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Sandoval Pacheco CM, Araujo Flores GV, Ferreira AF, da Matta VLR, de Castro Gomes CM, Sosa-Ochoa WH, Zúniga C, Silveira FT, Corbett CEP, Laurenti MD. Role of antigen-presenting cells in non-ulcerated skin lesions caused by Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum chagasi. Parasite Immunol 2023; 45:e12971. [PMID: 36695719 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
In Central America, infection by Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum chagasi causes visceral leishmaniasis and non-ulcerated cutaneous leishmaniasis (NUCL). This work aimed to evaluate the participation of subpopulations of antigen-presenting cells in skin lesions of patients affected by NUCL through double-staining immunohistochemistry using cellular and intracellular markers. Twenty-three skin biopsies from patients affected by NUCL were used. Histological sections stained by HE were used for histopathological study. Immunohistochemical studies were performed using primary antibodies against Langerhans cells, dermal dendritic cells, T lymphocytes, and the cytokines IL-12, IFN-γ, TNF-α, iNOS, and IL-10. The histopathological lesions were characterized by an inflammatory infiltrate, predominantly lymphohistiocytic, of variable intensity, with a diffuse arrangement associated with epithelioid granulomas and discreet parasitism. Double-staining immunohistochemistry showed higher participation of dendritic cells producing the proinflammatory cytokine IL-12 in relation to the other evaluated cytokines. Activation of the cellular immune response was marked by a higher density of CD8 Tc1-lymphocytes followed by CD4 Th1-lymphocytes producing mainly IFN-γ. The data obtained in the present study suggest that antigen-presenting cells play an important role in the in situ immune response through the production of proinflammatory cytokines, directing the cellular immune response preferentially to the Th1 and Tc1 types in NUCL caused by L. (L.) infantum chagasi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen M Sandoval Pacheco
- Laboratório de Patologia de Moléstias Infecciosas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Gabriela V Araujo Flores
- Laboratório de Patologia de Moléstias Infecciosas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Aurea F Ferreira
- Laboratorio de Investigação Médica, LIM50, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, HCFMUSP, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Vânia L R da Matta
- Laboratorio de Investigação Médica, LIM50, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, HCFMUSP, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Claudia M de Castro Gomes
- Laboratório de Patologia de Moléstias Infecciosas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Wilfredo H Sosa-Ochoa
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Microbiologia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Honduras, Tegucigalpa, Honduras
| | - Concepción Zúniga
- Departamento de Vigilancia de la Salud, Hospital Escuela, Tegucigalpa, Honduras
| | - Fernando T Silveira
- Instituto Evandro Chagas, Belém, PA, Brazil.,Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, PA, Brazil
| | - Carlos E P Corbett
- Laboratório de Patologia de Moléstias Infecciosas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Márcia D Laurenti
- Laboratório de Patologia de Moléstias Infecciosas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Comparative Genomic Analyses of New and Old World Viscerotropic Leishmanine Parasites: Further Insights into the Origins of Visceral Leishmaniasis Agents. Microorganisms 2022; 11:microorganisms11010025. [PMID: 36677318 PMCID: PMC9865424 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11010025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL), also known as kala-azar, is an anthropozoonotic disease affecting human populations on five continents. Aetiologic agents belong to the Leishmania (L.) donovani complex. Until the 1990s, three leishmanine parasites comprised this complex: L. (L.) donovani Laveran & Mesnil 1903, L. (L.) infantum Nicolle 1908, and L. (L.) chagasi Lainson & Shaw 1987 (=L. chagasi Cunha & Chagas 1937). The VL causal agent in the New World (NW) was previously identified as L. (L.) chagasi. After the development of molecular characterization, however, comparisons between L. (L.) chagasi and L. (L.) infantum showed high similarity, and L. (L.) chagasi was then regarded as synonymous with L. (L.) infantum. It was, therefore, suggested that L. (L.) chagasi was not native to the NW but had been introduced from the Old World by Iberian colonizers. However, in light of ecological evidence from the NW parasite’s enzootic cycle involving a wild phlebotomine vector (Lutzomyia longipalpis) and a wild mammal reservoir (the fox, Cerdocyon thous), we have recently analyzed by molecular clock comparisons of the DNA polymerase alpha subunit gene the whole-genome sequence of L. (L.) infantum chagasi of the most prevalent clinical form, atypical dermal leishmaniasis (ADL), from Honduras (Central America) with that of the same parasite from Brazil (South America), as well as those of L. (L.) donovani (India) and L. (L.) infantum (Europe), which revealed that the Honduran parasite is older ancestry (382,800 ya) than the parasite from Brazil (143,300 ya), L. (L.) donovani (33,776 ya), or L. (L.) infantum (13,000 ya). In the present work, we have now amplified the genomic comparisons among these leishmanine parasites, exploring mainly the variations in the genome for each chromosome, and the number of genomic SNPs for each chromosome. Although the results of this new analysis have confirmed a high genomic similarity (~99%) among these parasites [except L. (L.) donovani], the Honduran parasite revealed a single structural variation on chromosome 17, and the highest frequency of genomic SNPs (more than twice the number seen in the Brazilian one), which together to its extraordinary ancestry (382,800 ya) represent strong evidence that L. (L.) chagasi/L. (L.) infantum chagasi is, in fact, native to the NW, and therefore with valid taxonomic status. Furthermore, the Honduran parasite, the most ancestral viscerotropic leishmanine parasite, showed genomic and clinical taxonomic characteristics compatible with a new Leishmania species causing ADL in Central America.
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Laurenti MD, Sosa-Ochoa W, Araujo Flores GV, Sandoval Pacheco CM, Tomokane TY, Oliveira LMDS, Zúniga C, Silveira FT, Corbett CEP. Evaluation of systemic immunity in atypical cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania (L.) infantum chagasi. Parasite Immunol 2021; 44:e12896. [PMID: 34748659 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
In some central-American countries, Leishmania (L.) infantum chagasi infection can cause non-ulcerated or atypical cutaneous leishmaniasis (NUCL) in addition to the classic clinical form, visceral leishmaniasis (VL). Little is known about the host-parasite relationship that can contribute to the determination of one or another clinical form. The present study had the objective to evaluate the humoral and cellular immunity in the sera of individuals affected by NUCL to improve the comprehension of this atypical host-parasite interaction. Based on clinical and laboratory diagnosis, serum of 80 individuals was collected to evaluate the cytokines and immunoglobulins profile of NUCL (n = 47), VL patients (n = 5), and negative controls (n = 28). Cytokines were detected using Cytokine Bead Array (CBA) Human Th1/Th2/Th17 kit according to the manufacturer's instructions; class (IgG and IgM), and subclass of (IgG1 and IgG2) immunoglobulins was evaluated by ELISA using specific antigens. The concentration of TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-2 and IL-4 cytokines in NUCL, VL and control was present below the detection threshold of CBA kit. IL-6, IL-10 and IL-17A cytokines was lower in NUCL compared to LV patients. Regarding to immunoglobulins, NUCL patients produced 4.0 times more IgG than the control, while VL patients produced 6.6 times more; and IgM level was 1.6 times higher in NUCL and 2.6 times in VL patients compared to the control. Concerning the immunoglobulins subclass, only VL patients showed positive reaction for IgG1, and IgG2 did not show positive reaction among the groups. The results showed a weak cellular and humoral systemic immune response in NUCL patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Márcia Dalastra Laurenti
- Laboratório de Patologia de Moléstias Infecciosas (LIM-50), Departamento de Patologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Wilfredo Sosa-Ochoa
- Laboratório de Patologia de Moléstias Infecciosas (LIM-50), Departamento de Patologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil.,Instituto de Investigaciones en Microbiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Honduras, Tegucigalpa, Honduras
| | - Gabriela Venicia Araujo Flores
- Laboratório de Patologia de Moléstias Infecciosas (LIM-50), Departamento de Patologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Carmen Maria Sandoval Pacheco
- Laboratório de Patologia de Moléstias Infecciosas (LIM-50), Departamento de Patologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Thaise Yumie Tomokane
- Laboratório de Patologia de Moléstias Infecciosas (LIM-50), Departamento de Patologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Luanda Mara da Silva Oliveira
- Laboratório de Dermatologia e Imunodeficiências (LIM-56), Departamento de Dermatologia, Faculdade de Medicina e Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Concepción Zúniga
- Departamento de Vigilancia de la Salud, Hospital Escuela, Tegucigalpa, Honduras
| | - Fernando Tobias Silveira
- Laboratório de Parasitologia, Instituto Evandro Chagas (Ministério da Saúde), Belém, PA, Brasil.,Núcleo de Medicina Tropical, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, PA, Brasil
| | - Carlos Eduardo Pereira Corbett
- Laboratório de Patologia de Moléstias Infecciosas (LIM-50), Departamento de Patologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
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Sandoval C, Araujo G, Sosa W, Avalos S, Silveira F, Corbett C, Zúniga C, Laurenti M. In situ cellular immune response in non-ulcerated skin lesions due to Leishmania (L.) infantum chagasi infection. J Venom Anim Toxins Incl Trop Dis 2021; 27:e20200149. [PMID: 33708246 PMCID: PMC7909480 DOI: 10.1590/1678-9199-jvatitd-2020-0149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Skin lesions of patients affected by non-ulcerated cutaneous leishmaniasis
(NUCL) caused by L. (L.) infantum chagasi are characterized
by lymphohistiocytic inflammatory infiltrate associated with epithelioid
granuloma and scarce parasitism. However, the in situ
cellular immune response of these patients is unclear. Therefore, the aim of
the present study was to characterize the cellular immune response in the
skin lesions of patients affected by NUCL. Methods Twenty biopsies were processed by immunohistochemistry using primary
antibodies to T lymphocytes (CD4, CD8), NK cells, B lymphocytes,
macrophages, nitric oxide synthase and interferon-gamma. Results Immunohistochemistry revealed higher expression of all cellular types and
molecules (IFN-γ, iNOS) in the dermis of diseased skin compared to the skin
of healthy individuals (p < 0.05). Morphometric analysis performed in the
skin lesions sections showed the predominance of CD8+ T
lymphocytes in the mononuclear infiltrate, followed by macrophages, mostly
iNOS+, a response that could be mediated by IFN-γ. Conclusion Our study improves knowledge of the cellular immune response in
non-ulcerated or atypical cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by L. (L.)
infantum chagasi in Central America and pointed to the pivotal
participation of CD8+ T lymphocytes in the host defense
mechanisms against the parasite in patients with NUCL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Sandoval
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases Pathology, Department of Pathology, Medical School (FMUSP), University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Araujo
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases Pathology, Department of Pathology, Medical School (FMUSP), University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Wilfredo Sosa
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases Pathology, Department of Pathology, Medical School (FMUSP), University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil.,Microbiology Research Institute, National Autonomous University of Honduras, Tegucigalpa, Honduras
| | - Sara Avalos
- Master Program in Infectious and Zoonotic diseases, School of Microbiology, National Autonomous University of Honduras, Tegucigalpa, Honduras
| | - Fernando Silveira
- Department of Parasitology, Evandro Chagas Institute, Secretariat of Health Surveillance, Ministry of Health, Belém, PA, Brazil.,Institute of Tropical Medicine, Federal University of Pará, Belém, PA, Brazil
| | - Carlos Corbett
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases Pathology, Department of Pathology, Medical School (FMUSP), University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Concepción Zúniga
- Department of Health Surveillance, School Hospital, Tegucigalpa, Honduras
| | - Marcia Laurenti
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases Pathology, Department of Pathology, Medical School (FMUSP), University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Cardoso CA, Araujo GV, Sandoval CM, Nogueira PM, Zúniga C, Sosa-Ochoa WH, Laurenti MD, Soares RP. Lipophosphoglycans from dermotropic Leishmania infantum are more pro-inflammatory than those from viscerotropic strains. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2020; 115:e200140. [PMID: 32965329 PMCID: PMC7521155 DOI: 10.1590/0074-02760200140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Although Leishmania infantum is well-known as the aethiological
agent of visceral leishmaniasis (VL), in some Central American countries it may
cause atypical non-ulcerated cutaneous leishmaniasis (NUCL). However, the
mechanisms favoring its establishment in the skin are still unknown.
Lipophosphoglycan (LPG) is the major Leishmania multivirulence
factor involved in parasite-host interaction. In the case of viscerotropic
L. infantum, it causes an immunosuppression during the
interaction with macrophages. Here, we investigated the biochemical and
functional roles of LPGs from four dermotropic L. infantum
strains from Honduras during in vitro interaction with murine
macrophages. LPGs were extracted, purified and their repeat units analysed. They
did not have side chains consisting of Gal(β1,4)Man(α1)-PO4 common to
all LPGs. Peritoneal macrophages from BALB/c and C57BL/6 were exposed to LPG for
nitric oxide (NO) and cytokine (TNF-α and, IL-6) production. LPGs from
dermotropic strains from Honduras triggered higher NO and cytokine levels
compared to those from viscerotropic strains. In conclusion, LPGs from
dermotropic strains are devoid of side-chains and exhibit high pro-inflammatory
activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila A Cardoso
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto René Rachou, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - Gabriela V Araujo
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina, Departamento de Patologia, Laboratório de Patologia de Moléstias Infecciosas, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Carmen M Sandoval
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina, Departamento de Patologia, Laboratório de Patologia de Moléstias Infecciosas, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Paula M Nogueira
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto René Rachou, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - Concepcion Zúniga
- Hospital Escuela Universitario, Departamento de Vigilancia de la Salud, Tegucigalpa, Honduras
| | - Wilfredo H Sosa-Ochoa
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Honduras, Instituto de Investigación en Microbiología, Tegucigalpa, Honduras
| | - Márcia D Laurenti
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina, Departamento de Patologia, Laboratório de Patologia de Moléstias Infecciosas, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Rodrigo P Soares
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto René Rachou, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
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Phenotype evaluation of human and canine isolates of Leishmania infantum. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2020; 73:101551. [PMID: 33010787 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2020.101551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Human visceral leishmaniasis (VL) and canine leishmaniasis (CanL) in countries of South and Central America are caused by Leishmania infantum and has been endemic in Brazil for several years. The parasite biodiversity as well as the pharmacologic properties of drugs and the host species, are involved in the efficacy or inefficacy of leishmaniasis treatments. Although there are substantial number of reports describing the genetic characterization of the clinical field isolates of L. infantum,the phenotypic parameters have been less studied. In this study isolates from human and canine leishmaniasis (Hum1 and Can1) obtained in Campinas, São Paulo state, Brazil were identified as L. infantum. The Hum1 and Can1 isolates exhibited typical promastigote growth pattern. Regarding morphological features Can1 isolate differed in cell size. The infectivity in vitro of both isolatesis lower compared to the reference strain of L. infantum. Moreover, the in vivo infectivity of the three parasites is similar in Balb/c mice. The Hum1 isolate is more sensitive to leishmanial drugs (amphotericin B, miltefosine and glucantime) than the Can1 isolate when inside human macrophages, but not when inside canine macrophages. These findings indicated that L. infantum isolates differs in some phenotypic characteristics.
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Sosa-Ochoa W, Zúniga C, Chaves LF, Araujo Flores GV, Sandoval Pacheco CM, Ribeiro da Matta VL, Pereira Corbett CE, Tobias Silveira F, Dalastra Laurenti M. Clinical and Immunological Features of Human Leishmania (L.) infantum-Infection, Novel Insights Honduras, Central America. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9070554. [PMID: 32664223 PMCID: PMC7399949 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9070554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum is the etiological agent of both American visceral leishmaniasis (AVL) and non-ulcerated cutaneous leishmaniasis (NUCL) in Honduras. Although AVL is the most severe clinical form of infection, recent studies have shown that human immune response to parasite infection can result in a clinical-immunological spectrum. The overall prevalence rate of infection and clinical-immunological profiles of the L. (L.) infantum infection in Amapala municipality, South Honduras was determined. We examined 576 individuals with diagnosis based on combined ELISA (IgG/IgM) and DTH assays. We also used genus-specific kDNA PCR and Hsp70 PCR-RFLP for NUCL cases. Clinical evaluation found 82% asymptomatic and 18% symptomatic individuals. All symptomatic cases (n = 104) showing NUCL were positive for parasites. We identified L. (L.) infantum species in 100% of the skin lesion scrapings and in 90% of the blood samples from NUCL cases studied. A total of 320 asymptomatic individuals were exposed (ELISA+ and/or DTH+), providing an overall L. (L.) infantum prevalence of 73.6%. Clinical, parasitological, and immunological evaluations suggest seven infection profiles, three asymptomatic and four symptomatic. This represents the first report on clinical and immunological features of human L. (L.) infantum-infection in Amapala municipality, Honduras.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilfredo Sosa-Ochoa
- Laboratory of Pathology of Infectious Diseases, Medical School, São Paulo University, São Paulo 01246-903, SP, Brazil; (W.S.-O.); (G.V.A.F.); (C.M.S.P.); (V.L.R.d.M.); (C.E.P.C.)
- Microbiology Research Institute, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Honduras, Tegucigalpa 11101, Honduras
| | - Concepción Zúniga
- Department of Health Surveillance, University School Hospital, Tegucigalpa 11101, Honduras;
| | - Luis Fernando Chaves
- Instituto Costarricense de Investigación y Enseñanza en Nutrición y Salud (INCIENSA), Tres Ríos 4-2250, Cartago, Costa Rica;
| | - Gabriela Venicia Araujo Flores
- Laboratory of Pathology of Infectious Diseases, Medical School, São Paulo University, São Paulo 01246-903, SP, Brazil; (W.S.-O.); (G.V.A.F.); (C.M.S.P.); (V.L.R.d.M.); (C.E.P.C.)
| | - Carmen Maria Sandoval Pacheco
- Laboratory of Pathology of Infectious Diseases, Medical School, São Paulo University, São Paulo 01246-903, SP, Brazil; (W.S.-O.); (G.V.A.F.); (C.M.S.P.); (V.L.R.d.M.); (C.E.P.C.)
| | - Vania Lúcia Ribeiro da Matta
- Laboratory of Pathology of Infectious Diseases, Medical School, São Paulo University, São Paulo 01246-903, SP, Brazil; (W.S.-O.); (G.V.A.F.); (C.M.S.P.); (V.L.R.d.M.); (C.E.P.C.)
| | - Carlos Eduardo Pereira Corbett
- Laboratory of Pathology of Infectious Diseases, Medical School, São Paulo University, São Paulo 01246-903, SP, Brazil; (W.S.-O.); (G.V.A.F.); (C.M.S.P.); (V.L.R.d.M.); (C.E.P.C.)
| | - Fernando Tobias Silveira
- Parasitology Department, Evandro Chagas Institute (Surveillance Secretary of Health, Ministry of Health), Belém 66090-000, PA, Brazil;
- Tropical Medicine Institute, Pará Federal University, Belém 66075-110, PA, Brazil
| | - Marcia Dalastra Laurenti
- Laboratory of Pathology of Infectious Diseases, Medical School, São Paulo University, São Paulo 01246-903, SP, Brazil; (W.S.-O.); (G.V.A.F.); (C.M.S.P.); (V.L.R.d.M.); (C.E.P.C.)
- Correspondence:
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Boité MC, Späth GF, Bussotti G, Porrozzi R, Morgado FN, Llewellyn M, Schwabl P, Cupolillo E. Trans-Atlantic Spill Over: Deconstructing the Ecological Adaptation of Leishmania infantum in the Americas. Genes (Basel) 2019; 11:E4. [PMID: 31861501 PMCID: PMC7017240 DOI: 10.3390/genes11010004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Revised: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathogen fitness landscapes change when transmission cycles establish in non-native environments or spill over into new vectors and hosts. The introduction of Leishmania infantum in the Americas into the Neotropics during European colonization represents a unique case study to investigate the mechanisms of ecological adaptation of this important parasite. Defining the evolutionary trajectories that drive L. infantum fitness in this new environment are of great public health importance as they will allow unique insight into pathways of host/pathogen co-evolution and their consequences for region-specific changes in disease manifestation. This review summarizes current knowledge on L. infantum genetic and phenotypic diversity in the Americas and its possible role in the unique epidemiology of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) in the New World. We highlight the importance of appreciating adaptive molecular mechanisms in L. infantum to understand the parasites' successful establishment on the continent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana C. Boité
- Laboratory of Research on Leishmaniasis, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, FIOCRUZ, 21040-360 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; (R.P.); (F.N.M.); (E.C.)
| | - Gerald F. Späth
- Department of Parasites and Insect Vectors, Laboratory of Molecular Parasitology and Signaling, Institut Pasteur, INSERN U1201, 75015 Paris, France; (G.F.S.); (G.B.)
| | - Giovanni Bussotti
- Department of Parasites and Insect Vectors, Laboratory of Molecular Parasitology and Signaling, Institut Pasteur, INSERN U1201, 75015 Paris, France; (G.F.S.); (G.B.)
- Institut Pasteur-Bioinformatics and Biostatistics Hub-C3BI, USR 3756 IP CNRS, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Renato Porrozzi
- Laboratory of Research on Leishmaniasis, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, FIOCRUZ, 21040-360 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; (R.P.); (F.N.M.); (E.C.)
| | - Fernanda N. Morgado
- Laboratory of Research on Leishmaniasis, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, FIOCRUZ, 21040-360 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; (R.P.); (F.N.M.); (E.C.)
| | - Martin Llewellyn
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health & Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, G128QQ Glasgow, UK; (M.L.); (P.S.)
| | - Philipp Schwabl
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health & Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, G128QQ Glasgow, UK; (M.L.); (P.S.)
| | - Elisa Cupolillo
- Laboratory of Research on Leishmaniasis, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, FIOCRUZ, 21040-360 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; (R.P.); (F.N.M.); (E.C.)
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9
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Sandoval Pacheco CM, Araujo Flores GV, Favero Ferreira A, Sosa Ochoa W, Ribeiro da Matta VL, Zúniga Valeriano C, Pereira Corbett CE, Dalastra Laurenti M. Histopathological features of skin lesions in patients affected by non-ulcerated or atypical cutaneous leishmaniasis in Honduras, Central America. Int J Exp Pathol 2018; 99:249-257. [PMID: 30478864 DOI: 10.1111/iep.12295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Revised: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
In Honduras visceral leishmaniasis and non-ulcerated or atypical cutaneous leishmaniasis (NUCL) are caused by the species Leishmania (L.) infantum chagasi. NUCL is the most common clinical form in the southern regions of the country, mainly affecting the young. In view of the lack of knowledge about the pathogenesis of the disease pattern caused by L. (L) infantum chagasi in individuals affected by NUCL, the aim of the present study was to describe in detail the histopathological features of the skin lesion caused by the parasite. Biopsies from human NUCL lesions with a positive parasitological diagnosis were collected and processed using standard histological techniques. Paraffin sections stained by haematoxylin and eosin were used to examine the histopathological alterations seen in the skin. The lesions varied between 3 and 5 mm, and the majority of the patients (60%) had a single lesion. Lesions were more frequently seen in females (65%), with an average age of 33.4 years. Microscopically, the skin lesions were characterized by mononuclear inflammatory infiltrate in the dermis composed of lymphocytes, macrophages and a few plasma cells. The intensity of the infiltration varied from discrete to intense. In both cases, the parasitic infection was discrete. Granulomas were present in 60% of cases and were associated with intense inflammation. The data revealed by the histopathological alterations in the skin of individuals affected by NUCL suggest activation of a cellular immune response that potentially controls parasite spreading.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Aurea Favero Ferreira
- Laboratory of Pathology of Infectious Diseases, LIM50, Clinical Hospital HCFMUSP, Medical School, São Paulo University, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Wilfredo Sosa Ochoa
- Laboratory of Pathology of Infectious Diseases, Medical School, São Paulo University, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.,Microbiology Research Institute, National Autonomous University of Honduras, Tegucigalpa, Honduras
| | - Vânia Lúcia Ribeiro da Matta
- Laboratory of Pathology of Infectious Diseases, LIM50, Clinical Hospital HCFMUSP, Medical School, São Paulo University, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | - Marcia Dalastra Laurenti
- Laboratory of Pathology of Infectious Diseases, Medical School, São Paulo University, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Evaluation of Regulatory Immune Response in Skin Lesions of Patients Affected by Nonulcerated or Atypical Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Honduras, Central America. Mediators Inflamm 2018; 2018:3487591. [PMID: 29743809 PMCID: PMC5884201 DOI: 10.1155/2018/3487591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Accepted: 01/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In Honduras, Leishmania (L.) infantum chagasi causes both visceral leishmaniasis (LV) and nonulcerated or atypical cutaneous leishmaniasis (NUCL). NUCL is characterized by mononuclear inflammatory infiltration of the dermis, composed mainly of lymphocytes followed by macrophages with discrete parasitism. Considering that little is known about the pathogenesis of NUCL, the aim of this study was to evaluate the regulatory response in situ in skin lesions of patients affected by NUCL. Biopsies (n = 20) from human cutaneous nonulcerative lesions were collected and processed by usual histological techniques. The in situ regulatory immune response was evaluated by immunohistochemistry using antihuman CD4, FoxP3, IL-10, and TGF-β antibodies. CD4+, FoxP3+, TGF-β+, and IL-10+ cells were observed in the dermis with inflammatory infiltration in all studied cases and at higher densities compared to the normal skin controls. A positive and strong correlation was observed between CD4+ and FoxP3+ cells, and a positive and moderate correlation was observed between FoxP3+ and TGF-β+ but not with IL-10+ cells. The data suggest that T regulatory FoxP3+ cells and the regulatory cytokines, especially TGF-β, play an important role in the immunopathogenesis of NUCL, modulating a cellular immune response in the skin, avoiding tissue damage, and leading to low tissue parasitic persistence.
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11
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Mejía Á, Matamoros G, Fontecha G, Sosa-Ochoa W. Bionomic aspects of Lutzomyia evansi and Lutzomyia longipalpis, proven vectors of Leishmania infantum in an endemic area of non-ulcerative cutaneous leishmaniasis in Honduras. Parasit Vectors 2018; 11:15. [PMID: 29304878 PMCID: PMC5756426 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-017-2605-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 12/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Some Lutzomyia species are the vectors of human leishmaniasis in the Americas. Visceral and cutaneous leishmaniasis are both endemic in the Pacific region of Honduras, but the non-ulcerative form is the more frequent clinical manifestation in this region, where Lutzomyia longipalpis is the most abundant and the only incriminated vector. Taxonomic identification and distribution studies of sand flies are important to understand the epidemiology and to control these neglected tropical diseases. Results Here, we identified more than 13,000 Lutzomyia specimens captured in Isla del Tigre, Honduras, through a classical morphological approach. The two most common species were Lutzomyia evansi and Lu. longipalpis, and this is the first report of three Lutzomyia species on this island. The blood meal source was successfully identified for five sand fly species. A barcode analysis using the cox1 mitochondrial marker proved to be effective in discriminating between species and seems to be a valuable tool for future epidemiological studies including a wider geographical area. Conclusion This study updates the diversity and blood meal sources of Lutzomyia species in an island endemic for non-ulcerative cutaneous leishmaniasis in the Pacific region of Honduras, and determines the effectiveness of the barcoding approach to discriminate species, as a complementary tool to classical morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ángel Mejía
- Microbiology School, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Honduras, Tegucigalpa, Honduras
| | - Gabriela Matamoros
- Microbiology School, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Honduras, Tegucigalpa, Honduras
| | - Gustavo Fontecha
- Microbiology Research Institute, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Honduras, Tegucigalpa, Honduras.
| | - Wilfredo Sosa-Ochoa
- Microbiology Research Institute, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Honduras, Tegucigalpa, Honduras
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Soto LA, Caballero N, Fuentes LR, Muñoz PT, Gómez Echevarría JR, López MP, Bornay Llinares FJ, Stanford JL, Stanford CA, Donoghue HD. Leprosy Associated with Atypical Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Nicaragua and Honduras. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2017; 97:1103-1110. [PMID: 29031287 PMCID: PMC5637581 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.16-0622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
In Central America, few cases of leprosy have been reported, but the disease may be unrecognized. Diagnosis is based on clinical criteria and histology. Preliminary field work in Nicaragua and Honduras found patients, including many children, with skin lesions clinically suggestive of atypical cutaneous leishmaniasis or indeterminate leprosy. Histology could not distinguish these diseases although acid-fast organisms were visible in a few biopsies. Lesions healed after standard antimicrobial therapy for leprosy. In the present study, patients, family members, and other community members were skin-tested and provided nasal swabs and blood samples. Biopsies were taken from a subgroup of patients with clinical signs of infection. Two laboratories analyzed samples, using local in-house techniques. Mycobacterium leprae, Leishmania spp. and Leishmania infantum were detected using polymerase chain reactions. Mycobacterium leprae DNA was detected in blood samples and nasal swabs, including some cases where leprosy was not clinically suspected. Leishmania spp. were also detected in blood and nasal swabs. Most biopsies contained Leishmania DNA and coinfection of Leishmania spp. with M. leprae occurred in 33% of cases. Mycobacterium leprae DNA was also detected and sequenced from Nicaraguan and Honduran environmental samples. In conclusion, leprosy and leishmaniasis are present in both regions, and leprosy appears to be widespread. The nature of any relationship between these two pathogens and the epidemiology of these infections need to be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucrecia Acosta Soto
- Sanatorio Fontilles, Alicante, Spain
- Universidad Miguel Hernández de Elche, Alicante, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - John L. Stanford
- University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Catriona Hargreaves Charitable Trust, Mill House, Claygate, Kent, United Kingdom
| | - Cynthia A. Stanford
- Catriona Hargreaves Charitable Trust, Mill House, Claygate, Kent, United Kingdom
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Xenodiagnosis on dogs with visceral leishmaniasis: Canine and sand fly aspects related to the parasite transmission. Vet Parasitol 2016; 223:120-6. [PMID: 27198788 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2016.04.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2015] [Revised: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
One of the main limitations for the effective control of canine leishmaniasis in endemic areas is the difficulty in identifying infectious dogs. The objective of this study was to determine factors, related to dogs and to parasite detection in sand flies, which are associated with the positive xenodiagnosis of Leishmania infantum using the vector Lutzomyia longipalpis. The xenodiagnosis was performed in 50 owned dogs residing in endemic areas, which were divided into three different groups: G1-26 dogs proved to be infected and classified by severity of VL clinical signs on physical examination; G2-15 dogs proved to be infected and classified by severity of clinical signs and intensity of laboratory abnormalities; G3-nine dogs that were seropositive for anti-Leishmania IgG in ELISA tests. Parasite search in the sand flies after having fed on dogs in the xenodiagnosis was performed by both methodologies, PCR and dissection followed by microscopy. In G1, 58% (15/26) of dogs were able to transmit Leishmania to the vector, when parasite detection in sand flies were performed by PCR technique, 5 days after blood meal, whereas in G2, 53% (8/15) transmitted the parasite to the vector, however, confirmation was performed by direct observation of parasite through optical miscroscopy held 10 days after blood meal. Rate of infectiousness of dogs to sand flies was positively associated to severity of disease (p=0.042 and p=0.040), regardless the method used for clinical classification or for parasite detection in sand flies after xenodiagnosis. In G1 30% (3/10) of dogs with subclinical infection were infectious to the vector, while 80% (12/16) of dogs with clinical disease were also infectious. Even more, 17% (1/6) of dogs that had moderate disease were infectious to the sand flies, while 78% (7/9) of dogs with severe disease were infectious in G2. Still in G2, the proportion of sand flies infected (grade of infectiousness) was significantly lower (p=0.0098) when they fed on dogs with moderate disease (1%) in comparison with dogs with severe disease (38%). The dogs from G3 presented a rate of infectiousness of 11% (1/9), demonstrating that the indirect ELISA is not a good indicator of infectiousness and, therefore, should not be used as a confirmatory test for the euthanasia of dogs, as it is currently done in Brazil.
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Marques F, Vale-Costa S, Cruz T, Marques JM, Silva T, Neves JV, Cortes S, Fernandes A, Rocha E, Appelberg R, Rodrigues P, Tomás AM, Gomes MS. Studies in the mouse model identify strain variability as a major determinant of disease outcome in Leishmania infantum infection. Parasit Vectors 2015; 8:644. [PMID: 26684322 PMCID: PMC4684599 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-015-1259-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Accepted: 12/11/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Visceral leishmaniasis is a severe and potentially fatal disease caused by protozoa of the genus Leishmania, transmitted by phlebotomine sandflies. In Europe and the Mediterranean region, L. infantum is the commonest agent of visceral leishmaniasis, causing a wide spectrum of clinical manifestations, including asymptomatic carriage, cutaneous lesions and severe visceral disease. Visceral leishmaniasis is more frequent in immunocompromised individuals and data obtained in experimental models of infection have highlighted the importance of the host immune response, namely the efficient activation of host’s macrophages, in determining infection outcome. Conversely, few studies have addressed a possible contribution of parasite variability to this outcome. Methods In this study, we compared three isolates of L. infantum regarding their capacity to grow in the organs of mice, the way they activate the host’s macrophages and other components of the immune response and also their capacity to cope with host’s antimicrobial mechanisms, namely reactive oxygen and nitrogen species. Results We found that the three parasite strains significantly differed regarding the degree to which they induced nitric oxide synthase (NOS2) and arginase expression in infected macrophages and the pattern of cytokine production they induced in the host, resulting in different degrees of inflammatory response in infected livers. Additionally, the three strains also significantly differed in their in vitro susceptibility to reactive oxygen and nitrogen species. This variability was reflected in the capacity of each strain to persist and proliferate in the organs of wild-type as well as NOS2- and phagocyte oxidase- deficient mice. Conclusions The results obtained in this study show that parasite strain variability is an important determinant of disease outcome in L. infantum visceral leishmaniasis, with relevant implications for studies on host-pathogen interaction and also for leishmanicidal drug development. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13071-015-1259-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filipe Marques
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde and IBMC, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Sílvia Vale-Costa
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde and IBMC, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal. .,Present address: Cell Biology of Viral Infection Lab, Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Oeiras, Portugal.
| | - Tânia Cruz
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde and IBMC, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Joana Moreira Marques
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde and IBMC, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Tânia Silva
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde; IBMC, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, and ICBAS, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.
| | - João Vilares Neves
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde and IBMC, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Sofia Cortes
- GHTM, Global Health and Tropical Medicine, IHMT, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal. .,Present Address: Molekularbiologie und Funktionelle Genomik, Technische Hochschule Wildau, Wildau, Germany.
| | - Ana Fernandes
- ICBAS, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Eduardo Rocha
- ICBAS, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, and CIIMAR, Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Rui Appelberg
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde; IBMC, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, and ICBAS, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Pedro Rodrigues
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde; IBMC, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, and ICBAS, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Ana M Tomás
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde; IBMC, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, and ICBAS, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Maria Salomé Gomes
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde; IBMC, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, and ICBAS, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.
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Natural hybrid of Leishmania infantum/L. donovani: development in Phlebotomus tobbi, P. perniciosus and Lutzomyia longipalpis and comparison with non-hybrid strains differing in tissue tropism. Parasit Vectors 2015; 8:605. [PMID: 26608249 PMCID: PMC4660806 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-015-1217-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 11/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Infection caused by parasites from L. donovani complex can manifest as a serious visceral disease or a self-healing milder cutaneous form. The different tropism and pathology in humans is caused by the interaction between parasites, host and vector determinants but the mechanisms are not well understood. In Cukurova region in Turkey we previously identified a major focus of cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by L. donovani/infantum hybrids (CUK strain) and isolated this parasite from the locally abundant sand fly, Phlebotomus tobbi. Here, we present the first experimental study with P. tobbi. We tested the susceptibility of this species to various Leishmania under laboratory conditions, characterized glycoproteins in the P. tobbi midgut putatively involved in parasite-vector interaction and compared the development of the CUK strain in the sand fly with one other dermotropic and three viscerotropic strains belonging to the L. donovani complex. Methods Females of laboratory reared P. tobbi, P. perniciosus and Lutzomyia longipalpis were infected using membrane feeding on rabbit blood containing promastigotes of various Leishmania species with different tropisms. The individual guts were checked microscopically for presence and localization of Leishmania parasites; the number of parasites was assessed more precisely by qPCR. In addition, glycosylation of midgut proteins of P. tobbi was studied by lectin blotting of midgut lysate with lectins specific for terminal sugars of N-type and O-type glycans. Results High infection rates, heavy parasite loads and late-stage infection with colonization of the stomodeal valve were observed in P. tobbi infected by Leishmania major or L. infantum CUK hybrid. In parallel, lectin blotting revealed the presence of O-glycosylated proteins in the P. tobbi midgut. In P. perniciosus and L. longipalpis all five Leishmania strains tested developed well. In both vectors, significantly higher parasite numbers were detected by qPCR for dermotropic L. donovani from Cyprus, however, in all other parameters studied, including localization of infection and colonization of stomodeal valve, dermotropic and viscerotropic strains were not significantly different. Conclusions We showed high susceptibility of P. tobbi to various Leishmania spp. This, together with the presence of O-glycosylated midgut proteins in their midguts demonstrate that P. tobbi is a permissive vector. Two dermotropic and three viscerotropic strains from the L. donovani complex developed late-stage infections in natural L. infantum vectors, P. perniciosus and L. longipalpis and none of the parameters studied seem to be linked with different tropism of parasites in the vertebrate host.
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Castellanos-Gonzalez A, Saldarriaga OA, Tartaglino L, Gacek R, Temple E, Sparks H, Melby PC, Travi BL. A Novel Molecular Test to Diagnose Canine Visceral Leishmaniasis at the Point of Care. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2015; 93:970-5. [PMID: 26240156 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.15-0145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2015] [Accepted: 06/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Dogs are the principal reservoir hosts of zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis (VL) but current serological methods are not sensitive enough to detect all subclinically infected animals, which is crucial to VL control programs. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) methods have greater sensitivity but require expensive equipment and trained personnel, impairing its implementation in endemic areas. We developed a diagnostic test that uses isothermal recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA) to detect Leishmania infantum. This method was coupled with lateral flow (LF) reading with the naked eye to be adapted as a point-of-care test. The L. infantum RPA-LF had an analytical sensitivity similar to real time-PCR, detecting DNA of 0.1 parasites spiked in dog blood, which was equivalent to 40 parasites/mL. There was no cross amplification with dog or human DNA or with Leishmania braziliensis, Leishmania amazonensis, or Trypanosoma cruzi. The test also amplified Leishmania donovani strains (N = 7). In a group of clinically normal dogs (N = 30), RPA-LF detected more subclinical infections than rK39 strip test, a standard serological method (50% versus 13.3% positivity, respectively; P = 0.005). Also, RPA-LF detected L. infantum in noninvasive mucosal samples of dogs with a sensitivity comparable to blood samples. This novel molecular test may have a positive impact in leishmaniasis control programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Castellanos-Gonzalez
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB), Galveston, Texas; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Tropical Diseases (CTD), University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB), Galveston, Texas; Secretaria de Calidad de Vida, Municipalidad de Posadas, Misiones, Argentina; Instituto Municipal de Sanidad Animal, Municipalidad de Posadas, Misiones, Argentina; Baylor University, Waco, Texas
| | - Omar A Saldarriaga
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB), Galveston, Texas; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Tropical Diseases (CTD), University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB), Galveston, Texas; Secretaria de Calidad de Vida, Municipalidad de Posadas, Misiones, Argentina; Instituto Municipal de Sanidad Animal, Municipalidad de Posadas, Misiones, Argentina; Baylor University, Waco, Texas
| | - Lilian Tartaglino
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB), Galveston, Texas; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Tropical Diseases (CTD), University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB), Galveston, Texas; Secretaria de Calidad de Vida, Municipalidad de Posadas, Misiones, Argentina; Instituto Municipal de Sanidad Animal, Municipalidad de Posadas, Misiones, Argentina; Baylor University, Waco, Texas
| | - Rosana Gacek
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB), Galveston, Texas; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Tropical Diseases (CTD), University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB), Galveston, Texas; Secretaria de Calidad de Vida, Municipalidad de Posadas, Misiones, Argentina; Instituto Municipal de Sanidad Animal, Municipalidad de Posadas, Misiones, Argentina; Baylor University, Waco, Texas
| | - Elissa Temple
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB), Galveston, Texas; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Tropical Diseases (CTD), University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB), Galveston, Texas; Secretaria de Calidad de Vida, Municipalidad de Posadas, Misiones, Argentina; Instituto Municipal de Sanidad Animal, Municipalidad de Posadas, Misiones, Argentina; Baylor University, Waco, Texas
| | - Hayley Sparks
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB), Galveston, Texas; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Tropical Diseases (CTD), University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB), Galveston, Texas; Secretaria de Calidad de Vida, Municipalidad de Posadas, Misiones, Argentina; Instituto Municipal de Sanidad Animal, Municipalidad de Posadas, Misiones, Argentina; Baylor University, Waco, Texas
| | - Peter C Melby
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB), Galveston, Texas; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Tropical Diseases (CTD), University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB), Galveston, Texas; Secretaria de Calidad de Vida, Municipalidad de Posadas, Misiones, Argentina; Instituto Municipal de Sanidad Animal, Municipalidad de Posadas, Misiones, Argentina; Baylor University, Waco, Texas
| | - Bruno L Travi
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB), Galveston, Texas; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Tropical Diseases (CTD), University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB), Galveston, Texas; Secretaria de Calidad de Vida, Municipalidad de Posadas, Misiones, Argentina; Instituto Municipal de Sanidad Animal, Municipalidad de Posadas, Misiones, Argentina; Baylor University, Waco, Texas
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Spavieri J, Kaiser M, Casey R, Hingley-Wilson S, Lalvani A, Blunden G, Tasdemir D. Antiprotozoal, antimycobacterial and cytotoxic potential of some british green algae. Phytother Res 2010; 24:1095-8. [PMID: 19960429 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.3072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
In the continuation of our search for natural sources for antiprotozoal and antitubercular molecules, we have screened the crude extracts of four green marine algae (Cladophora rupestris, Codium fragile ssp. tomentosoides, Ulva intestinalis and Ulva lactuca) collected from the Dorset area of England. Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense, Trypanosoma cruzi, Leishmania donovani and Mycobacterium tuberculosis were used as test organisms in the in vitro assays. The selective toxicity of the extracts was also determined toward mammalian skeletal myoblast (L6) cells. The crude seaweed extracts had no activity against M. tuberculosis, but showed antiprotozoal activity against at least two protozoan species. All algal extracts were active against T. brucei rhodesiense, with C. rupestris being the most potent one (IC(50) value 3.7 microg/ml), whilst only C. rupestris and U. lactuca had moderate trypanocidal activity against T. cruzi (IC(50) values 80.8 and 34.9 microg/ml). Again, all four extracts showed leishmanicidal activity with IC(50) values ranging between 12.0 and 20.2 microg/ml. None of the extracts showed cytotoxicity toward L6 cells, indicating that their antiprotozoal activity is specific. This is the first study reporting antiprotozoal and antimycobacterial activity of British marine algae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmine Spavieri
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biological Chemistry, Centre for Pharmacognosy and Phytotherapy, School of Pharmacy, University of London, London WC1N 1AX, UK
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18
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Allmendinger A, Spavieri J, Kaiser M, Casey R, Hingley-Wilson S, Lalvani A, Guiry M, Blunden G, Tasdemir D. Antiprotozoal, antimycobacterial and cytotoxic potential of twenty-three British and Irish red algae. Phytother Res 2010; 24:1099-103. [PMID: 20077438 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.3094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
As part of our continuing research on seaweeds, we have screened the crude extracts of 23 red marine algae collected from England and Ireland. The clinically important blood-stage life forms of Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense, T. cruzi, Leishmania donovani and Mycobacterium tuberculosis were used as test organisms in the in vitro assays. The selectivity of the extracts was determined by using mammalian skeletal myoblast (L6) cells. All algal extracts showed activity against T. brucei rhodesiense, with Corallina officinalis and Ceramium virgatum being the most potent (IC(50) values 4.8 and 5.4 microg/ml), whilst none of the algal extracts inhibited the growth of T. cruzi. Except for Porphyra leucosticta, extracts from all seaweeds also showed leishmanicidal activity with IC(50) values ranging from 16.5 to 85.6 microg/ml. Only the crude extract of Calliblepharis jubata showed some weak activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MIC value 256 microg/ml), while the others were inactive at this concentration. Corallina officinalis was the only seaweed that displayed some marginal cytotoxicity (IC(50) value 88.6 microg/ml), and all remaining extracts were non-toxic towards L6 cells at 90 microg/ml concentration. To our knowledge, this is the first study reporting antiprotozoal and antimycobacterial activity of British and Irish red algae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Allmendinger
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biological Chemistry, Centre for Pharmacognosy and Phytotherapy, School of Pharmacy, University of London, London WC1N 1AX, UK
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Atypical manifestations of tegumentary leishmaniasis in a transmission area of Leishmania braziliensis in the state of Bahia, Brazil. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2009; 103:712-5. [PMID: 19481233 DOI: 10.1016/j.trstmh.2009.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2008] [Revised: 04/23/2009] [Accepted: 04/24/2009] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
American tegumentary leishmaniasis (ATL) can occur in different forms, classically categorised as cutaneous leishmaniasis, mucosal leishmaniasis, diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis and disseminated leishmaniasis. We analysed the presence of atypical manifestations (vegetative, verrucous, crusted and lupoid) among a cohort of patients presenting to the Health Post of Corte de Pedra, Bahia, Brazil. Among 1396 patients diagnosed with ATL in 2005-2006, 35 patients (2.5%) presented with atypical manifestations of the disease. Of these patients, 14 were pregnant women, 2 were co-infected with HIV and 19 had no co-morbidity or other apparent risk factors for the development of atypical ATL. The latter 19 patients were the focus of this study. They were predominantly adult males, frequently presenting with facial lesions [P<0.001; odds ratio (OR)=17.5, 95% CI 6.1-52.4] and had higher rates of treatment failure with antimonial therapy (P<0.001; OR=327, 95% CI 45-6668) compared with patients with classic ATL attending in the same period. Thirteen cases healed with amphotericin B, introduced after failure of three or more courses of antimony, suggesting that amphotericin B should be considered as the drug of choice for all patients diagnosed with atypical ATL.
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Meddeb-Garnaoui A, Zrelli H, Dellagi K. Effects of tropism and virulence of Leishmania parasites on cytokine production by infected human monocytes. Clin Exp Immunol 2008; 155:199-206. [PMID: 19040614 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2008.03821.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The nature of early interactions between Leishmania and macrophages which determine the outcome of infection can be related directly to parasite biological properties. Here we compared the capacity of L. major (Lm) strains, reported to be high (LmHV) and low virulent and (LmLV) in the mouse model and L. infantum (Li) strains, dermotropic (LiD) and viscerotropic (LiV), to infect and modulate cytokine production in human peripheral blood derived monocytes. Monocytes were infected with metacyclic promastigotes for 24, 48 and 72 h. Parasite burden was significantly higher in Lm- than in Li-infected monocytes. LmHV and LiD induced a significantly higher parasite burden than LmLV and LiV respectively. Cytokine production was evaluated in monocytes infected for 24 h. Contrary to interleukin (IL)-12p70, monocyte chemotactic protein-1 and transforming growth factor-beta production was increased significantly in infected monocytes with no differences between strains. Lm isolates induced significantly higher quantities of tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha than Li isolates. Low levels of IL-10 were induced by all Leishmania strains and, interestingly, co-stimulation with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was accompanied by a dramatic increase in IL-10 production by infected monocytes. In conclusion, Lm isolates displaying different levels of virulence in mice exhibited significant differences in parasite burden but similar abilities to modulate cytokine production in human monocytes. Li strains showed weaker infectivity and TNF-alpha inducing-capacity compared with Lm strains. The dramatic increase of IL-10 production in infected monocytes co-stimulated by LPS may play a role in disease progression considering the presence of LPS during bacterial superinfections observed during human leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Meddeb-Garnaoui
- Laboratory of Immunology, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Tunis-Belvédère, Tunisia.
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Mitra M, Mandal AK, Chatterjee TK, Das N. Targeting of mannosylated liposome incorporated benzyl derivative of Penicillium nigricans derived compound MT81 to reticuloendothelial systems for the treatment of visceral leishmaniasis. J Drug Target 2008; 13:285-93. [PMID: 16199372 DOI: 10.1080/10611860500233306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The antileishmanial property of a Benzyl derivative of a new antibiotic MT81 (Bz2MT81), isolated and purified from a fungal strain of Penicillium nigricans NRRL 917 was tested in free, liposome intercalated and mannose coated liposome intercalated forms in vivo against visceral leishmaniasis in hamsters. Mannose grafted liposome intercalated Bz2MT81 eliminated intracellular amastigotes of Leishmania donovani within splenic macrophages more efficiently than the liposome intercalated Bz2MT81 or free Bz2MT81. At a dose equivalent to 7.5 microg/Kg body weight when injected subcutaneously (s.c) in mannose grafted liposome intercalated form for 15 days in an interval of three days, the splenic parasitic load decreased to the extent of 79.1% of the total parasite present in infected control animals. Whereas, an identical amount (7.5 mug/Kg body weight) of Bz2MT81 in free or liposome intercalated form was found less effective in controlling the parasite in spleen (in free Bz2MT81 form, suppression of parasitic load is 49.8% and in liposome intercalated form, it is 55.1%). Both mannosylated liposomes and Bz2MT81 were noted non-toxic to the host peritoneal macrophages. Histological examinations of spleen and liver, kidney function tests (SGPT, alkaline phosphatase, creatinine and urea in blood plasma) showed that the toxicity of Bz2MT81 was reduced up to normal level when mannose grafted liposomal Bz2MT81 were administered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maitreyi Mitra
- Jadavpur University, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Kolkata, 700 032, India
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Ranasinghe S, Rogers ME, Hamilton JG, Bates PA, Maingon RD. A real-time PCR assay to estimate Leishmania chagasi load in its natural sand fly vector Lutzomyia longipalpis. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2008; 102:875-82. [PMID: 18501935 PMCID: PMC2678673 DOI: 10.1016/j.trstmh.2008.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2007] [Revised: 04/01/2008] [Accepted: 04/01/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmania chagasi, transmitted mainly by Lutzomyia longipalpis sand flies, causes visceral leishmaniasis and atypical cutaneous leishmaniasis in Latin America. Successful vector control depends upon determining vectorial capacity and understanding Leishmania transmission by sand flies. As microscopic detection of Leishmania in dissected sand fly guts is laborious and time-consuming, highly specific, sensitive, rapid and robust Leishmania PCR assays have attracted epidemiologists' attention. Real-time PCR is faster than qualitative PCR and yields quantitative data amenable to statistical analyses. A highly reproducible Leishmania DNA polymerase gene-based TaqMan real-time PCR assay was adapted to quantify Leishmania in sand flies, showing intra-assay and inter-assay coefficient variations lower than 1 and 1.7%, respectively, and sensitivity to 10 pg Leishmania DNA ( approximately 120 parasites) in as much as 100 ng sand fly DNA. Data obtained for experimentally infected sand flies yielded parasite loads within the range of counts obtained by microscopy for the same sand fly cohort or that were around five times higher than microscopy counts, depending on the method used for data analysis. These results highlight the potential of quantitative PCR for Leishmania transmission studies, and the need to understand factors affecting its sensitivity and specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shalindra Ranasinghe
- Centre for Applied Entomology and Parasitology, Institute of Science and Technology in Medicine, Keele University, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, UK
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University Sri Jayewardenepura, Gangodawila, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka
| | - Matthew E. Rogers
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5QA, UK
- Department of Immunology, Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, London, Norfolk Place, London W2 1PG, UK
| | - James G.C. Hamilton
- Centre for Applied Entomology and Parasitology, Institute of Science and Technology in Medicine, Keele University, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, UK
| | - Paul A. Bates
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5QA, UK
| | - Rhayza D.C. Maingon
- Centre for Applied Entomology and Parasitology, Institute of Science and Technology in Medicine, Keele University, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, UK
- Corresponding author. Tel.: +44 1782 584 219; fax: +44 1782 583 516.
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Kuettel S, Zambon A, Kaiser M, Brun R, Scapozza L, Perozzo R. Synthesis and evaluation of antiparasitic activities of new 4-[5-(4-phenoxyphenyl)-2H-pyrazol-3-yl]morpholine derivatives. J Med Chem 2007; 50:5833-9. [PMID: 17949068 DOI: 10.1021/jm700938n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A series of new 4-[5-(4-phenoxyphenyl)-2H-pyrazol-3-yl]morpholine derivatives, prepared by two synthetic routes, were in vitro assayed against three Trypanosoma strains, Leishmania donovani, and Plasmodium falciparum K1. Seven out of 17 compounds showed moderate to very good activity against blood stage T. b. rhodesiense, with 10 and 17 exhibiting highest potency (IC50 of 1.0 and 1.1 microM, respectively). Interestingly, the beta-diketone precursors 1-3 had good antitrypanosomal activity toward the insect stage, with IC50 values of 1.0-3.4 microM. Among different compounds with moderate activity against T. cruzi, compound 17 showed the lowest IC50 value of 9.5 microM; thus, the series seemed to act selectively toward the different Trypanosoma parasites. Eight compounds were moderately active against L. donovani, with 2, 3, and 12 being the most promising ones (IC50 values of 2.3-5.2 microM), whereas compound 14 was the only derivative with good activity against P. falciparum (IC50 of 3.7 microM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Kuettel
- Pharmaceutical Biochemistry Group, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, Quai Ernest-Ansermet 30, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
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Bañuls AL, Hide M, Prugnolle F. Leishmania and the leishmaniases: a parasite genetic update and advances in taxonomy, epidemiology and pathogenicity in humans. ADVANCES IN PARASITOLOGY 2007; 64:1-109. [PMID: 17499100 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-308x(06)64001-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Leishmaniases remain a major public health problem today despite the vast amount of research conducted on Leishmania pathogens. The biological model is genetically and ecologically complex. This paper explores the advances in Leishmania genetics and reviews population structure, taxonomy, epidemiology and pathogenicity. Current knowledge of Leishmania genetics is placed in the context of natural populations. Various studies have described a clonal structure for Leishmania but recombination, pseudo-recombination and other genetic processes have also been reported. The impact of these different models on epidemiology and the medical aspects of leishmaniases is considered from an evolutionary point of view. The role of these parasites in the expression of pathogenicity in humans is also explored. It is important to ascertain whether genetic variability of the parasites is related to the different clinical expressions of leishmaniasis. The review aims to put current knowledge of Leishmania and the leishmaniases in perspective and to underline priority questions which 'leishmaniacs' must answer in various domains: epidemiology, population genetics, taxonomy and pathogenicity. It concludes by presenting a number of feasible ways of responding to these questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Laure Bañuls
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, UMR CNRS/IRD 2724, Génétique et Evolution des Maladies Infectieuses, IRD Montpellier, 911 avenue Agropolis, 34394 Montpellier cedex 5, France
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Pinheiro NF, Hermida MDR, Macedo MP, Mengel J, Bafica A, dos-Santos WLC. Leishmania infection impairs beta 1-integrin function and chemokine receptor expression in mononuclear phagocytes. Infect Immun 2006; 74:3912-21. [PMID: 16790764 PMCID: PMC1489695 DOI: 10.1128/iai.02103-05] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmania spp. are intracellular parasites that cause lesions in the skin, mucosa, and viscera. We have previously shown that Leishmania infection reduces mononuclear phagocyte adhesion to inflamed connective tissue. In this study, we examined the role of adhesion molecules and chemokines in this process. Infection rate (r = -0.826, P = 0.003) and parasite burden (r = -0.917, P = 0.028) negatively correlated to mouse phagocyte adhesion. The decrease (58.7 to 75.0% inhibition, P = 0.005) in phagocyte adhesion to connective tissue, induced by Leishmania, occurred as early as 2 h after infection and was maintained for at least 24 h. Interestingly, impairment of cell adhesion was sustained by phagocyte infection, since it was not observed following phagocytosis of killed parasites (cell adhesion varied from 15.2% below to 24.0% above control levels, P > 0.05). In addition, Leishmania infection diminished cell adhesion to fibronectin (54.1 to 96.2%, P < 0.01), collagen (15.7 to 83.7%, P < 0.05), and laminin (59.1 to 82.2%, P < 0.05). The CD11b(hi) subpopulation was highly infected (49.6 to 97.3%). Calcium and Mg(2+) replacement by Mn(2+), a treatment that is known to induce integrins to a high state of affinity for their receptors, reverted the inhibition in adhesion caused by Leishmania. This reversion was completely blocked by anti-VLA4 antibodies. Furthermore, expression of CCR4 and CCR5, two chemokine receptors implicated in cell adhesion, was found to be downregulated 16 h after infection (2.8 to 4.1 times and 1.9 to 2.8 times, respectively). Together, these results suggest that mechanisms regulating integrin function are implicated in the change of macrophage adhesion in leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathanael F Pinheiro
- LPBI, Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rua Waldemar Falcão no. 121, Candeal, Salvador, BA 40296-710, Brazil
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Orhan I, Sener B, Atici T, Brun R, Perozzo R, Tasdemir D. Turkish freshwater and marine macrophyte extracts show in vitro antiprotozoal activity and inhibit FabI, a key enzyme of Plasmodium falciparum fatty acid biosynthesis. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2006; 13:388-93. [PMID: 16697632 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2005.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The ethanolic extracts of a number of Turkish freshwater macrophytes (Potamogeton perfoliatus, Ranunculus tricophyllus and Cladophora glomerata) and marine macroalgae (Dictyota dichotoma, Halopteris scoparia, Posidonia oceanica, Scinaia furcellata, Sargassum natans and Ulva lactuca) were assayed for their in vitro antiprotozoal activity. Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense, Trypanosoma cruzi, Leishmania donovani and Plasmodium falciparum were used as test organisms. The cytotoxicity of the extracts was also assessed against primary rat skeletal myoblasts (L6 cells). Whereas none of the extracts were active against T. cruzi, all crude extracts displayed appreciable trypanocidal activity against T. brucei rhodesiense, with S. natans being the most active one (IC(50) 7.4microg/ml). Except for the marine alga H. scoparia, all extracts also possessed leishmanicidal potential. The best antileishmanial activity was exerted by U. lactuca and P. oceanica (IC(50)'s 5.9 and 8.0microg/ml, respectively). Five extracts that demonstrated inhibitory activity towards P. falciparum (IC(50)'s 18.1-48.8microg/ml) were simultaneously assayed against FabI, a crucial enzyme of the fatty acid system of P. falciparum, to find out whether FabI was their target. The extracts of C. glomerata and U. lactuca efficiently inhibited the FabI enzyme with IC(50) values of 1.0 and 4.0microg/ml, respectively. None of the extracts were cytotoxic towards mammalian L6 cells. This work reports for the first time antiprotozoal activity of some Turkish marine and freshwater algae, as well as a target-based antiplasmodial screening for the identification of P. falciparum FabI inhibitors from aquatic and marine macrophytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Orhan
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gazi University, TR-06330 Ankara, Turkey
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