Controversy around parabens: Alternative strategies for preservative use in cosmetics and personal care products

Resistance and Biodegradation of Triclosan and Propylparaben by Isolated Bacteria from Greywater

We investigated the relationship between antibiotic-resistance genes and the antimicrobial agents, triclosan (TCS) and propylparaben (PPB). The greywater microbiome was repeatedly exposed to triclosan and propylparaben and the effect was analyzed using a combination of PCR, Etest, Biolog, 16S rRNA sequencing, and liquid chromatography. The taxonomic identification points to very similar or even identical isolates, however, the phenotypic analysis suggests that their metabolic potential is different, likely due to genomic variation or differences in the expression of the substrate utilization pathways. For both triclosan and propylparaben, the antibiotic resistance levels among isolates remain consistent regardless of the exposure duration. This suggests that antibiotic-resistance genes are acquired rapidly and that their presence is not directly proportional to the level of micropollutant exposure. In a biodegradation test, TCS was reduced by 50% after 7 h, while PPB decreased only after 75 h. For TCS, the minimal inhibition concentration (MIC) ranged from 64 to above 256 mg/mL. Conversely, for PPB the MIC for the tested strains ranged between 512 and 800 mg/mL. This study highlights the complex interaction between household xenobiotics, greywater microorganisms, and the emergence of antibiotic resistance.

Sustainable and Scalable Enzymatic Production, Structural Elucidation, And Biological Evaluation of Novel Phlorizin Analogues

It is not unusual for naturally occurring compounds to be limited for their use in cosmetics due to their low water solubility. Recently, aiming at accessing novel phlorizin (a glycosylated bioactive recovered from apple tree wood and already used in cosmetics as antioxidant ingredient) analogues, we reported the synthesis of very promising - but low water-soluble - biomass-derived chalcones (CHs) and dihydrochalcones (DHCs) exhibiting antioxidant and anti-tyrosinase activities. Glycosylating bioactive compounds being one of the most common strategies to increase their water solubility, herein we report the enzymatic glycosylation of the CHs mentioned above, as well as DHC using cyclodextrin glycosyltransferases (CGTase), enzymes well-known for catalyzing the selective α(1→4) transglycosylation. Indeed, while most natural glycosides are β-glycosides (such as phlorizin), the selected enzyme produces selectively new α-glycosides, thus expanding their structural diversity. A first step of separation using Centrifugal Partition Chromatography (CPC) led to mono-, di- or triglycosides-enriched fractions, which were then submitted to a comprehensive purification strategy for an in-depth chemical profiling of the synthesized α-glycosides, revealing that the major compounds were glycosylpyranosides. Surprisingly, among the diglycosides characterized, besides the expected maltoside compounds, nigeroside derivatives were also identified in significant amounts, depending on the starting compound structure. Finally, evaluating the antiradical, anti-tyrosinase and antimicrobial activities of the major glycosides revealed them as potential sustainable alternatives to current petro-sourced cosmetic ingredients.

Advancements of paper-based microfluidics and organ-on-a-chip models in cosmetics hazards

Cosmetics have been used in society for centuries for beautification and personal hygiene maintenance. Modern cosmetics include various makeup, hair, and skincare products that range from moisturizers and shampoos to lipsticks and foundations and have become a quintessential part of our daily grooming activities. However, dangerous adulterants are added during the production of these cosmetics, which range from heavy metals to microbial contaminants. These adulterants not only reduce the quality and efficacy of cosmetic products but also pose a significant risk to human health. Detecting the presence of adulterants in cosmetics is crucial for regulating substandard cosmetic products in the industry. The conventional methods to detect such adulterants and quality testing are expensive and take a lot of effort, particularly when involving advanced analytical detection and clinical trials. Recently, efficient methods such as microfluidic methods have emerged to detect adulterants rapidly. In this review, we mainly focus on various adulterants present in cosmetics and their detection using paper-based microfluidic devices. In addition, this review also sheds light on the organ-on-a-chip model with the goal of developing a human tissue model for cosmetic testing. Combined, these approaches provide an efficient, inexpensive, and sustainable approach for quality testing in the cosmetics industry.

Antilisterial activity of tannin rich preparations isolated from raspberry (Rubus Idaeus L.) and strawberry (Fragaria X Ananassa Duch.) fruit

The tannin rich preparations isolated from red raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.) and strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa Duch.) fruits were evaluated for their polyphenol composition and antimicrobial activity against six strains of Listeria monocytogenes, sourced from the ATCC collection. The preparations were obtained using solvent extraction with a water-acetone solution, followed by purification using Amberlite XAD 1600 resin. The resulting products, RTRP (raspberry tannin rich preparation) and STRP (strawberry tannin rich preparation), were characterized by their content of ellagitannins, proanthocyanidins, and anthocyanins. Polyphenol content was determined using HPLC-FD and UHPLC-DAD-MS with QExactive mass spectrometer. The antagonistic activity of the preparations against Listeria spp. strains was assessed using the disk diffusion method, and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) values were determined by dilution techniques. The RTRP and STRP exhibited tannin contents of 74 g/100 g and 47 g/100 g, respectively. In the raspberry preparation, ellagitannins were dominant, while in the strawberry preparation, ellagitannins and proanthocyanidins were present at similar levels. In the general antagonism test at a concentration of 60 mg/mL, inhibition zones for L. monocytogenes ranged from 10.0 to 24.5 mm. The MIC values for the preparations ranged from 1.563 to 25 mg/mL, varying depending on the tested strains. Based on MIC and MBC, L. monocytogenes ATCC 19,111 was the most sensitive to the preparations, whereas ATCC 15,313 exhibited the greatest resistance. Despite their different tannin profiles, the preparations generally did not show statistically significant differences in their antilisterial activity. The results indicate that the tannin rich preparations from red raspberry and strawberry fruits exhibit moderate antilisterial activity, dependent on the sensitivity of the specific L. monocytogenes strain tested.

Mediating effects of insulin resistance on lipid metabolism with elevated paraben exposure in the general Taiwan population

Introduction

Parabens are commonly used to prevent bacteria from growing in cosmetics and foodstuffs. Parabens have been reported to influence hormone regulation, potentially leading to metabolic anomalies, including insulin resistance and obesity. However, there is a paucity of knowledge regarding the relationship between urinary paraben levels and lipid metabolism in the general Taiwanese population. Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine whether the mediating role of insulin resistance exists between paraben exposure and lipid metabolism.

Methods

We selected the data of 264 adult participants from a representative survey in five major Taiwan area in 2013. UPLC tandem mass spectrometry was used to examine four urine parabens: methyl- (MeP), ethyl- (EtP), propyl- (PrP) and butyl- (BuP). Blood samples were analyzed for concentrations of glucose and lipid metabolic indices using the DxI 800 immunoassay analyzer and immunoradiometric assay kit. The relationship between urinary paraben levels and metabolism indices were evaluated through a multiple linear regression analysis. Finally, a mediation analysis was employed to understand the underlying mechanism by which paraben exposure influences lipid metabolism through insulin resistance.

Results

The significant positive association between MeP exposure and Castelli risk index I (CRI-I; β = 0.05, p = 0.049) was found, and also exhibited the similar associations between EtP exposure and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (β = 0.10, p = 0.001), total cholesterol (β = 0.06, p = 0.003), and non-HDL cholesterol (NHC; β = 0.08, p = 0.005). EtP exhibited a significant positive association with triglyceride BMI (TyG-BMI; β = 0.02, p = 0.040). Additionally, TyG-BMI was positively associated with CRI-I (β = 0.98, p < 0.001), CRI-II (β = 1.03, p < 0.001) and NHC (β = 0.63, p < 0.001). Moreover, insulin resistance served as mediators for the effects of EtP exposure on lipid metabolism indices.

Discussion

The results indicate that changes in insulin resistance mediated the relationship between urinary paraben and lipid metabolism. Large-scale epidemiological and animal studies are warranted to identify biological mechanisms underlying validate these relationships.

Associations between phenol and paraben exposure and the risk of developing breast cancer in adult women: a cross-sectional study

Increasing evidence suggests that endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) have adverse effects on breast cancer (BC). The aim of this study was to assess the association between exposure to prevalent EDCs-phenols and parabens-and the risk of developing BC. Data on urinary bisphenol A (BPA), triclosan (TRS), benzophenone-3 (BP3), methyl paraben (MPB), ethyl paraben (EPB), propyl paraben (PPB), and butyl paraben (BUP) were obtained from the 2005-2014 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. A total of 4455 subjects were included in this cross-sectional study. The results from the weighted multivariable regression models indicated that exposure to elevated concentrations of TRS increased the risk of developing BC by 2.33 (Q2: 95% CI = 1.45-3.75, p < 0.001) and 1.94 times (Q3: 95% CI = 1.21-3.09, p = 0.006), respectively. The nonlinear association between TRS concentrations and the risk of developing BC was statistically significant (P nonlinear = 0.007), with the restricted cubic splines (RCS) curve exhibiting an inverted U shape. The association between TRS concentrations and the risk of developing BC was more pronounced among overweight individuals (BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2), those aged < 60 years, and white individuals. Weighted quantile sum (WQS) and Bayesian Kernel Machine Regression (BKMR) analysis revealed no significant overall association between mixtures of urinary phenol and paraben metabolites and BC risk. However, TRS exposure was the most influential, with higher TRS concentrations (both continuous and categorical) significantly associated with an increased BC risk, particularly in overweight individuals (BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2), those aged < 60 years, and white individuals.

In Vitro and In Ovo Evaluation of Oenothera biennis L. Oil as an Alternative Preservative for Oil-Based Products

There is a growing need for safer alternatives to synthetic additives commonly used in lipophilic carriers for products such as foods, pharmaceuticals, personal care items, and cosmetics. Natural antioxidants, which prevent lipid peroxidation while providing additional health benefits, offer a promising solution. Evening primrose oil, a rich source of antioxidant compounds with numerous biological benefits, emerges as a potential natural preservative for oil-based products. Our study evaluates a combination of sunflower oil, a widely used cold-pressed oil, with evening primrose oil for potential applications in various fields such as cosmetic, pharmaceutical, or food manufacturing. Various methods were applied to assess oxidative stability by calculating the peroxide value, the p-anisidine value, and the total oxidation value, while biological safety was evaluated using the chick embryo's chorioallantoic membrane and histological analysis. The findings highlight that evening primrose oil, with its balanced effects on epithelial tissues and vascularization, as well as its strong anti-lipid peroxidation properties, is a suitable alternative to synthetic preservatives when used in combination with cold-pressed oils. This proposed oil combination, emphasizing the safety and beneficial properties of evening primrose oil, shows significant potential for applications in the pharmaceutical industry, dermatology, cosmetology, and food manufacturing.

Bioaccumulation and ecotoxicity of parabens in aquatic organisms: Current status and trends

Parabens are preservatives widely used in personal care products, pharmaceuticals, and foodstuffs. However, they are still unregulated chemical compounds. Given their extensive use and presence in different environmental compartments, parabens can adversely affect animal health. Thus, the current study aimed to summarize and critically analyze the bioaccumulation and ecotoxicity of parabens in aquatic species. Studies have been mostly conducted in laboratory conditions (75%), using mainly fish and crustaceans. Field studies were carried out across 128 sampling sites in six countries. Paraben bioaccumulation was predominantly detected in fish muscle, liver, brain, gills, ovary, and testes. Among the parent parabens, methylparaben (MeP), ethylparaben (EtP), and propylparaben (PrP) have been detected frequently and more abundantly in tissues of marine and freshwater specimens, as well as the metabolite 4-hydroxybenzoic acid (4-HB). Parabens can induce lethal and sublethal effects on aquatic organisms, such as oxidative stress, endocrine disruption, neurotoxicity, behavioral changes, reproductive impairment, and developmental abnormalities. The toxicity of parabens varied according to species, taxonomic group, developmental stage, exposure time, and concentrations tested. This study highlights the potential bioaccumulation and ecotoxicological impacts of parabens and their metabolites on aquatic invertebrates and vertebrates. Additionally, future research recommendations are provided to evaluate the environmental risks posed by paraben contamination more effectively.

Parabens alter the surface characteristics and antibiotic susceptibility of drinking water bacteria

Parabens are markedly present in products of daily use, considered emerging environmental contaminants that can harm human health and aquatic life, due to their release into aquatic sources. The impact of the exposure of microbial communities to parabens remains unclear. This study investigates aspects of the mode of action of methylparaben (MP), propylparaben (PP), butylparaben (BP), and MIX at environmental (15 μg/L) and in-use (15000 μg/L) concentrations, against two bacterial strains of Acinetobacter calcoaceticus and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia previously isolated from drinking water (DW). BP showed the strongest antimicrobial activity, while MP exhibited the weakest. The mechanism of action of parabens at the selected concentrations was found to be related to perturbations on physicochemical bacterial cell surface properties and charge, by causing an increase of bacterial cell envelope hydrophilicity and zeta potential values. In addition, parabens may activate osmotic regulation mechanisms as observed by the increase in vacuole area for MP-exposed A. calcoaceticus. The bacterial metabolic activity as well as bacterial size was also affected by parabens exposure. MP exposure further enhanced the biofilm formation ability and increased bacterial tolerance to antibiotics. The results raise environmental implications, particularly concerning water quality and public health, as parabens exposure can potentiate the virulence of DW bacteria, increasing the risk of human exposure to harmful microorganisms.

A systematic review of the toxic potential of parabens in fish

Parabens are the most prevalent ingredients in cosmetics and personal care products (PCPs). They are colorless and tasteless and exhibit good stability when combined with other components. Because of these unique physicochemical properties, they are extensively used as antimicrobial and antifungal agents. Their release into the aquatic ecosystem poses potential threats to aquatic organisms, including fish. We conducted an electronic search in PubMed (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed) using the search term parabens and fish and sorted 93 articles consisting of methyl paraben (MTP), ethyl paraben (ETP), propyl paraben (PPP), butyl paraben (BTP), and benzyl paraben (BNP) in several fish species. Furthermore, we confined our search to six fish species (common carp, Cyprinus carpio; fathead minnows, Pimephales promelas; Japanese medaka, Oryzias latipes; rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss; Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus; and zebrafish, Danio rerio) and four common parabens (MTP, ETP, PPP, and BTP) and sorted 48 articles for review. Our search indicates that among all six fish, zebrafish was the most studied fish and the MTP was the most tested paraben in fish. Moreover, depending on the alkyl chain length and linearity, long-chained parabens were more toxic than the parabens with short chains. Parabens can be considered endocrine disruptors (EDs), targeting estrogen-androgen-thyroid-steroidogenesis (EATS) pathways, blocking the development and growth of gametes, and causing intergenerational toxicity to impact the viability of offspring/larvae. Paraben exposure can also induce behavioral changes and nervous system disorders in fish. Although the USEPA and EU limit the use of parabens in cosmetics and pharmaceuticals, their prolonged persistence in the environment may pose an additional health risk to humans.

Parabens effects on female reproductive health - Review of evidence from epidemiological and rodent-based studies

Parabens have been used as antimicrobial preservatives since the 1920s. The prevalent use of parabens increases their detection in the environment and in women's biological samples including reproductive tissues. Recent studies suggest parabens may alter endocrine function and thus female reproductive health may be affected. In this literature review, we summarize findings on parabens and female reproduction while focusing on epidemiological and rodent-based studies. The topics reviewed include paraben effects on cyclicity, pregnancy, newborn and pubertal development, reproductive hormones, and ovarian and uterine specific outcomes. Overall, the scientific literature on paraben effects on female reproduction is limited and with some conflicting results. Yet, some epidemiological and/or rodent-based experimental studies report significant findings in relation to paraben effects on cyclicity, fertility, gestation length, birth weight, postnatal development and pubertal onset, hormone levels, and hormone signaling in reproductive tissues. Future epidemiological and experimental studies are needed to better understand paraben effects on female reproduction while focusing on human related exposures including mixtures, physiologic concentrations of parabens, and multi-generational studies.

Cosmetic Preservative Potential and Chemical Composition of Lafoensia replicata Pohl. Leaves

The study evaluated the preservative potential of Lafoensia replicata Pohl. leaf extracts in cosmetics, highlighting their antioxidant, antimicrobial, and in vitro cytotoxic activities for ethanolic extract prepared by the maceration and tincture method. Total phenol content showed a higher phenol concentration in ethanolic extract and tinctures, and by LC-MS/MS-ESI-QTOF analysis, flavonoids, hydrolyzed tannins, and phenolic acids were identified. The ethanolic extract and tincture showed high antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Candida albicans (MIC < 50 µg mL-1), high antioxidant activity (EC50 < 50 µg mL-1 in the DPPH method, and results > 450 µmol trolox equivalent in the ABTS and FRAP method), and low cytotoxicity in human keratinocytes (IC50 > 350 µg mL-1). The results suggest these extracts could be an alternative to synthetic preservatives in the cosmetic industry.

The influence of Leucidal, a natural cosmetic preservative, on fibroblast and keratinocytes. Studies on cells and on model membrane systems

The aim of this work was to investigate the influence of Leucidal® Liquid (abbr. Leucidal), which is recommended as a natural cosmetic ingredient of antimicrobial properties, on model membranes of keratinocytes and fibroblasts. The toxicity tests on cell lines were also performed to allow for a more detailed discussion of the results. As model membrane systems the lipid Langmuir monolayers were applied. During the investigations, the surface pressure/area measurements, penetration studies and Brewster Angle Microscopy (BAM) visualization were performed for one component and mixed lipid monolayers. It was evidenced that at the membrane - corresponding conditions, the components of Leucidal do not penetrate either model keratinocyte and fibroblast membranes or one component films composed of the major lipids of skin cell membranes. Leucidal makes these systems slightly more expanded and less stable, however this is not reflected in the changes in the film morphology. Only the ceramide systems were sensitive to the presence of Leucidal, i.e. the incorporation of Leucidal components manifested well in the decrease of the films' condensation and alterations in their morphology. The tests on cells demonstrated that Leucidal is non toxic for these types of cells at the concentrations suggested by the producer. A thorough comparison of these results with those published for bacteria model membranes enabled us to discuss them in the context of the mechanism of action of Leucidal components. It was concluded that Leucidal components are of low affinity to the skin cellular model membranes of low content of Leucidal-sensitive ceramides and are not toxic for fibroblast and keratinocyte cell lines. Moreover, the lipid composition of the membrane and its molecular organization can be important targets for Leucidal components, decisive from the point of view of the activity and selectivity of the studied composition.

Bisphenol A-What Do We Know? A Global or Local Approach at the Public Health Risk Level

BPA has demonstrated enormous multisystem and multi-organ toxicity shown mainly in animal models. Meanwhile, the effects of its exposure in humans still require years of observation, research, and answers to many questions. Even minimal and short-term exposure contributes to disorders or various types of dysfunction. It is released directly or indirectly into the environment at every stage of the product life cycle, demonstrating its ease of penetration into the body. The ubiquity and general prevalence of BPA influenced the main objective of the study, which was to assess the toxicity and health effects of BPA and its derivatives based on the available literature. In addition, the guidelines of various international institutions or regions of the world in terms of its reduction in individual products were checked. Bisphenol A is the most widely known chemical and perhaps even the most studied by virtually all international or national organizations, but nonetheless, it is still controversial. In general, the level of BPA biomonitoring is still too high and poses a potential threat to public health. It is beginning to be widely argued that future toxicity studies should focus on molecular biology and the assessment of human exposure to BPA, as well as its substitutes. The effects of its exposure still require years of observation, extensive research, and answers to many questions. It is necessary to continue to deepen the knowledge and interest of many organizations, companies, and consumers around the world in order to make rational purchases as well as future choices, not only consumer ones.

Photocatalytic degradation of parabens: A comprehensive meta-analysis investigating the environmental remediation potential of emerging pollutant

The increasing prevalence of paraben compounds in the environment has given rise to concerns regarding their detrimental impacts on both ecosystems and human health. Over the past few decades, photocatalytic reactions have drawn significant attention as a method to accelerate the otherwise slow degradation of these pollutants. The current study aims to evaluate the current efficacy of the photocatalytic method for degrading parabens in aqueous solutions. An extensive literature review and bibliometric analysis were conducted to identify key research trends and influential areas in the field of photocatalytic paraben degradation. Studies were screened based on the predetermined inclusion and exclusion criteria, which led to 13 studies that were identified as being appropriate for the meta-analysis using the random effects model. Furthermore, experimental parameters such as pH, paraben initial concentration, catalyst dosage, light intensity, and contact time have been reported to have key impacts on the performance of the photocatalytic degradation process. A comprehensive quantitative assessment of these parameters was carried out in this work. Overall, photocatalytic techniques could eliminate parabens with an average degradation efficiency of >80 %. The findings of the Egger's test and the Begg's test were statistically not significant suggesting potential publication bias was not observed. This review provides a holistic understanding of the photocatalytic degradation of parabens and is anticipated to encourage more widespread adoption of photocatalytic procedures as a suitable method for the elimination of parabens from aqueous solutions, opening new avenues for future research in this direction.

Analytical methods and biomonitoring results in hair for the assessment of exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemicals: A literature review

Endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDC) are compounds that alter functions of the endocrine system due to their ability to mimic or antagonize endogenous hormones, or that alter their synthesis and metabolism, causing adverse health effects. Human biomonitoring (HBM) is a reliable method to assess human exposure to chemicals through measurement in human body fluids and tissues. It identifies new sources of exposure and determines their distribution, thereby enabling detection of the most exposed populations. Blood and urine are commonly used for HBM of EDC, but their interest is limited for compounds presenting short half-lives. Hair appears as an interesting alternative insofar as it provides a large exposure window. For the present study, we evaluated the relevance of hair in determining EDC exposure. With this in mind, we undertook a literature review focusing on the bioanalytical aspects and performances of methods developed to determine EDC in hair. The literature review was performed through methodical bibliographical research. Relevant articles were identified using two scientific databases: PubMed and Web of Science, with search equations built from a combination of keywords, MeSH terms and Boolean operators. The search strategy identified 2949 articles. After duplicates were removed, and following title, abstract, and full-text screenings, only 31 were included for qualitative synthesis. Hair collection was mainly performed in the back of the head and preparation involved two processes: cutting into small pieces or grounding to powder. The off-line LC-MS/MS method remains the main technique used to assess EDC through hair. Differences regarding the validation of analytical methods and interpretation of HBM results were highlighted, suggesting a need for international harmonisation to obtain reliable and comparable results. External contamination of hair was identified as a main limitation in the interpretation of results, highlighting the need to better understand EDC transfers through hair and to develop relevant hair decontamination processes.

Ingredients in Commercially Available Mouthwashes

OBJECTIVES

Mouthwashes, a cornerstone of oral and dental hygiene, play a pivotal role in combating the formation of dental plaque, a leading cause of periodontal disease and dental caries. This study aimed to review the composition of mouthwashes found on retail shelves in Turkey and evaluate their prevalence and side effects, if any.

METHODS

The mouthwashes examined were sourced from the 5 largest chain stores in each district of Istanbul. A comprehensive list of the constituents was meticulously recorded. The research was supported by an extensive compilation of references from scholarly databases such as Google Scholar, PubMed, and ScienceDirect. Through rigorous analysis, the relative proportions of mouthwash ingredients and components were determined.

RESULTS

A total of 45 distinctive variations of mouthwashes, representing 17 prominent brands, were identified. Amongst the 116 ingredients discovered, 70 were evaluated for potential adverse effects and undesirable side effects. The aroma of the mouthwash (n = 45; 100%), as welll as their sodium fluoride (n = 28; 62.22%), sodium saccharin (n = 29; 64.44%), sorbitol (n = 21; 46.6%), and propylene glycol (n = 28; 62.22%) content were the main undesireable features.

CONCLUSIONS

The limited array of mouthwashes found on store shelves poses a concern for both oral and public health. Furthermore, the intricate composition of these products, consisting of numerous ingredients with the potential for adverse effects, warrants serious attention. Both clinicians and patients should acknowledge the importance and unwarranted side effects of the compnents of the mouthwashes.

Quantification of parabens in marine fish samples by a rapid, simple, effective sample preparation method

Parabens (p-hydroxybenzoic acid esters) commonly used preservatives (in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, and foods) can pose potential effects on environmental health. In this study, seven parabens were quantified in marine fish samples using an ultra-high performance liquid chromatography triple quadrupole mass spectrometer (UHPLC-MS/MS) system. Parabens in the fish samples were extracted and purified by a rapid, simple, and effective procedure comprising sample homogenization with solvent, solid-phase extraction clean-up, and solvent evaporation. Results demonstrated that the recoveries of seven compounds (with relative standard deviation < 15%) were 88-103% in matrix-spike samples and 86-105% in surrogate standards. The method detection limits and method quantification limits of seven parabens were 0.015-0.030 and 0.045-0.090 ng/g-ww (wet weight), respectively. The optimized method was applied to measure the concentration of parabens in the 37 marine fish samples collected from Vietnam coastal waters. The concentration ranges of seven parabens found in round scad and greater lizardfish samples were 6.82-25.3 ng/g ww and 6.21-17.2 ng/g-ww, respectively. Among parabens, methylparaben accounted for the highest contribution in both fish species (43.2 and 44.9%, respectively). Based on the measured concentrations of parabens in marine fish samples, the estimated daily intake was calculated for children and adults with the corresponding values of 0.0477 µg/kg/day and 0.0119 µg/kg/day, respectively. However, the presence of parabens in Vietnamese marine fish may not pose a significant risk to human health.

Distribution of parabens and 4-HB in human blood

Human blood has been commonly and routinely analyzed to determine internal human exposure to parabens. However, data on the occurrence of parabens and their common metabolite, p-hydroxybenzoic acid (4-HB), in different human blood matrixes is still limited. In this study, 139 pairs of serum and whole blood samples were collected from Chinese adults, and then analyzed them for 5 parabens and 4-HB. Methylparaben (MeP) and propylparaben (PrP) were consistently the predominant parabens in human serum (mean 2.3 and 2.1 ng/mL, respectively) and whole blood (1.9 and 1.3 ng/mL, respectively). Mean concentrations of 4-HB in human serum and whole blood were 7.7 and 12 ng/mL, respectively. Concentrations of parabens, except benzylparaben (BzP), and 4-HB in human serum were significantly (p < 0.01) correlated with that in whole blood. Distribution pattern of parabens and 4-HB in human blood was evaluated, for the first time, based on their partitioning between human serum and whole blood (Kp). Mean Kp values of parabens, except BzP, increased with the alkyl chain length from 0.83 to 1.6. BzP (mean 1.4) had a comparable mean Kp value to PrP (mean 1.4). Among target analytes, 4-HB had the lowest mean Kp value (0.75). These data are important to select appropriate blood matrixes for conducting human exposure assessment and epidemiological studies on parabens.

Heavy metal and microbial testing of selected cosmetic products in the Palestinian market

Excessive and continuous use of cosmetic products containing heavy metals can lead to harmful effects. International regulations mandate limited quantities of heavy metals contamination in cosmetic preparations to ensure consumer safety. This research aims to evaluate heavy metal and microbial contamination levels in selected cosmetic products available in the Palestinian market. We collected 35 samples randomly from 23 companies, representing four product types, and analyzed them for the presence of seven heavy metals: zinc (Zn), cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), chromium (Cr), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), and arsenic (As) using an atomic absorption spectrometer. We also interviewed pharmacists who sold these cosmetics to assess their knowledge of allowed limits and toxic effects associated with increased heavy metal content in cosmetics. The results indicated that all tested products exceeded the allowed limit for Cd (9.5 ± 2.3 ppm), Cu (33.8 ± 9.2 ppm), and Zn (151.0 ± 7.4 ppm). However, none of the tested samples showed microbial contamination. These findings underscore the significant heavy metal contamination of cosmetics present in the Palestinian market. Thus, there is a pressing need to register and quality-test all cosmetic products sold in the Palestinian market and to raise the pharmacists' awareness and knowledge regarding heavy metals in cosmetics.

Machine learning assisted rational design of antimicrobial peptides based on human endogenous proteins and their applications for cosmetic preservative system optimization

Preservatives are essential components in cosmetic products, but their safety issues have attracted widespread attention. There is an urgent need for safe and effective alternatives. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are part of the innate immune system and have potent antimicrobial properties. Using machine learning-assisted rational design, we obtained a novel antibacterial peptide, IK-16-1, with significant antibacterial activity and maintaining safety based on β-defensins. IK-16-1 has broad-spectrum antimicrobial properties against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Candida albicans, and has no haemolytic activity. The use of IK-16-1 holds promise in the cosmetics industry, since it can serve as a preservative synergist to reduce the amount of other preservatives in cosmetics. This study verified the feasibility of combining computational design with artificial intelligence prediction to design AMPs, achieving rapid screening and reducing development costs.

Synergistic/antagonistic antimicrobial effects of cosmetic ingredients in combination with 1,2-hexanediol

With the rise of the clean beauty trend in the cosmetics and personal care industry, consumers' interest in cosmetic ingredients, especially preservatives, continues to grow. Paraben, previously the most used preservative in cosmetics, has been excluded from many products owing to its potential risks. Therefore, a movement to lower the content of various preservatives is ongoing. One approach to achieve a suitable level of preservation is to use multifunctional ingredients as preservative boosters. In this study, we aimed to confirm the synergistic antimicrobial interactions between various cosmetic ingredients and 1,2-hexanediol, a preservative introduced as a substitute for paraben, using the checkerboard assay. We also measured the antagonistic effect by measuring the fold changes in the minimum inhibitory concentration of 1,2-hexanediol. Niacinamide, a form of vitamin B3, showed synergistic antifungal activity with 1,2-hexanediol, which lowered the content of 1,2-hexanediol in the oil-solubilized toner formulation. Among the substances, 50000 ppm of methyl methacrylate crosspolymer elevated the minimum inhibitory concentration of 1,2-hexanediol against bacteria and fungi by 2‒8 times. Through this study, we suggest applying the synergistic effects of various cosmetic ingredients in the formulation as a method to effectively reduce the content of preservatives.

Applications of Engineered Skin Tissue for Cosmetic Component and Toxicology Detection

The scale of the cosmetic market is increasing every day. There are many safety risks to cosmetics, but they benefit people at the same time. The skin can become red, swollen, itchy, chronically toxic, and senescent due to the misuse of cosmetics, triggering skin injuries, with contact dermatitis being the most common. Therefore, there is an urgent need for a system that can scientifically and rationally detect the composition and perform a toxicological assessment of cosmetic products. Traditional detection methods rely on instrumentation and method selection, which are less sensitive and more complex to perform. Engineered skin tissue has emerged with the advent of tissue engineering technology as an emerging bioengineering technology. The ideal engineered skin tissue is the basis for building good in vitro structures and physiological functions in this field. This review introduces the existing cosmetic testing and toxicological evaluation methods, the current development status, and the types and characteristics of engineered skin tissue. The application of engineered skin tissue in the field of cosmetic composition detection and toxicological evaluation, as well as the different types of tissue engineering scaffold materials and three-dimensional (3D) organoid preparation approaches, is highlighted in this review to provide methods and ideas for constructing the next engineered skin tissue for cosmetic raw material component analysis and toxicological evaluation.

Therapeutic and Phytochemical Properties of Thymoquinone Derived from Nigella sativa

BACKGROUND

Nigella sativa (N. sativa), commonly known as black seed or black cumin, belongs to the family Ranunculaceae. It contains several phytoconstituents, Thymoquinone (TQ), thymol, thymohydroquinone, carvacrol, and dithymoquinone. TQ is the main phytoconstituent present in N. sativa that is used as an herbal compound, and it is widely used as an antihypertensive, liver tonic, diuretic, digestive, anti-diarrheal, appetite stimulant, analgesic, and antibacterial agent, and in skin disorders.

OBJECTIVE

The study focused on collecting data on the therapeutic or pharmacological activities of TQ present in N. sativa seed.

METHODS

Antidiabetic, anticancer, immunomodulator, analgesic, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, hepato-protective, renal protective, and antioxidant properties of TQ have been studied by various scientists.

CONCLUSION

TQ seems to have a variety of consequences on how infected cells behave at the cellular level.

Physiological impact of personal care product constituents on non-target aquatic organisms

Personal care products (PCPs) are products used in cleaning, beautification, grooming, and personal hygiene. The rise in diversity, usage, and availability of PCPs has resulted in their higher accumulation in the environment. Thus, these constitute an emerging category of environmental contaminants due to the potential of its constituents (chemical and non-chemical) to induce various physiological effects even at lower concentrations (ng/L). For analyzing the impact of the PCPs constituents on the non-target organism about 300 article including research articles, review articles and guidelines were studied from 2000 to 2023. This review aims to firstly discuss the fate and accumulation of PCPs in the aquatic environment and organisms; secondly provides overview of environmental risks that are linked to PCPs; thirdly review the trends, current status of regulations and risks associated with PCPs and finally discuss the knowledge gaps and future perspectives for future research. The article discusses important constituents of PCPs such as antimicrobials, cleansing agents and disinfectants, fragrances, insect repellent, moisturizers, plasticizers, preservatives, surfactants, UV filters, and UV stabilizers. Each of them has been found to display certain toxic impact on the aquatic organisms especially the plasticizers and UV filters. These continuously and persistently release biologically active and inactive components which interferes with the physiological system of the non-target organism such as fish, corals, shrimps, bivalves, algae, etc. With a rise in the number of toxicity reports, concerns are being raised over the potential impacts of these contaminant on aquatic organism and humans. The rate of adoption of nanotechnology in PCPs is greater than the evaluation of the safety risk associated with the nano-additives. Hence, this review article presents the current state of knowledge on PCPs in aquatic ecosystems.

Prevention of atopic dermatitis in high-risk neonates via different types of moisturizer application: A randomized, blinded, parallel, three-group, phase II trial (PAF study)

BACKGROUND

The effectiveness of moisturizers in preventing infant atopic dermatitis (AD) remains unclear. We previously showed that using 2e moisturizer of commercial moisturizer (Shiseido Japan Co., Ltd.) at least once a day significantly prevented AD in infants as compared with as-needed petroleum jelly. This trial aimed to determine the effectiveness of twice- or once-daily application of Fam's Baby moisturizer (Fam's Inc.) in preventing AD compared with once-daily 2e moisturizer.

METHODS

This trial was a single-centre, three-parallel-group, assessor-blinded, superiority, individually randomized, controlled, phase II trial that was conducted from 25 August 2020 to 28 September 2021. We randomly assigned 60 newborns with at least one parent or sibling who has AD to receive Fam's Baby moisturizer twice daily (Group A) or once daily (Group B), or 2e once daily (Group C) in a 1:1:1 ratio until they were 32 weeks old. The primary outcome was the time of AD onset.

RESULTS

Atopic dermatitis was observed in 11/20 (55%), 5/20 (25%) and 10/20 (50%), infants in Groups A, B and C, respectively. Cumulative incidence values for AD according to the Kaplan-Meier method showed that infants in Group B tended to maintain an intact skin for a longer period than those in Group C (median time, not reached [NR] vs. 212 days, log-rank test, p = 0.064). Cox regression analysis showed that the risk of AD tended to be lower in Group B (hazard ratio with group C as control, 0.36; 95% confidential intervals: 0.12-1.06). No serious adverse events occurred in any of the enrolled infants.

CONCLUSION

Fam's Baby moisturizer may better prevent AD than 2e. Further large-scale trials should be performed to confirm the efficacy of Fam's Baby moisturizer in preventing AD in infants.

Solvent-free enzymatic synthesis and evaluation of vanillyl propionate as an effective and biocompatible preservative

Preservatives are chemicals added to protect products against microbial spoilage, and thus are indispensable for pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, and foods. Due to growing concerns about human health and environments in conventional chemical preservatives, many companies have been seeking safe and effective alternatives that can be produced through environment-friendly processes. In this work, in order to develop effective and safe preservatives from plants, we attempt solvent-free lipase-catalyzed transesterification of vanillyl alcohol with ethyl propionate for the first time. The reaction product, vanillyl propionate was efficiently obtained in a high yield. Unlike vanillyl alcohol and ethyl propionate, vanillyl propionate showed antimicrobial activity. The minimal inhibitory concentration test showed that it exhibited high and broad antimicrobial activity against all the tested microorganisms (Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, yeasts, and molds), which was overall comparable to that of propyl paraben, which is one of the most effective preservatives. It was also found to have even higher antioxidant capacity and biocompatibility with human cells than propyl paraben. Vanillyl propionate, which is a plant-based preservative produced through a green bioprocess, is expected to be successfully applied to various industries thanks to its high antimicrobial and antioxidant effect, and high biocompatibility.

Butylparaben weakens female fertility via causing oocyte meiotic arrest and fertilization failure in mice

Butylparaben is an ubiquitous environmental endocrine disruptor, that is commonly used in cosmetics and personal care product due to its anti-microbial properties. Butylparaben has been shown to cause developmental toxicity, endocrine and metabolic disorders and immune diseases. However, little is known about the impact on female fertility, especially oocyte quality. In the present study, we reported that butylparaben influenced female fertility by showing the disturbed oocyte meiotic capacity and fertilization potential. Specifically, butylparaben results in the oocyte maturation arrest by impairing spindle/chromosome structure and microtubule stability. Besides, butylparaben results in fertilization failure by impairing the dynamics of Juno and ovastacin and the sperm binding ability. Last, single-cell transcriptome analysis showed that butylparaben-induced oocyte deterioration was caused by mitochondrial dysfunction, which led to the accumulation of ROS and occurrence of apoptosis. Collectively, our study indicates that mitochondrial dysfunction and redox perturbation is the major cause of the weakened female fertility expoesd to butylparaben.

Development and Evaluation of a Novel Anti-Ageing Cream Based on Hyaluronic Acid and Other Innovative Cosmetic Actives

The importance of incorporating hyaluronic acid (HA) as a cosmetic ingredient in skin care formulations emerged lately because the amount of HA naturally found in the epidermis decreases with age, and when applied to the skin through cosmetic products, it confers hydration and reduces the appearance of wrinkles. Currently, the diversity of cosmetic products for mature skin and the use of various and innovative active ingredients supporting their anti-ageing effect represent ample proof that the cosmetic industry is currently relying on these actives. The main objective of this study was the development of an anti-ageing formulation, incorporating HA and different other active ingredients. The developed formulation contains a novel complex of natural waxes, with an essential role in the restoration of the skin's hydro-lipid barrier, in combination with innovative active ingredients-like low-molecular hyaluronic acid (LMW-HA), sodium hyaluronate (NaHA), ectoin, gold, and an anti-ageing botanical complex-contributing to optimal skin hydration specifically designed to reduce the visible signs of ageing. An important objective was represented by the skin compatibility and topography assessment after 28 days (D28) of regular application of the developed cream. Stability testing, physicochemical characteristics, and microbiological control, including efficacy testing of the used preservative (challenge test) were performed for the cosmetic formulation. In silico approaches were applied to demonstrate the safety of cosmetic-related substances and the risk assessment of the cosmetic formulation. Safety and instrumental evaluation were performed to demonstrate the skin tolerance-the compatibility and the efficacy, respectively-of the developed anti-ageing cream. As result, quality control of the developed cosmetic formulation evidenced an appropriate cosmetic preparation with desirable aspect and adequate physicochemical characteristics. The concentrations of restricted ingredients like preservatives and UV filters were in accordance with those recommended by the Regulation (EC) No. 1223/2009 and so were considered to be safe. Additionally, according to the margin of safety (MoS) calculation, cosmetic ingredients incorporated in the developed formulation could be considered safe. The developed formulation was very well tolerated, and wrinkle depth and length in the periorbital area were significantly reduced after 28-day cosmetic treatment. Subjects' assessment questionnaires revealed self-perceived benefits referring to the cosmetic qualities and efficacy of the anti-ageing cream. This study confirmed the skin tolerance and efficacy of the new complex anti-ageing cream incorporating HA, microencapsulated sodium hyaluronate, ectoin, and a botanical extract. The formulated cosmetic product could serve as a daily care for mature skin to alleviate the effects of skin ageing.

The influence of Leucidal - eco-preservative from radish - on model lipid membranes and selected pathogenic bacteria

In this work the effect of Leucidal - a natural preservative from radish dedicated to be used in cosmetics - on bacteria cells and model bacteria membranes was investigated. To get insight into the mechanism of action of this formulation the lipid Langmuir monolayers imitating Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) membranes were prepared. Then, the influence of Leucidal on model systems was investigated by means of the surface pressure/area measurements, penetration studies and Brewster Angle Microscopy (BAM) visualization. Similar experiments were done also for one component monolayers formed from the model membrane lipids. The in vitro tests were done on five different bacteria species (E. coli, Enterococcus faecalis, S. aureus, Salmonella enterica, Pseudomonas aeruginosa). Leucidal was found to decrease packing of the monolayers, however, it was excluded from the films at higher concentrations. Model membrane experiments evidenced also a stronger affinity of the components of this eco-preservative to E. coli vs S. aureus membrane. Among one component films, those formed from phosphatidylglycerols and cardiolipins were more sensitive to the presence of Leucidal. However, in vitro tests evidenced that Leucidal exerts stronger inhibitory effect against S. aureus bacteria as compared to E. coli strain. These findings were discussed from the point of view of the role of Leucidal components and the lipid membrane properties in the membrane - based mechanism of action of this preservative. The results allow one to suggest that the membrane may not be the main site of action of Leucidal on bacteria. Moreover, since high concentration of the tested preparation exerted antibacterial activity in relation to all tested bacteria, a low selectivity of Leucidal can be postulated, which may be problematic from the point of view of its effect on the skin microbiome.

Co-exposure to parabens and triclosan and associations with cognitive impairment in an elderly population from Shenzhen, China

Parabens and triclosan (TCS) have been extensively applied in personal care products (PCPs) as preservatives and antibacterial agents. However, their potentiality to disrupt the neurological system has induced increasing concern. The elderly population is at a higher risk of neurodegenerative disorder, although research on its association with PCP exposure remains scarce. Here, we measured the urinary levels of four parabens, TCS, and an oxidative stress marker among 540 participants from the Shenzhen aging-related disorder cohort during 2017-2018. The Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) was used to assess the cognitive status of participants. Their demographic, dietary, and behavioral factors were collected via questionnaire survey. Among the four paraben analogs, the median concentration of methyl parabens (MeP) was the highest (Low-risk group: 1.21 ng/mL, High-risk group: 1.64 ng/mL). TCS and 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) were detected in more than 90% of the samples. Weighted quantile sum regression and quantile-based g-computation showed that the combined effect of all analytes was positively associated with the level of 8-OHdG. BtP, EtP and MeP were identified as the major contributors to the joint effect. After stratification by gender, females exhibited more pronounced changes in urinary 8-OHdG level than males. However, the positive correlation between co-exposure to parabens and TCS and cognitive impairment was not significant (p > 0.05) in both models, which warrants investigation with the larger sample size.

Exploring the Potential of Extracts from Sloanea medusula and S. calva: Formulating Two Skincare Gels with Antioxidant, Sun Protective Factor, and Anti-Candida albicans Activities

Sloanea is a plant genus, native to tropical regions, used in medicinal practices for its anti-inflammatory properties. This study aimed to determine the antioxidant activity, sun protective factor (SPF), and antifungal of extracts obtained from two species of Sloanea and to develop extract-based gels with antioxidants, photoprotective, and anti-Candida albicans effects. Ethanolic extracts from S. medusula and S. calva collected in Chocó, Colombia, were used for antioxidant activity and SPF determination using the DPPH assay and the Mansur equation, respectively. Extracts were characterized using HPLC-MS and used to prepare the gels. The viscosity of the extract-based gels was evaluated using an MCR92 rheometer. In addition, the anti-Candida activity of extracts against five yeasts and anti-C. albicans of gels were evaluated following the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute M27, 4th Edition. High DPPH radical scavenging activity (42.4% and 44.7%) and a high SPF value (32.5 and 35.4) were obtained for the extracts of S. medusula and S. calva, respectively. Similarly, extract-based gels showed significant DPPH radical scavenging activity of 54.5% and 53.0% and maximum SPF values of 60 and 57. Extract from S. medusula showed an important antifungal activity against C. albicans (minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 2 µg/mL). In contrast, S. calva extract was active against C. krusei, C. albicans (MIC of 2 µg/mL) and C. tropicalis (MIC of 4 µg/mL). Sloanea medusula gel (0.15%) exhibited an important C. albicans growth inhibition (98%), while with S. calva gel (0.3%) growth inhibition was slightly lower (76%). Polyphenolic and triterpenoid compounds were tentatively identified for S. medusula and S. calva, respectively. Both extracts can be considered promising sources for developing photoprotective gels to treat skin infections caused by C. albicans.

Parabens Increase Sulfamethoxazole-, Tetracycline- and Paraben-Resistant Bacteria and Reshape the Nitrogen/Sulfur Cycle-Associated Microbial Communities in Freshwater River Sediments

Backgrounds Parabens are pollutants of emerging concern in aquatic environments. Extensive studies regarding the occurrences, fates and behavior of parabens in aquatic environments have been reported. However, little is known about the effects of parabens on microbial communities in freshwater river sediments. This study reveals the effects of methylparaben (MP), ethylparaben (EP), propylparaben (PP) and butylparaben (BP) on antimicrobial-resistant microbiomes, nitrogen/sulfur cycle-associated microbial communities and xenobiotic degrading microbial communities in freshwater river sediments. Methods The river water and sediments collected from the Wai-shuangh-si Stream in Taipei City, Taiwan were used to construct a model system in fish tanks to test the effects of parabens in laboratory. Results Tetracycline-, sulfamethoxazole- and paraben-resistant bacteria increased in all paraben treated river sediments. The order of the overall ability to produce an increment in sulfamethoxazole-, tetracycline- and paraben-resistant bacteria was MP > EP > PP > BP. The proportions of microbial communities associated with xenobiotic degradation also increased in all paraben-treated sediments. In contrast, penicillin-resistant bacteria in both the aerobic and anaerobic culture of paraben-treated sediments decreased drastically at the early stage of the experiments. The proportions of four microbial communities associated with the nitrogen cycle (anammox, nitrogen fixation, denitrification and dissimilatory nitrate reduction) and sulfur cycle (thiosulfate oxidation) largely increased after the 11th week in all paraben-treated sediments. Moreover, methanogens and methanotrophic bacteria increased in all paraben-treated sediments. In contrast, the nitrification, assimilatory sulfate reduction and sulfate-sulfur assimilation associated to microbial communities in the sediments were decreased by the parabens. The results of this study uncover the potential effects and consequences of parabens on microbial communities in a freshwater river environment.

Studying paraben-induced estrogen receptor- and steroid hormone-related endocrine disruption effects via multi-level approaches

Increasing concerns have been raised on the health risks of parabens in the regard of their widespread applications and potential endocrine disrupting activities. In this study, four typical parabens, including methyl paraben (MeP), ethyl paraben (EtP), propyl paraben (PrP), and butyl paraben (BuP) were systematically investigated for their estrogen receptor- and steroid hormone-related endocrine disruptions using multi-level approaches. Paraben exposure promoted the proliferation of MCF-7 cells, increased the luciferase activity in MVLN cells, and induced the vitellogenin (vtg) expression in zebrafish larvae, showing the typical estrogenic effects. The in vitro protein assays further revealed that PrP and BuP could bind with two isoforms of estrogen receptors (ERs). The estrogenic activities of parabens were predicted to be positively correlated with their chemical structure complexity by using molecular docking analysis. Furthermore, the synthesis and secretion of estradiol (E2) and testosterone (T) were significantly disturbed in H295R cells and zebrafish larvae, which could be regulated by paraben-induced transcriptional disturbance in both in vitro steroidogenesis and in vivo hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis. Parabens could disturb the endocrine system by activating the ERs and disrupting the steroid hormone synthesis and secretion, suggesting their potential deleterious risks to the environment and human health.

Effect of Commonly Used Cosmetic Preservatives on Healthy Human Skin Cells

Cosmetic products contain preservatives to prevent microbial growth. The various types of preservatives present in skincare products applied on the skin induce many side effects. We tested several types of preservatives such as phenoxyethanol, methyl paraben, propyl paraben, imidazolidinyl urea (IU), the composition of gluconolactone and sodium benzoate (GSB), diazolidinyl urea (DU), and two grapefruit essential oils, one of which was industrially produced and a second which was freshly distilled from fresh grapefruit peels. This study aimed to find the relationship between preservative concentration, cell growth, collagen secretion, and cell viability. We hypothesized that these products induced a decrease in collagen secretion from human dermal fibroblasts. Our research, for the first time, addressed the overall effect of other preservatives on skin extracellular matrix (ECM) by studying their effect on metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) activity. Except for cytotoxicity and contact sensitivity tests, there are no studies of their effect on skin ECM in the available literature. These studies show potential antimicrobial activity, especially from the compounds IU and DU towards reference bacteria and the compounds methyl paraben and propyl paraben against reference fungi. The MTS test showed that fibroblasts are more sensitive to the tested group of preservatives than keratinocytes, which could be caused by the differences between the cells' structures. The grapefruit oils exhibited the most cytotoxicity to both tested cell lines compared to all considered preservatives. The most destructive influence of preservatives on collagen synthesis was observed in the case of IU and DU. In this case, the homemade grapefruit oil turned out to be the mildest one. The results from a diverse group of preservatives show that whether they are natural or synthesized compounds, they require controlled use. Appropriate dosages and evaluation of preservative efficacy should not be the only aspects considered. The complex effect of preservatives on skin processes and cytotoxicity is an important topic for modern people.

From old pollutants to the regulation of bisphenol A: Lessons learned for health promotion and disease prevention

Citizens deserve regulatory changes and policies more sensitive to the current needs of humans, the climate, and nature. In this work we draw on prior experiences of preventable human suffering and economic losses caused by delayed regulation of legacy and emerging pollutants. Heightened awareness of environmental health problems is necessary among health professionals, the media, and citizens' organizations. Improved translation from research to the clinical world and to policy is critical to reduce the population burden of diseases caused by exposure to endocrine disruptors and other environmental chemicals. Numerous lessons can be learned from science-to-policy processes built for "old pollutants" (as persistent organic pollutants, heavy metals, tributyltin), as well as from current trends regarding the regulation of non-persistent chemicals, such as the prototypical endocrine disruptor bisphenol A. We end discussing relevant pieces of the puzzle to tackle the environmental and regulatory challenges faced by our societies.

Urinary phenol concentrations and fecundability and early pregnancy loss

STUDY QUESTION

Are urinary phenol concentrations of methylparaben, propylparaben, butylparaben, triclosan, benzophenone-3, 2,4-dichlorophenol or 2,5-dichlorophenol associated with fecundability and early pregnancy loss?

SUMMARY ANSWER

2,5-dichlorophenol concentrations were associated with an increased odds of early pregnancy loss, and higher concentrations of butylparaben and triclosan were associated with an increase in fecundability.

WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY

Phenols are chemicals with endocrine-disrupting potential found in everyday products. Despite plausible mechanisms of phenol reproductive toxicity, there are inconsistent results across few epidemiologic studies examining phenol exposure and reproductive function in non-fertility treatment populations.

STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION

Specimens and data were from the North Carolina Early Pregnancy Study prospective cohort of 221 women attempting to conceive naturally from 1982 to 1986. This analysis includes data from 221 participants across 706 menstrual cycles, with 135 live births, 15 clinical miscarriages and 48 early pregnancy losses (before 42 days after the last menstrual period).

PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS

Participants collected daily first-morning urine specimens. For each menstrual cycle, aliquots from three daily specimens across the cycle were pooled within individuals and analyzed for phenol concentrations. To assess sample repeatability, we calculated intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) for each phenol. We evaluated associations between phenol concentrations from pooled samples and time to pregnancy using discrete-time logistic regression and generalized estimating equations (GEE), and early pregnancy loss using multivariable logistic regression and GEE.

MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE

ICCs for within-person variability across menstrual cycles in pooled phenol concentrations ranged from 0.42 to 0.75. There was an increased odds of early pregnancy loss with 2,5-dichlorophenol concentrations although the CIs were wide (5th vs 1st quintile odds ratio (OR): 4.79; 95% CI: 1.06, 21.59). There was an increased per-cycle odds of conception at higher concentrations of butylparaben (OR: 1.62; 95% CI: 1.08, 2.44) and triclosan (OR: 1.49; 95% CI: 0.99, 2.26) compared to non-detectable concentrations. No associations were observed between these endpoints and concentrations of other phenols examined.

LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION

Limitations include the absence of phenol measurements for male partners and a limited sample size, especially for the outcome of early pregnancy loss, which reduced our power to detect associations.

WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS

This study is the first to use repeated pooled measures to summarize phenol exposure and the first to investigate associations with fecundability and early pregnancy loss. Within-person phenol concentration variability underscores the importance of collecting repeated samples for future studies. Exposure misclassification could contribute to differences between the findings of this study and those of other studies, all of which used one urine sample to assess phenol exposure. This study also contributes to the limited literature probing potential associations between environmental exposures and early pregnancy loss, which is a challenging outcome to study as it typically occurs before a pregnancy is clinically recognized.

STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S)

This research was supported by the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences of the National Institutes of Health (award number F31ES030594), the Intramural Research Program of the National Institutes of Health, the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (project numbers ES103333 and ES103086) and a doctoral fellowship at the Yale School of Public Health. The authors declare they have no competing interests to disclose.

TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER

N/A.

Influence of methylation and demethylation on plant uptake of emerging contaminants

Contaminants of emerging concern (CECs) as well as their transformation products (TPs) are often found in treated wastewater and biosolids, raising concerns about their environmental risks. Small changes in chemical structure, such as the addition or loss of a methyl group, as the result of methylation or demethylation reaction, may significantly alter a chemical's physicochemical properties. In this study, we evaluated the difference in accumulation and translocation between four CECs and their respective methylated or demethylated derivatives in plant models. Suspended Arabidopsis thaliana cell culture and wheat seedlings were cultivated in nutrient solutions containing individual compounds at 1 mg/L. The methylated counterparts were generally more hydrophobic and showed comparative or greater accumulation in both plant models. For example, after 1 h incubation, methylparaben was found in A. thaliana cells at levels two orders of magnitude greater than demethylated methylparaben. In contrast, the demethylated counterparts, especially those with the addition of a hydroxyl group after demethylation, showed decreased plant uptake and limited translocation. For example, acetaminophen and demethylated naproxen were not detected in the shoots of wheat seedlings after hydroponic exposure. Results from this study suggest that common transformations such as methylation and demethylation may affect the environmental fate of CECs, and should be considered to obtain a more comprehensive understanding of risks of CECs in the environment.

Health safety of parabens evaluated by selected in vitro methods

Seven selected parabens (4 allowed, 3 banned in cosmetics) were tested in order to confirm and expand historical data on their toxicological properties and safety. The aim was to apply novel in vitro methods, which have been sufficiently technically and scientifically validated for the purposes of toxicological testing of chemicals. The study included several toxicological endpoints such as skin/eye irritation, skin sensitization, endocrine disruption and genotoxicity. The battery of selected methods comprised regulatory accepted EpiDerm™ skin model (OECD TG 439); EpiOcular™ corneal model (OECD TG 492) and scientifically valid test method HET-CAM (DB-ALM Protocol No. 47); in chemico test DPRA (OECD TG 442C); in vitro test LuSens (OECD TG 442D) and in vitro test h-CLAT (OECD TG 442E); Ames MPF™ (Xenometrix) and XenoScreen YES/YAS (Xenometrix). Overall, none of the 4 allowed parabens exhibited skin/eye irritation or genotoxicity. However, all allowed parabens in cosmetics were predicted as samples with potentially sensitizing properties in the LuSens and h-CLAT test methods, but not confirmed by DPRA. Endocrine disruption was recorded only at high concentrations, whereas methyl paraben and ethyl paraben exhibited the lowest activity. This study confirmed the safety of use of the allowed parabens in the highest recommended concentrations in cosmetics or pharmaceuticals.

Mild Fenton Processes for the Removal of Preservatives: Interfering Effect of Methylisothiazolinone (MIT) on Paraben Degradation

The degradation of various preservatives used in the cosmetics industry, including five parabens and their most employed substitute, methylisothiazolinone (MIT), was investigated. A mild photo-Fenton process was applied using low iron concentrations (5 mg/L) at a pH of five, instead of the traditional acidic value of three. At these conditions, the paraben degradation was very low after one hour of reaction and it was necessary to present humic-like substances (HLS) acting as iron chelators to improve the process. Values obtained when MIT was treated were very low, also in the presence of HLS, indicating that their complexing effect was not acting properly. When MIT was added to the mixture of parabens an inhibitory effect was found in the presence of HLS. A possible complex between iron and MIT was suggested and the studies of hydrogen peroxide consumption and Job’s plot technique confirmed this hypothesis. Evidence of the formation of this inactive complex, so far never reported, will be essential in future work when dealing with this compound using Fenton processes. Furthermore, this fact points out the importance of using mixtures of model contaminants instead of a single one or a group of the same family, since their ability to form active or inactive complexes with iron can strongly change the behavior of the whole system.

Investigation of estrogen-like effects of parabens on human neutrophils

This study investigated the estrogen-like effects and mechanism of action most commonly used parabens: methyl- (MeP), ethyl- (EtP), propyl- (PrP) and butylparaben (BuP) in human neutrophils. Neutrophils were isolated from 50 blood donors, pre-incubated with antagonists of estrogen receptor α (ERα), ERβ and G-protein coupled estrogen receptor 1 (GPER), then incubated with MeP, EtP, PrP, BuP and 17β-estradiol (E2; 10 nM). Cytotoxic effect was evaluated by MTT test. Neutrophils apoptosis, necrosis and NETs formation were assessed in flow cytometry and confocal microscopy. The ability of the neutrophils for chemotaxis, phagocytosis, NADPH oxidase activity and generation of superoxide anion was assessed in Boyden's chamber, Park's method with latex, the NBT test, and reduction of cytochrome C, respectively. The total nitric oxide concentration was measured in neutrophils supernatants by the Griess reaction. The expression of cathepsin G, neutrophil elastase, proteinase 3, ERα, ERβ and GPER was assessed in Western blot method. In our research, parabens did not cause a cytotoxic effect on human neutrophils nor affect their lifespan. Parabens exposure did not change neutrophils functions (chemotaxis, phagocytosis, NETs formation and oxygen-dependent killing mechanism) and expression of estrogen receptors. Our results suggest that parabens do not cause estrogen receptor-mediated neutrophils-related effects at concentrations measured in the plasma of individuals using products preserved with parabens.

Plastics and Microplastic in the Cosmetic Industry: Aggregating Sustainable Actions Aimed at Alignment and Interaction with UN Sustainable Development Goals

Excessive use of petroleum derivatives in cosmetics, whether in compositions or packaging, predominating the use of plastics, parabens, microplastics and other polymers, has had negative environmental impacts. The cosmetics market has gained prominence in recent years and bioeconomy and circular economy policies are putting pressure on the market to use bio-based and biodegradable materials. In this context, the objective of this review article is to provide an overview of how the aggregation of sustainable actions in the cosmetic industry contributes to the fulfillment of the 2030 Agenda and how this can serve as a guide in building a more resilient and sustainable society. For that, the generation of residues during the production processes was examined and the environmental problems generated by the cosmetic industry were addressed. Then, the role of aggregating sustainable actions and innovations with regard to the achievement of the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in the cosmetic industry were evaluated.

Parabens and antimicrobial compounds in conventional and "green" personal care products

The personal care product (PCP) industry is a worldwide multi-billion-dollar industry. Several synthetic compounds like parabens and antimicrobial agents triclosan (TCS) and triclocarban (TCC) are ingredients in many PCPs. Due to growing public awareness of potential risks associated with parabens and other synthetic compounds, more PCPs are being marketed as "green," "alternative," or "natural." We analyzed 19 green and 34 conventional PCP products obtained from a European store for seven parabens, TCC, and TCS. We found no statistically significant difference in the concentrations between green and conventional products. Only four products mentioned parabens in the list of ingredients; however, parabens were detected in 43 products, and at μg/g levels in seven PCPs. Methylparaben was typically present at the highest concentration, and one mascara exceeded the European legal concentration limit of methylparaben. Low concentrations of isopropyl-, isobutyl-, and benzylparabens, which are banned in the EU, were detected in 70% of PCPs. The cumulative estimated daily intake of parabens is an order of magnitude higher for people using only conventional products than those using green products exclusively. We propose that legislation be developed with more explicit rules on when a product can be advertised as "green" to aid consumers' choices.

Enhanced photocatalytic degradation of paraben preservative over designed g-C3N4/BiVO4 S-scheme system and toxicity assessment

Paraben preservatives have been listed as emerging pollutants due to their ubiquity in various environmental matrices, especially the water bodies. How to efficiently and practically eliminate these paraben pollutants is therefore of great importance. Herein, a designed S-scheme heterojunction photocatalyst, consisting of graphitic carbon nitride (g-C₃N₄) and monoclinic bismuth vanadate (BiVO₄), was fabricated by a facile hydrothermal synthesis and employed to treat benzyl-paraben (BzP). TEM and XPS analysis testified the intimate interaction between g-C₃N₄ and BiVO₄, and the consequently smoothed interfacial charge transfer rendered the feasible recombination of the photoexcited electrons (from BiVO₄) and holes (from g-C₃N₄). The as-established S-scheme system enabled the left g-C₃N₄ electrons and BiVO₄ holes to maintain the high redox abilities and accelerated the charge separation concurrently. In particular, the g-C₃N₄/BiVO₄ composite generated much higher photocurrent response as compared with pure g-C₃N₄ and BiVO₄, highlighting the improved separation of photoinduced charges. Therefore, under visible light and natural solar light irradiation, the g-C₃N₄/BiVO₄ composite showed the significantly enhanced photocatalytic degradation of BzP, which was further optimized with 5 wt% g-C₃N₄ in the composite. According to the Mott-Schottky plots and identified active species, the mechanism of the g-C₃N₄/BiVO₄ S-scheme heterojunction system was illustrated. In addition, during the photocatalytic degradation process, the acute toxicity of the reaction solutions on zebrafish embryos was notably reduced. In conclusion, the demonstrated strategy to enhance the photocatalytic performance by designing S-scheme heterostructure may provide more insights into the development of high-efficiency photocatalyst towards the solar energy utilization and environmental treatment. Furthermore, photocatalytic degradation had been proved to be an efficient method for eliminating the ecological risk of paraben pollutants, warranting more attention in future work.

Thymoquinone-Loaded Chitosan Nanoparticles as Natural Preservative Agent in Cosmetic Products

The current status of controversy regarding the use of certain preservatives in cosmetic products makes it necessary to seek new ecological alternatives that are free of adverse effects on users. In our study, the natural terpene thymoquinone was encapsulated in chitosan nanoparticles. The nanoparticles were characterized by DLS and TEM, showing a particle size of 20 nm. The chemical structure, thermal properties, and release profile of thymoquinone were evaluated and showed a successful stabilization and sustained release of terpenes. The antimicrobial properties of the nanoparticles were evaluated against typical microbial contaminants found in cosmetic products, showing high antimicrobial properties. Furthermore, natural moisturizing cream inoculated with the aforementioned microorganisms was formulated with thymoquinone-chitosan nanoparticles to evaluate the preservative efficiency, indicating its promising use as a preservative in cosmetics.

Synthesis, characterization and cytotoxic activity studies on cancer cell lines of new paraben-decorated monospiro-cyclotriphosphazenes

Cancer is one of the leading causes of death worldwide. In this study, monospiro-cyclotriphosphazene compounds decorated with different parabens that likely show biological activity were designed and successfully synthesized for the first time.

Dispersive magnetic solid phase microextraction on microfluidic systems for extraction and determination of parabens

In this study, a customized microfluidic system was utilized for magnetic solid phase extraction of parabens. For this sake, magnetite nanoparticles were synthesized and coated with polyaniline to enable efficient extraction and magnetic separation of sorbents particles. The synthesized particles were extensively characterized in terms of morphology, composition, and magnetic properties. The utilized microfluidic platform consisted of a relatively long spiral microchannel fabricated through laser-cutting and multi-layered assembly. To obtain an efficient dispersion, simultaneous flows of sample solution and magnetic beads dispersion were introduced to the chip with the aid of two syringe pumps. In order to increase the stability of the dispersed nanoparticles in the aqueous solution, various chemical and instrumental parameters were investigated and optimized. In this context, exploitation of hydrophobic surfactants and surface charge manipulation of the particles was shown to be a highly promising approach for effective dispersion and maintenance of magnetic beads in long microfluidic channels. Under the optimized conditions, the calibration curves were linear in the range of 5.0-1000.0 μg L^-1 for propyl paraben and 8.0-1000.0 μg L^-1 for methyl- and ethyl paraben with coefficients of determination greater than 0.992. Relative standard deviations were assessed as intra- and inter-day values which were less than 7.2% and the preconcentration factors in water were 10-15 for 100 μg L^-1 of parabens in water. Finally, the method was applied for the extraction of parabens from fruit juice, sunscreen, and urine samples which showed favorable accuracy and precision.