado, Instituto Mexicano del Petróleo, México, DF, México
- Gerencia de Ciencias Ambientales, Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Nucleares, La Marquesa, Ocoyoacac, Estado de México, México
| | - Inés Vázquez-López
- Departamento de Investigación Básica, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, México, DF, México
| | | | | | - Felipe Vadillo-Ortega
- National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM) at the National Institute of Genomic Medicine, México, DF, México
| | | | | | | | - Alvaro R. Osornio-Vargas
- Departamento de Investigación Básica, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, México, DF, México
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Address correspondence to A.R. Osornio-Vargas, Department of Paediatrics, University of Alberta, 3-591 ECHA, 11405 87th Ave., Edmonton, T6G1C9, Canada. Telephone (780) 492-7092. E-mail:
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Crosstalk between AhR and wnt/β-catenin signal pathways in the cardiac developmental toxicity of PM2.5 in zebrafish embryos. Toxicology 2016; 355-356:31-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2016.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2016] [Revised: 05/16/2016] [Accepted: 05/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Mesquita SR, Dachs J, van Drooge BL, Castro-Jiménez J, Navarro-Martín L, Barata C, Vieira N, Guimarães L, Piña B. Toxicity assessment of atmospheric particulate matter in the Mediterranean and Black Seas open waters. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 545-546:163-170. [PMID: 26745302 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.12.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2015] [Revised: 12/12/2015] [Accepted: 12/12/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric deposition of particulate matter (PM) is recognized as a relevant input vector for toxic compounds, such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), into the marine environment. In this work we aimed to analyse the biological activity and potential adverse effects of PM constituents to aquatic organisms. Organic extracts of atmospheric PM samples from different sub-basins of the Mediterranean and Black Seas were screened using different toxicological tests. A yeast-based assay (AhR-RYA) revealed that dioxin-like activity correlated with the concentration of total PAHs in the PM samples, as well as with their predicted toxic equivalent values (TEQs). Although the zebrafish embryotoxicity test (the ZET assay) showed no major phenotypical adverse effects, up-regulation of mRNA expression of cyp1a, fos and development-related genes (previously described as related to PM toxicity) was observed in exposed embryos when compared to controls. Results showed that mRNA patterns of the studied genes followed a similar geographic distribution to both PAH content and dioxin-like activity of the corresponding extracts. The analysis also showed a distinct geographical pattern of activation of pancreatic markers previously related to airborne pollution, probably indicating a different subset of uncharacterized particle-bound toxicants. We propose the combination of the bioassays tested in the present study to be applied to future research with autochthonous species to assess exposure and potential toxic effects of ambient PM. The present study emphasizes the need for more in-depth studies into the toxic burden of atmospheric PM on aquatic ecosystems, in order to improve future regulatory guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia R Mesquita
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, Carrer Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain; Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, Rua dos Bragas 289, 4050-123 Porto, Portugal; Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Jordi Dachs
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, Carrer Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Barend L van Drooge
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, Carrer Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Javier Castro-Jiménez
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, Carrer Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain; Aix-Marseille University, CNRS/INSU, University of Toulon, IRD, Mediterranean Institute of Oceanography (MIO), UM 110, 13288 Marseille, France
| | - Laia Navarro-Martín
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, Carrer Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carlos Barata
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, Carrer Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Natividade Vieira
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, Rua dos Bragas 289, 4050-123 Porto, Portugal; Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Laura Guimarães
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, Rua dos Bragas 289, 4050-123 Porto, Portugal
| | - Benjamin Piña
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, Carrer Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
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Mesquita SR, van Drooge BL, Oliveira E, Grimalt JO, Barata C, Vieira N, Guimarães L, Piña B. Differential embryotoxicity of the organic pollutants in rural and urban air particles. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2015; 206:535-542. [PMID: 26298234 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2015.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2015] [Revised: 08/03/2015] [Accepted: 08/06/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Airborne particulate matter (PM) is a recognized risk factor for human populations. Here we assessed the toxic potential of the organic constituents from PM collected in urban and rural sites during warm and cold periods of 2012/2013, and fractionated into 6 size fractions. The finest PM fraction (<0.5 μm) showed the highest biological activity (dioxin-like activity and fish embryotoxicity) in all samples, and the maximal activity was observed in rural samples from the cold period. Zebrafish embryo transcriptome analysis showed a strong induction of the AhR signaling pathway correlated to PAH concentrations. Oxidative stress-related genes and pancreatic and eye-lens gene markers appeared de-regulated in embryos exposed to urban extracts, whereas exposure to rural extracts affected genes implicated in basic cellular functions. The observed effects can be directly related to air pollution-related human disorders, suggesting different potential adverse outcomes for human populations exposed to air pollution from specific sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia R Mesquita
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, Barcelona, Spain; Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | | | - Eva Oliveira
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joan O Grimalt
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carlos Barata
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Natividade Vieira
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Laura Guimarães
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Benjamin Piña
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, Barcelona, Spain.
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Bittner M, Jarque S, Hilscherová K. Polymer-immobilized ready-to-use recombinant yeast assays for the detection of endocrine disruptive compounds. CHEMOSPHERE 2015; 132:56-62. [PMID: 25797899 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.02.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2014] [Revised: 02/17/2015] [Accepted: 02/26/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Recombinant yeast assays (RYAs) constitute a suitable tool for the environmental monitoring of compounds with endocrine disrupting activities, notably estrogenicity and androgenicity. Conventional procedures require yeast reconstitution from frozen stock, which usually takes several days and demands additional equipment. With the aim of applying such assays to field studies and making them more accessible to less well-equipped laboratories, we have optimized RYA by the immobilization of Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells in three different polymer matrices - gelatin, Bacto agar, and Yeast Extract Peptone Dextrose agar - to obtain a ready-to-use version for the fast assessment of estrogenic and androgenic potencies of compounds and environmental samples. Among the three matrices, gelatin showed the best results for both testosterone (androgen receptor yeast strain; AR-RYA) and 17β-estradiol (estrogen receptor yeast strain; ER-RYA). AR-RYA was characterized by a lowest observed effect concentration (LOEC), EC50 and induction factor (IF) of 1nM, 2.2nM and 51, respectively. The values characterizing ER-RYA were 0.4nM, 1.8nM, and 63, respectively. Gelatin immobilization retained yeast viability and sensitivity for more than 90d of storage at 4°C. The use of the immobilized yeast reduced the assay duration to only 3h without necessity of sterile conditions. Because immobilized RYA can be performed either in multiwell microplates or glass tubes, it allows multiple samples to be tested at once, and easy adaptation to existing portable devices for direct in-field applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Bittner
- Masaryk University, Faculty of Science, RECETOX, Kamenice 5, CZ-62500 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Sergio Jarque
- Masaryk University, Faculty of Science, RECETOX, Kamenice 5, CZ-62500 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Klára Hilscherová
- Masaryk University, Faculty of Science, RECETOX, Kamenice 5, CZ-62500 Brno, Czech Republic.
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Broad spectrum analysis of polar and apolar organic compounds in submicron atmospheric particles. J Chromatogr A 2015; 1404:28-38. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.05.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2015] [Revised: 05/18/2015] [Accepted: 05/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Xu T, Lv Y, Cheng T, Li X. Using comprehensive GC × GC to study PAHs and n-alkanes associated with PM2.5 in urban atmosphere. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 22:5253-5262. [PMID: 25345921 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-014-3695-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2014] [Accepted: 10/06/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GC × GC) utilizing a flow modulator was applied to study particulate polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and n-alkanes in the urban atmosphere. Samples were collected onto quartz fiber filters using a PM2.5 sampler at Megacity Shanghai, China. Sample preparation included extraction into n-hexane-dichloromethane mixture and cleanup on silver-impregnated silica column. Analyses were performed well with GC × GC-FID and GC × GC-TOFMS equipment. Average particulate PAHs and n-alkane concentrations were in the range of 40-100 ng/m(3) and 120-500 pg/m(3), respectively. It is alarming to note that PAHs and n-alkane concentrations were increasing with urban PM2.5 values and exceeded the air quality standards in many sampling events. Among them, 2-ring, 3-ring, and 4-ring PAHs accounted for the majority of total PAHs, and C10-15 accounted for the majority of particulate n-alkanes. Potential sources of PAHs in PM2.5 were identified using the diagnostic ratios between PAHs. Local emission sources such as combustion from gasoline and diesel engines were the main contributors of particulate-associated PAHs, while long-range transport had minor contribution to the particulate PAHs. Additionally, we determined the overall carcinogenicity of the samples based on PAH concentrations by a dose addition model and found that the overall carcinogenicity during polluted period was obviously higher than during good air quality period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Xu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
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Shi GL, Zhou XY, Jiang SY, Tian YZ, Liu GR, Feng YC, Chen G, Liang YKX. Further insights into the composition, source, and toxicity of PAHs in size-resolved particulate matter in a megacity in China. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2015; 34:480-487. [PMID: 25400005 DOI: 10.1002/etc.2809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2014] [Revised: 11/09/2014] [Accepted: 11/12/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Concentrations of particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter less than 10 μm (PM10 ) and PM with an aerodynamic diameter less than 2.5 μm (PM2.5 ), and 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were measured. The average concentrations of PM10 and PM2.5 reached 209.75 μg/m(3) and 141.87 μg/m(3) , respectively, and those of ΣPAHs were 41.46 ng/m(3) for PM10 and 36.77 ng/m(3) for PM2.5 . The mass ratio concentrations were 219.23 μg/g and 311.01 μg/g in PM10 and PM2.5 , respectively. Three sources and their contributions for PAHs were obtained. For individual input mode, diesel exhaust contributed 46.77% (PM10 ) and 41.12% (PM2.5 ) for mass concentration and 48.69% (PM10 ) and 39.47% (PM2.5 ) for mass ratio concentration; gasoline exhaust contributed 31.02% (PM10 ) and 39.47% (PM2.5 ) for mass concentration and 28.95% (PM10 ) and 36.46% (PM2.5 ) for mass ratio concentration; and coal combustion contributed 22.22% (PM10 ) and 19.41% (PM2.5 ) for mass concentration and 22.36% (PM10 ) and 15.89% (PM2.5 ) for mass ratio concentration. For combined input mode, the same source categories were obtained. Source contributions to PM10 and PM2.5 were diesel exhaust (40.70% and 36.64%, respectively, for mass concentration; 49.19% and 38.47%, respectively, for mass ratio concentration), gasoline exhaust (35.09% and 38.47%, respectively, for mass concentration; 32.50% and 33.43%, respectively, for mass ratio concentration), and coal combustion (24.21% and 24.89%, respectively, for mass concentration; 18.31% and18.17%, respectively, for mass ratio concentration). Source risk assessment showed that vehicle emission was a significant contributor. The findings can help elucidate sources of PAHs and provide evidence supporting further applications of the Unmix model and additional studies about PAHs. Environ Toxicol Chem 2015;34:480-487. © 2014 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Liang Shi
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
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Liaud C, Dintzer T, Tschamber V, Trouve G, Le Calvé S. Particle-bound PAHs quantification using a 3-stages cascade impactor in French indoor environments. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2014; 195:64-72. [PMID: 25194273 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2014.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2014] [Revised: 08/02/2014] [Accepted: 08/07/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Cascade Impactor is a powerful sampling method to collect airborne particles as a function of their size. The 3-stages Cascade Impactor used in this study allowed to sample simultaneously particles with aerodynamic diameter Dae>10 μm, 2.5 μm<Dae<10 μm, 1 μm<Dae<2.5 μm and Dae<1 μm. Once collected individual concentrations of the 16 US-EPA priority Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) bound to particles were quantified for 8 different indoor environments located in Strasbourg area in France. All the heavy PAHs owning between 4 and 6 aromatic rings were detected in all of the 8 sampling sites. The total PAHs concentration varied from 0.44 to 2.09 ng m(-3) for a low-energy building school and a smoking apartment, respectively. Results revealed also that high molecular weight PAHs were mainly associated to the finest particles. Our data are consistent with those measured elsewhere in European indoor environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Céline Liaud
- Institut de Chimie pour les Procédés, l'Energie, l'Environnement et la Santé (ICPEES, UMR 7515), CNRS - Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Thierry Dintzer
- Institut de Chimie pour les Procédés, l'Energie, l'Environnement et la Santé (ICPEES, UMR 7515), CNRS - Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Valérie Tschamber
- Laboratoire de Gestion des Risques et Environnement (GRE), Université de Haute Alsace, Mulhouse, France
| | - Gwénaëlle Trouve
- Laboratoire de Gestion des Risques et Environnement (GRE), Université de Haute Alsace, Mulhouse, France
| | - Stéphane Le Calvé
- Institut de Chimie pour les Procédés, l'Energie, l'Environnement et la Santé (ICPEES, UMR 7515), CNRS - Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France; In'Air Solutions, 1 rue Blessig, 67000 Strasbourg, France.
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Mesquita SR, van Drooge BL, Barata C, Vieira N, Guimarães L, Piña B. Toxicity of atmospheric particle-bound PAHs: an environmental perspective. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 21:11623-11633. [PMID: 24595747 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-014-2628-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2013] [Accepted: 02/06/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are environmental pollutants that represent a risk not only to humans, but to all living organisms. High-molecular weight PAHs are more toxic than lighter relatives, and also have a higher tendency to bind onto air particles (i.e., particle matter, PM). PM is a major constituent of air pollution. Adequate assessment of the biological impact of PM requires the analysis, not only of the effects on human health, but also on the environment. Since the aquatic systems work as a natural sink to these air pollutants, assessing the effects of particle-bound PAHs on aquatic organisms may further characterize its potential aquatic toxicity, also providing simple and low-cost alternative assays to investigate PM biological effects in vivo. We review the current scientific literature, addressing the atmospheric PAHs fate, transformation and deposition, pertinent particle-bound PAHs toxicity data, and the potential aquatic toxic burden. Conceptual and experimental procedures that could improve future investigations and risk assessments are also considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Raquel Mesquita
- IDAEA-CSIC-Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, Jordi Girona 18, 08034, Barcelona, Spain,
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Xu C, Gu J, Ma X, Dong T, Meng X. Investigation on the interaction of pyrene with bovine serum albumin using spectroscopic methods. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2014; 125:391-395. [PMID: 24566118 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2014.01.132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2013] [Revised: 01/21/2014] [Accepted: 01/26/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
This paper was designed to investigate the interaction of pyrene with bovine serum albumin (BSA) under physiological condition by spectroscopic methods. Spectroscopic analysis of the emission quenching revealed that the quenching mechanism of BSA by pyrene was static. The binding sites and constants of pyrene-BSA complex were observed to be 1.20 and 2.63×10(6) L mol(-1) at 298 K, respectively. The enthalpy change (ΔH) and entropy change (ΔS) revealed that van der Waals forces and hydrogen bonds stabilized the pyrene-BSA complex. Energy transfer from tryptophan to pyrene occurred by a FRET (fluorescence resonance energy transfer) mechanism, and the distance (r=2.72 nm) had been determined. The results of synchronous, three-dimensional fluorescence, and circular dichroism spectra showed that the pyrene induced conformational changes of BSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengbin Xu
- School of Environmental Science, Liaoning University, Shenyang 110036, China
| | - Jiali Gu
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Food Safety, Bohai University, Jinzhou 121013, China
| | - Xiping Ma
- School of Environmental Science, Liaoning University, Shenyang 110036, China
| | - Tian Dong
- School of Environmental Science, Liaoning University, Shenyang 110036, China
| | - Xuelian Meng
- School of Pharmacy, Liaoning University, Shenyang 110036, China.
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