1
|
Diaz C, de la Torre MM, Rubenstein JLR, Puelles L. Dorsoventral Arrangement of Lateral Hypothalamus Populations in the Mouse Hypothalamus: a Prosomeric Genoarchitectonic Analysis. Mol Neurobiol 2023; 60:687-731. [PMID: 36357614 PMCID: PMC9849321 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-022-03043-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The lateral hypothalamus (LH) has a heterogeneous cytoarchitectonic organization that has not been elucidated in detail. In this work, we analyzed within the framework of the prosomeric model the differential expression pattern of 59 molecular markers along the ventrodorsal dimension of the medial forebrain bundle in the mouse, considering basal and alar plate subregions of the LH. We found five basal (LH1-LH5) and four alar (LH6-LH9) molecularly distinct sectors of the LH with neuronal cell groups that correlate in topography with previously postulated alar and basal hypothalamic progenitor domains. Most peptidergic populations were restricted to one of these LH sectors though some may have dispersed into a neighboring sector. For instance, histaminergic Hdc-positive neurons were mostly contained within the basal LH3, Nts (neurotensin)- and Tac2 (tachykinin 2)-expressing cells lie strictly within LH4, Hcrt (hypocretin/orexin)-positive and Pmch (pro-melanin-concentrating hormone)-positive neurons appeared within separate LH5 subdivisions, Pnoc (prepronociceptin)-expressing cells were mainly restricted to LH6, and Sst (somatostatin)-positive cells were identified within the LH7 sector. The alar LH9 sector, a component of the Foxg1-positive telencephalo-opto-hypothalamic border region, selectively contained Satb2-expressing cells. Published studies of rodent LH subdivisions have not described the observed pattern. Our genoarchitectonic map should aid in systematic approaches to elucidate LH connectivity and function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Diaz
- Department of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine and Institute for Research in Neurological Disabilities, University of Castilla-La Mancha, 02006 Albacete, Spain
| | - Margaret Martinez de la Torre
- Department of Human Anatomy and Psychobiology and IMIB-Arrixaca Institute, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - John L. R. Rubenstein
- Nina Ireland Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, Department of Psychiatry, UCSF Medical School, San Francisco, California USA
| | - Luis Puelles
- Department of Human Anatomy and Psychobiology and IMIB-Arrixaca Institute, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Isles AR. The contribution of imprinted genes to neurodevelopmental and neuropsychiatric disorders. Transl Psychiatry 2022; 12:210. [PMID: 35597773 PMCID: PMC9124202 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-022-01972-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Imprinted genes are a subset of mammalian genes that are subject to germline parent-specific epigenetic modifications leading monoallelic expression. Imprinted gene expression is particularly prevalent in the brain and it is unsurprising that mutations affecting their expression can lead to neurodevelopmental and/or neuropsychiatric disorders in humans. Here I review the evidence for this, detailing key neurodevelopmental disorders linked to imprinted gene clusters on human chromosomes 15q11-q13 and 14q32, highlighting genes and possible regulatory links between these different syndromes. Similarly, rare copy number variant mutations at imprinted clusters also provide strong links between abnormal imprinted gene expression and the predisposition to severe psychiatric illness. In addition to direct links between brain-expressed imprinted genes and neurodevelopmental and/or neuropsychiatric disorders, I outline how imprinted genes that are expressed in another tissue hotspot, the placenta, contribute indirectly to abnormal brain and behaviour. Specifically, altered nutrient provisioning or endocrine signalling by the placenta caused by abnormal expression of imprinted genes may lead to increased prevalence of neurodevelopmental and/or neuropsychiatric problems in both the offspring and the mother.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anthony R. Isles
- grid.5600.30000 0001 0807 5670MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ UK
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Phillips RA, Tuscher JJ, Black SL, Andraka E, Fitzgerald ND, Ianov L, Day JJ. An atlas of transcriptionally defined cell populations in the rat ventral tegmental area. Cell Rep 2022; 39:110616. [PMID: 35385745 PMCID: PMC10888206 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Revised: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The ventral tegmental area (VTA) is a complex brain region that is essential for reward function and frequently implicated in neuropsychiatric disease. While decades of research on VTA function have focused on dopamine neurons, recent evidence has identified critical roles for GABAergic and glutamatergic neurons in reward processes. Additionally, although subsets of VTA neurons express genes involved in the synthesis and transport of multiple neurotransmitters, characterization of these combinatorial populations has largely relied on low-throughput methods. To comprehensively define the molecular architecture of the VTA, we performed single-nucleus RNA sequencing on 21,600 cells from the rat VTA. Analysis of neuronal subclusters identifies selective markers for dopamine and combinatorial neurons, reveals expression profiles for receptors targeted by drugs of abuse, and demonstrates population-specific enrichment of gene sets linked to brain disorders. These results highlight the heterogeneity of the VTA and provide a resource for further exploration of VTA gene expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert A Phillips
- Department of Neurobiology & Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Jennifer J Tuscher
- Department of Neurobiology & Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Samantha L Black
- Department of Neurobiology & Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Emma Andraka
- Department of Neurobiology & Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - N Dalton Fitzgerald
- Department of Neurobiology & Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Lara Ianov
- Civitan International Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Jeremy J Day
- Department of Neurobiology & Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; Civitan International Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Abstract
DLK1 is a maternally imprinted, paternally expressed gene coding for the transmembrane protein Delta-like homologue 1 (DLK1), a non-canonical NOTCH ligand with well-described roles during development, and tumor-supportive functions in several aggressive cancer forms. Here, we review the many functions of DLK1 as a regulator of stem cell pools and tissue differentiation in tissues such as brain, muscle, and liver. Furthermore, we review recent evidence supporting roles for DLK1 in the maintenance of aggressive stem cell characteristics of tumor cells, specifically focusing on central nervous system tumors, neuroblastoma, and hepatocellular carcinoma. We discuss NOTCH -dependent as well as NOTCH-independent functions of DLK1, and focus particularly on the complex pattern of DLK1 expression and cleavage that is finely regulated from a spatial and temporal perspective. Progress in recent years suggest differential functions of extracellular, soluble DLK1 as a paracrine stem cell niche-secreted factor, and has revealed a role for the intracellular domain of DLK1 in cell signaling and tumor stemness. A better understanding of DLK1 regulation and signaling may enable therapeutic targeting of cancer stemness by interfering with DLK1 release and/or intracellular signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Stellaria Grassi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Alexander Pietras
- Division of Translational Cancer Research, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Montalbán-Loro R, Lassi G, Lozano-Ureña A, Perez-Villalba A, Jiménez-Villalba E, Charalambous M, Vallortigara G, Horner AE, Saksida LM, Bussey TJ, Trejo JL, Tucci V, Ferguson-Smith AC, Ferrón SR. Dlk1 dosage regulates hippocampal neurogenesis and cognition. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2015505118. [PMID: 33712542 PMCID: PMC7980393 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2015505118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurogenesis in the adult brain gives rise to functional neurons, which integrate into neuronal circuits and modulate neural plasticity. Sustained neurogenesis throughout life occurs in the subgranular zone (SGZ) of the dentate gyrus in the hippocampus and is hypothesized to be involved in behavioral/cognitive processes such as memory and in diseases. Genomic imprinting is of critical importance to brain development and normal behavior, and exemplifies how epigenetic states regulate genome function and gene dosage. While most genes are expressed from both alleles, imprinted genes are usually expressed from either the maternally or the paternally inherited chromosome. Here, we show that in contrast to its canonical imprinting in nonneurogenic regions, Delta-like homolog 1 (Dlk1) is expressed biallelically in the SGZ, and both parental alleles are required for stem cell behavior and normal adult neurogenesis in the hippocampus. To evaluate the effects of maternally, paternally, and biallelically inherited mutations within the Dlk1 gene in specific behavioral domains, we subjected Dlk1-mutant mice to a battery of tests that dissociate and evaluate the effects of Dlk1 dosage on spatial learning ability and on anxiety traits. Importantly, reduction in Dlk1 levels triggers specific cognitive abnormalities that affect aspects of discriminating differences in environmental stimuli, emphasizing the importance of selective absence of imprinting in this neurogenic niche.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Montalbán-Loro
- ERI Biotecmed-Departamento de Biología Celular, Universidad de Valencia, 46010 Valencia,Spain
| | - Glenda Lassi
- Genetics and Epigenetics of Behaviour (GEB) Laboratory, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 16163 Genova, Italy
- Translational Science and Experimental Medicine Research and Early Development, Respiratory and Immunology, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0AA, United Kingdom
| | - Anna Lozano-Ureña
- ERI Biotecmed-Departamento de Biología Celular, Universidad de Valencia, 46010 Valencia,Spain
| | - Ana Perez-Villalba
- ERI Biotecmed-Departamento de Biología Celular, Universidad de Valencia, 46010 Valencia,Spain
- Faculty of Psychology, Laboratory of Animal Behavior Phenotype (LABP), Universidad Católica de Valencia, 46100 Valencia, Spain
| | | | - Marika Charalambous
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EH, United Kingdom
| | | | - Alexa E Horner
- Synome Ltd, Babraham, Cambridge CB22 3AT, United Kingdom
| | - Lisa M Saksida
- Department of Psychology, Medical Research Council and Wellcome Trust Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EB, United Kingdom
- Molecular Medicine Research Laboratories, Robarts Research Institute, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON N6A 5K8, Canada
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada
- The Brain and Mind Institute, Western University, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Timothy J Bussey
- Department of Psychology, Medical Research Council and Wellcome Trust Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EB, United Kingdom
- Molecular Medicine Research Laboratories, Robarts Research Institute, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON N6A 5K8, Canada
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada
- The Brain and Mind Institute, Western University, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - José Luis Trejo
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Cajal Institute, The Spanish National Research Council, Madrid 28002, Spain
| | - Valter Tucci
- Genetics and Epigenetics of Behaviour (GEB) Laboratory, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 16163 Genova, Italy
| | | | - Sacri R Ferrón
- ERI Biotecmed-Departamento de Biología Celular, Universidad de Valencia, 46010 Valencia,Spain;
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Khazaei M, Ahuja CS, Nakashima H, Nagoshi N, Li L, Wang J, Chio J, Badner A, Seligman D, Ichise A, Shibata S, Fehlings MG. GDNF rescues the fate of neural progenitor grafts by attenuating Notch signals in the injured spinal cord in rodents. Sci Transl Med 2021; 12:12/525/eaau3538. [PMID: 31915299 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aau3538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Revised: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Neural progenitor cell (NPC) transplantation is a promising strategy for the treatment of spinal cord injury (SCI). In this study, we show that injury-induced Notch activation in the spinal cord microenvironment biases the fate of transplanted NPCs toward astrocytes in rodents. In a screen for potential clinically relevant factors to modulate Notch signaling, we identified glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF). GDNF attenuates Notch signaling by mediating delta-like 1 homolog (DLK1) expression, which is independent of GDNF's effect on cell survival. When transplanted into a rodent model of cervical SCI, GDNF-expressing human-induced pluripotent stem cell-derived NPCs (hiPSC-NPCs) demonstrated higher differentiation toward a neuronal fate compared to control cells. In addition, expression of GDNF promoted endogenous tissue sparing and enhanced electrical integration of transplanted cells, which collectively resulted in improved neurobehavioral recovery. CRISPR-induced knockouts of the DLK1 gene in GDNF-expressing hiPSC-NPCs attenuated the effect on functional recovery, demonstrating that this effect is partially mediated through DLK1 expression. These results represent a mechanistically driven optimization of hiPSC-NPC therapy to redirect transplanted cells toward a neuronal fate and enhance their integration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohamad Khazaei
- Division of Genetics and Development, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5T 0S8, Canada
| | - Christopher S Ahuja
- Division of Genetics and Development, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5T 0S8, Canada.,Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Hiroaki Nakashima
- Division of Genetics and Development, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5T 0S8, Canada
| | - Narihito Nagoshi
- Division of Genetics and Development, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5T 0S8, Canada
| | - Lijun Li
- Division of Genetics and Development, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5T 0S8, Canada
| | - Jian Wang
- Division of Genetics and Development, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5T 0S8, Canada
| | - Jonathon Chio
- Division of Genetics and Development, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5T 0S8, Canada.,Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Anna Badner
- Division of Genetics and Development, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5T 0S8, Canada.,Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - David Seligman
- Division of Genetics and Development, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5T 0S8, Canada
| | - Ayaka Ichise
- Electron Microscope Laboratory, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Shibata
- Electron Microscope Laboratory, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Michael G Fehlings
- Division of Genetics and Development, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5T 0S8, Canada. .,Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada.,Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5T 1P5, Canada.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Farghali M, Ruga S, Morsanuto V, Uberti F. Can Brain Health Be Supported by Vitamin D-Based Supplements? A Critical Review. Brain Sci 2020; 10:brainsci10090660. [PMID: 32972010 PMCID: PMC7563709 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci10090660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
This review presents recent knowledge on the neuroprotective effects of vitamin D and their usefulness as oral supplementation when combined with other molecules, such as curcumin. A critical look at the effectiveness of vitamin D in this field is also provided. Vitamin D plays a crucial role in neuroprotection and in the cognitive decline associated with aging, where vitamin D’s levels are related to the levels of several neurotrophic factors. An important role of vitamin D has also been observed in the mechanism of neuroinflammation, which is the basis of several aging conditions, including cognitive decline and neurodegeration; furthermore, the neuroprotective effect of vitamin D in the cognitive decline of aging has recently been reported. For this reason, many food supplements created for humans contain vitamin D alone or combined with other molecules with antioxidant properties. However, recent studies also explored negative consequences of the use at a high dosage of vitamin D. Vitamin D in tissues or brain cells can also modulate calbindin-D28K, parvalbumin, and calretinin, and is involved in immune function, thanks also to the combination with curcumin. Curcumin acts as a free radical scavenger and antioxidant, inhibiting lipid peroxidation and oxidative DNA damage. In particular, curcumin is a potent immune-regulatory agent and its administration has been reported to attenuate cognitive impairments. These effects could be exploited in the future to control the mechanisms that lead to the brain decay typical of neurodegenerative diseases.
Collapse
|
8
|
Viral Delivery of GDNF Promotes Functional Integration of Human Stem Cell Grafts in Parkinson's Disease. Cell Stem Cell 2020; 26:511-526.e5. [PMID: 32059808 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2020.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Revised: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Dopaminergic neurons (DAns), generated from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs), are capable of functionally integrating following transplantation and have recently advanced to clinical trials for Parkinson's disease (PD). However, pre-clinical studies have highlighted the low proportion of DAns within hPSC-derived grafts and their inferior plasticity compared to fetal tissue. Here, we examined whether delivery of a developmentally critical protein, glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), could improve graft outcomes. We tracked the response of DAns implanted into either a GDNF-rich environment or after a delay in exposure. Early GDNF promoted survival and plasticity of non-DAns, leading to enhanced motor recovery in PD rats. Delayed exposure to GDNF promoted functional recovery through increases in DAn specification, DAn plasticity, and DA metabolism. Transcriptional profiling revealed a role for mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)-signaling downstream of GDNF. Collectively, these results demonstrate the potential of neurotrophic gene therapy strategies to improve hPSC graft outcomes.
Collapse
|
9
|
Traustadóttir GÁ, Lagoni LV, Ankerstjerne LBS, Bisgaard HC, Jensen CH, Andersen DC. The imprinted gene Delta like non-canonical Notch ligand 1 (Dlk1) is conserved in mammals, and serves a growth modulatory role during tissue development and regeneration through Notch dependent and independent mechanisms. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2019; 46:17-27. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2019.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Revised: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
|
10
|
Shen Z, Zhu J, Yuan Y, Ren L, Qian M, Lin M, Cai M, Zhang Z, Shen X. The roles of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) in predicting treatment remission in a Chinese Han population with generalized anxiety disorder. Psychiatry Res 2019; 271:319-324. [PMID: 30529313 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2018.08.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Revised: 08/26/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Neurotrophic factors, particularly brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), are involved in neuroplasticity in the nervous system. To explore the characteristics of BDNF and GDNF and their roles in predicting treatment remission in a Chinese Han population with generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), 85 GAD patients were treated with escitalopram or venlafaxine randomly for 8 weeks. The serum BDNF/GDNF levels were detected, while Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HAMA) scores were measured at baseline and after 8 weeks of treatment. The differences in serum BDNF/GDNF levels between GAD patients (n = 85) and healthy controls (n = 73) and between remission and nonremission were then compared. The serum BDNF levels were lower in GAD patients (1197.24 ± 367.41 µg/L) than in healthy controls (1378.09 ± 382.46 µg/L) (P < 0.05). The serum GDNF levels were also lower in GAD patients (10.19 ± 9.86 µg/L) than in healthy controls (13.73 ± 9.44 µg/L) (P < 0.05). The BDNF level was negatively correlated with baseline HAMA score (P < 0.05). The GDNF level was negatively correlated with baseline HAMA score (P < 0.05). The BDNF level was positively correlated with GDNF level (P < 0.05). Both baseline BDNF/GDNF levels in remission and nonremission showed no statistically significant differences. No significant correlation was found between baseline BDNF level and the HAMA reduction rate or between baseline GDNF levels and the HAMA reduction rate. Both serum BDNF and GDNF were demonstrated to be potential biomarkers of GAD, it seems that serum BDNF and GDNF levels can be used to assess the baseline anxiety severity of GAD but cannot serve as a factor to predict treatment remission.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhongxia Shen
- Department of Neurosis and Psychosomatic Diseases, Huzhou 3rd Hospital, Huzhou, Zhejiang 313000, PR China
| | - Jianying Zhu
- Department of Neurosis and Psychosomatic Diseases, Huzhou 3rd Hospital, Huzhou, Zhejiang 313000, PR China
| | - Yonggui Yuan
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Affiliated ZhongDa Hospital of Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Lie Ren
- Department of Neurosis and Psychosomatic Diseases, Huzhou 3rd Hospital, Huzhou, Zhejiang 313000, PR China
| | - Mincai Qian
- Department of Neurosis and Psychosomatic Diseases, Huzhou 3rd Hospital, Huzhou, Zhejiang 313000, PR China
| | - Min Lin
- Department of Neurosis and Psychosomatic Diseases, Huzhou 3rd Hospital, Huzhou, Zhejiang 313000, PR China
| | - Min Cai
- Department of Neurosis and Psychosomatic Diseases, Huzhou 3rd Hospital, Huzhou, Zhejiang 313000, PR China
| | - Zhen Zhang
- Department of Neurosis and Psychosomatic Diseases, Huzhou 3rd Hospital, Huzhou, Zhejiang 313000, PR China
| | - Xinhua Shen
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
García-Gutiérrez MS, Navarrete F, Laborda J, Manzanares J. Deletion of Dlk1 increases the vulnerability to developing anxiety-like behaviors and ethanol consumption in mice. Biochem Pharmacol 2018; 158:37-44. [PMID: 30268817 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2018.09.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Anxiety and alcohol use disorders (AUD) often present together, constituting a significant public health problem worldwide. In this study, we investigated the role of DLK1, a ligand of the Delta/NOTCH epidermal growth factor (EGF)-like protein family, reported to play a role in DA neurons differentiation in the striatum, as a neurobiological factor involved in the mechanisms regulating this psychiatric comorbidity. We exposed Dlk1 knockout mice (Dlk1-/- mice) to the open-field (OF), the light-dark box (LBD) and the elevated plus maze (EPM) tests, evaluating motivation to drink and ethanol consumption using the oral ethanol self-administration (OEA) paradigm. Quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) studies were carried out to evaluate alterations in targets closely related to DA neurotransmission in the reward system, tyrosine hydroxylase (Th) in the ventral tegmental area (VTA), and μ-opioid receptor (Oprm1) in the nucleus accumbens (NAc). No differences were observed in the total or peripheral distances travelled by Dlk1-/- compared to wild-type (WT) mice in OF. However, central distance travelled significantly decreased in Dlk1-/- mice. Deletion of Dlk1 increased anxiety-like behaviors in the LDB and EPM, and, Dlk1-/- mice also presented higher ethanol intake and motivation to drink (number of effective responses) in the OEA. In addition, Th and Oprm1 gene expression was reduced in the VTA and NAc of Dlk1-/- mice. We conclude that deletion of Dlk1 increases anxiety-related behaviors and vulnerability to ethanol consumption and modifies the gene expression of key targets closely related with DA neurotransmission involved in the reinforcing actions of ethanol.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- María S García-Gutiérrez
- Institute of Neurosciences, Miguel Hernández University-CSIC, Avda de Ramón y Cajal s/n, San Juan de Alicante, 03550 Alicante, Spain; Topic-based Network for Cooperative Health Research (RETICS), Substance Abuse Network, Health Institute Carlos III, MICINN and FEDER, Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Navarrete
- Institute of Neurosciences, Miguel Hernández University-CSIC, Avda de Ramón y Cajal s/n, San Juan de Alicante, 03550 Alicante, Spain; Topic-based Network for Cooperative Health Research (RETICS), Substance Abuse Network, Health Institute Carlos III, MICINN and FEDER, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jorge Laborda
- School of Pharmacy, Regional Center for Biomedical Research (CRIB), Biomedicine Unit UCLM-CSIC, Albacete, Spain
| | - Jorge Manzanares
- Institute of Neurosciences, Miguel Hernández University-CSIC, Avda de Ramón y Cajal s/n, San Juan de Alicante, 03550 Alicante, Spain; Topic-based Network for Cooperative Health Research (RETICS), Substance Abuse Network, Health Institute Carlos III, MICINN and FEDER, Madrid, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Kim HW, Lee HS, Kang JM, Bae SH, Kim C, Lee SH, Schwarz J, Kim GJ, Kim JS, Cha DH, Kim J, Chang SW, Lee TH, Moon J. Dual Effects of Human Placenta-Derived Neural Cells on Neuroprotection and the Inhibition of Neuroinflammation in a Rodent Model of Parkinson's Disease. Cell Transplant 2018; 27:814-830. [PMID: 29871515 PMCID: PMC6047269 DOI: 10.1177/0963689718766324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the second most common age-related neurodegenerative disease
in the elderly and the patients suffer from uncontrolled movement disorders due to loss of
dopaminergic (DA) neurons on substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc). We previously reported
that transplantation of human fetal midbrain-derived neural precursor cells restored the
functional deficits of a 6-hydroxy dopamine (6-OHDA)-treated rodent model of PD but its
low viability and ethical issues still remain to be solved. Albeit immune privilege and
neural differentiation potentials suggest mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) from various
tissues including human placenta MSCs (hpMSCs) for an alternative source, our
understanding of their therapeutic mechanisms is still limited. To expand our knowledge on
the MSC-mediated PD treatment, we here investigated the therapeutic mechanism of hpMSCs
and hpMSC-derived neural phenotype cells (hpNPCs) using a PD rat model. Whereas both
hpMSCs and hpNPCs protected DA neurons in the SNpc at comparable levels, the hpNPC
transplantation into 6-OHDA treated rats exhibited longer lasting recovery in motor
deficits than either the saline or the hpMSC treated rats. The injected hpNPCs induced
delta-like ligand (DLL)1 and neurotrophic factors, and influenced environments prone to
neuroprotection. Compared with hpMSCs, co-cultured hpNPCs more efficiently protected
primary neural precursor cells from midbrain against 6-OHDA as well as induced their
differentiation into DA neurons. Further experiments with conditioned media from hpNPCs
revealed that the secreted factors from hpNPCs modulated immune responses and neural
protection. Taken together, both DLL1-mediated contact signals and paracrine factors play
critical roles in hpNPC-mediated improvement. First showing here that hpMSCs and their
neural derivative hpNPCs were able to restore the PD-associated deficits via dual
mechanisms, neuroprotection and immunosuppression, this study expanded our knowledge of
therapeutic mechanisms in PD and other age-related diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Han Wool Kim
- 1 General Medical Research Institute, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
| | - Hyun-Seob Lee
- 1 General Medical Research Institute, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
| | - Jun Mo Kang
- 1 General Medical Research Institute, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
| | - Sang-Hun Bae
- 1 General Medical Research Institute, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, Korea.,2 Department of Biotechnology, CHA University, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
| | - Chul Kim
- 1 General Medical Research Institute, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
| | - Sang-Hun Lee
- 3 Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Johannes Schwarz
- 4 German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Gi Jin Kim
- 5 Department of Biomedical Science, CHA University, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
| | - Jin-Su Kim
- 6 Molecular Imaging Research Center, Korea Institute Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dong Hyun Cha
- 7 Deparment of Ob and Gyn, CHA Gangnam Medical Center, CHA University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Joopyung Kim
- 8 Department of Neurosurgery, Bundang CHA Hospital, CHA University School of Medicine, Seongnam-si, Korea
| | - Sung Woon Chang
- 9 Department of Ob and Gyn, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
| | - Tae Hee Lee
- 10 Formulae Pharmacology Department, School of Oriental Medicine, Gachon University, Gyeonggi, Korea
| | - Jisook Moon
- 1 General Medical Research Institute, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, Korea.,2 Department of Biotechnology, CHA University, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Kikuchi T, Morizane A, Doi D, Magotani H, Onoe H, Hayashi T, Mizuma H, Takara S, Takahashi R, Inoue H, Morita S, Yamamoto M, Okita K, Nakagawa M, Parmar M, Takahashi J. Human iPS cell-derived dopaminergic neurons function in a primate Parkinson's disease model. Nature 2018; 548:592-596. [PMID: 28858313 DOI: 10.1038/nature23664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 425] [Impact Index Per Article: 70.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS cells) are a promising source for a cell-based therapy to treat Parkinson's disease (PD), in which midbrain dopaminergic neurons progressively degenerate. However, long-term analysis of human iPS cell-derived dopaminergic neurons in primate PD models has never been performed to our knowledge. Here we show that human iPS cell-derived dopaminergic progenitor cells survived and functioned as midbrain dopaminergic neurons in a primate model of PD (Macaca fascicularis) treated with the neurotoxin MPTP. Score-based and video-recording analyses revealed an increase in spontaneous movement of the monkeys after transplantation. Histological studies showed that the mature dopaminergic neurons extended dense neurites into the host striatum; this effect was consistent regardless of whether the cells were derived from patients with PD or from healthy individuals. Cells sorted by the floor plate marker CORIN did not form any tumours in the brains for at least two years. Finally, magnetic resonance imaging and positron emission tomography were used to monitor the survival, expansion and function of the grafted cells as well as the immune response in the host brain. Thus, this preclinical study using a primate model indicates that human iPS cell-derived dopaminergic progenitors are clinically applicable for the treatment of patients with PD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuhiro Kikuchi
- Department of Clinical Application, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Asuka Morizane
- Department of Clinical Application, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Daisuke Doi
- Department of Clinical Application, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Magotani
- Department of Clinical Application, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Onoe
- Division of Bio-Function Dynamics Imaging, RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
| | - Takuya Hayashi
- Division of Bio-Function Dynamics Imaging, RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Mizuma
- Division of Bio-Function Dynamics Imaging, RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
| | - Sayuki Takara
- Division of Bio-Function Dynamics Imaging, RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Takahashi
- Department of Neurology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Haruhisa Inoue
- Department of Cell Growth and Differentiation, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Satoshi Morita
- Department of Biomedical Statistics and Bioinformatics, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Michio Yamamoto
- Department of Biomedical Statistics and Bioinformatics, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Keisuke Okita
- Department of Life Science Frontiers, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Masato Nakagawa
- Department of Life Science Frontiers, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Malin Parmar
- Wallenberg Neuroscience Center and Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund University, 22184 Lund, Sweden
| | - Jun Takahashi
- Department of Clinical Application, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan.,Department of Neurosurgery, Clinical Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Cortés D, Carballo-Molina OA, Castellanos-Montiel MJ, Velasco I. The Non-Survival Effects of Glial Cell Line-Derived Neurotrophic Factor on Neural Cells. Front Mol Neurosci 2017; 10:258. [PMID: 28878618 PMCID: PMC5572274 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2017.00258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) was first characterized as a survival-promoting molecule for dopaminergic neurons (DANs). Afterwards, other cells were also discovered to respond to GDNF not only as a survival factor but also as a protein supporting other cellular functions, such as proliferation, differentiation, maturation, neurite outgrowth and other phenomena that have been less studied than survival and are now more extendedly described here in this review article. During development, GDNF favors the commitment of neural precursors towards dopaminergic, motor, enteric and adrenal neurons; in addition, it enhances the axonal growth of some of these neurons. GDNF also induces the acquisition of a dopaminergic phenotype by increasing the expression of Tyrosine Hydroxylase (TH), Nurr1 and other proteins that confer this identity and promote further dendritic and electrical maturation. In motor neurons (MNs), GDNF not only promotes proliferation and maturation but also participates in regenerating damaged axons and modulates the neuromuscular junction (NMJ) at both presynaptic and postsynaptic levels. Moreover, GDNF modulates the rate of neuroblastoma (NB) and glioblastoma cancer cell proliferation. Additionally, the presence or absence of GDNF has been correlated with conditions such as depression, pain, muscular soreness, etc. Although, the precise role of GDNF is unknown, it extends beyond a survival effect. The understanding of the complete range of properties of this trophic molecule will allow us to investigate its broad mechanisms of action to accelerate and/or improve therapies for the aforementioned pathological conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Cortés
- Instituto de Fisiología Celular—Neurociencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de MéxicoMéxico City, Mexico
- Laboratorio de Reprogramación Celular del IFC-UNAM, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y NeurologíaMéxico City, Mexico
| | - Oscar A. Carballo-Molina
- Instituto de Fisiología Celular—Neurociencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de MéxicoMéxico City, Mexico
- Laboratorio de Reprogramación Celular del IFC-UNAM, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y NeurologíaMéxico City, Mexico
| | - María José Castellanos-Montiel
- Instituto de Fisiología Celular—Neurociencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de MéxicoMéxico City, Mexico
- Laboratorio de Reprogramación Celular del IFC-UNAM, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y NeurologíaMéxico City, Mexico
| | - Iván Velasco
- Instituto de Fisiología Celular—Neurociencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de MéxicoMéxico City, Mexico
- Laboratorio de Reprogramación Celular del IFC-UNAM, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y NeurologíaMéxico City, Mexico
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Stott SRW, Hayat S, Carnwath T, Garas S, Sleeman JP, Barker RA. CD24 expression does not affect dopamine neuronal survival in a mouse model of Parkinson's disease. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0171748. [PMID: 28182766 PMCID: PMC5300212 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0171748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative condition that is characterised by the loss of specific populations of neurons in the brain. The mechanisms underlying this selective cell death are unknown but by using laser capture microdissection, the glycoprotein, CD24 has been identified as a potential marker of the populations of cells that are affected in PD. Using in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry on sections of mouse brain, we confirmed that CD24 is robustly expressed by many of these subsets of cells. To determine if CD24 may have a functional role in PD, we modelled the dopamine cell loss of PD in Cd24 mutant mice using striatal delivery of the neurotoxin 6-OHDA. We found that Cd24 mutant mice have an anatomically normal dopamine system and that this glycoprotein does not modulate the lesion effects of 6-OHDA delivered into the striatum. We then undertook in situ hybridization studies on sections of human brain and found-as in the mouse brain-that CD24 is expressed by many of the subsets of the cells that are vulnerable in PD, but not those of the midbrain dopamine system. Finally, we sought to determine if CD24 is required for the neuroprotective effect of Glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) on the dopaminergic nigrostriatal pathway. Our results indicate that in the absence of CD24, there is a reduction in the protective effects of GDNF on the dopaminergic fibres in the striatum, but no difference in the survival of the cell bodies in the midbrain. While we found no obvious role for CD24 in the normal development and maintenance of the dopaminergic nigrostriatal system in mice, it may have a role in mediating the neuroprotective aspects of GDNF in this system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simon R. W Stott
- John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, E.D. Adrian Building, Forvie Site, Robinson Way, Cambridge, England
- * E-mail:
| | - Shaista Hayat
- John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, E.D. Adrian Building, Forvie Site, Robinson Way, Cambridge, England
| | - Tom Carnwath
- John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, E.D. Adrian Building, Forvie Site, Robinson Way, Cambridge, England
| | - Shaady Garas
- John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, E.D. Adrian Building, Forvie Site, Robinson Way, Cambridge, England
| | - Jonathan P. Sleeman
- Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
- Institute of Toxicology and Genetics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Roger A. Barker
- John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, E.D. Adrian Building, Forvie Site, Robinson Way, Cambridge, England
- Wellcome Trust-MRC Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, England
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Fuemmeler BF, Lee CT, Soubry A, Iversen ES, Huang Z, Murtha AP, Schildkraut JM, Jirtle RL, Murphy SK, Hoyo C. DNA Methylation of Regulatory Regions of Imprinted Genes at Birth and Its Relation to Infant Temperament. GENETICS & EPIGENETICS 2016; 8:59-67. [PMID: 27920589 PMCID: PMC5127604 DOI: 10.4137/geg.s40538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2016] [Revised: 10/20/2016] [Accepted: 10/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND DNA methylation of the differentially methylated regions (DMRs) of imprinted genes is relevant to neurodevelopment. METHODS DNA methylation status of the DMRs of nine imprinted genes in umbilical cord blood leukocytes was analyzed in relation to infant behaviors and temperament (n = 158). RESULTS MEG3 DMR levels were positively associated with internalizing (β = 0.15, P = 0.044) and surgency (β = 0.19, P = 0.018) behaviors, after adjusting for birth weight, gender, gestational age at birth, maternal age at delivery, race/ethnicity, education level, smoking status, parity, and a history of anxiety or depression. Higher methylation levels at the intergenic MEG3-IG methylation regions were associated with surgency (β = 0.28, P = 0.0003) and PEG3 was positively related to externalizing (β = 0.20, P = 0.01) and negative affectivity (β = 0.18, P = 0.02). CONCLUSION While the small sample size limits inference, these pilot data support gene-specific associations between epigenetic differences in regulatory regions of imprinted domains at birth and later infant temperament.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bernard F Fuemmeler
- Department of Health Behavior and Policy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Chien-Ti Lee
- Department of Family Life, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA
| | - Adelheid Soubry
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Edwin S Iversen
- Department of Statistical Science, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Zhiqing Huang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Amy P Murtha
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Joellen M Schildkraut
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Randy L Jirtle
- Department of Oncology, McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.; Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Institute of Sport and Physical Activity Research (ISPAR), University of Bedfordshire, University Square, Luton, UK
| | - Susan K Murphy
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Cathrine Hoyo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Marei HES, Lashen S, Farag A, Althani A, Afifi N, A AE, Rezk S, Pallini R, Casalbore P, Cenciarelli C. Human olfactory bulb neural stem cells mitigate movement disorders in a rat model of Parkinson's disease. J Cell Physiol 2015; 230:1614-29. [PMID: 25536543 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.24909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2014] [Accepted: 12/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurological disorder characterized by the loss of midbrain dopaminergic (DA) neurons. Neural stem cells (NSCs) are multipotent stem cells that are capable of differentiating into different neuronal and glial elements. The production of DA neurons from NSCs could potentially alleviate behavioral deficits in Parkinsonian patients; timely intervention with NSCs might provide a therapeutic strategy for PD. We have isolated and generated highly enriched cultures of neural stem/progenitor cells from the human olfactory bulb (OB). If NSCs can be obtained from OB, it would alleviate ethical concerns associated with the use of embryonic tissue, and provide an easily accessible cell source that would preclude the need for invasive brain surgery. Following isolation and culture, olfactory bulb neural stem cells (OBNSCs) were genetically engineered to express hNGF and GFP. The hNFG-GFP-OBNSCs were transplanted into the striatum of 6-hydroxydopamin (6-OHDA) Parkinsonian rats. The grafted cells survived in the lesion environment for more than eight weeks after implantation with no tumor formation. The grafted cells differentiated in vivo into oligodendrocyte-like (25 ± 2.88%), neuron-like (52.63 ± 4.16%), and astrocyte -like (22.36 ± 1.56%) lineages, which we differentiated based on morphological and immunohistochemical criteria. Transplanted rats exhibited a significant partial correction in stepping and placing in non-pharmacological behavioral tests, pole and rotarod tests. Taken together, our data encourage further investigations of the possible use of OBNSCs as a promising cell-based therapeutic strategy for Parkinson's disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hany E S Marei
- Department of Cytology and Histology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Lin PY, Tseng PT. Decreased glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor levels in patients with depression: a meta-analytic study. J Psychiatr Res 2015; 63:20-7. [PMID: 25726496 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2015.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2014] [Revised: 02/08/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Glial cell-line derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) has been shown to promote development, differentiation, and protection of CNS neurons and was thought to play an important role in various neuropsychiatric disorders. Several studies have examined the GDNF levels in patients with depression but shown inconsistent results. In this study, we compared blood GDNF levels between depressive patients and control subjects through meta-analytic method. The effect sizes (ESs) from all eligible studies were synthesized by using a random effect model. In this meta-analysis, we included 526 patients and 502 control subjects from 12 original articles. Compared to control subjects, blood GDNF levels are significantly decreased in patients with depression (ES = -0.62, p = 0.0011). However, significant heterogeneity was found among included studies. Through subgroup analysis, we found that GDNF was still decreased in studies with major depressive disorder (ES = -0.73, p = 0.0001); in studies with non-old-age depression (ES = -1.25, p = 0.0001), but not with old-age depression; and in studies using serum samples (ES = -0.86, p < 0.0001), but not in studies using plasma sample. Meta-regression did not show moderating effects of mean age of subjects, gender distribution, and age of onset of depression. Our findings support blood GDNF levels as a biomarker of depression as a whole, but the results were modulated by psychiatric diagnosis, age of included subjects, and sampling sources. With these results, future studies are required to examine whether effective antidepressant treatment is associated with an increase in serum GDNF levels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pao-Yen Lin
- Department of Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Center for Translational Research in Biomedical Sciences, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
| | - Ping-Tao Tseng
- Department of Psychiatry, Tsyr-Huey Mental Hospital, Kaohsiung Jen-Ai's Home, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Kimura M, Sakai A, Sakamoto A, Suzuki H. Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor-mediated enhancement of noradrenergic descending inhibition in the locus coeruleus exerts prolonged analgesia in neuropathic pain. Br J Pharmacol 2015; 172:2469-78. [PMID: 25572945 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2014] [Revised: 10/10/2014] [Accepted: 12/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The locus coeruleus (LC) is the principal nucleus containing the noradrenergic neurons and is a major endogenous source of pain modulation in the brain. Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), a well-established neurotrophic factor for noradrenergic neurons, is a major pain modulator in the spinal cord and primary sensory neurons. However, it is unknown whether GDNF is involved in pain modulation in the LC. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Rats with chronic constriction injury (CCI) of the left sciatic nerve were used as a model of neuropathic pain. GDNF was injected into the left LC of rats with CCI for 3 consecutive days and changes in mechanical allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia were assessed. The α2 -adrenoceptor antagonist yohimbine was injected intrathecally to assess the involvement of descending inhibition in GDNF-mediated analgesia. The MEK inhibitor U0126 was used to investigate whether the ERK signalling pathway plays a role in the analgesic effects of GDNF. KEY RESULTS Both mechanical allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia were attenuated 24 h after the first GDNF injection. GDNF increased the noradrenaline content in the dorsal spinal cord. The analgesic effects continued for at least 3 days after the last injection. Yohimbine abolished these effects of GDNF. The analgesic effects of GDNF were partly, but significantly, inhibited by prior injection of U0126 into the LC. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS GDNF injection into the LC exerts prolonged analgesic effects on neuropathic pain in rats by enhancing descending noradrenergic inhibition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Kimura
- Department of Anesthesiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Liechti R, Ducray AD, Jensen P, Di Santo S, Seiler S, Jensen CH, Meyer M, Widmer HR. Characterization of fetal antigen 1/delta-like 1 homologue expressing cells in the rat nigrostriatal system: effects of a unilateral 6-hydroxydopamine lesion. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0116088. [PMID: 25723595 PMCID: PMC4344227 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0116088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2014] [Accepted: 12/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Fetal antigen 1/delta-like 1 homologue (FA1/dlk1) belongs to the epidermal growth factor superfamily and is considered to be a non-canonical ligand for the Notch receptor. Interactions between Notch and its ligands are crucial for the development of various tissues. Moreover, FA1/dlk1 has been suggested as a potential supplementary marker of dopaminergic neurons. The present study aimed at investigating the distribution of FA1/dlk1-immunoreactive (-ir) cells in the early postnatal and adult midbrain as well as in the nigrostriatal system of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-lesioned hemiparkinsonian adult rats. FA1/dlk1-ir cells were predominantly distributed in the substantia nigra (SN) pars compacta (SNc) and in the ventral tegmental area. Interestingly, the expression of FA1/dlk1 significantly increased in tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-ir cells during early postnatal development. Co-localization and tracing studies demonstrated that FA1/dlk1-ir cells in the SNc were nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons, and unilateral 6-OHDA lesions resulted in loss of both FA1/dlk1-ir and TH-ir cells in the SNc. Surprisingly, increased numbers of FA1/dlk1-ir cells (by 70%) were detected in dopamine-depleted striata as compared to unlesioned controls. The higher number of FA1/dlk1-ir cells was likely not due to neurogenesis as colocalization studies for proliferation markers were negative. This suggests that FA1/dlk1 was up-regulated in intrinsic cells in response to the 6-OHDA-mediated loss of FA1/dlk1-expressing SNc dopaminergic neurons and/or due to the stab wound. Our findings hint to a significant role of FA1/dlk1 in the SNc during early postnatal development. The differential expression of FA1/dlk1 in the SNc and the striatum of dopamine-depleted rats could indicate a potential involvement of FA1/dlk1 in the cellular response to the degenerative processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rémy Liechti
- Department of Neurosurgery, Neurocenter and Regenerative Neuroscience Cluster University of Bern, Inselspital, CH-3010 Berne, Switzerland
| | - Angélique D. Ducray
- Department of Neurosurgery, Neurocenter and Regenerative Neuroscience Cluster University of Bern, Inselspital, CH-3010 Berne, Switzerland
| | - Pia Jensen
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Winsløwparken 21, DK-5000 Odense C, Denmark
| | - Stefano Di Santo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Neurocenter and Regenerative Neuroscience Cluster University of Bern, Inselspital, CH-3010 Berne, Switzerland
| | - Stefanie Seiler
- Department of Neurosurgery, Neurocenter and Regenerative Neuroscience Cluster University of Bern, Inselspital, CH-3010 Berne, Switzerland
| | - Charlotte H. Jensen
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Odense University Hospital, Sdr. Boulevard 29, DK-5000, Odense C, Denmark
- Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, University of Southern Denmark, Winsløwparken 21, DK-5000 Odense C, Denmark
| | - Morten Meyer
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Winsløwparken 21, DK-5000 Odense C, Denmark
| | - Hans Rudolf Widmer
- Department of Neurosurgery, Neurocenter and Regenerative Neuroscience Cluster University of Bern, Inselspital, CH-3010 Berne, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Veenvliet JV, Smidt MP. Molecular mechanisms of dopaminergic subset specification: fundamental aspects and clinical perspectives. Cell Mol Life Sci 2014; 71:4703-27. [PMID: 25064061 PMCID: PMC11113784 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-014-1681-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2014] [Revised: 07/04/2014] [Accepted: 07/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Dopaminergic (DA) neurons in the ventral mesodiencephalon control locomotion and emotion and are affected in psychiatric and neurodegenerative diseases, such as Parkinson's disease (PD). A clinical hallmark of PD is the specific degeneration of DA neurons located within the substantia nigra (SNc), whereas neurons in the ventral tegmental area remain unaffected. Recent advances have highlighted that the selective vulnerability of the SNc may originate in subset-specific molecular programming during DA neuron development, and significantly increased our understanding of the molecular code that drives specific SNc development. We here present an up-to-date overview of molecular mechanisms that direct DA subset specification, integrating our current knowledge about subset-specific roles of transcription factors, signaling pathways and morphogenes. We discuss strategies to further unravel subset-specific gene-regulatory networks, and the clinical promise of fundamental knowledge about subset specification of DA neurons, with regards to cell replacement therapy and cell-type-specific vulnerability in PD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jesse V. Veenvliet
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Center for Neuroscience, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marten P. Smidt
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Center for Neuroscience, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Guloglu MO, Larsen A, Brundin P. Adipocytes derived from PA6 cells reliably promote the differentiation of dopaminergic neurons from human embryonic stem cells. J Neurosci Res 2014; 92:564-73. [PMID: 24482287 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.23355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2013] [Revised: 11/26/2013] [Accepted: 11/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The PA6 stromal cell line comprises a heterogeneous population of cells that can induce both mouse and human embryonic stem cells to differentiate into dopaminergic neurons. This ability of PA6 cells has been termed stromal cell-derived inducing activity (SDIA). The level of SDIA has been found to vary considerably between and within batches of PA6 cells. Not only are the molecular mechanisms that underlie SDIA unknown but also the cell type(s) within the heterogeneous PA6 cultures that underlie SDIA remain poorly defined. In this study, we reveal that adipocytes, which are present within the heterogeneous PA6 cell population, robustly release the factors mediating SDIA. Furthermore, we report that the coculture of human embryonic stem cells with PA6-derived adipocytes reliably induces their differentiation into midbrain dopaminergic neurons.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M O Guloglu
- Neuronal Survival Unit, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, Lund, Sweden
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Persson-Augner D, Lee YW, Tovar S, Dieguez C, Meister B. Delta-like 1 homologue (DLK1) protein in neurons of the arcuate nucleus that control weight homeostasis and effect of fasting on hypothalamic DLK1 mRNA. Neuroendocrinology 2014; 100:209-20. [PMID: 25342302 DOI: 10.1159/000369069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Accepted: 10/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Delta-like 1 homologue (DLK1; also called preadipocyte factor 1) is an epidermal growth factor repeat-containing transmembrane protein that is cleaved by tumor necrosis factor-α-converting enzyme to generate a biologically active soluble form. DLK1 is involved in the differentiation of several cell types, including adipocytes. Lack of the dlk1 gene results in adiposity, and polymorphism within the gene encoding DLK1 is associated with human obesity. The dlk1 gene is expressed in restricted areas of the adult brain, with an enrichment of cell bodies expressing DLK1 mRNA in the hypothalamus. Antibodies to DLK1 were used to study the cellular localization and chemical identity of DLK1-immunoreactive neuronal cell bodies in rat hypothalamus. DLK1 immunoreactivity was demonstrated in the cell soma and dendrites of cell bodies in the suprachiasmatic, supraoptic, paraventricular, dorsomedial, arcuate nuclei and in the perifornical/lateral hypothalamic area. In the arcuate nucleus (Arc), DLK1 immunoreactivity was mainly seen in many neurons of the ventromedial and to a lesser extent in its ventrolateral division. Double labeling showed that 93.7% of orexigenic agouti-related peptide (AgRP) and 94.1% of neuropeptide Y (NPY) neurons located in the ventromedial part of the Arc were DLK1 positive, whereas 36.1% of anorexigenic pro-opiomelanocortin and 34.6% of cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript neurons of the Arc contained DLK1 immunoreactivity. DLK1 mRNA was downregulated in the hypothalamus of fasted animals. Presence of DLK1 in the majority of orexigenic Arc NPY/AgRP neurons and regulation of DLK1 mRNA by nutritional challenge suggest that DLK1 has a role in hypothalamic regulation of body weight control. © 2014 S. Karger AG, Basel.
Collapse
|
24
|
|
25
|
Meister B, Perez-Manso M, Daraio T. Delta-like 1 homologue is a hypothalamus-enriched protein that is present in orexin-containing neurones of the lateral hypothalamic area. J Neuroendocrinol 2013; 25:617-25. [PMID: 23387476 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2012] [Revised: 01/03/2013] [Accepted: 01/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Delta-like 1 homologue (DLK1), also known as preadipocyte factor-1, fetal antigen 1 or pG2, is a transmembrane protein belonging to the epidermal growth factor-like superfamily. The protein becomes soluble and biologically active after cleavage of the tumour necrosis factor-α-converting enzyme. DLK1 is involved in the differentiation of several cell types, including adipocytes. Lack of the dlk1 gene in mice results in adiposity and a polymorphism within the gene encoding DLK1 has been associated with obesity. The dlk1 gene is expressed in restricted areas of the central nervous system with an enrichment of cell bodies expressing DLK1 mRNA in the hypothalamus. Goat and rabbit antisera to DLK1 were used to study the cellular localisation and chemical identity of DLK1-immunoreactive neuronal cell bodies in rat hypothalamus. DLK1 immunoreactivity was demonstrated in the cell bodies of the suprachiasmatic, supraoptic, paraventricular, arcuate nuclei and in the lateral hypothalamus. At the subcellular level, DLK1 immunoreactivity was observed in the cell soma and dendrites, although not in axonal fibres or nerve terminals. Double-labelling of sections from the lateral hypothalamic/perifornical area of colchicine-treated rats (a treatment that increases the content of immunoreactive material in the cell soma) showed that DLK1 was present in the virually all orexin- and dynorphin-containing neurones. By contrast, DLK1 was not demonstrated in any melanin-concentrating hormone or cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript-containing neurones of the lateral hypothalamic/perifornical area. The presence of DLK1 in a population of lateral hypothalamic neurones suggests a functional role for DLK1 in orexin/hypocretin/dynorphin neurones.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B Meister
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm SE-171 77, Sweden.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Ratzka A, Baron O, Stachowiak MK, Grothe C. Fibroblast growth factor 2 regulates dopaminergic neuron development in vivo. J Neurochem 2012; 122:94-105. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2012.07768.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
|
27
|
Jacobs FMJ, Veenvliet JV, Almirza WH, Hoekstra EJ, von Oerthel L, van der Linden AJA, Neijts R, Koerkamp MG, van Leenen D, Holstege FCP, Burbach JPH, Smidt MP. Retinoic acid-dependent and -independent gene-regulatory pathways of Pitx3 in meso-diencephalic dopaminergic neurons. Development 2012; 138:5213-22. [PMID: 22069189 DOI: 10.1242/dev.071704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Development of meso-diencephalic dopamine (mdDA) neurons requires the combined actions of the orphan nuclear receptor Nurr1 and the paired-like homeobox transcription factor Pitx3. Whereas all mdDA neurons require Nurr1 for expression of Th and survival, dependence on Pitx3 is displayed only by the mdDA subpopulation that will form the substantia nigra (SNc). Previously, we have demonstrated that Pitx3(-/-) embryos lack the expression of the retinoic acid (RA)-generating enzyme Ahd2, which is normally selectively expressed in the Pitx3-dependent DA neurons of the SNc. Restoring RA signaling in Pitx3(-/-) embryos revealed a selective dependence of SNc neurons on the presence of RA for differentiation into Th-positive neurons and maintenance throughout embryonic development. Whereas these data are suggestive of an important developmental role for RA in neurons of the SNc, it remained unclear whether other Nurr1 and Pitx3 target genes depend on RA signaling in a manner similar to Th. In the search for genes that were affected in Pitx3-deficient mdDA neurons and restored upon embryonic RA treatment, we provide evidence that Delta-like 1, D2R (Drd2) and Th are regulated by Pitx3 and RA signaling, which influences the mdDA terminal differentiated phenotype. Furthermore, we show that regulation of Ahd2-mediated RA signaling represents only one aspect of the Pitx3 downstream cascade, as Vmat2, Dat, Ahd2 (Aldh1a1), En1, En2 and Cck were unaffected by RA treatment and are (subset) specifically modulated by Pitx3. In conclusion, our data reveal several RA-dependent and -independent aspects of the Pitx3-regulated gene cascade, suggesting that Pitx3 acts on multiple levels in the molecular subset-specification of mdDA neurons.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Frank M J Jacobs
- Rudolf Magnus Institute, Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Puertas-Avendaño RA, González-Gómez MJ, Ruvira MD, Ruiz-Hidalgo MJ, Morales-Delgado N, Laborda J, Díaz C, Bello AR. Role of the non-canonical notch ligand delta-like protein 1 in hormone-producing cells of the adult male mouse pituitary. J Neuroendocrinol 2011; 23:849-59. [PMID: 21756269 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2826.2011.02189.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
To better understand the role of the non-canonical Notch ligand delta-like protein 1 (DLK1), in hormone-producing cells, we studied the cell distribution and subcellular localisation of DLK1 in the pituitary of male adult 129/SvJ mice, and analysed the variations in the hormone-producing cells associated with the lack of this gene in Dlk1 knockout mice. The results obtained showed the presence of DLK1-immunoreactive (ir) cells in all hormone-producing cells of the anterior pituitary. Immunoelectron microscopy showed DLK1-ir in the rough endoplasmic reticulum and inside secretory vesicles, suggesting that DLK1 is released together with pituitary hormones. Moreover, we found that prolactin (PRL)-DLK1-ir cells are in intimate contact with follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)-ir-DLK1-negative cells. In Dlk1 knockout mice, we detected a significantly lower number of gowth hormone (GH)-ir cells, a reduction in the FSH and PRL immunostaining intensity, and a significant decrease in FSH mRNA expression compared to wild-type mice. An increase in pituitary GH mRNA expression and serum leptin levels was also found. These findings provide evidence supporting several regulatory functions of DLK1 in the pituitary gland.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R A Puertas-Avendaño
- Cell Biology Section, School of Biology, University of La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Postnatal loss of Dlk1 imprinting in stem cells and niche astrocytes regulates neurogenesis. Nature 2011; 475:381-5. [PMID: 21776083 PMCID: PMC3160481 DOI: 10.1038/nature10229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2010] [Accepted: 05/20/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The gene for the atypical Notch ligand Delta-like homologue 1 (Dlk1) encodes membrane-bound and secreted isoforms functioning in multiple developmental processes in vitro and in vivo. Dlk1, a member of a cluster of imprinted genes, is expressed from the paternally-inherited chromosome1,2. Here we show that mice deficient in Dlk1 exhibit defects in postnatal neurogenesis within the subventricular zone (SVZ), a developmental continuum resulting in depletion of mature neurons in the olfactory bulb. We show that DLK1 is a factor secreted by niche-astrocytes, while its membrane-bound isoform is present in neural stem cells (NSCs) being required for the inductive effect of secreted DLK1 on self-renewal. Surprisingly, we find a requirement for Dlk1 expressed from both maternal and paternally inherited chromosomes. Selective absence of Dlk1 imprinting in both NSCs and niche astrocytes is associated with postnatal acquisition of DNA methylation at the germ line-derived imprinting control region (IG-DMR). The results emphasize molecular relationships between NSCs and niche-astrocytes identifying a signalling system coded by a single gene functioning co-ordinately in both cell types. The modulation of genomic imprinting in a stem cell environment adds a new level of epigenetic regulation to the establishment and maintenance of the niche raising wider questions about the adaptability, function, and evolution of imprinting within specific developmental contexts.
Collapse
|
30
|
DLK1 Promotes Neurogenesis of Human and Mouse Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Neural Progenitors Via Modulating Notch and BMP Signalling. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2011; 8:459-71. [DOI: 10.1007/s12015-011-9298-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
31
|
Analysis on cDNA sequence, mRNA expression and imprinting status of Dlk1 gene in goats. Mol Biol Rep 2009; 37:2259-64. [PMID: 19688276 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-009-9714-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2009] [Accepted: 08/03/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Dlk1 (Delta-like homolog 1) is a cell surface transmembrane glycoprotein belonging to the epidermal growth factor like family of homeotic proteins and plays an important role in regulating fetal and postnatal development. Increased expression of Dlk1 is the primary cause of muscle hypertrophy in the callipyge sheep exhibiting overgrowth of fast-twitch muscles and reduced adiposity. However, the function of Dlk1 in goats remains unknown. In this study, a fragment of 864 bp of goat Dlk1 cDNA, encoding 287 amino acids, was amplified, which has a high homology both in nucleotide sequence and amino acid sequence with the corresponding region of pig, cattle and sheep Dlk1. The Dlk1 was found to be expressed in most tissues of goat fetuses, and in the adrenal gland, pancreas and thymus of adult goats. Two alternative transcripts of Dlk1-C and Dlk1-C2 were expressed in both fetuses and adult goats. One C/T transition in the coding region of goat Dlk1 was identified and by genotyping one segregating goat family and the expressed allele in the tissues of the offspring, Dlk1 was found to be paternally expressed.
Collapse
|
32
|
Jacobs FMJ, van der Linden AJA, Wang Y, von Oerthel L, Sul HS, Burbach JPH, Smidt MP. Identification of Dlk1, Ptpru and Klhl1 as novel Nurr1 target genes in meso-diencephalic dopamine neurons. Development 2009; 136:2363-73. [PMID: 19515692 DOI: 10.1242/dev.037556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The orphan nuclear receptor Nurr1 is essential for the development of meso-diencephalic dopamine (mdDA) neurons and is required, together with the homeobox transcription factor Pitx3, for the expression of genes involved in dopamine metabolism. In order to elucidate the molecular mechanisms that underlie the neuronal deficits in Nurr1(-/-) mice, we performed combined gene expression microarrays and ChIP-on-chip analysis and thereby identified Dlk1, Ptpru and Klhl1 as novel Nurr1 target genes in vivo. In line with the previously described cooperativity between Nurr1 and Pitx3, we show that the expression of Ptpru and Klhl1 in mdDA neurons is also dependent on Pitx3. Furthermore, we demonstrate that Nurr1 interacts with the Ptpru promoter directly and requires Pitx3 for full expression of Ptpru in mdDA neurons. By contrast, the expression of Dlk1 is maintained in Pitx3(-/-) embryos and is even expanded into the rostral part of the mdDA area, suggesting a unique position of Dlk1 in the Nurr1 and Pitx3 transcriptional cascades. Expression analysis in Dlk1(-/-) embryos reveals that Dlk1 is required to prevent premature expression of Dat in mdDA neuronal precursors as part of the multifaceted process of mdDA neuronal differentiation driven by Nurr1 and Pitx3. Taken together, the involvement of Nurr1 and Pitx3 in the expression of novel target genes involved in important neuronal processes such as neuronal patterning, axon outgrowth and terminal differentiation, opens up new avenues to study the properties of mdDA neurons during development and in neuronal pathology as observed in Parkinson's disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Frank M J Jacobs
- Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Universiteitsweg 100, 3584 CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Crespi B. Genomic imprinting in the development and evolution of psychotic spectrum conditions. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2008; 83:441-93. [PMID: 18783362 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-185x.2008.00050.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
I review and evaluate genetic and genomic evidence salient to the hypothesis that the development and evolution of psychotic spectrum conditions have been mediated in part by alterations of imprinted genes expressed in the brain. Evidence from the genetics and genomics of schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, major depression, Prader-Willi syndrome, Klinefelter syndrome, and other neurogenetic conditions support the hypothesis that the etiologies of psychotic spectrum conditions commonly involve genetic and epigenetic imbalances in the effects of imprinted genes, with a bias towards increased relative effects from imprinted genes with maternal expression or other genes favouring maternal interests. By contrast, autistic spectrum conditions, including Kanner autism, Asperger syndrome, Rett syndrome, Turner syndrome, Angelman syndrome, and Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome, commonly engender increased relative effects from paternally expressed imprinted genes, or reduced effects from genes favouring maternal interests. Imprinted-gene effects on the etiologies of autistic and psychotic spectrum conditions parallel the diametric effects of imprinted genes in placental and foetal development, in that psychotic spectrum conditions tend to be associated with undergrowth and relatively-slow brain development, whereas some autistic spectrum conditions involve brain and body overgrowth, especially in foetal development and early childhood. An important role for imprinted genes in the etiologies of psychotic and autistic spectrum conditions is consistent with neurodevelopmental models of these disorders, and with predictions from the conflict theory of genomic imprinting.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bernard Crespi
- Department of Biosciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby BCV5A1S6, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Davies W, Lynn PMY, Relkovic D, Wilkinson LS. Imprinted genes and neuroendocrine function. Front Neuroendocrinol 2008; 29:413-27. [PMID: 18206218 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2007.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2007] [Revised: 11/20/2007] [Accepted: 12/03/2007] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Imprinted genes are monoallelically expressed in a parent-of-origin dependent manner. Whilst the full functional repertoire of these genes remains obscure, they are generally highly expressed in the brain and are often involved in fundamental neural processes. Besides influencing brain neurochemistry, imprinted genes are important in the development and function of the hypothalamus and pituitary gland, key sites of neuroendocrine regulation. Moreover, imprinted genes may directly modulate hormone-dependent signalling cascades, both in the brain and elsewhere. Much of our knowledge about imprinted gene function has come from studying knockout mice and human disorders of imprinting. One such disorder is Prader-Willi syndrome, a neuroendocrine disorder characterised by hypothalamic abnormalities and aberrant feeding behaviour. Through examining the role of imprinted genes in neuroendocrine function, it may be possible to shed light on the neurobiological basis of feeding and aspects of social behaviour and underlying cognition, and to provide insights into disorders where these functions go awry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- William Davies
- Behavioural Genetics Group, Department of Psychological Medicine and School of Psychology, School of Medicine, University of Cardiff, Cardiff, UK.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Bossers K, Meerhoff G, Balesar R, van Dongen JW, Kruse CG, Swaab DF, Verhaagen J. Analysis of gene expression in Parkinson's disease: possible involvement of neurotrophic support and axon guidance in dopaminergic cell death. Brain Pathol 2008; 19:91-107. [PMID: 18462474 DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-3639.2008.00171.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra. We have studied alterations in gene expression in the substantia nigra, the caudate nucleus and putamen of four PD patients and four matched controls using custom designed Agilent microarrays. To gain insight into changes in gene expression during early stages of dopaminergic neurodegeneration, we selectively investigated the relatively spared parts of the PD substantia nigra, and correlated gene expression changes with alterations in neuronal density. We identified changes in the expression of 287 transcripts in the substantia nigra, 16 transcripts in the caudate nucleus and four transcripts in the putamen. For selected transcripts, transcriptional alterations were confirmed with qPCR on a larger set of seven PD cases and seven matched controls. We detected concerted changes in functionally connected groups of genes. In the PD substantia nigra, we observed strong evidence for a reduction in neurotrophic support and alterations in axon guidance cues. As the changes occur in relatively spared parts of the PD substantia nigra, they suggest novel disease mechanisms involving neurotrophic support and axon guidance in early stages of cellular stress events, ultimately leading to dopaminergic cell death in PD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Koen Bossers
- Laboratory for Neuroregeneration, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
McCann JC, Ames BN. Is there convincing biological or behavioral evidence linking vitamin D deficiency to brain dysfunction? FASEB J 2007; 22:982-1001. [PMID: 18056830 DOI: 10.1096/fj.07-9326rev] [Citation(s) in RCA: 289] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin D insufficiency is common in the United States; the elderly and African-Americans are at particularly high risk of deficiency. This review, written for a broad scientific readership, presents a critical overview of scientific evidence relevant to a possible causal relationship between vitamin D deficiency and adverse cognitive or behavioral effects. Topics discussed are 1) biological functions of vitamin D relevant to cognition and behavior; 2) studies in humans and rodents that directly examine effects of vitamin D inadequacy on cognition or behavior; and 3) immunomodulatory activity of vitamin D relative to the proinflammatory cytokine theory of cognitive/behavioral dysfunction. We conclude there is ample biological evidence to suggest an important role for vitamin D in brain development and function. However, direct effects of vitamin D inadequacy on cognition/behavior in human or rodent systems appear to be subtle, and in our opinion, the current experimental evidence base does not yet fully satisfy causal criteria. Possible explanations for the apparent inconsistency between results of biological and cognitive/behavioral experiments, as well as suggested areas for further research are discussed. Despite residual uncertainty, recommendations for vitamin D supplementation of at-risk groups, including nursing infants, the elderly, and African-Americans appear warranted to ensure adequacy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joyce C McCann
- Nutrition and Metabolism Center, Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, 5700 Martin Luther King Jr. Way, Oakland, CA 94609, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Bauer M, Szulc J, Meyer M, Jensen CH, Terki TA, Meixner A, Kinkl N, Gasser T, Aebischer P, Ueffing M. Delta-like 1 participates in the specification of ventral midbrain progenitor derived dopaminergic neurons. J Neurochem 2007; 104:1101-15. [PMID: 17986227 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2007.05037.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Delta-like 1 (Dlk1), a member of the Delta/Notch protein family, is expressed in the mouse ventral midbrain (VM) as early as embryonic day 11.5 (E11.5) followed by exclusive expression in tyrosine 3-monooxygenase (TH) positive neurons from E12.5 onwards. To further elucidate the yet unknown function of Dlk1 in VM neuron development, we investigated the effect of soluble Dlk1 protein as well as the intrinsic Dlk1 function in the course of VM progenitor expansion and dopaminergic (DA) neuron differentiation in vitro. Dlk1 treatment during expansion increased DA progenitor proliferation and the proportion of NR4A2+ neurons expressing TH after differentiation, whereas Dlk1 treatment during the course of DA precursor differentiation did not alter TH+ neuron counts. In contrast, silencing of endogenously expressed Dlk1 prior to DA precursor differentiation partially prevented the expression of DA neuron markers, which was not accompanied with alteration of overall or local proliferation. Due to the latter finding in combination with the absence of Dlk1 negative DA neurons in differentiated cultures, we suggest that Dlk1 expression might have a permissive effect on DA neuron differentiation in vitro. The study presented here is the first publication identifying Dlk1 effects on ventral midbrain-derived DA precursor differentiation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Bauer
- GSF - National Research Center for Environment and Health, Institute of Human Genetics, Munich-Neuherberg, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
|
39
|
Labialle S, Yang L, Ruan X, Villemain A, Schmidt JV, Hernandez A, Wiltshire T, Cermakian N, Naumova AK. Coordinated diurnal regulation of genes from the Dlk1–Dio3 imprinted domain: implications for regulation of clusters of non-paralogous genes. Hum Mol Genet 2007; 17:15-26. [PMID: 17901046 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddm281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The functioning of the genome is tightly related to its architecture. Therefore, understanding the relationship between different regulatory mechanisms and the organization of chromosomal domains is essential for understanding genome regulation. The majority of imprinted genes are assembled into clusters, share common regulatory elements, and, hence, represent an attractive model for studies of regulation of clusters of non-paralogous genes. Here, we investigated the relationship between genomic imprinting and diurnal regulation of genes from the imprinted domain of mouse chromosome 12. We compared gene expression patterns in C57BL/6 mice and congenic mice that carry the imprinted region from a Mus musculus molossinus strain MOLF/Ei. In the C57BL/6 mice, a putative enhancer/oscillator regulated the expression of only Mico1/Mico1os, whereas in the congenic mice its influence was spread onto Rtl1as, Dio3 and Dio3os, i.e. the distal part of the imprinted domain, resulting in coordinated diurnal variation in expression of five genes. Using additional congenic strains we determined that in C57BL/6 the effect of the putative enhancer/oscillator was attenuated by a linked dominant trans-acting factor located in the distal portion of chromosome 12. Our data demonstrate that (i) in adult organs, mRNA levels of several imprinted genes vary during the day, (ii) genetic variation may remove constraints on the influence of an enhancer and lead to spreading of its effect onto neighboring genes, thereby generating genotype-dependent expression patterns and (iii) different regulatory mechanisms within the same domain act independently and do not seem to interfere with each other.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stéphane Labialle
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|