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Zeydan Ö, Ülker U. Assessment of ground-level ozone pollution in Türkiye according to new WHO limits. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2024; 196:549. [PMID: 38743179 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-024-12718-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Ground-level ozone is a secondary pollutant and is attributable to respiratory diseases and mortality. For this reason, the World Health Organization (WHO) implemented a new long-term (peak season) limit value for ozone. The previous studies related to ozone in Türkiye were spatially limited to certain locations. In this study, annual mean and peak season ozone concentrations, and limit exceedances were investigated for Türkiye for the year 2021. Moreover, ozone peak seasons were determined for the first time for 126 air quality monitoring stations. The annual mean ozone concentration was determined as 44.3 ± 19.3 µg/m3 whereas the peak season average ozone level was 68.4 ± 27.2 µg/m3. April-September period was the most frequently observed ozone peak season. Among all stations, Erzurum Palandöken was by far the most polluted station in terms of annual mean and limit exceedances of ozone. Ankara Siteler stations have the highest rank in peak season mean. 87 and 83 stations exceeded the short-term and long-term recommendations of WHO, respectively. Four hotspot regions were revealed in terms of peak season exceedance: Adana and surrounding provinces, the surroundings of Burdur and Isparta provinces, and the northeastern and northwestern parts of Türkiye. To protect public health, WHO recommendations for 8-h and peak season limits should be immediately implemented in Turkish regulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Özgür Zeydan
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Zonguldak Bülent Ecevit University, 67100, Zonguldak, Türkiye.
| | - Uğur Ülker
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Zonguldak Bülent Ecevit University, 67100, Zonguldak, Türkiye
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Zhao H, Wang Y, Zhang Z. Increased ground-level O 3 during the COVID-19 pandemic in China aggravates human health risks but has little effect on winter wheat yield. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 338:122713. [PMID: 37813142 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 10/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
In January 2020, the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak emerged in China, prompting the enforcement of stringent lockdown measures nationwide to contain its spread. Multiple studies have demonstrated that these measures successfully reduced the levels of air pollutants except for ozone (O3). However, the potential risks of nationwide O3 changes during this period remain uncertain. To address this gap, we evaluated the ecological and health effects of O3 using hourly O3 data from 1 January to 17 June in both 2020 and 2019. Our results indicated that all health and ecological indicators, except SUM06 (sum of all hourly O3 over 60 ppb), during the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 increased most obviously in Stages 2 and 3 with the strictest control measures, compared to the same period in 2019. The national premature deaths due to short-term O3 exposure during Stages 2-3 in 2020 totaled 146,558 (95% CI: 79,386-213,730) for all non-accidental causes and 82,408 (95% CI: 30,522-134,295) for cardiovascular diseases, increasing by 18.78% and 18.76% in 2019, respectively. The most significant increase in health risks occurred in Hubei, followed by Jiangxi, Zhejiang, Hunan, and Shaanxi. In addition, the estimated national winter wheat production losses (WWPL) attributable to O3 amounted to 50.6 and 51.1 million metric tons for 2019 and 2020, respectively. Among the major winter wheat-producing provinces, Anhui and Jiangsu experienced a larger increase in WWPL, while Shandong and Hebei suffered a greater decrease in 2020 compared to 2019, resulting in little overall change in WWPL between the two years. These findings provided direct evidence of the harmful effects of O3 during the COVID-19 pandemic and serve as a valuable reference for future air pollution control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zhao
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Jiangsu University of Technology, Changzhou, 213001, China; Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control (AEMPC), Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China.
| | - Yiyi Wang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control (AEMPC), Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China; State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Zhen Zhang
- Shaanxi Meteorological Service Center of Agricultural Remote Sensing and Economic Crops, Xi'an, 710014, China
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Han T, Hu X, Zhang J, Xue W, Che Y, Deng X, Zhou L. Rebuilding high-quality near-surface ozone data based on the combination of WRF-Chem model with a machine learning method to better estimate its impact on crop yields in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region from 2014 to 2019. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 336:122334. [PMID: 37567405 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, the problem of surface ozone pollution in China has been of great concern. According to observation data from monitoring stations, the concentration of near-surface ozone (O3) in China has gradually increased in recent years, and ozone concentration often exceeds the contaminant limit standard, especially in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei (BTH) region. High O3 concentration pollution will adversely affect crop growth, which can cause crop yield losses. Therefore, it is urgent to recognize the situation of ozone pollution in the BTH region and quantitatively evaluate the crop yield losses caused by ozone pollution to develop more effective pollution prevention and control policies. However, the monitoring of ozone concentration in China started relatively late compared with some developed countries, and currently, long-time series data covering the BTH region cannot be obtained, which makes it difficult to evaluate the impact of ozone on crop yield. Therefore, a new method (WRFC-XGB) was proposed in this study to establish a high-precision near-surface O3 concentration dataset covering the whole BTH region from 2014 to 2019 by integrating the Weather Research and Forecasting with Chemistry (WRF-Chem) model with the extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost) machine learning algorithm. Through verification with ground observation station data, the results of WRFC-XGB are satisfactory, and R2 can reach 0.78-0.91. Compared with other algorithms, the accuracy of the near-surface ozone concentration dataset is greatly improved, which can be used to estimate the impact of surface ozone on crop yield. Based on this dataset, the yield loss of winter wheat, rice, and maize caused by O3 pollution was estimated by using the response equation of the relative yield and ozone dose index. The results showed that the total yield losses of winter wheat, rice and maize from 2014 to 2019 were 2659.21 million tons, 49.23 million tons and 1721.56 million tons due to ozone pollution in the BTH region, respectively, and the highest relative yield loss of crops caused by O3 pollution could be 29.37% during 2014-2019, which indicated that the impact of ozone pollution on crop yield cannot be ignored, and effective measures need to be developed to control ozone pollution, prevent crop production loss, and ensure people's food security.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Han
- Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Xiaomin Hu
- Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China.
| | - Wenhao Xue
- School of Economics, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Yunfei Che
- Key Laboratory for Cloud Physics of China Meteorological Administration (CMA), CMA Weather Modification Centre, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Xiaoqing Deng
- Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Lihua Zhou
- Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
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4
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Ramya A, Dhevagi P, Poornima R, Avudainayagam S, Watanabe M, Agathokleous E. Effect of ozone stress on crop productivity: A threat to food security. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 236:116816. [PMID: 37543123 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.116816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 07/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/07/2023]
Abstract
Tropospheric ozone (O3), the most important phytotoxic air pollutant, can deteriorate crop quality and productivity. Notably, satellite and ground-level observations-based multimodel simulations demonstrate that the present and future predicted O3 exposures could threaten food security. Hence, the present study aims at reviewing the phytotoxicity caused by O3 pollution, which threatens the food security. The present review encompasses three major aspects; wherein the past and prevailing O3 concentrations in various regions were compiled at first, followed by discussing the physiological, biochemical and yield responses of economically important crop species, and considering the potential of O3 protectants to alleviate O3-induced phytotoxicity. Finally, the empirical data reported in the literature were quantitatively analysed to show that O3 causes detrimental effect on physiological traits, photosynthetic pigments, growth and yield attributes. The review on prevailing O3 concentrations over various regions, where economically important crop are grown, and their negative impact would support policy makers to implement air pollution regulations and the scientific community to develop countermeasures against O3 phytotoxicity for maintaining food security.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ambikapathi Ramya
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Tamil Nadu, 641003, India
| | - Periyasamy Dhevagi
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Tamil Nadu, 641003, India.
| | - Ramesh Poornima
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Tamil Nadu, 641003, India
| | - S Avudainayagam
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Tamil Nadu, 641003, India
| | - Makoto Watanabe
- Institute of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan
| | - Evgenios Agathokleous
- Department of Ecology, School of Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China.
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5
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Cao J, Pan G, Zheng B, Liu Y, Zhang G, Liu Y. Significant land cover change in China during 2001-2019: Implications for direct and indirect effects on surface ozone concentration. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 335:122290. [PMID: 37524236 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
China has become one of the most prominent areas of global land cover change during the past few decades. These changes can directly influence meteorological parameters thus further regulating tropospheric ozone (O3) formation. Moreover, changes in biogenic emissions due to land cover variation can also have an indirect effect on O3 concentration. This study applied the Community Multiscale Air Quality model to comprehensively evaluate the impacts of significant land cover change on O3 levels in China during summertime between 2001 and 2019. The results showed that the daily maximum 8-h average O3 concentration (MDA8 O3) increased by 3.6-8.9 μg/m3, 2.8-8.0 μg/m3, 3.8-9.6 μg/m3, -1.5-6.2 μg/m3, and -0.6-2.5 μg/m3 in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region, Yangtze River Delta, Pearl River Delta, Sichuan Basin, and Fenwei Plain, respectively, in response to land cover variation. The research identified that the direct effect was the primary factor in raising O3 levels which mainly altered O3 concentration by changing vertical import and dry deposition velocity. Moreover, land cover variation tended to decrease biogenic nitric oxide emission and increase biogenic volatile organic compounds emission on the whole, and cause an obvious increase of MDA8 O3 by 1.8-4.9 μg/m3 in Pearl River Delta due to the indirect effect. This study offered valuable insights into the impacts of land cover change on O3 levels, highlighting the need for policymakers to consider land cover variation on air pollutants concentration for devising comprehensive multi-pollutant control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyuan Cao
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Guanfu Pan
- National Institute of Metrology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Boyue Zheng
- Institute of Energy, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Yang Liu
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Guobin Zhang
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Yang Liu
- National Institute of Metrology, Beijing, 100029, China.
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6
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Kittipornkul P, Thiravetyan P, Hoshika Y, Sorrentino B, Popa I, Leca S, Sicard P, Paoletti E, De Marco A. Surface ozone risk to human health and vegetation in tropical region: The case of Thailand. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 234:116566. [PMID: 37423361 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.116566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
Tropospheric ozone (O3) is a threat to vegetation and human health over the world, in particular in Asia. Knowledge on O3 impacts on tropical ecosystems is still very limited. An O3 risk assessment to crops, forests, and people from 25 monitoring stations across the tropical and subtropical Thailand during 2005-2018 showed that 44% of sites exceeded the critical levels (CLs) of SOMO35 (i.e., the annual Sum Of daily maximum 8-h Means Over 35 ppb) for human health protection. The concentration-based AOT40 CL (i.e., sum of the hourly exceedances above 40 ppb for daylight hours during the assumed growing season) was exceeded at 52% and 48% of the sites where the main crops rice and maize are present, respectively, and at 88% and 12% of the sites where evergreen or deciduous forests are present, respectively. The flux-based metric PODY (i.e., Phytotoxic Ozone Dose above a threshold Y of uptake) was calculated and was found to exceed the CLs at 1.0%, 1.5%, 20.0%, 1.5%, 0% and 68.0% of the sites where early rice, late rice, early maize, late maize, evergreen forests, and deciduous forests can grow, respectively. Trend analysis indicated that AOT40 increased over the study period (+5.9% year-1), while POD1 decreased (- 5.3% year-1), suggesting that the role of climate change in affecting the environmental factors that control stomatal uptake cannot be neglected. These results contribute novel knowledge on O3 threat to human health, forest productivity, and food security in tropical and subtropical areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piyatida Kittipornkul
- Pilot Plant Development and Training Institute, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi (Bangkuntien), 49 Soi Tientalay 25, Bangkuntien, Bangkok, 10150, Thailand
| | - Paitip Thiravetyan
- School of Bioresources and Technology, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok, 10150, Thailand
| | - Yasutomo Hoshika
- Institute of Research on Terrestrial Ecosystems (IRET), National Research Council (CNR), Via Madonna del Piano 10, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
| | | | - Ionel Popa
- INCDS, 128 Eroilor Bvd., Voluntari, 077030, Romania
| | - S Leca
- INCDS, 128 Eroilor Bvd., Voluntari, 077030, Romania
| | - Pierre Sicard
- ARGANS, 260 Route du Pin Montard, 06410, Biot, France
| | - Elena Paoletti
- Institute of Research on Terrestrial Ecosystems (IRET), National Research Council (CNR), Via Madonna del Piano 10, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
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7
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Guaita PR, Marzuoli R, Gerosa GA. A regional scale flux-based O 3 risk assessment for winter wheat in northern Italy, and effects of different spatio-temporal resolutions. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 333:121860. [PMID: 37268219 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.121860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Tropospheric ozone (O3) is a secondary atmospheric pollutant known to cause negative effects on vegetation in terms of physiological oxidative stress, growth rate reductions and yield losses. In recent years, dose-response relationships based on the O3 stomatal flux and effects on the biomass growth have been defined for several crop species. This study was aimed at developing a dual-sink big-leaf model for winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) to map the seasonal Phytotoxic Ozone Dose above a threshold of 6nmolm-2s-1 (POD6) in a domain centered on the Lombardy region (Italy). The model runs on local measured data of air temperature, relative humidity, precipitation, wind speed, global radiation and background O3 concentration provided by regional monitoring networks, and includes parameterizations for the crop's geometry and phenology, the light penetration within the canopy, the stomatal conductance, the atmospheric turbulence, and the soil water availability for the plants. For the 2017 an average POD6 of 2.03mmolm-2PLA (Projected Leaf Area) was found for the Lombardy regional domain, corresponding to an average relative yield loss of 7.5%, using the finest spatio-temporal resolution (1×1km2 and 1-h). An analysis of the model's response to different spatio-temporal resolutions (from 2×2 to 50×50km2 and from 1 to 6 h) suggests that coarser resolution maps underestimated the average POD6 regional value from 8to16%, and were unable to detect O3 hotspots. Nevertheless, resolutions of 5×5km2 1-h, and 1×1km2 3-h, can still be considered reliable for the estimation of the O3 risk at the regional level since they presented relatively low root mean squared error. Furthermore, although temperature was the main limiting factor for the wheat stomatal conductance in most of the domain, soil water availability emerged as the key factor for determining the spatial patterns of the POD6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierluigi R Guaita
- Department of Mathematics and Physics, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Via Garzetta 48, Brescia, Italy
| | - Riccardo Marzuoli
- Department of Mathematics and Physics, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Via Garzetta 48, Brescia, Italy
| | - Giacomo A Gerosa
- Department of Mathematics and Physics, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Via Garzetta 48, Brescia, Italy.
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Massagué J, Escudero M, Alastuey A, Mantilla E, Monfort E, Gangoiti G, García-Pando CP, Querol X. Spatiotemporal variations of tropospheric ozone in Spain (2008-2019). ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2023; 176:107961. [PMID: 37216837 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2023.107961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
This study aims to support the development of Spain's Ozone Mitigation Plan by evaluating the present-day spatial variation (2015-2019) and trends (2008-2019) for seven ground-level ozone (O3) metrics relevant for human/ecosystems exposure and regulatory purposes. Results indicate that the spatial variation of O3 depends on the part of the O3 distribution being analyzed. Metrics associated with moderate O3 concentrations depict an increasing O3 gradient between the northern and Mediterranean coasts due to climatic factors, while for metrics considering the upper end of the O3 distribution, this climatic gradient tends to attenuate in favor of hotspot regions pointing to relevant local/regional O3 formation. A classification of atmospheric regions in Spain is proposed based on their O3 pollution patterns, to identify priority areas (or O3 hotspots) where local/regional precursor abatement might significantly reduce O3 during pollution episodes. The trends assessment reveals a narrowing of the O3 distribution at the national level, with metrics influenced by lower concentrations tending to increase over time, and those reflecting the higher end of the O3 distribution tending to decrease. While most stations show no statistically significant variations, contrasting O3 trends are evident among the O3 hotspots. The Madrid area exhibits the majority of upward trends across all metrics, frequently with the highest increasing rates, implying increasing O3 associated with both chronic and episodic exposure. The Valencian Community area exhibits a mixed variation pattern, with moderate to high O3 metrics increasing and peak metrics decreasing, while O3 in areas downwind of Barcelona, the Guadalquivir Valley and Puertollano shows no variations. Sevilla is the only large Spanish city with generalized O3 decreasing trends. The different O3 trends among hotspots highlight the need for mitigation measures to be designed at a local/regional scale to be effective. This approach may offer valuable insights for other countries developing O3 mitigation plans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordi Massagué
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), 08034 Barcelona, Spain; Department of Mining, Industrial and ICT Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya - BarcelonaTech, UPC, 08242 Manresa, Spain.
| | - Miguel Escudero
- Department of Applied Physics, School of Engineering and Architecture, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Andrés Alastuey
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Enrique Mantilla
- Mediterranean Center for Environmental Studies, CEAM, Valencia 46980, Spain
| | - Eliseo Monfort
- Institute of Ceramic Technology (ITC), Universitat Jaume I, 12006 Castellón, Spain
| | - Gotzon Gangoiti
- Faculty of Engineering, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, 48013 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Carlos Pérez García-Pando
- Barcelona Supercomputing Center, 08034 Barcelona, Spain; ICREA, Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Xavier Querol
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), 08034 Barcelona, Spain
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Gauthier-Manuel H, Bernard N, Boilleaut M, Giraudoux P, Pujol S, Mauny F. Spatialized temporal dynamics of daily ozone concentrations: Identification of the main spatial differences. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2023; 173:107859. [PMID: 36898173 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2023.107859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Ground-level ozone (O3) is one of the most worrisome air pollutants regarding environmental and health impacts. There is a need for a deeper understanding of its spatial and temporal dynamics. Models are needed to provide continuous temporal and spatial coverage in ozone concentration data with a fine resolution. However, the simultaneous influence of each determinant of ozone dynamics, their spatial and temporal variations, and their interaction make the resulting dynamics of O3 concentrations difficult to understand. This study aimed to i) identify different classes of temporal dynamics of O3 at daily and 9 km2 resolution over a long-term period of 12 years, ii) identify the potential determinants of these dynamics and, iii) explore the spatial distribution of the potential classes of temporal dynamics on a spatial continuum and over about 1000 km2. Thus, 126 time series of 12-year daily ozone concentrations were classified using dynamic time warping (DTW) and hierarchical clustering (study area centered on Besançon, eastern France). The different temporal dynamics obtained differed on elevation, ozone levels, proportions of urbanized and vegetated surfaces. We identified different daily ozone temporal dynamics, spatially structured, that overlapped areas called urban, suburban and rural. Urbanization, elevation and vegetation acted as determinants simultaneously. Individually, elevation and vegetated surface were positively correlated with O3 concentrations (r = 0.84 and r = 0.41, respectively), while the proportion of urbanized area was negatively correlated with O3 (r = -0.39). An increasing ozone concentration gradient was observed from urban to rural areas and was reinforced by the elevation gradient. Rural areas were both subject to higher ozone levels (p < 0.001), least monitoring and lower predictability. We identified main determinants of the temporal dynamics of ozone concentrations. The joint influence of determinants was also synthesized. This study proposed a systematic, and reproducible way to build exposure area mapping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Honorine Gauthier-Manuel
- Chrono-environnement UMR 6249, CNRS, Université de Franche-Comté, F-25000 Besançon, France; Unité de méthodologie en recherche clinique, épidémiologie et santé publique (uMETh), Inserm CIC 1431, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Besançon, 25030, Besançon Cedex, France.
| | - Nadine Bernard
- Chrono-environnement UMR 6249, CNRS, Université de Franche-Comté, F-25000 Besançon, France; Centre National de La Recherche Scientifique, UMR 6049, Laboratoire ThéMA, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 25000 Besançon, France
| | | | - Patrick Giraudoux
- Chrono-environnement UMR 6249, CNRS, Université de Franche-Comté, F-25000 Besançon, France
| | - Sophie Pujol
- Chrono-environnement UMR 6249, CNRS, Université de Franche-Comté, F-25000 Besançon, France; Unité de méthodologie en recherche clinique, épidémiologie et santé publique (uMETh), Inserm CIC 1431, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Besançon, 25030, Besançon Cedex, France
| | - Frédéric Mauny
- Chrono-environnement UMR 6249, CNRS, Université de Franche-Comté, F-25000 Besançon, France; Unité de méthodologie en recherche clinique, épidémiologie et santé publique (uMETh), Inserm CIC 1431, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Besançon, 25030, Besançon Cedex, France
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10
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Yao Y, Ma K, He C, Zhang Y, Lin Y, Fang F, Li S, He H. Urban Surface Ozone Concentration in Mainland China during 2015-2020: Spatial Clustering and Temporal Dynamics. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:3810. [PMID: 36900822 PMCID: PMC10001023 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20053810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Urban ozone (O3) pollution in the atmosphere has become increasingly prominent on a national scale in mainland China, although the atmospheric particulate matter pollution has been significantly reduced in recent years. The clustering and dynamic variation characteristics of the O3 concentrations in cities across the country, however, have not been accurately explored at relevant spatiotemporal scales. In this study, a standard deviational ellipse analysis and multiscale geographically weighted regression models were applied to explore the migration process and influencing factors of O3 pollution based on measured data from urban monitoring sites in mainland China. The results suggested that the urban O3 concentration in mainland China reached its peak in 2018, and the annual O3 concentration reached 157 ± 27 μg/m3 from 2015 to 2020. On the scale of the whole Chinese mainland, the distribution of O3 exhibited spatial dependence and aggregation. On the regional scale, the areas of high O3 concentrations were mainly concentrated in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei, Shandong, Jiangsu, Henan, and other regions. In addition, the standard deviation ellipse of the urban O3 concentration covered the entire eastern part of mainland China. Overall, the geographic center of ozone pollution has a tendency to move to the south with the time variation. The interaction between sunshine hours and other factors (precipitation, NO2, DEM, SO2, PM2.5) significantly affected the variation of urban O3 concentration. In Southwest China, Northwest China, and Central China, the suppression effect of vegetation on local O3 was more obvious than that in other regions. Therefore, this study clarified for the first time the migration path of the gravity center of the urban O3 pollution and identified the key areas for the prevention and control of O3 pollution in mainland China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youru Yao
- Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Regional Response in the Yangtze-Huaihe River Basin, School of Geography and Tourism, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241002, China
| | - Kang Ma
- Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Regional Response in the Yangtze-Huaihe River Basin, School of Geography and Tourism, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241002, China
| | - Cheng He
- Helmholtz Zentrum München–German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Institute of Epidemiology, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Yong Zhang
- Department of Geological Sciences, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA
| | - Yuesheng Lin
- Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Regional Response in the Yangtze-Huaihe River Basin, School of Geography and Tourism, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241002, China
| | - Fengman Fang
- Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Regional Response in the Yangtze-Huaihe River Basin, School of Geography and Tourism, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241002, China
| | - Shiyin Li
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Huan He
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
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11
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Sicard P, Agathokleous E, Anenberg SC, De Marco A, Paoletti E, Calatayud V. Trends in urban air pollution over the last two decades: A global perspective. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 858:160064. [PMID: 36356738 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.160064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Ground-level ozone (O3), fine particles (PM2.5), and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) are the most harmful urban air pollutants regarding human health effects. Here, we aimed at assessing trends in concurrent exposure of global urban population to O3, PM2.5, and NO2 between 2000 and 2019. PM2.5, NO2, and O3 mean concentrations and summertime mean of the daily maximum 8-h values (O3 MDA8) were analyzed (Mann-Kendall test) using data from a global reanalysis, covering 13,160 urban areas, and a ground-based monitoring network (Tropospheric Ozone Assessment Report), collating surface O3 observations at nearly 10,000 stations worldwide. At global scale, PM2.5 exposures declined slightly from 2000 to 2019 (on average, - 0.2 % year-1), with 65 % of cities showing rising levels. Improvements were observed in the Eastern US, Europe, Southeast China, and Japan, while the Middle East, sub-Saharan Africa, and South Asia experienced increases. The annual NO2 mean concentrations increased globally at 71 % of cities (on average, +0.4 % year-1), with improvements in North America and Europe, and increases in exposures in sub-Saharan Africa, Middle East, and South Asia regions, in line with socioeconomic development. Global exposure of urban population to O3 increased (on average, +0.8 % year-1 at 89 % of stations), due to lower O3 titration by NO. The summertime O3 MDA8 rose at 74 % of cities worldwide (on average, +0.6 % year-1), while a decline was observed in North America, Northern Europe, and Southeast China, due to the reduction in precursor emissions. The highest O3 MDA8 increases (>3 % year-1) occurred in Equatorial Africa, South Korea, and India. To reach air quality standards and mitigate outdoor air pollution effects, actions are urgently needed at all governance levels. More air quality monitors should be installed in cities, particularly in Africa, for improving risk and exposure assessments, concurrently with implementation of effective emission control policies that will consider regional socioeconomic imbalances.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Susan C Anenberg
- George Washington University, Milken Institute School of Public Health, United States
| | | | | | - Vicent Calatayud
- Fundación CEAM, Parque Tecnológico, C/Charles R. Darwin, 14, Paterna, Spain
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12
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Adame JA, Gutierrez-Alvarez I, Cristofanelli P, Notario A, Bogeat JA, Bolivar JP, Yela M. Surface ozone trends at El Arenosillo observatory from a new perspective. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 214:113887. [PMID: 35835171 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.113887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Surface ozone trends observed at El Arenosillo observatory for the last 22 years (2000-2021) were investigated. The trends for daily averages and daily 5th and 95th percentiles were 1.2 ± 0.3 ppb decade-1, 2.2 ± 0.3 ppb decade-1 and -0.03 ± 0.43 ppb decade-1, respectively, thus showing a significant increase of background ozone. The surface temperature trends were also explored, obtaining trends of 0.5 ± 0.2 ⁰C decade-1, 1.1 ± 0.2 ⁰C decade-1 and -0.3 ± 0.2 ⁰C decade-1 for daily averages, 5th and 95th percentiles, respectively. To identify potential changes in the ozone drivers, the weather pattern shifts were analyzed through the horizontal distribution trends of temperature at 2 m and geopotential height at 850 hPa. A strengthening of the Azores anticyclone and a regional warming were detected, which could contribute to the ozone trends obtained. The surface ozone trend in every month was explored, identifying a monthly pattern, with remarkable opposite trends in December-January (2.4 ± 0.9 ppb decade-1) vs July-August (-0.5 ± 1.1 ppb decade-1). The surface ozone trends for every hour of the day were also explored, identifying two clear patterns. The first pattern occurred from spring to autumn and was characterized by a behavior opposite to the typical daily ozone cycle. The second pattern was observed in winter, and it shows two relative peaks in the ozone trends (around 13:00 and 19:00 UTC). In a context of ozone precursor's depletion, changes in the weather conditions and warmer climate, to improve our knowledge of the ozone trends, we suggest exploring them based on daily and hourly averages.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Adame
- Atmospheric Sounding Station. El Arenosillo Observatory. Atmospheric Research and Instrumentation Branch. National Institute for Aerospace Technology (INTA). Mazagón - Huelva, Spain.
| | | | - P Cristofanelli
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Atmospheric Science and Climate, Via Gobetti 101, 40129, Bologna, Italy
| | - A Notario
- Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Departamento de Química Física, Facultad de Ciencias y Tecnologías Químicas, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - J A Bogeat
- Centro de Experimentación de El Arenosillo (CEDEA). National Institute for Aerospace Technology (INTA). Mazagón-Huelva, Spain
| | - J P Bolivar
- Integrated Sciences Department. University of Huelva, Spain; Center for Natural Resources, Health and Environment (RENSMA), University of Huelva University, Spain
| | - M Yela
- Atmospheric Research and Instrumentation Branch. National Institute for Aerospace Technology (INTA). Torrejón de Ardoz - Madrid, Spain
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13
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Gupta A, Yadav DS, Agrawal SB, Agrawal M. Sensitivity of agricultural crops to tropospheric ozone: a review of Indian researches. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2022; 194:894. [PMID: 36242703 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-022-10526-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Tropospheric ozone (O3) is a long-range transboundary secondary air pollutant, causing significant damage to agricultural crops worldwide. There are substantial spatial variations in O3 concentration in different areas of India due to seasonal and geographical variations. The Indo-Gangetic Plain (IGP) region is one of the most crop productive and air-polluted regions in India. The concentration of tropospheric O3 over the IGP is increasing by 6-7.2% per decade. The annual trend of increase is 0.4 ± 0.25% year-1 over the Northeastern IGP. High O3 concentrations were reported during the summer, while they were at their minimum during the monsoon months. To explore future potential impacts of O3 on major crop plants, the responses of different crops grown under ambient and elevated O3 concentrations were compared. The studies clearly showed that O3 is an important stress factor, negatively affecting the yield of crops. In this review, we have discussed yield losses in agricultural crops due to rising O3 pollution and variations in O3 sensitivity among cultivars and species. The use of ethylene diurea (EDU) as a research tool in assessing the losses in yield under ambient and elevated O3 levels also discussed. Besides, an overview of interactive effects of O3 and nitrogen on crop productivity has been included. Several recommendations are made for future research and policy development on rising concentration of O3 in India.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akanksha Gupta
- Department of Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Durgesh Singh Yadav
- Department of Botany, Government Raza P.G. College, Rampur, U.P. 244901, India
| | - Shashi Bhushan Agrawal
- Department of Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Madhoolika Agrawal
- Department of Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India.
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14
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Agathokleous S, Saitanis CJ, Savvides C, Sicard P, Agathokleous E, De Marco A. Spatiotemporal variations of ozone exposure and its risks to vegetation and human health in Cyprus: an analysis across a gradient of altitudes. JOURNAL OF FORESTRY RESEARCH 2022; 34:579-594. [PMID: 36033836 PMCID: PMC9391650 DOI: 10.1007/s11676-022-01520-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Ground-level ozone (O3) affects vegetation and threatens environmental health when levels exceed critical values, above which adverse effects are expected. Cyprus is expected to be a hotspot for O3 concentrations due to its unique position in the eastern Mediterranean, receiving air masses from Europe, African, and Asian continents, and experiencing a warm Mediterranean climate. In Cyprus, the spatiotemporal features of O3 are poorly understood and the potential risks for forest health have not been explored. We evaluated O3 and nitrogen oxides (NO and NO2) at four regional background stations at different altitudes over 2014-2016. O3 risks to vegetation and human health were estimated by calculating accumulated O3 exposure over a threshold of 40 nmol mol-1 (AOT40) and cumulative exposure to mixing ratios above 35 nmol mol-1 (SOMO35) indices. The data reveal that mean O3 concentrations follow a seasonal pattern, with higher levels in spring (51.8 nmol mol-1) and summer (53.2 nmol mol-1) and lower levels in autumn (46.9 nmol mol-1) and winter (43.3 nmol mol-1). The highest mean O3 exposure (59.5 nmol mol-1) in summer occurred at the high elevation station Mt. Troodos (1819 m a.s.l.). Increasing (decreasing) altitudinal gradients were found for O3 (NOx), driven by summer-winter differences. The diurnal patterns of O3 showed little variation. Only at the lowest altitude O3 displayed a typical O3 diurnal pattern, with hourly differences smaller than 15 nmol mol-1. Accumulated O3 exposures at all stations and in all years exceeded the European Union's limits for the protection of vegetation, with average values of 3-month (limit: 3000 nmol mol-1 h) and 6-month (limit: 5000 nmol mol-1 h) AOT40 for crops and forests of 16,564 and 31,836 nmol mol-1 h, respectively. O3 exposures were considerably high for human health, with an average SOMO35 value of 7270 nmol mol-1 days across stations and years. The results indicate that O3 is a major environmental and public health issue in Cyprus, and policies must be adopted to mitigate O3 precursor emissions at local and regional scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanos Agathokleous
- The Cyprus Institute, Nicosia, Cyprus
- University of the Aegean, Mytilene, Lesvos Greece
| | | | - Chrysanthos Savvides
- Department of Labour Inspection, Ministry of Labour and Social Insurance, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | | | - Evgenios Agathokleous
- School of Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology (NUIST), Nanjing, 210044 People’s Republic of China
| | - Alessandra De Marco
- National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development, Rome, Italy
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15
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Influence of Ozone and Drought on Tree Growth under Field Conditions in a 22 Year Time Series. FORESTS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/f13081215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Studying the effect of surface ozone (O3) and water stress on tree growth is important for planning sustainable forest management and forest ecology. In the present study, a 22-year long time series (1998–2019) on basal area increment (BAI) and fructification severity of European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) and Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) H.Karst.) at five forest sites in Western Germany (Rhineland Palatinate) was investigated to evaluate how it correlates with drought and stomatal O3 fluxes (PODY) with an hourly threshold of uptake (Y) to represent the detoxification capacity of trees (POD1, with Y = 1 nmol O3 m−2 s−1). Between 1998 and 2019, POD1 declined over time by on average 0.31 mmol m−2 year−1. The BAI showed no significant trend at all sites, except in Leisel where a slight decline was observed over time (−0.37 cm2 per year, p < 0.05). A random forest analysis showed that the soil water content and daytime O3 mean concentration were the best predictors of BAI at all sites. The highest mean score of fructification was observed during the dry years, while low level or no fructification was observed in most humid years. Combined effects of drought and O3 pollution mostly influence tree growth decline for European beech and Norway spruce.
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16
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De Marco A, Garcia-Gomez H, Collalti A, Khaniabadi YO, Feng Z, Proietti C, Sicard P, Vitale M, Anav A, Paoletti E. Ozone modelling and mapping for risk assessment: An overview of different approaches for human and ecosystems health. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 211:113048. [PMID: 35257686 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.113048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Tropospheric ozone (O3) is one of the most concernedair pollutants dueto its widespread impacts on land vegetated ecosystems and human health. Ozone is also the third greenhouse gas for radiative forcing. Consequently, it should be carefully and continuously monitored to estimate its potential adverse impacts especially inthose regions where concentrations are high. Continuous large-scale O3 concentrations measurement is crucial but may be unfeasible because of economic and practical limitations; therefore, quantifying the real impact of O3over large areas is currently an open challenge. Thus, one of the final objectives of O3 modelling is to reproduce maps of continuous concentrations (both spatially and temporally) and risk assessment for human and ecosystem health. We here reviewedthe most relevant approaches used for O3 modelling and mapping starting from the simplest geo-statistical approaches andincreasing in complexity up to simulations embedded into the global/regional circulation models and pro and cons of each mode are highlighted. The analysis showed that a simpler approach (mostly statistical models) is suitable for mappingO3concentrationsat the local scale, where enough O3concentration data are available. The associated error in mapping can be reduced by using more complex methodologies, based on co-variables. The models available at the regional or global level are used depending on the needed resolution and the domain where they are applied to. Increasing the resolution corresponds to an increase in the prediction but only up to a certain limit. However, with any approach, the ensemble models should be preferred.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Alessio Collalti
- Forest Modelling Lab., ISAFOM-CNR, Via Madonna Alta, Perugia, Italy
| | - Yusef Omidi Khaniabadi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Industrial Medial and Health, Petroleum Industry Health Organization (PIHO), Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Zhaozhong Feng
- Key Laboratory of Agro-meteorology of Jiangsu Province, School of Applied Meteorology,Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
| | | | | | - Marcello Vitale
- Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Elena Paoletti
- IRET-CNR, Via Madonna Del Piano, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
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17
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Modeling Ground Ozone Concentration Changes after Variations in Precursor Emissions and Assessing Their Benefits in the Kanto Region of Japan. ATMOSPHERE 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos13081187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Ozone (O3) is a pollutant of concern in urban areas because of its effects on health, crops, ecosystems, and materials. Despite efforts to meet the Japanese air quality standard for O3 in the Kanto region, the attainment percentage is close to zero. Considering that O3 formation is sensitive to emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOC) and nitrogen oxides (NOx), this study evaluated a range of reductions in the emissions of both precursors using a regional air quality model (ADMER-PRO) and estimated their benefits measured as the economic change due to O3 concentration differences between scenarios. The simulation period was set during the 2016 O3 season. The results showed that O3 concentrations could be reduced using two approaches: significant reduction in VOC levels combined with minor NOx level changes or significant NOx emission reduction. Significant reduction in NOx levels was the most effective strategy for a generalized decrease in the O3 levels in the Kanto region, and the benefit analysis revealed that the most significant economic impacts could be achieved by adopting the latter approach.
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18
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Gauthier-Manuel H, Mauny F, Boilleaut M, Ristori M, Pujol S, Vasbien F, Parmentier AL, Bernard N. Improvement of downscaled ozone concentrations from the transnational scale to the kilometric scale: Need, interest and new insights. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 210:112947. [PMID: 35183519 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.112947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ground-level ozone is a major public health issue worldwide. An accurate assessment of ozone exposure is necessary. Modeling tools have been developed to tackle this issue in large areas. However, these models could present inaccuracies at the local scale. OBJECTIVES The objective of this study was i) to assess whether O3 concentrations estimated by transnational modeling at the kilometric scale (9 km2) could be improved, ii) to propose a potential correction of these downscaled ozone concentrations and iii) to evaluate the efficiency and applicability of such a correction. METHOD The present work was carried out in three phases. First, the performance of a transnational modeling platform (PREV'EST) was assessed at 6 geographic points by comparison with data from 6 air quality monitoring stations. Performance indicators were used for this purpose (MBE (mean bias error), MAE (mean absolute error), RMSE (root mean square error), r (Pearson correlation coefficient), and target plots). Second, several corrections were developed using MARS (multivariate adaptive regression splines) and integrating different sets of variables (mean temperature, relative humidity, rainfall amount, wind speed, elevation, and date). Their performance was evaluated. Third, external validation of the corrections was conducted using the data from six additional air quality monitoring stations. RESULTS The uncorrected PREV'EST model presented a lack of exactitude and precision. These concentrations did not reproduce the interday variability of the measurements, leading to a lack of temporal contrast in exposure data. For the best performance enhancement, the correction applied improved MBE, MAE, RMSE and r from 14.67, 19.23, 23.18 and 0.67 to 0.00, 8.00, 10.19 and 0.91, respectively. External validation confirmed the efficiency of the corrections at the regional scale. CONCLUSIONS We propose a validated and efficient methodology integrating local environmental variables. The methodology is adaptable according to the context, needs and data available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Honorine Gauthier-Manuel
- UMR 6249, Laboratoire Chrono-environnement, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, CNRS, 25000, Besançon, France; Unité de Méthodologie en Recherche Clinique, épidémiologie et Santé Publique (uMETh), Inserm CIC 1431, CHU, 25030, Besançon Cedex, France.
| | - Frédéric Mauny
- UMR 6249, Laboratoire Chrono-environnement, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, CNRS, 25000, Besançon, France; Unité de Méthodologie en Recherche Clinique, épidémiologie et Santé Publique (uMETh), Inserm CIC 1431, CHU, 25030, Besançon Cedex, France
| | | | - Marie Ristori
- ATMO Bourgogne-Franche-Comté, 25000, Besançon, France
| | - Sophie Pujol
- UMR 6249, Laboratoire Chrono-environnement, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, CNRS, 25000, Besançon, France; Unité de Méthodologie en Recherche Clinique, épidémiologie et Santé Publique (uMETh), Inserm CIC 1431, CHU, 25030, Besançon Cedex, France
| | | | - Anne-Laure Parmentier
- UMR 6249, Laboratoire Chrono-environnement, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, CNRS, 25000, Besançon, France; Unité de Méthodologie en Recherche Clinique, épidémiologie et Santé Publique (uMETh), Inserm CIC 1431, CHU, 25030, Besançon Cedex, France
| | - Nadine Bernard
- UMR 6249, Laboratoire Chrono-environnement, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, CNRS, 25000, Besançon, France; Centre National de La Recherche Scientifique, UMR 6049, Laboratoire ThéMA, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 25000, Besançon, France
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19
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Grira A, Amarandei C, Roman C, Bejaoui O, Aloui N, El Dib G, Arsene C, Bejan IG, Olariu RI, Canosa A, Tomas A. Gas-Phase Ozone Reaction Kinetics of C 5-C 8 Unsaturated Alcohols of Biogenic Interest. J Phys Chem A 2022; 126:4413-4423. [PMID: 35776765 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.2c02805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Unsaturated alcohols are volatile organic compounds (VOCs) that characterize the emissions of plants. Changes in climate together with related increases of biotic and abiotic stresses are expected to increase these emissions in the future. Ozonolysis is one of the oxidation pathways that control the fate of unsaturated alcohols in the atmosphere. The rate coefficients of the gas-phase O3 reaction with seven C5-C8 unsaturated alcohols were determined at 296 K using both absolute and relative kinetic methods. The following rate coefficients (cm3 molecule-1 s-1) were obtained using the absolute method: (1.1 ± 0.2) × 10-16 for cis-2-penten-1-ol, (1.2 ± 0.2) × 10-16 for trans-2-hexen-1-ol, (6.4 ± 1.0) × 10-17 for trans-3-hexen-1-ol, (5.8 ± 0.9) × 10-17 for cis-3-hexen-1-ol, (2.0 ± 0.3) × 10-17 for 1-octen-3-ol, and (8.4 ± 1.3) × 10-17 for trans-2-octen-1-ol. The following rate coefficients (cm3 molecule-1 s-1) were obtained using the relative method: (1.27 ± 0.11) × 10-16 for trans-2-hexen-1-ol, (5.01 ± 0.30) × 10-17 for trans-3-hexen-1-ol, (4.13 ± 0.34) × 10-17 for cis-3-hexen-1-ol, and (1.40 ± 0.12) × 10-16 for trans-4-hexen-1-ol. Alkenols display high reactivities with ozone with lifetimes in the hour range. Rate coefficients show a strong and complex dependence on the structure of the alkenol, particularly the relative position of the OH group toward the C═C double bond. The results are discussed and compared to both the available literature data and four structure-activity relationship (SAR) methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asma Grira
- Center for Energy and Environment, IMT Nord Europe, Institut Mines-Télécom, Université de Lille, Lille 59000, France
| | - Cornelia Amarandei
- Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, "Alexandru Ioan Cuza" University of Iasi, 11 Carol I, Iasi 700506, Romania.,Integrated Centre of Environmental Science Studies in the North Eastern Region, "Alexandru Ioan Cuza" University of Iasi, 11 Carol I, Iasi 700506, Romania
| | - Claudiu Roman
- Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, "Alexandru Ioan Cuza" University of Iasi, 11 Carol I, Iasi 700506, Romania.,Integrated Centre of Environmental Science Studies in the North Eastern Region, "Alexandru Ioan Cuza" University of Iasi, 11 Carol I, Iasi 700506, Romania
| | - Oumaya Bejaoui
- Center for Energy and Environment, IMT Nord Europe, Institut Mines-Télécom, Université de Lille, Lille 59000, France
| | - Nouha Aloui
- Center for Energy and Environment, IMT Nord Europe, Institut Mines-Télécom, Université de Lille, Lille 59000, France
| | - Gisèle El Dib
- UMR 6251, Université de Rennes, CNRS, Institut de Physique de Rennes, Rennes F-35000, France
| | - Cecilia Arsene
- Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, "Alexandru Ioan Cuza" University of Iasi, 11 Carol I, Iasi 700506, Romania.,Integrated Centre of Environmental Science Studies in the North Eastern Region, "Alexandru Ioan Cuza" University of Iasi, 11 Carol I, Iasi 700506, Romania
| | - Iustinian G Bejan
- Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, "Alexandru Ioan Cuza" University of Iasi, 11 Carol I, Iasi 700506, Romania.,Integrated Centre of Environmental Science Studies in the North Eastern Region, "Alexandru Ioan Cuza" University of Iasi, 11 Carol I, Iasi 700506, Romania
| | - Romeo I Olariu
- Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, "Alexandru Ioan Cuza" University of Iasi, 11 Carol I, Iasi 700506, Romania.,Integrated Centre of Environmental Science Studies in the North Eastern Region, "Alexandru Ioan Cuza" University of Iasi, 11 Carol I, Iasi 700506, Romania
| | - André Canosa
- UMR 6251, Université de Rennes, CNRS, Institut de Physique de Rennes, Rennes F-35000, France
| | - Alexandre Tomas
- Center for Energy and Environment, IMT Nord Europe, Institut Mines-Télécom, Université de Lille, Lille 59000, France
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20
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Deng C, Tian S, Li Z, Li K. Spatiotemporal characteristics of PM 2.5 and ozone concentrations in Chinese urban clusters. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 295:133813. [PMID: 35114261 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.133813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Despite China's public commitment to emphasise air pollution investigation and control, trends in PM2.5 and ozone concentrations in Chinese urban clusters remain unclear. This study quantifies the spatiotemporal variations in PM2.5 and surface ozone at the scale of Chinese urban clusters by using a long-term integrated dataset from 2015 to 2020. Nonlinear Granger causality testing was used to explore the spatial association patterns of PM2.5 and ozone pollution in five megacity cluster regions. The results show a significant downward trend in annual mean PM2.5 concentrations from 2015 to 2020, with a decline rate of 2.8 μg m-3 yr-1. By contrast, surface ozone concentrations increased at a rate of 2.1 μg m-3 yr-1 over the 6 years. The annual mean PM2.5 concentrations in urban clusters show significant spatial clustering characteristics, mainly in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei (BTH), Fenwei Plain (FWP), Northern slope of Tianshan Mountains urban cluster (NSTM), Sichuan Basin urban cluster (SCB), and Yangtze River Delta (YRD). Surface ozone shows severe summertime pollution and distributional variability, with increased ozone pollution in major urban clusters. The highest increases were observed in BTH, Yangtze River midstream urban cluster (YRMR), YRD, and Pearl River Delta (PRD). Nonlinear Granger causality tests showed that PM2.5 was a nonlinear Granger cause of ozone, further supporting the literature's findings that PM2.5 reduction promoted photochemical reaction rates and stimulated ozone production. The nonlinear test statistic passed the significance test in magnitude and statistical significance. FWP was an exception, with no significant long-term nonlinear causal link between PM2.5 and ozone. This study highlights the challenges of compounded air pollution caused primarily by ozone and secondary PM2.5. These results have implications for the design of synergistic pollution abatement policies for coupled urban clusters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuxiong Deng
- School of Geographic Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, 410081, PR China.
| | - Si Tian
- School of Geographic Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, 410081, PR China.
| | - Zhongwu Li
- School of Geographic Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, 410081, PR China.
| | - Ke Li
- Key Laboratory of Computing and Stochastic Mathematics (Ministry of Education of China), Key Laboratory of Applied Statistics and Data Science, School of Mathematics and Statistics, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, 410081, PR China.
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21
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Zhao H, Wang L, Zhang Z, Qi Q, Zhang H. Quantifying ecological and health risks of ground-level O 3 across China during the implementation of the "Three-year Action Plan for Cleaner Air". THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 817:153011. [PMID: 35026272 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
After China implemented the Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan (APPCAP), PM2.5 concentrations decreased but were still higher than national standards in major areas and ozone (O3) concentration increased unintentionally. To further decrease PM2.5 concentrations and reduce days with severe air pollution, the government promulgated the "Three-year (2018-2020) Action Plan for Cleaner Air" (the Three-year Action Plan) in 2018. During the three-year Action Plan, a few studies reported a continuous decline in PM2.5, but it is unclear whether O3 and its effects also increase with the decrease of PM2.5 like during APPCAP. In this study, for the first time, we systematically assessed changes in ground-level O3 concentrations and related ecological and health risks during the period of the Three-year Action Plan using nationwide O3 measurements. The national MDA8, Exceedance, and SOMO35 indicators were reduced by 3.8%, 28.5%, and 12.6%, respectively, ecological risk indicators of M12, M7, SUM06, AOT40, and W126 were reduced by 5.4%, 5.6%, 19.5%, 15.4%, and 18.6%, respectively, from 2018 to 2020. Spatially, the greatest reduction in all the indicators except MDA8 occurred in Pearl River Delta, followed by Fen Wei Plains, while Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei, Chengdu-Chongqing, and Yangtze River Delta presented relatively small reductions. Between 2018 and 2020, the production losses caused by O3 for wheat and rice decreased by 21.4% and 17.6%, respectively. Long-term exposure to O3 across China over 2020 was estimated to cause about 160,795 (95% CI: 81,515-312,983) for all-cause mortality, 107,128 (95% CI: 36,703-173,823) for cardiovascular mortality, and 34,444 (95% CI: 0-72,609) for respiratory mortality, indicating decreases of 9.93%, 9.86%, and 9.78%, respectively, compared to the year 2018. Taken together, our results provided the first direct evidence for China's efforts to control O3 pollution in recent years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zhao
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control (AEMPC), Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Lin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Zhen Zhang
- Shaanxi Meteorological Service Center of Agricultural Remote Sensing and Economic Crops, Xi'an 710014, China
| | - Qi Qi
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Hongliang Zhang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China; Institute of Eco-Chongming (IEC), Shanghai 200062, China.
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22
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Zhang X, Cheng C, Zhao H. A Health Impact and Economic Loss Assessment of O 3 and PM 2.5 Exposure in China From 2015 to 2020. GEOHEALTH 2022; 6:e2021GH000531. [PMID: 35355832 PMCID: PMC8950782 DOI: 10.1029/2021gh000531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2022] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
China is in a critical air quality management stage. Rapid industrial development and urbanization has resulted in non-ignorable air pollution, which seriously endangers human health. Assessment of the health impacts and economic losses of air pollution is essential for the prevention and control policy formulation. Based on ozone (O3) and fine particulate matter concentration (PM2.5) monitoring data in 331 Chinese cities from 2015 to 2020, this study evaluated the health effects and the corresponding economic losses of O3 and PM2.5 pollution on three health endpoints. The ratio of population exposed to O3 levels that exceeded the Chinese Ambient Air Quality Standards (CAAQS) increased from 13.35% in 2015 to 14.15% in 2020, which resulted in 133,415 (2015) - 156,173 (2020) all-cause deaths, 88,941 (2015) - 104,051 (2020) cardiovascular deaths, and 28,614 (2015) - 33,456 (2020) respiratory deaths. The ratio of population exposed to PM2.5 levels that exceeded the CAAQS decreased, but in many regions, especially in North China and the Yangtze River Delta, the PM2.5 concentration remained high. By 2020, nearly half of the population in China was still exposed to PM2.5 levels that exceeded the CAAQS, and the corresponding economic losses reached CNY 3.46 and 3.05 billion, respectively. These results improved the understanding of the spatial-temporal variation trends of major air pollutants at city scale in China, and emphasize the continued coordination urgently needed for controlling O3 and PM2.5 following the implementation of the 2013 policy to mitigate air pollution to protect human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangxue Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource EcologyBeijing Normal UniversityBeijingChina
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Change and Natural DisasterMinistry of EducationBeijing Normal UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Changxiu Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource EcologyBeijing Normal UniversityBeijingChina
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Change and Natural DisasterMinistry of EducationBeijing Normal UniversityBeijingChina
- National Tibetan Plateau Data CenterBeijingChina
| | - Hui Zhao
- Department of Environmental Science and EngineeringFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
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23
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Lin CH, Wong LT, Hsu JY, Chao WC. Relationship between exposure to ozone and exacerbation requiring hospital admission among patients with asthma: a case-control study in central Taiwan. BMJ Open 2022; 12:e050861. [PMID: 35165108 PMCID: PMC8845173 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-050861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The convergence of asthma and air pollutants in ageing populations is currently a growing health issue worldwide, and hence there is an essential need to investigate the association between exposure to air pollution, particularly ozone (O3), and exacerbation requiring admission in patients with asthma. SETTING A case-control study at a tertiary referral hospital in central Taiwan. PARTICIPANTS We used an asthma cohort, which included 11 400 patients with asthma, for the period 2006-2018 at Taichung Veterans General Hospital. PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOME MEASURES We identified patients who had admitted for exacerbation as cases and selected patients with asthma without exacerbation, matching (1:4) the cases for age, gender and season of exacerbation, as controls. Data on hourly level of air pollutants were obtained from the Taiwan Environmental Protection Administration. We used conditional logistic regression and calculated adjusted ORs (adjORs) with 95% CIs. RESULTS We enrolled 11 400 participants with asthma, and 4.4% (501) of them had been admitted for exacerbation. Participants with asthma with exacerbation requiring hospitalisation were exposed to a higher level of O3 8-hour daily maximum (adjOR 1.009, 95% CI 1.001 to 1.016) and were more likely to have high Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI ≥3; adjOR 2.198, 95% CI 1.729 to 2.794) and asthma-chronic obstructive pulmonary disease overlap (adjOR 4.542, 95% CI 3.376 to 6.611) compared with those without exacerbation. The aforementioned associations between exacerbation of asthma requiring hospitalisation and exposure to O3 were similar when defined by either O3 1-hour daily maximum or O3 24-hour average. Moreover, the O3 relevant exacerbation of asthma mainly existed in those aged older than 65 years and patients with medical comorbidities, including gastrointestinal diseases, cardiovascular diseases, neurological diseases, diabetes and renal disease. CONCLUSIONS Our findings highlight the need for vigilance of exposure to O3 among elderly with asthma, particularly those with medical comorbidities. Further studies are warranted to investigate the underlying mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Heng Lin
- Department of Medical Research, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Healthcare Management, National Taipei University of Nursing and Health Sciences, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Public Health, College of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, Taiwan
- Department of Industrial Engineering and Enterprise Information, Tunghai University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Li-Ting Wong
- Department of Medical Research, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Jeng-Yuan Hsu
- Department of Medical Research, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- School of Physical Therapy, Chung-Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Cheng Chao
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- Colledge of Medicine, Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Big Data Center, Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Automatic Control Engineering, Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan
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24
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Feng Z, Xu Y, Kobayashi K, Dai L, Zhang T, Agathokleous E, Calatayud V, Paoletti E, Mukherjee A, Agrawal M, Park RJ, Oak YJ, Yue X. Ozone pollution threatens the production of major staple crops in East Asia. NATURE FOOD 2022; 3:47-56. [PMID: 37118490 DOI: 10.1038/s43016-021-00422-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 04/30/2023]
Abstract
East Asia is a hotspot of surface ozone (O3) pollution, which hinders crop growth and reduces yields. Here, we assess the relative yield loss in rice, wheat and maize due to O3 by combining O3 elevation experiments across Asia and air monitoring at about 3,000 locations in China, Japan and Korea. China shows the highest relative yield loss at 33%, 23% and 9% for wheat, rice and maize, respectively. The relative yield loss is much greater in hybrid than inbred rice, being close to that for wheat. Total O3-induced annual loss of crop production is estimated at US$63 billion. The large impact of O3 on crop production urges us to take mitigation action for O3 emission control and adaptive agronomic measures against the rising surface O3 levels across East Asia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaozhong Feng
- Key Laboratory of Agrometeorology of Jiangsu Province, School of Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, China.
| | - Yansen Xu
- Key Laboratory of Agrometeorology of Jiangsu Province, School of Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, China
| | - Kazuhiko Kobayashi
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Lulu Dai
- Key Laboratory of Agrometeorology of Jiangsu Province, School of Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, China
- Rural Energy and Environment Agency, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, China
| | - Tianyi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Evgenios Agathokleous
- Key Laboratory of Agrometeorology of Jiangsu Province, School of Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, China
| | | | - Elena Paoletti
- Institute of Research on Terrestrial Ecosystems, National Research Council, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Arideep Mukherjee
- Key Laboratory of Agrometeorology of Jiangsu Province, School of Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, China
- Department of Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Madhoolika Agrawal
- Department of Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Rokjin J Park
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yujin J Oak
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Xu Yue
- School of Environmental Science & Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, China.
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25
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Eghdami H, Werner W, Büker P, Sicard P. Assessment of ozone risk to Central European forests: Time series indicates perennial exceedance of ozone critical levels. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 203:111798. [PMID: 34333015 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.111798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the stomatal ozone (O3) fluxes were investigated at five low-elevation forest sites in Western Germany (Rhineland Palatinate) over the time period 1998-2019. The Phytotoxic Ozone Dose with an hourly threshold of uptake (Y), to represent the detoxification capacity of trees (POD1 in mmol m-2 per leaf area, with Y = 1 nmol O3 m-2 s-1), and the number of exceedances of the O3 critical level of 5.2 mmol O3 m-2 per leaf area for European beech and 9.2 mmol O3 m-2 per leaf area for Norway spruce were calculated by using the DO3SE model. A Principal Component Analysis revealed strong correlations between daily O3 concentrations, daytime O3 (for hours with global radiation exceeding 50 W m-2), POD1, global radiation, vapor pressure deficit and air temperature. Moreover, a significant correlation was obtained between POD1 and soil water content (SWC) at all sites (r = 0.51-0.74). The Random Forests Analysis confirmed that the SWC is the most important predictor of stomatal O3 fluxes. The soil water supply is very important for POD1 estimation, because drought decreases stomatal conductance, leading to a reduction of transpiration, as well as to lower O3 uptake through stomata. Between 1998 and 2019, the drier and warmer climate induced a soil drought (on average, SWC - 0.15 % per year) leading to lower stomatal O3 uptake by forests (- 0.36 mmol O3 m-2 per year). Hence, during growing seasons with sufficient water supply and often lower O3 levels compared to hot and dry periods, forests are at higher O3 risk than during hot and dry periods when the drought stress is more significant than O3 stress despite relatively higher O3 levels. Irrespective of these differences in O3 uptake between relatively cool and humid as compared to relatively hot and dry years in the study region, the Critical Level for O3 was exceeded in late spring/early summer (May/June) during all 22 years. Risk assessment for the protection of European forests, which is urgently needed due to the forests current critical state after several successive years of drought and exceedance of the O3 critical level in large areas of Europe, should therefore become flux-based to account for the inter-twined effects of drought and O3 on the physiology and health of forest trees in the region. For stomatal O3 fluxes estimation, a better soil water and leaf parameterization is needed e.g., by taking into account both O3- and drought-induced effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanieh Eghdami
- Department of Geobotany, University of Trier, 54296, Trier, Germany.
| | - Willy Werner
- Department of Geobotany, University of Trier, 54296, Trier, Germany
| | - Patrick Büker
- Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH, D-53113, Bonn, Germany
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26
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Wang W, Liu X, Bi J, Liu Y. A machine learning model to estimate ground-level ozone concentrations in California using TROPOMI data and high-resolution meteorology. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2022; 158:106917. [PMID: 34624589 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2021.106917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Estimating ground-level ozone concentrations is crucial to study the adverse health effects of ozone exposure and better understand the impacts of ground-level ozone on biodiversity and vegetation. However, few studies have attempted to use satellite retrieved ozone as an indicator given their low sensitivity in the boundary layer. Using the Troposphere Monitoring Instrument (TROPOMI)'s total ozone column together with the ozone profile information retrieved by the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI), as TROPOMI ozone profile product has not been released, we developed a machine learning model to estimate daily maximum 8-hour average ground-level ozone concentration at 10 km spatial resolution in California. In addition to satellite parameters, we included meteorological fields from the High-Resolution Rapid Refresh (HRRR) system at 3 km resolution and land-use information as predictors. Our model achieved an overall 10-fold cross-validation (CV) R2 of 0.84 with root mean square error (RMSE) of 0.0059 ppm, indicating a good agreement between model predictions and observations. Model predictions showed that the suburb of Los Angeles Metropolitan area had the highest ozone levels, while the Bay Area and the Pacific coast had the lowest. High ozone levels are also seen in Southern California and along the east side of the Central Valley. TROPOMI data improved the estimate of extreme values when compared to a similar model without it. Our study demonstrates the feasibility and value of using TROPOMI data in the spatiotemporal characterization of ground-level ozone concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhao Wang
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Xiong Liu
- Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jianzhao Bi
- Department of Environmental & Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Yang Liu
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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27
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Khaniabadi YO, Sicard P. A 10-year assessment of ambient fine particles and related health endpoints in a large Mediterranean city. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 278:130502. [PMID: 34126698 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.130502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Fine particles i.e., with an aerodynamic diameter lower than 2.5 μm (PM2.5) have potentially the most significant effects on human health compared to other air pollutants. The main objectives of this study were to i) investigate the temporal variations of ambient PM2.5 in Marseille (Southern France), where air pollution is again a major public health issue, and ii) estimate their short-term health effects and annual trend (Mann-Kendall test) over a 10-year period from 2010 to 2019. In Marseille, the main sources of PM2.5 could be related to road traffic, industrial complexes, and oil refineries surrounded the city. The number of premature deaths and hospital admissions attributable to ambient PM2.5 exposure for non-accidental causes, cardiovascular and respiratory diseases were estimated by using in-situ air quality data, city-specific relative risk values and baseline incidence. Despite significant reduction of PM2.5 (- 0.80 μg m-3 year-1), Marseille citizens were exposed to PM2.5 levels exceeding the World Health Organization (WHO) Air Quality Guideline for human health protection (10 μg m-3) during entire study period. Exposure to ambient PM2.5 substantially contributed to mortality and hospital admissions: 871 deaths for non-accidental causes, 515 deaths for cardiovascular diseases, 47 deaths for respiratory diseases, as well as 1034 hospital admissions for cardiovascular diseases and 834 for respiratory diseases were reported between 2010 and 2019. Compliance with WHO annual limit values can result in substantial socio-economic benefits by preventing premature deaths and hospital admissions. For instance, based on the value of a statistical life and average cost of a hospital admission, the associated benefit for healthcare would have been €131 million in 2019. Between 2010 and 2019, the number of PM2.5-related non-accidental deaths decreased by 1.15 per 105 inhabitants annually. Compared to 2010-2019, the restrictive measures associated to COVID-19 pandemic led to a reduction in PM2.5 of 11% in Marseille, with 2.6 PM2.5-related deaths averted in 2020.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusef Omidi Khaniabadi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Industrial Medial and Health, Petroleum Industry Health Organization (PIHO), Ahvaz, Iran
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28
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Hashim BM, Al-Naseri SK, Al Maliki A, Sa’adi Z, Malik A, Yaseen ZM. On the investigation of COVID-19 lockdown influence on air pollution concentration: regional investigation over eighteen provinces in Iraq. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:50344-50362. [PMID: 33956319 PMCID: PMC8100943 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-13812-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 04/15/2023]
Abstract
At the end of 2019, a novel coronavirus COVID-19 emerged in Wuhan, China, and later spread throughout the world, including Iraq. To control the rapid dispersion of the virus, Iraq, like other countries, has imposed national lockdown measures, such as social distancing, restriction of automobile traffic, and industrial enterprises. This has led to reduced human activities and air pollutant emissions, which caused improvement in air quality. This study focused on the analysis of the impact of the six partial, total, and post-lockdown periods (1st partial lockdown from March 1 to16, 2020, 1st total lockdown from March 17 to April 21, 2nd partial lockdown from April 22 to May 23, 2nd total lockdown from May 24 to June 13, 3rd partial lockdown from June 14 to August 19, and end partial lockdown from August 20 to 31) on the average of daily NO2, O3, PM2.5, and PM10 concentrations, as well as air quality index (AQI) in 18 Iraqi provinces during these periods (from March 1st to August 31st, 2020). The analysis showed a decline in the average of daily PM2.5, PM10, and NO2 concentrations by 24%, 15%, and 8%, respectively from March 17 to April 21, 2020 (first phase of total lockdown) in comparison to the 1st phase of partial lockdown (March 1 to March 16, 2020). Furthermore, the O3 increased by 10% over the same period. The 2nd phase of total lockdown, the 3rd partial lockdown, and the post-lockdown periods witnessed declines in PM2.5 by 8%, 11%, and 21%, respectively, while the PM10 increases over the same period. Iraqi also witnessed improvement in the AQI by 8% during the 1st phase of total lockdown compared to the 1st phase of partial lockdown. The level of air pollutants in Iraq declined significantly during the six lockdown periods as a result of reduced human activities. This study gives confidence that when strict measures are implemented, air quality can improve.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Saadi K. Al-Naseri
- Environment and water Directorate, Ministry of Science and Technology, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Ali Al Maliki
- Environment and water Directorate, Ministry of Science and Technology, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Zulfaqar Sa’adi
- Centre for Environmental Sustainability and Water Security (IPASA), School of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 UTM Sekudai, Johor Malaysia
| | - Anurag Malik
- Punjab Agricultural University, Regional Research Station, Bathinda, Punjab India
| | - Zaher Mundher Yaseen
- New era and development in civil engineering research group, Scientific Research Center, Al-Ayen University, Thi-Qar, 64001, Iraq
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29
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Jakovljević T, Lovreškov L, Jelić G, Anav A, Popa I, Fornasier MF, Proietti C, Limić I, Butorac L, Vitale M, De Marco A. Impact of ground-level ozone on Mediterranean forest ecosystems health. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 783:147063. [PMID: 34088128 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.147063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Given the high ozone concentrations observed in the Mediterranean region during summer, it is crucial to extend our knowledge on the potential ozone impacts on forest health with in situ studies, especially to protect typical endemic forests of the Mediterranean basin. This study is focused on ozone measurements and exposures over the Eastern Adriatic coast and on the calculation of different O3 metrics, i.e., accumulated exposure AOT40 (AOT40dir, AOT40ICP, AOT40pheno) and stomatal O3 fluxes with an hourly threshold of uptake (Y) to represent the detoxification capacity of trees (PODY, with Y = 0, 1, 2 nmol O3 m-2 s-1) used for forest protection. Finally, we provide an assessment of the relationships between the forest response indicators and environmental variables. Passive ozone measurements and monitoring of forest health indicators, namely growth and crown defoliation, were performed for Quercus ilex, Quercus pubescens, Pinus halepensis, and Pinus nigra forests. Results showed that, for all the analysed species, ozone levels were close to reached the upper plausibility limits for passive monitoring of air quality at forest sites (100 ppb), with the highest values found on P. halepensis in the summer period. O3 metrics based on exposure were found to be higher in pine plots than in oak plots, while the highest values of uptake-based metrics were found on P. nigra. Regarding relationships between environmental variables and forest-health response indicators, the crown defoliation was significantly correlated with the soil water content at various depth while the tree growth was correlated with the different O3 metrics. The most important predictors affecting tree growth of Q. pubescens and Q. ilex were AOT40pheno and AOT40dir and POD0 for P. nigra.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Jakovljević
- Croatian Forest Research Institute, Cvjetno naselje 41, 10450 Jastrebarsko, Croatia.
| | - Lucija Lovreškov
- Croatian Forest Research Institute, Cvjetno naselje 41, 10450 Jastrebarsko, Croatia.
| | - Goran Jelić
- Institute for Adriatic Crops and Karst Reclamation, Put Duilova 11, 21000 Split, Croatia.
| | - Alessandro Anav
- Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development (ENEA), CR Casaccia, Viale Anguillarese 301, 00123 Rome, Italy.
| | - Ionel Popa
- National Institute for Research and Development in Forestry "Marin Drăcea", Calea Bucovinei 73 bis, Campulung Moldovenesc, Romania; Centre of Mountain Economy - CE-MONT, Vatra Dornei, Romania
| | - Maria Francesca Fornasier
- Italian National Institute for Environmental Protection and Research (ISPRA), Via Vitaliano Brancati 48, 00144 Rome, Italy
| | - Chiara Proietti
- Italian National Institute for Environmental Protection and Research (ISPRA), Via Vitaliano Brancati 48, 00144 Rome, Italy.
| | - Ivan Limić
- Institute for Adriatic Crops and Karst Reclamation, Put Duilova 11, 21000 Split, Croatia.
| | - Lukrecija Butorac
- Institute for Adriatic Crops and Karst Reclamation, Put Duilova 11, 21000 Split, Croatia.
| | - Marcello Vitale
- Sapienza University of Rome, Department of Environmental Biology, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy.
| | - Alessandra De Marco
- Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development (ENEA), CR Casaccia, Viale Anguillarese 301, 00123 Rome, Italy.
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30
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Fan Z, Huang B, Peng C, Lin J, Liao Y. Simulation of average monthly ozone exposure concentrations in China: A temporal and spatial estimation method. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 199:111271. [PMID: 34010623 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.111271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ozone has adverse effects on human health, it is necessary to obtain the refined ozone exposure concentration. At present, most of existing ozone exposure research is based on ground air quality monitoring station (MS) which gather urban area information only. It is diffcult to estimate the ozone in the areas where MSs are scarce. OBJECTIVE By combining accurate but uneven data of outdoor ozone exposure concentrations based on MSs and unbiased coverage data based on RS in China, we can improve the accuracy of simulation of average monthly ozone exposure concentrations in monitor-free area. Since ozone concentrations are usually low at night, ozone exposure is assessed during the day (e.g., 10:00-18:00). METHODS We proposed a space-time geostatistical kriging interpolation based on the composite space/time mean trend model (CSTM) to predict ozone exposure in mainland China, having obtained a refined ozone exposure concentration interpolation map from an MS. We verified the accuracy of the interpolation results and remote sensing (RS) data, while simultaneously determining the distance threshold (according to the data accuracy) to improve the accuracy of the hybrid map. RESULTS We used a refined smoothing filter to reduce the influence of spatial and seasonal trends on ozone concentration. We found a cutoff separation distance of 175 km at which the two data showed an equal estimation accuracy, and the estimation result was fused with RS data through the distance threshold. Finally, The multi-source data with the best accuracy were fused to obtain the refined map. In China, ozone exposure concentration mainly gathers in the northern and eastern regions as well as part of the central mainland. CONCLUSIONS RS data can be used to characterize ground ozone exposure concentrations when 24th-layer data and MS data for monitoring ozone exposure concentrations are combined to estimate temporal and spatial ozone exposure in China. Ozone exposure in China can be explored further to provide suggestions for human health and regional economic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhirui Fan
- College of Oceanography and Space Informatics, China University of Petroleum, Qingdao, 266580, China
| | - Binghu Huang
- College of Oceanography and Space Informatics, China University of Petroleum, Qingdao, 266580, China
| | - Chao Peng
- China Electronics Technology Group Corp 28th Research Institute, Nanjing, 210007, China
| | - Jiayu Lin
- Department of Computer Science, Viterbi School of Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - Yilan Liao
- The State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Information System, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China; Jiangsu Center for Collaborative Innovation in Geographical Information Resource Development and Application, Nanjing, 210023, China.
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Zhao H, Chen K, Liu Z, Zhang Y, Shao T, Zhang H. Coordinated control of PM 2.5 and O 3 is urgently needed in China after implementation of the "Air pollution prevention and control action plan". CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 270:129441. [PMID: 33388503 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.129441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
To improve air quality, China formulated the Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan (APPCAP) in 2013. In the present study, the changes in the concentration of air pollutants after the implementation of APPCAP were investigated based on nationwide monitoring data. From the results, it is evident that the annual mean concentrations of PM2.5, PM10, SO2, and CO show a significant downward trend over 2015-2018, with decreasing rates of 3.4, 4.1, 3.8, and 70 μg m-3/year, respectively. However, no significant change was found in NO2 while maximum daily 8 h average O3 concentration (MDA8 O3) was increased by 3.4 μg m-3/year during the four years. Spatially, the highest decrease in PM2.5 was found in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei (BTH), followed by central China and northeast China, while the Pearl River Delta (PRD), Yungui Plateau, and northwest China showed less decreases. MDA8 O3 had a higher increase in BTH, central China, Yangtze River Delta (YRD), and PRD. With the decrease in PM2.5 in recent years, cumulative population exposure to PM2.5 gradually decreased, whereas there was still more than 65% of the population exposing to annual PM2.5 higher than the standard of 35 μg m-3 in 2018. In contrast, the health effects of O3 gradually increased with 13.1%, 14.3%, 20.4%, and 21.7% of the population exposed to unhealthy O3 levels in summer from 2015 to 2018. O3 pollution is causing severe health risks with estimated nationwide mortality of 70,024 (95% CI: 55,510-84,501), 79,159 (95% CI: 62,750-95,525), 105,150 (95% CI: 83,378-126,852), and 104,404 (95% CI: 82,784-125,956) in the four years, respectively. This clearly shows that the target of air pollution control in China shifts and coordinated control of PM2.5 and O3 is urgently needed after the successful implementation of APPCAP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zhao
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Kaiyu Chen
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, 70803, Louisiana, USA
| | - Zhen Liu
- Qinhuangdao Meteorological Bureau, Qinhuangdao, 066000, China
| | - Yuxin Zhang
- School of Science, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, 999077, Hong Kong
| | - Tian Shao
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Hongliang Zhang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China.
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Kobza J, Geremek M, Dul L. Ozone Concentration Levels in Urban Environments-Upper Silesia Region Case Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18041473. [PMID: 33557260 PMCID: PMC7915919 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18041473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Although ozone (O3) plays a crucial role in screening the Earth’s surface and lower atmosphere layers from the ultraviolet radiation, troposphere ozone is proven to have negative health effects on the human body and is one of the greenhouse gases. The objective of this study was to perform a measurement-based assessment for determining whether the concentration of ozone is within admissible limits, or exceeded, in Silesia Province and does not pose a threat to the local population. The data provided by the Voivodship Inspectorate for Environmental Protection in Katowice were used in the analysis. The received data constitute the result of 8-h measurements of concentrations of ozone at selected air monitoring stations of the Silesian province. The locations of three monitoring stations were found to be useful for the aim of this research; one site is situated in a rural background area; another one is located in a medium-sized city and the Katowice station is representative for an urban background situation. We used cluster analysis, weighted pair group method using arithmetic averages (WPGMA) and Chebyshev distances to test the hypothesis and compare empirical distributions in the general population. The alarm level has not been exceeded in indicated measurements stations in Silesian Voivodship in the period 2015–2017 (averaging time 1 h: 240 µg/m3 for 3 h). The target level was exceeded in 2015 at all three measurements stations and in the following years at one station (in Zloty Potok, 2016, and in Katowice, 2017). Each year, the largest number of exceedances occurred in August. The results clearly indicate a lack of hazards for the general population’s health in terms of increased concentrations of ozone in the city centers and outside. The results confirm that environmental conditions (i.e., landform, the area surrounding monitoring station) have a significant influence on the ozone level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Kobza
- Department of Public Health, School of Health Sciences, Medical University of Silesia, Piekarska 18, 41-902 Bytom, Poland;
- Correspondence:
| | - Mariusz Geremek
- Department of Public Health, School of Health Sciences, Medical University of Silesia, Piekarska 18, 41-902 Bytom, Poland;
| | - Lechosław Dul
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Health Sciences, Medical University of Silesia, Piekarska 18, 41-902 Bytom, Poland;
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Sicard P, Agathokleous E, De Marco A, Paoletti E, Calatayud V. Urban population exposure to air pollution in Europe over the last decades. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES EUROPE 2021; 33:28. [PMID: 33717794 PMCID: PMC7937352 DOI: 10.1186/s12302-020-00450-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The paper presents an overview of air quality in the 27 member countries of the European Union (EU) and the United Kingdom (previous EU-28), from 2000 to 2017. We reviewed the progress made towards meeting the air quality standards established by the EU Ambient Air Quality Directives (European Council Directive 2008/50/EC) and the World Health Organization (WHO) Air Quality Guidelines by estimating the trends (Mann-Kendal test) in national emissions of main air pollutants, urban population exposure to air pollution, and in mortality related to exposure to ambient fine particles (PM2.5) and tropospheric ozone (O3). RESULTS Despite significant reductions of emissions (e.g., sulfur oxides: ~ 80%, nitrogen oxides: ~ 46%, non-methane volatile organic compounds: ~ 44%, particulate matters with a diameter lower than 2.5 µm and 10 µm: ~ 30%), the EU-28 urban population was exposed to PM2.5 and O3 levels widely exceeding the WHO limit values for the protection of human health. Between 2000 and 2017, the annual PM2.5-related number of deaths decreased (- 4.85 per 106 inhabitants) in line with a reduction of PM2.5 levels observed at urban air quality monitoring stations. The rising O3 levels became a major public health issue in the EU-28 cities where the annual O3-related number of premature deaths increased (+ 0.55 deaths per 106 inhabitants). CONCLUSIONS To achieve the objectives of the Ambient Air Quality Directives and mitigate air pollution impacts, actions need to be urgently taken at all governance levels. In this context, greening and re-naturing cities and the implementation of fresh air corridors can help meet air quality standards, but also answer to social needs, as recently highlighted by the COVID-19 lockdowns.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Evgenios Agathokleous
- Institute of Ecology, Key Laboratory of Agro-Meteorology of Jiangsu Province, School of Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, China
| | - Alessandra De Marco
- Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and the Environment, C.R. Casaccia, Italy
| | - Elena Paoletti
- Institute of Research On Terrestrial Ecosystems, National Research Council, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Vicent Calatayud
- Fundación CEAM, C/ Charles R. Darwin, Parque Tecnológico14, Paterna, Spain
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Faridi S, Akbari H, Faridi H, Keshmiri S, Adibzadeh A. Human, Forest and vegetation health metrics of ground-level ozone (SOMO35, AOT40f and AOT40v) in Tehran. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCE & ENGINEERING 2020; 18:1351-1358. [PMID: 33312647 PMCID: PMC7721827 DOI: 10.1007/s40201-020-00552-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE We aimed to investigate the spatial O3 indices (SOMO35: annual sum of maximum daily 8-h ozone means over 35 ppb, AOT40: the accumulated exposure over an hourly threshold of 40 ppb during daylight hours between 8:00 and 20:00 in the growing seasons of plants) in Tehran (2019-2020). METHODS The data of ambient O3 concentrations, measured at twenty-three regulatory ambient air quality monitoring stations (AQMSs) in Tehran, were obtained. RESULTS The annual mean O3 concentrations were found to be 15.8-25.7 ppb; the highest and lowest annual mean concentration of ambient O3 were observed in Shahrdari 22 and Shahr-e-Rey stations, respectively. Spatial distribution of exposure to O3 across Tehran was in the range of 1.36-1.64; the highest O3 concentrations were observed in the northern, west and south-western parts of Tehran, while the central and south areas of Tehran city experienced low to moderate concentrations. The indices of SOMO35, AOT40f and AOT40v across AQMSs in Tehran was in the range of 1830-6437 ppb. Days, 10,613-39,505 ppb.h and 4979-16,804 ppb.h, respectively. For Tehran city, the indices of SOMO35 and AOT40f were 4138 ppb. days and 27,556 ppb.h respectively. Our results revealed that the value of SOMO35 across AQMSs of Tehran was higher than the recommended target value of 3000 ppb. days. CONCLUSIONS To reduce O3 pollution and its effects on both human and plants health, the governmental organizations should take appropriate sustainable control policies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sasan Faridi
- Health Research Center, Lifestyle Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Center for Air Pollution Research (CAPR), Institute for Environmental Research (IER), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hesam Akbari
- Health Research Center, Lifestyle Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamed Faridi
- Department of Public Health, School of Nursing and Midwifery Iranshahr University of Medical Sciences, Iranshahr, Iran
| | - Saeed Keshmiri
- Systems Environmental Health and Energy Research Center, The Persian Gulf Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
- Faculty of Medicine, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
| | - Amir Adibzadeh
- Health Research Center, Lifestyle Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Sicard P, Paoletti E, Agathokleous E, Araminienė V, Proietti C, Coulibaly F, De Marco A. Ozone weekend effect in cities: Deep insights for urban air pollution control. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2020; 191:110193. [PMID: 32919964 PMCID: PMC7483290 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.110193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Studying weekend-weekday variation in ground-level ozone (O3) allows one to better understand O3 formation conditions, with a potential for developing effective strategies for O3 control. Reducing inappropriately the O3 precursors emissions can either produce no reduction or increase surface O3 concentrations. This paper analyzes the weekend-weekday differences of O3 at 300 rural and 808 urban background stations worldwide from 2005 to 2014, in order to investigate the O3 weekend effect over time and assess the effectiveness of the precursors emissions control policies for reducing O3 levels. Data were analyzed with the non-parametric Mann-Kendall test and Theil-Sen estimator. Rural sites typically did not experience a weekend-weekday effect. In all urban stations, the mean O3 concentration on the weekend was 12% higher than on weekdays. Between 2005 and 2014, the annual mean of daily O3 concentrations increased at 74% of urban sites worldwide (+ 0.41 ppb year-1) and decreased in the United Kingdom (- 0.18 ppb year-1). Over this time period, emissions of O3 precursors declined significantly. However, a greater decline in nitrogen oxides (NOx) emissions caused an increase in Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) to NOx ratios leading to O3 formation. In France, South Korea and the United Kingdom, most urban stations showed a significant upward trend (+ 1.15% per year) for O3 weekend effect. Conversely, in Canada, Germany, Japan, Italy and the United States, the O3 weekend effect showed a significant downward trend (- 0.26% per year). Further or inappropriate control of anthropogenic emissions in Canada, Southern Europe, Japan, South Korea and the United States might result in increased daily O3 levels in urban areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Sicard
- ARGANS, 260 Route Du Pin Montard, 06410, Biot, France.
| | - Elena Paoletti
- Institute of Research on Terrestrial Ecosystems, National Research Council, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Evgenios Agathokleous
- Institute of Ecology, Key Laboratory of Agro-meteorology of Jiangsu Province, School of Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
| | - Valda Araminienė
- Institute of Forestry, Lithuanian Research Centre for Agriculture and Forestry, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Chiara Proietti
- Institute for Environmental Protection and Research, ISPRA, Via Brancati 48, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Alessandra De Marco
- Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and the Environment, C.R. Casaccia, Italy
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Cao J, Wang X, Zhao H, Ma M, Chang M. Evaluating the effects of ground-level O 3 on rice yield and economic losses in Southern China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 267:115694. [PMID: 33254685 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Ground-level ozone (O3) pollution and its impact on crop growth and yield have become one of the serious environmental problems in recent years, especially in economically active and densely populated areas. In this study, rice yield and the associated economic losses due to O3 were estimated by using observational O3 concentration ([O3]) data during growing seasons in Southern China. O3-induced yield losses were calculated by using O3 exposure metrics of AOT40 and M7. The spatial distribution of these two metrics is relatively consistent, the highest areas located in the Yangtze River Basin. Under the current O3 level, during double-early rice, double-late rice and single rice growing seasons, the relative yield losses estimated with AOT40 (M7) were 6.8% (1.2%), 10.2% (1.9%) and 10.4% (2.0%), respectively. O3-induced rice production loss for double-early rice, double-late rice and single rice totaled 2.4 million metric tons (0.4 million metric tons), 4.3 million metric tons (0.7 million metric tons) and 11.0 million metric tons (1.9 million metric tons) and associated economic losses were 108.1 million USD (18.3 million USD), 190.2 million USD (32.4 million USD) and 486.4 million USD (82.9 million USD) based on AOT40 (M7) metric. This study indicates that regional risks to rice from O3 exposure and provide quantitative evidence of O3-induced impacts on rice yields and economic losses across Southern China. Therefore, the establishment of scientific O3 risk assessment method is of great significance to prevent yield production and economic losses caused by O3 exposure. Policymakers should strengthen supervision of emissions of O3 precursors to mitigate the rise of O3 concentration, thereby reducing O3 damage to agricultural production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiachen Cao
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xuemei Wang
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hui Zhao
- Key Laboratory for Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation of China Meteorological Administration, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, China
| | - Mingrui Ma
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China; State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control & Resource Reuse and School of the Environment, Nangjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ming Chang
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China; Research Center on Low-carbon Economy for Guangzhou Region, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.
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Ren X, Shang B, Feng Z, Calatayud V. Yield and economic losses of winter wheat and rice due to ozone in the Yangtze River Delta during 2014-2019. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 745:140847. [PMID: 32758759 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Revised: 07/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Ground-level ozone (O3) is the main phytotoxic air pollutant causing crop yield reduction in China. As the main grain producing area in China, the Yangtze River Delta (YRD) is facing serious O3 pollution. This study analyzed the hourly ground-level O3 observation data of 158 stations from 2014 to 2019 in YRD, and grain production data of 193 districts and counties. The exposure-response relationships based on AOT40 (accumulated hourly O3 concentration above 40 ppb) was used to estimate the yield loss and economic loss of two food crops (winter wheat and rice). This study used spatial interpolation and calculated the specific data values of each district and county in order to improve the assessment reliability. For years 2014-2019, averaged O3 concentration during the 75 days growing period of rice and wheat were 33.1-50.6 ppb and 32.2-48.0 ppb, AOT40 value were 5.2-12.0 ppm h and 4.6-9.4 ppm h, and the averaged relative yield losses were 4.9%-11.4% and 9.4%-19.3%, respectively. The trend of O3 in the YRD in a six-year period peaked in 2016 and 2017 for rice and winter wheat, respectively. During 2014-2017, the average estimated yield loss of rice was 2445 Mt. accounting for about 9.1% of the actual production, and the average estimated economic loss was about 1037 million USD; for winter wheat, it was 2025 Mt, 20.4% and 736 million USD, respectively. These results urge governments to provide effective policies and measures to control O3 pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Ren
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Bo Shang
- Key Laboratory of Agrometeorology of Jiangsu Province, Institute of Ecology, School of Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science &Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Zhaozhong Feng
- Key Laboratory of Agrometeorology of Jiangsu Province, Institute of Ecology, School of Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science &Technology, Nanjing 210044, China.
| | - Vicent Calatayud
- Fundación CEAM, c/Charles R. Darwin 14, Parque Tecnológico, 46980 Paterna, Valencia, Spain
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Mekic M, Wang Y, Loisel G, Vione D, Gligorovski S. Ionic Strength Effect Alters the Heterogeneous Ozone Oxidation of Methoxyphenols in Going from Cloud Droplets to Aerosol Deliquescent Particles. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:12898-12907. [PMID: 32946234 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c03648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Methoxyphenols are one of the most abundant classes of biomarker tracers for atmospheric wood smoke pollution. The reactions of atmospheric oxidants (ozone, OH) with methoxyphenols can contribute to the formation of secondary organic aerosols (SOA). Here, for the first time, we use the well-established vertical wetted wall flow tube (VWWFT) reactor to assess the effect of ionic strength (I), pH, temperature, and ozone concentration on the reaction kinetics of ozone with acetosyringone (ACS), as a representative methoxyphenol compound. At fixed pH 3, typical for acidic atmospheric deliquescent particles, and at I = 0.9 M adjusted by Na2SO4, the uptake coefficient (γ) of O3 increases by 2 orders of magnitude from γ = (5.0 ± 0.8) × 10-8 on neat salt solution (Na2SO4) to γ = (6.0 ± 0.01) × 10-6 on a mixture of ACS and Na2SO4. The comparison of the uptake coefficients of O3 at different pH values indicates that the reaction kinetics strongly depends on the acidity of the phenolic group of ACS. The observed different reactivity of gas-phase ozone with ACS has implications for ozone uptake by the dilute aqueous phase of cloud droplets and by aerosol deliquescent particles loaded with inorganic salts, and it can affect the formation of SOA in the atmosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Majda Mekic
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510 640, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yiqun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510 640, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Gwendal Loisel
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510 640, China
| | - Davide Vione
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Torino, Via Pietro Giuria 5, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Sasho Gligorovski
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510 640, China
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Sicard P, De Marco A, Agathokleous E, Feng Z, Xu X, Paoletti E, Rodriguez JJD, Calatayud V. Amplified ozone pollution in cities during the COVID-19 lockdown. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 735:139542. [PMID: 32447070 PMCID: PMC7237366 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 335] [Impact Index Per Article: 83.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 05/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/17/2020] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
The effect of lockdown due to coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic on air pollution in four Southern European cities (Nice, Rome, Valencia and Turin) and Wuhan (China) was quantified, with a focus on ozone (O3). Compared to the same period in 2017-2019, the daily O3 mean concentrations increased at urban stations by 24% in Nice, 14% in Rome, 27% in Turin, 2.4% in Valencia and 36% in Wuhan during the lockdown in 2020. This increase in O3 concentrations is mainly explained by an unprecedented reduction in NOx emissions leading to a lower O3 titration by NO. Strong reductions in NO2 mean concentrations were observed in all European cities, ~53% at urban stations, comparable to Wuhan (57%), and ~65% at traffic stations. NO declined even further, ~63% at urban stations and ~78% at traffic stations in Europe. Reductions in PM2.5 and PM10 at urban stations were overall much smaller both in magnitude and relative change in Europe (~8%) than in Wuhan (~42%). The PM reductions due to limiting transportation and fuel combustion in institutional and commercial buildings were partly offset by increases of PM emissions from the activities at home in some of the cities. The NOx concentrations during the lockdown were on average 49% lower than those at weekends of the previous years in all cities. The lockdown effect on O3 production was ~10% higher than the weekend effect in Southern Europe and 38% higher in Wuhan, while for PM the lockdown had the same effect as weekends in Southern Europe (~6% of difference). This study highlights the challenge of reducing the formation of secondary pollutants such as O3 even with strict measures to control primary pollutant emissions. These results are relevant for designing abatement policies of urban pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alessandra De Marco
- Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and the Environment, C.R. Casaccia, Italy.
| | - Evgenios Agathokleous
- Institute of Ecology, Key Laboratory of Agro-meteorology of Jiangsu Province, School of Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhaozhong Feng
- Institute of Ecology, Key Laboratory of Agro-meteorology of Jiangsu Province, School of Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, China.
| | - Xiaobin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather and Key Laboratory for Atmospheric Chemistry of China Meteorology Administration, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Elena Paoletti
- Institute of Research on Terrestrial Ecosystems, National Research Council, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | | | - Vicent Calatayud
- Fundación CEAM, Parque Tecnológico, C/ Charles R. Darwin, 14, Paterna, Spain
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Li D, Liao Y. Pollution zone identification research during ozone pollution processes. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2020; 192:591. [PMID: 32820457 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-020-08552-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Identifying an ozone pollution zone during the pollution processes is significant for ozone pollution management and environmental health risk assessment. However, few studies have focused on ozone pollution zone identification during pollution processes. A spatial-temporal clustering framework for identifying pollution zones during ozone pollution processes was initially proposed in this study, and an ozone pollution process in China in May 2017 was selected as a case. The results showed that the framework can help selecting one more accurate method to identify the pollution zone according to the pollution characteristics of air pollution process. In addition, different ozone pollution zone identification methods work well in different scenarios: The self-organizing map (SOM) method was suitable for identifying the zone with the duration of pollution between 24 and 48 h, the image fusion based on wavelet transform (IFbWT) method for the zone with the duration of pollution over 48 h and the Apriori method for the zone with obvious boundaries between high-value and low-value ozone concentrations. The proposed procedure can also be applied to identify the pollution zone of the pollution process of other pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongyue Li
- The State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Information System, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yilan Liao
- The State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Information System, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
- Jiangsu Center for Collaborative Innovation in Geographical Information Resource Development and Application, Nanjing, 210023, China.
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Agathokleous E, Feng Z, Oksanen E, Sicard P, Wang Q, Saitanis CJ, Araminiene V, Blande JD, Hayes F, Calatayud V, Domingos M, Veresoglou SD, Peñuelas J, Wardle DA, De Marco A, Li Z, Harmens H, Yuan X, Vitale M, Paoletti E. Ozone affects plant, insect, and soil microbial communities: A threat to terrestrial ecosystems and biodiversity. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:eabc1176. [PMID: 32851188 PMCID: PMC7423369 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abc1176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Elevated tropospheric ozone concentrations induce adverse effects in plants. We reviewed how ozone affects (i) the composition and diversity of plant communities by affecting key physiological traits; (ii) foliar chemistry and the emission of volatiles, thereby affecting plant-plant competition, plant-insect interactions, and the composition of insect communities; and (iii) plant-soil-microbe interactions and the composition of soil communities by disrupting plant litterfall and altering root exudation, soil enzymatic activities, decomposition, and nutrient cycling. The community composition of soil microbes is consequently changed, and alpha diversity is often reduced. The effects depend on the environment and vary across space and time. We suggest that Atlantic islands in the Northern Hemisphere, the Mediterranean Basin, equatorial Africa, Ethiopia, the Indian coastline, the Himalayan region, southern Asia, and Japan have high endemic richness at high ozone risk by 2100.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evgenios Agathokleous
- Key Laboratory of Agrometeorology of Jiangsu Province, Institute of Ecology, School of Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Zhaozhong Feng
- Key Laboratory of Agrometeorology of Jiangsu Province, Institute of Ecology, School of Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Elina Oksanen
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, POB 111, 80101 Joensuu, Finland
| | - Pierre Sicard
- ARGANS, 260 route du Pin Montard, 06410 Biot, France
| | - Qi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Agrometeorology of Jiangsu Province, Institute of Ecology, School of Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Costas J. Saitanis
- Lab of Ecology and Environmental Science, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, Athens 11855, Greece
| | - Valda Araminiene
- Institute of Forestry, Lithuanian Research Centre for Agriculture and Forestry, Girionys 53101 Kaunas District, Lithuania
| | - James D. Blande
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Felicity Hayes
- UK Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Environment Centre Wales, Deiniol Road, Bangor, Gwynedd LL57 2UW, UK
| | - Vicent Calatayud
- Fundación CEAM, c/Charles R. Darwin 14, Parque Tecnológico, Paterna, Valencia 46980, Spain
| | - Marisa Domingos
- Instituto de Botânica, Núcleo de Pesquisa em Ecologia, PO Box 68041, 04045-972 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Stavros D. Veresoglou
- Freie Universität Berlin-Institut für Biologie, Dahlem Center of Plant Sciences, Plant Ecology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Josep Peñuelas
- Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Global Ecology Unit CREAF-CSIC-UAB, Bellaterra, Catalonia E-08193, Spain
- CREAF, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Catalonia E-08193, Spain
| | - David A. Wardle
- Asian School of the Environment, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Alessandra De Marco
- Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and the Environment (ENEA), C.R. Casaccia, S. Maria di Galeria, Rome I-00123, Italy
| | - Zhengzhen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shuangqing Road 18, Haidian District, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Harry Harmens
- UK Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Environment Centre Wales, Deiniol Road, Bangor, Gwynedd LL57 2UW, UK
| | - Xiangyang Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shuangqing Road 18, Haidian District, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Marcello Vitale
- Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, Rome I-00185, Italy
| | - Elena Paoletti
- Institute of Research on Terrestrial Ecosystems (IRET), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Via Madonna del Piano 10, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
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Abstract
Previous work regarding the behaviour of ozone surface concentrations over many years in the United Kingdom had predicted that the frequency and severity of ozone episodes would become less marked in the future as a response to environmental regulations. The aim of this study is to extend these studies and compare the results with their predictions. The ozone data of 13 rural and six urban sites in the UK collected from the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs over a period from 1992 to mid-2019 were used to investigate this behaviour. The yearly ozone exceedances (the number of hours that the ozone concentration exceeded the 50 ppbv limit) in the United Kingdom were found to have decreased over the last 30 years regardless of the type of site (rural or urban), showing that the adopted emission controls have so far been successful in the abatement of pollutant emissions. In the past three decades, the highest numbers of exceedances were reached in May regardless of the type of site. Furthermore, these episodes have become less frequent and less severe in recent years. In fact, the number of hours of exceedance is lower than that in previous decades, and it is almost constant throughout the week.
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Xu M, Sbihi H, Pan X, Brauer M. Modifiers of the effect of short-term variation in PM 2.5 on mortality in Beijing, China. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2020; 183:109066. [PMID: 32058147 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2019.109066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Revised: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Epidemiologic studies have reported associations between short-term exposure to particulate matter <2.5 μm in aerodynamic diameter (PM2.5) and mortality, but the role of modifiers remains unclear with studies reporting inconsistent results. We evaluated the impact of individual (age, gender and education) and township (geographic area, socioeconomic status, background air pollution and road density) level factors on the relationship between short-term variation in PM2.5 with cause-specific mortality in Beijing (population: 21.7 million in 2016), China. METHODS Daily PM2.5 concentrations in each township (n = 327; township population: 2000-359,400; township area: 1-392 km2) within Beijing were estimated by kriging with external drift using measurements from 35 air quality monitoring stations and geographic variables. Time-stratified case-crossover analysis with township-level mortality data from Oct. 1st, 2012 to Dec. 31st, 2013 was then used to examine associations between PM2.5 exposure estimates and cause-specific mortality, stratified by the potential effect modifiers. RESULTS A 10-μg/m3 increase in PM2.5 concentration was associated with a 0.17% [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.05%-0.29%] and 0.27% (95%CI:0.01%-0.52%) increase in non-accidental and stroke mortality with no lag, a 0.81% (95%CI:0.39%-1.23%) and 0.96% (95%CI:0.35%-1.57%) increase in respiratory disease (RD) and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) mortality at a lag of two-day moving average. For individual-level effect modifiers, the elderly showed higher effects for all the specific causes of mortality; those with lower education level showed higher effects for non-accidental, cardiovascular disease and stroke mortality; females showed higher effects for non-accidental and cause-specific cardiovascular diseases. For township-level effect modifiers, effect estimates tended to be larger for suburban areas, areas of lower road density, lower PM2.5 and lower socioeconomic status. CONCLUSIONS Short-term exposure to township-level ambient PM2.5 was associated with increased mortality in Beijing, with indications of effect modification by both individual and township-level factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meimei Xu
- Institute of Medical Information & Library, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100020, China
| | - Hind Sbihi
- BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, V6H 3N1, Canada; School of Population and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Xiaochuan Pan
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China.
| | - Michael Brauer
- School of Population and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada.
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Izquierdo R, García Dos Santos S, Borge R, Paz DDL, Sarigiannis D, Gotti A, Boldo E. Health impact assessment by the implementation of Madrid City air-quality plan in 2020. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2020; 183:109021. [PMID: 32044574 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2019.109021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Revised: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Air pollutant concentrations in many urban areas are still above the legal and recommended limits that are set to protect the citizens' health. Madrid is one of the cities where traffic causes high NO2 levels. In this context, Madrid City Council launched the Air Quality and Climate Change Plan for the city of Madrid (Plan A), a local strategy approved by the previous government in 2017. The aim of this study was to conduct a quantitative health impact assessment to evaluate the number of premature deaths that could potentially be prevented by the implementation of Plan A in Madrid in 2020, at both citywide and within-city level. The main purpose was to support decision-making processes in order to maximize the positive health impacts from the implementation of Plan A measures. METHODS The Regional Statistical Office provided information on population and daily mortality in Madrid. For exposure assessment, we estimated PM2.5, NO2 and O3 concentration levels for Madrid city in 2012 (baseline air-quality scenario) and 2020 (projected air-quality scenario based on the implementation of Plan A), by means of an Eulerian chemical-transport model with a spatial resolution of 1 km × 1 km and 30 vertical levels. We used the concentration-response functions proposed by two relevant WHO projects to calculate the number of attributable annual deaths corresponding to all non-accidental causes (ICD-10: A00-R99) among all-ages and the adult population (>30 years old) for each district and for Madrid city overall. This health impact assessment was conducted dependant on health-data availability. RESULTS In 2020, the implementation of Plan A would imply a reduction in the Madrid citywide annual mean PM2.5 concentration of 0.6 μg/m3 and 4.0 μg/m3 for NO2. In contrast, an increase of 1 μg/m3 for O3 would be expected. The annual number of all-cause deaths from long-term exposure (95% CI) that could be postponed in the adult population by the expected air-pollutant concentration reduction was 88 (57-117) for PM2.5 and 519 (295-750) for NO2; short-term exposure accounted for 20 (7-32) for PM2.5 and 79 (47-111) for NO2 in the total population. According to the spatial distribution of air pollutants, the highest mortality change estimations were for the city centre - including Madrid Central and mainly within the M-30 ring road -, as compared to peripheral districts. The positive health impacts from the reductions in PM2.5 and NO2 far exceeded the adverse mortality effects expected from the increase in O3. CONCLUSIONS Effective implementation of Plan A measures in Madrid city would bring about an appreciable decline in traffic-related air-pollutant concentrations and, in turn, would lead to significant health-related benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebeca Izquierdo
- Cancer and Environmental Epidemiology Unit, National Epidemiology Centre, Carlos III Health Institute (ISCIII), Avenida Monforte de Lemos 5, 28029 Madrid, Spain; Department of Atmospheric Pollution, National Environmental Health Centre), Carlos III Health Institute (ISCIII), Road Majadahonda-Pozuelo km. 2.2, Majadahonda, 28220 Madrid, Spain
| | - Saul García Dos Santos
- Department of Atmospheric Pollution, National Environmental Health Centre), Carlos III Health Institute (ISCIII), Road Majadahonda-Pozuelo km. 2.2, Majadahonda, 28220 Madrid, Spain
| | - Rafael Borge
- Environmental Modelling Laboratory, Department of Chemical & Environmental Engineering, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), José Gutiérrez Abascal 2, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - David de la Paz
- Environmental Modelling Laboratory, Department of Chemical & Environmental Engineering, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), José Gutiérrez Abascal 2, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Denis Sarigiannis
- Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Department of Chemical Engineering, Environmental Engineering Laboratory, University Campus, Thessaloniki 54124, Greece; HERACLES Research Center on the Exposome and Health, Center for Interdisciplinary Research and Innovation, Balkan Center, Bldg. B, 10th km Thessaloniki-Thermi Road, 57001, Greece; University School of Advanced Study IUSS, Piazza della Vittoria 15, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Alberto Gotti
- European Centre for Training and Research in Earthquake Engineering (EUCENTRE), Via Ferrata, 1, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Elena Boldo
- Cancer and Environmental Epidemiology Unit, National Epidemiology Centre, Carlos III Health Institute (ISCIII), Avenida Monforte de Lemos 5, 28029 Madrid, Spain; Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology & Public Health (CIBERESP), Carlos III Institute of Health, Avenida Monforte de Lemos 5, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
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Zhao H, Zheng Y, Zhang Y, Li T. Evaluating the effects of surface O 3 on three main food crops across China during 2015-2018. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 258:113794. [PMID: 31864924 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2019] [Revised: 12/08/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
In order to tackle China's severe air pollution issue, the government has released the "Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan" (known simply as the "Action Plan") since 2013. A recent study reported a decreased trend in PM2.5 concentrations over 2013-2017, but O3 pollution has become more serious. However, the effects of surface O3 on crops are unclear after the implementation of the "Action Plan". Here, we evaluated the potential negative effects of surface O3 on three main food crops (winter wheat, maize and rice) across China during 2015-2018 using nationwide O3 monitoring data and AOT40-yield response functions. Results suggested that mean O3 concentration, AOT40 and relative yield loss in China showed an overall upward trend from 2015 to 2018. During winter wheat, maize, single rice, double-early rice, and double-late rice growing seasons, mean O3 concentration in recent years ranged from 38.6 to 46.9 ppb, 40.2-43.9 ppb, 39.3-42.2 ppb, 33.8-40.0 ppb, and 35.9-39.1 ppb, respectively, and AOT40 mean values ranged from 8.5 to 14.3 ppm h, 10.5-13.4 ppm h, 9.8-11.9 ppm h, 5.2-9.2 ppm h, and 8.0-9.5 ppm h, respectively. O3-induced yield reductions were estimated to range from 20.1 to 33.3% for winter wheat, 5.0-6.3% for maize, 7.3-8.8% for single rice, 3.9-6.8% for double-early rice and 5.9-7.1% for double-late rice. O3-induced production losses for winter wheat, maize, single rice, double-early rice, and double-late rice totaled 39.5-88.2 million metric tons, 12.6-21.0 million metric tons, 9.5-11.3 million metric tons, 1.2-1.8 million metric tons, and 2.2-2.7 million metric tons, respectively, and the corresponding economic losses totaled 14.3-32.0 billion US$, 3.9-6.5 billion US$, 3.9-4.6 billion US$, 0.5-0.7 billion US$, and 0.9-1.1 billion US$, respectively. Our results suggested that the government should take effective measures to reduce O3 pollution and its effects on agricultural production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zhao
- Key Laboratory for Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation of China Meteorological Administration, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China; Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China.
| | - Youfei Zheng
- Key Laboratory for Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation of China Meteorological Administration, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China; Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
| | - Yuxin Zhang
- School of Science, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Ting Li
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
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Yousefian F, Faridi S, Azimi F, Aghaei M, Shamsipour M, Yaghmaeian K, Hassanvand MS. Temporal variations of ambient air pollutants and meteorological influences on their concentrations in Tehran during 2012-2017. Sci Rep 2020; 10:292. [PMID: 31941892 PMCID: PMC6962207 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-56578-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 11/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
We investigated temporal variations of ambient air pollutants and the influences of meteorological parameters on their concentrations using a robust method; convergent cross mapping; in Tehran (2012–2017). Tehran citizens were consistently exposed to annual PM2.5, PM10 and NO2 approximately 3.0–4.5, 3.5–4.5 and 1.5–2.5 times higher than the World Health Organization air quality guideline levels during the period. Except for O3, all air pollutants demonstrated the lowest and highest concentrations in summertime and wintertime, respectively. The highest O3 concentrations were found on weekend (weekend effect), whereas other ambient air pollutants had statistically significant (P < 0.05) daily variations in which higher concentrations were observed on weekdays compared to weekend (holiday effect). Hourly O3 concentration reached its peak at 3.00 p.m., though other air pollutants displayed two peaks; morning and late night. Approximately 45% to 65% of AQI values were in the subcategory of unhealthy for sensitive groups and PM2.5 was the responsible air pollutant in Tehran. Amongst meteorological factors, temperature was the key influencing factor for PM2.5 and PM10 concentrations, while nebulosity and solar radiation exerted major influences on ambient SO2 and O3 concentrations. Additionally, there is a moderate coupling between wind speed and NO2 and CO concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Yousefian
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Center for Air Pollution Research (CAPR), Institute for Environmental Research (IER), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sasan Faridi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Center for Air Pollution Research (CAPR), Institute for Environmental Research (IER), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Faramarz Azimi
- Nutrition Health Research Centre, Department of Environment Health, School of Health and Nutrition, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
| | - Mina Aghaei
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mansour Shamsipour
- Department of Research Methodology and Data Analysis, Institute for Environmental Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kamyar Yaghmaeian
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Sadegh Hassanvand
- Center for Air Pollution Research (CAPR), Institute for Environmental Research (IER), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Yin C, Deng X, Zou Y, Solmon F, Li F, Deng T. Trend analysis of surface ozone at suburban Guangzhou, China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 695:133880. [PMID: 31425992 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.133880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2019] [Revised: 08/10/2019] [Accepted: 08/10/2019] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The long-term variations of ozone are the combined results of climate change and air quality management. As Guangzhou is under the influence of both subtropical monsoon climate and rapid economic development, the ozone trend in recent years is uncertain. This paper presents the trend analysis of maximum daily average 8 h (MDA8) ozone and daily meteorological observations in Guangzhou from 2008 to 2018, using the Kolmogorov-Zurbenko (KZ) filter method. The observations were conducted at two sites in suburban Guangzhou, thus the datasets were processed in two periods. The first period (P1) is from 2008 to 2013, and the second period (P2) is from 2014 to 2018. Results show that the KZ filter method separates the short-term, seasonal, and long-term components efficiently, leaving a covariance term of 7.3% (5.4%) for P1 (P2). Through linear regression of long-term components, the trends were inferred as -0.06 ± 0.04 ppb year-1 (R2 = 0.00, p < 0.05) for P1, and 0.51 ± 0.08 ppb year-1 (R2 = 0.11, p < 0.05) for P2. It is found that the solar radiation has the strongest impact on ozone. With inclusion of temperature, relative humidity, and wind speed, these four meteorological factors held 71% (76%) variability in baseline ozone (sum of seasonal and long-term ozone) for P1 (P2). After applying the KZ filter method, the results reveal that the variance contribution of emission to long-term ozone variation is larger than that of meteorology in P1, while smaller in P2. Furthermore, 59% of the emission-induced ozone change in P2 could be explained by nitrogen dioxide variation, and their inverse correlation suggests that Guangzhou is mainly under volatile organic compounds-limited regime, despite continuous nitrogen oxides reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changqin Yin
- Institute of Tropical and Marine Meteorology, China Meteorological Administration, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Xuejiao Deng
- Institute of Tropical and Marine Meteorology, China Meteorological Administration, Guangzhou, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai, China
| | - Yu Zou
- Institute of Tropical and Marine Meteorology, China Meteorological Administration, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fabien Solmon
- Laboratoire d'Aérologie, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Toulouse, France
| | - Fei Li
- Institute of Tropical and Marine Meteorology, China Meteorological Administration, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tao Deng
- Institute of Tropical and Marine Meteorology, China Meteorological Administration, Guangzhou, China
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Pecero-Casimiro R, Fernández-Rodríguez S, Tormo-Molina R, Monroy-Colín A, Silva-Palacios I, Cortés-Pérez JP, Gonzalo-Garijo Á, Maya-Manzano JM. Urban aerobiological risk mapping of ornamental trees using a new index based on LiDAR and Kriging: A case study of plane trees. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 693:133576. [PMID: 31374505 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.07.382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Revised: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Ornamental trees bring benefits for human health, including reducing urban pollution. However, some species, such as plane trees (Platanus sp.), produce allergenic pollen. Consequently, urban maps are a valuable tool for allergic patients and allergists, but they often fail to include variables that contribute to the "building downwash effect", such as the width and shape of streets and the height of buildings. Other factors that directly influence pollen dispersion (slopes and other geographical features) also have not traditionally been discussed. The LiDAR (Laser Imaging Detection and Ranging) technique enables one to consider these variables with high accuracy. This work proposes an Aerobiological Index to create Risk maps for Ornamental Trees (AIROT) and the establishment of potential areas of risk of exposure to Platanus pollen. LiDAR data from five urban areas were used to create the DEM and DSM (Digital Elevation and Surface Models) needed to perform further analysis. GIS software was used to map the points for each city and to create risk maps by Kriging, with stable (3 cases) and exponential function (2 cases) as the optimal models. In short, the AIROT index was a useful tool to map possible biological risks in cities. Since AIROT allows each city to consider its own characteristics, including geographical specifications, by using remote sensing and geostatistics techniques, the establishment of risk maps and healthy itineraries is valuable for allergic patients, allergists, architects and urban planners. This new aerobiological index provides a new decision-making tool related to urban planning and allergenicity assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raúl Pecero-Casimiro
- Department of Plant Biology, Ecology and Earth Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Extremadura, Avda. Elvas s/n, Badajoz, Spain.
| | - Santiago Fernández-Rodríguez
- Department of Construction, School of Technology, University of Extremadura, Avda. de la Universidad s/n, Cáceres, Spain.
| | - Rafael Tormo-Molina
- Department of Plant Biology, Ecology and Earth Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Extremadura, Avda. Elvas s/n, Badajoz, Spain.
| | - Alejandro Monroy-Colín
- Department of Plant Biology, Ecology and Earth Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Extremadura, Avda. Elvas s/n, Badajoz, Spain.
| | - Inmaculada Silva-Palacios
- Department of Applied Physics, Engineering Agricultural School, University of Extremadura. Avda. Adolfo Suárez s/n, Badajoz. Spain.
| | - Juan Pedro Cortés-Pérez
- Department of Construction, School of Technology, University of Extremadura, Avda. de la Universidad s/n, Cáceres, Spain.
| | - Ángela Gonzalo-Garijo
- Department of Allergology, University Hospital Complex Badajoz. Avda. Elvas s/n, Badajoz, Spain.
| | - José María Maya-Manzano
- School of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Technological University Dublin, Kevin Street, D08 X622, Dublin, Ireland.
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Paoletti E, Alivernini A, Anav A, Badea O, Carrari E, Chivulescu S, Conte A, Ciriani ML, Dalstein-Richier L, De Marco A, Fares S, Fasano G, Giovannelli A, Lazzara M, Leca S, Materassi A, Moretti V, Pitar D, Popa I, Sabatini F, Salvati L, Sicard P, Sorgi T, Hoshika Y. Toward stomatal-flux based forest protection against ozone: The MOTTLES approach. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 691:516-527. [PMID: 31325852 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.06.525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Revised: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 06/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
European standards for the protection of forests from ozone (O3) are based on atmospheric exposure (AOT40) that is not always representative of O3 effects since it is not a proxy of gas uptake through stomata (stomatal flux). MOTTLES "MOnitoring ozone injury for seTTing new critical LEvelS" is a LIFE project aimed at establishing a permanent network of forest sites based on active O3 monitoring at remote areas at high and medium risk of O3 injury, in order to define new standards based on stomatal flux, i.e. PODY (Phytotoxic Ozone Dose above a threshold Y of uptake). Based on the first year of data collected at MOTTLES sites, we describe the MOTTLES monitoring station, together with protocols and metric calculation methods. AOT40 and PODY, computed with different methods, are then compared and correlated with forest-health indicators (radial growth, crown defoliation, visible foliar O3 injury). For the year 2017, the average AOT40 calculated according to the European Directive was even 5 times (on average 1.7 times) the European legislative standard for the protection of forests. When the metrics were calculated according to the European protocols (EU Directive 2008/50/EC or Modelling and Mapping Manual LTRAP Convention), the values were well correlated to those obtained on the basis of the real duration of the growing season (i.e. MOTTLES method) and were thus representative of the actual exposure/flux. AOT40 showed opposite direction relative to PODY. Visible foliar O3 injury appeared as the best forest-health indicator for O3 under field conditions and was more frequently detected at forest edge than inside the forest. The present work may help the set-up of further long-term forest monitoring sites dedicated to O3 assessment in forests, especially because flux-based assessments are recommended as part of monitoring air pollution impacts on ecosystems in the revised EU National Emissions Ceilings Directive.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Paoletti
- CNR, Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - A Alivernini
- CREA - Research Centre for Forestry and Wood, Viale S. Margherita 80, 52100 Arezzo, Italy
| | - A Anav
- CNR, Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy; ENEA, SSPT-PVS, Via Anguillarese 301, 00123 Santa Maria di Galeria (Rome), Italy
| | - O Badea
- INCDS, 128 Eroilor Bvd., 077030 Voluntari, Romania
| | - E Carrari
- CNR, Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy.
| | - S Chivulescu
- INCDS, 128 Eroilor Bvd., 077030 Voluntari, Romania
| | - A Conte
- CREA - Research Centre for Forestry and Wood, Viale S. Margherita 80, 52100 Arezzo, Italy
| | - M L Ciriani
- GIEFS, 69 avenue des Hespérides, 06300 Nice, France
| | | | - A De Marco
- ENEA, SSPT-PVS, Via Anguillarese 301, 00123 Santa Maria di Galeria (Rome), Italy
| | - S Fares
- CREA - Research Centre for Forestry and Wood, Viale S. Margherita 80, 52100 Arezzo, Italy
| | - G Fasano
- CNR, Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - A Giovannelli
- CNR, Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - M Lazzara
- CNR, Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - S Leca
- INCDS, 128 Eroilor Bvd., 077030 Voluntari, Romania
| | - A Materassi
- CNR, Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - V Moretti
- CREA - Research Centre for Forestry and Wood, Viale S. Margherita 80, 52100 Arezzo, Italy
| | - D Pitar
- INCDS, 128 Eroilor Bvd., 077030 Voluntari, Romania
| | - I Popa
- INCDS, 128 Eroilor Bvd., 077030 Voluntari, Romania
| | - F Sabatini
- CNR, Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - L Salvati
- CREA - Research Centre for Forestry and Wood, Viale S. Margherita 80, 52100 Arezzo, Italy
| | - P Sicard
- ARGANS, 260 route du Pin Montard, 06410 Biot, France
| | - T Sorgi
- CREA - Research Centre for Forestry and Wood, Viale S. Margherita 80, 52100 Arezzo, Italy
| | - Y Hoshika
- CNR, Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
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Sicard P, Khaniabadi YO, Perez S, Gualtieri M, De Marco A. Effect of O 3, PM 10 and PM 2.5 on cardiovascular and respiratory diseases in cities of France, Iran and Italy. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:32645-32665. [PMID: 31576506 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-06445-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
At present, both tropospheric ozone (O3) and particulate matters (PM) are among the most threatening air pollutants for human health in cities. The air pollution effects over public health include increased risk of hospital admissions and mortality for respiratory and cardiovascular diseases even when air pollutant concentrations are below European and international standards. The aim of this study was to (i) estimate the burden of mortality and morbidity for cardiovascular and respiratory diseases attributed to PM2.5, PM10 and O3 in nine selected cities in France, Iran and Italy in 2015 and 2016 and to (ii) compare estimated burdens at current O3 and PM levels with pre-industrial levels. The selected Mediterranean cities are among the most affected by the air pollution in Europe, in particular by rising O3 while the selected Iranian cities rank as the most polluted by PM in the world. The software AirQ+ was used to estimate the short-term health effects, in terms of mortality and morbidity by using in situ air quality data, city-specific relative risk values and baseline incidence. Compared to pre-industrial levels, long-term exposures to ambient PM2.5, PM10 and O3 have substantially contributed to mortality and hospital admissions in selected cities: about 8200 deaths for non-accidental causes, 2400 deaths for cardiovascular diseases, 540 deaths for respiratory diseases, 220 deaths for chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases as well as 18,800 hospital admissions for cardiovascular diseases and 3400 for respiratory diseases were reported in 2015. The study supports the need of city-specific epidemiological data and urgent strategies to mitigate the health burden of air pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yusef Omidi Khaniabadi
- Health Care System of Karoon, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Sandra Perez
- University Côte d'Azur, UMR 7300 ESPACE, Nice, France
| | - Maurizio Gualtieri
- ENEA, Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development, SSPT, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandra De Marco
- ENEA, Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development, SSPT, Rome, Italy
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