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Silvestrini MMA, Alessio GD, Frias BED, Sales Júnior PA, Araújo MSS, Silvestrini CMA, Brito Alvim de Melo GE, Martins-Filho OA, Teixeira-Carvalho A, Martins HR. New insights into Trypanosoma cruzi genetic diversity, and its influence on parasite biology and clinical outcomes. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1342431. [PMID: 38655255 PMCID: PMC11035809 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1342431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Chagas disease, caused by Trypanosoma cruzi, remains a serious public health problem worldwide. The parasite was subdivided into six distinct genetic groups, called "discrete typing units" (DTUs), from TcI to TcVI. Several studies have indicated that the heterogeneity of T. cruzi species directly affects the diversity of clinical manifestations of Chagas disease, control, diagnosis performance, and susceptibility to treatment. Thus, this review aims to describe how T. cruzi genetic diversity influences the biology of the parasite and/or clinical parameters in humans. Regarding the geographic dispersion of T. cruzi, evident differences were observed in the distribution of DTUs in distinct areas. For example, TcII is the main DTU detected in Brazilian patients from the central and southeastern regions, where there are also registers of TcVI as a secondary T. cruzi DTU. An important aspect observed in previous studies is that the genetic variability of T. cruzi can impact parasite infectivity, reproduction, and differentiation in the vectors. It has been proposed that T. cruzi DTU influences the host immune response and affects disease progression. Genetic aspects of the parasite play an important role in determining which host tissues will be infected, thus heavily influencing Chagas disease's pathogenesis. Several teams have investigated the correlation between T. cruzi DTU and the reactivation of Chagas disease. In agreement with these data, it is reasonable to suppose that the immunological condition of the patient, whether or not associated with the reactivation of the T. cruzi infection and the parasite strain, may have an important role in the pathogenesis of Chagas disease. In this context, understanding the genetics of T. cruzi and its biological and clinical implications will provide new knowledge that may contribute to additional strategies in the diagnosis and clinical outcome follow-up of patients with Chagas disease, in addition to the reactivation of immunocompromised patients infected with T. cruzi.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Glaucia Diniz Alessio
- Integrated Biomarker Research Group, René Rachou Institute, Fiocruz Minas, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Bruna Estefânia Diniz Frias
- Integrated Biomarker Research Group, René Rachou Institute, Fiocruz Minas, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Policarpo Ademar Sales Júnior
- Integrated Biomarker Research Group, René Rachou Institute, Fiocruz Minas, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Márcio Sobreira Silva Araújo
- Integrated Biomarker Research Group, René Rachou Institute, Fiocruz Minas, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | | | - Olindo Assis Martins-Filho
- Integrated Biomarker Research Group, René Rachou Institute, Fiocruz Minas, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Andréa Teixeira-Carvalho
- Integrated Biomarker Research Group, René Rachou Institute, Fiocruz Minas, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Helen Rodrigues Martins
- Department of Pharmacy, Federal University of the Jequitinhonha and Mucuri Valleys, Diamantina, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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Dumonteil E, Desale H, Tu W, Hernandez-Cuevas N, Shroyer M, Goff K, Marx PA, Herrera C. Intra-host Trypanosoma cruzi strain dynamics shape disease progression: the missing link in Chagas disease pathogenesis. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0423622. [PMID: 37668388 PMCID: PMC10581044 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.04236-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic Chagasic cardiomyopathy develops years after infection in 20-40% of patients, but disease progression is poorly understood. Here, we assessed Trypanosoma cruzi parasite dynamics and pathogenesis over a 2.5-year period in naturally infected rhesus macaques. Individuals with better control of parasitemia were infected with a greater diversity of parasite strains compared to those with increasing parasitemia over time. Also, the in vivo parasite multiplication rate decreased with increasing parasite diversity, suggesting competition among strains or a stronger immune response in multiple infections. Significant differences in electrocardiographic (ECG) profiles were observed in Chagasic macaques compared to uninfected controls, suggesting early conduction defects, and changes in ECG patterns over time were observed only in macaques with increasing parasitemia and lower parasite diversity. Disease progression was also associated with plasma fibronectin degradation, which may serve as a biomarker. These data provide a novel framework for the understanding of Chagas disease pathogenesis, with parasite diversity shaping disease progression.IMPORTANCEChagas disease progression remains poorly understood, and patients at increased risk of developing severe cardiac disease cannot be distinguished from those who may remain asymptomatic. Monitoring of Trypanosoma cruzi strain dynamics and pathogenesis over 2-3 years in naturally infected macaques shows that increasing parasite diversity in hosts is detrimental to parasite multiplication and Chagasic cardiomyopathy disease progression. This provides a novel framework for the understanding of Chagas disease pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Dumonteil
- Department of Tropical Medicine, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, and Vector-Borne and Infectious Disease Research Center, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Hans Desale
- Department of Tropical Medicine, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, and Vector-Borne and Infectious Disease Research Center, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Weihong Tu
- Department of Tropical Medicine, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, and Vector-Borne and Infectious Disease Research Center, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Nora Hernandez-Cuevas
- Laboratorio de Parasitologia, Centro de Investigaciones Regionales “Dr. Hideyo Noguchi”, Universidad Autonoma de Yucatan, Merida, Yucatan, Mexico
| | - Monica Shroyer
- Division of Veterinary Medicine, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University, Covington, Louisiana, USA
| | - Kelly Goff
- Division of Microbiology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University, Covington, Louisiana, USA
| | - Preston A. Marx
- Department of Tropical Medicine, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, and Vector-Borne and Infectious Disease Research Center, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
- Division of Microbiology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University, Covington, Louisiana, USA
| | - Claudia Herrera
- Department of Tropical Medicine, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, and Vector-Borne and Infectious Disease Research Center, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
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Discrete Typing Units of Trypanosoma cruzi Identified by Real-Time PCR in Peripheral Blood and Dejections of Triatoma infestans Used in Xenodiagnosis Descriptive Study. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11070787. [PMID: 35890030 PMCID: PMC9317341 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11070787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Chagas disease (ChD) is a vector zoonosis native to the American continent caused by the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi; the biological vectors are multiple species of hematophagous insects of the family Triatominae. A relevant aspect in the host–parasite relationship is the identification of the various genotypes of T. cruzi called discrete typing units (DTU) that circulate in mammals and vectors. In Chile, it has been described that the DTUs TcI, TcII, TcV, and TcVI circulate in infected humans, vectors, and wild animals. Identifying DTUs has acquired clinical importance, since it has been suggested that different genotypes could cause distinct pathologies, circulate in different geographical areas, and present different sensitivities to trypanocidal drugs. In this study, circulating T. cruzi DTUs in peripheral blood and Triatoma infestans dejections used in xenodiagnosis (XD) were amplified by qPCR in 14 Chilean patients with chronic ChD from highly endemic areas. More positive samples were detected by XD compared to peripheral blood samples, and 64.28% of the cases were simple infections and 35.72% mixed, with a statistically significant difference in the frequency of TcV DTU. This study would suggest that T. infestans from Chile is more competent to amplify one DTU over others, probably due to a process of co-evolution.
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Dumonteil E, Herrera C. The Case for the Development of a Chagas Disease Vaccine: Why? How? When? Trop Med Infect Dis 2021; 6:tropicalmed6010016. [PMID: 33530605 PMCID: PMC7851737 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed6010016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Chagas disease is a major neglected tropical disease, transmitted predominantly by triatomine insect vectors, but also through congenital and oral routes. While endemic in the Americas, it has turned into a global disease. Because of the current drug treatment limitations, a vaccine would represent a major advancement for better control of the disease. Here, we review some of the rationale, advances, and challenges for the ongoing development of a vaccine against Chagas disease. Recent pre-clinical studies in murine models have further expanded (i) the range of vaccine platforms and formulations tested; (ii) our understanding of the immune correlates for protection; and (iii) the extent of vaccine effects on cardiac function, beyond survival and parasite burden. We further discuss outstanding issues and opportunities to move Chagas disease development forward in the near future.
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Genetic diversity of Trypanosoma cruzi parasites infecting dogs in southern Louisiana sheds light on parasite transmission cycles and serological diagnostic performance. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0008932. [PMID: 33332357 PMCID: PMC7775123 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Chagas disease is a neglected zoonosis of growing concern in the southern US, caused by the parasite Trypanosoma cruzi. We genotyped parasites in a large cohort of PCR positive dogs to shed light on parasite transmission cycles and assess potential relationships between parasite diversity and serological test performance. Methodology/principal findings We used a metabarcoding approach based on deep sequencing of T. cruzi mini-exon marker to assess parasite diversity. Phylogenetic analysis of 178 sequences from 40 dogs confirmed the presence of T. cruzi discrete typing unit (DTU) TcI and TcIV, as well as TcII, TcV and TcVI for the first time in US dogs. Infections with multiple DTUs occurred in 38% of the dogs. These data indicate a greater genetic diversity of T. cruzi than previously detected in the US. Comparison of T. cruzi sequence diversity indicated that highly similar T. cruzi strains from these DTUs circulate in hosts and vectors in Louisiana, indicating that they are involved in a shared T. cruzi parasite transmission cycle. However, TcIV and TcV were sampled more frequently in vectors, while TcII and TcVI were sampled more frequently in dogs. Conclusions/significance These observations point to ecological host-fitting being a dominant mechanism involved in the diversification of T. cruzi-host associations. Dogs with negative, discordant or confirmed positive T. cruzi serology harbored TcI parasites with different mini-exon sequences, which strongly supports the hypothesis that parasite genetic diversity is a key factor affecting serological test performance. Thus, the identification of conserved parasite antigens should be a high priority for the improvement of current serological tests. Chagas disease is a neglected zoonosis of growing concern in the southern US, caused by the parasite Trypanosoma cruzi. Here we analyzed the parasite genetic diversity in a large cohort of infected dogs to better understand parasite transmission cycles and assess potential relationships between parasite diversity and serological test performance. We used DNA sequencing of a well characterized T. cruzi genetic marker to assess parasite diversity. We confirmed the presence of T. cruzi lineages TcI and TcIV, and report TcII, TcV and TcVI for the first time in US dogs. Parasite lineages TcIV TcII and TcVI appeared more frequent in dogs compared to insect vectors. Dogs with negative, discordant or confirmed positive T. cruzi serology harbored genetically different TcI parasites, which shows that parasite genetic diversity is a key factor affecting serological test performance. Thus, the identification of parasite antigens conserved across strains and lineages should be a high priority for the improvement of current serological tests.
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Villanueva-Lizama L, Teh-Poot C, Majeau A, Herrera C, Dumonteil E. Molecular Genotyping of Trypanosoma cruzi by Next-Generation Sequencing of the Mini-Exon Gene Reveals Infections With Multiple Parasite Discrete Typing Units in Chagasic Patients From Yucatan, Mexico. J Infect Dis 2019; 219:1980-1988. [DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiz047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Liliana Villanueva-Lizama
- Laboratorio de Parasitologia, Centro de Investigaciones Regionales “Dr. Hideyo Noguchi,” Universidad Autonoma de Yucatan, Merida, Mexico
| | - Christian Teh-Poot
- Laboratorio de Parasitologia, Centro de Investigaciones Regionales “Dr. Hideyo Noguchi,” Universidad Autonoma de Yucatan, Merida, Mexico
| | - Alicia Majeau
- Department of Tropical Medicine, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine
- Vector-Borne and Infectious Disease Research Center, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Claudia Herrera
- Department of Tropical Medicine, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine
- Vector-Borne and Infectious Disease Research Center, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Eric Dumonteil
- Department of Tropical Medicine, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine
- Vector-Borne and Infectious Disease Research Center, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana
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Alessio GD, de Araújo FF, Sales Júnior PA, Gomes MDS, do Amaral LR, Pascoal Xavier MA, Teixeira-Carvalho A, de Lana M, Martins-Filho OA. Accomplishing the genotype-specific serodiagnosis of single and dual Trypanosoma cruzi infections by flow cytometry Chagas-Flow ATE-IgG2a. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2018; 12:e0006140. [PMID: 29462135 PMCID: PMC5843347 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0006140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Revised: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The methods currently available for genotype-specific diagnosis of T. cruzi infection still present relevant limitations, especially to identify mixed infection. In the present investigation, we have evaluated the performance of Chagas-Flow ATE-IgG2a test for early and late differential diagnosis of single and dual genotype-specific T. cruzi infections. Serum samples from Swiss mice at early and late stages of T. cruzi infection were assayed in parallel batches for genotype-specific diagnosis of single (TcI, TcVI or TcII) and dual (TcI+TcVI, TcVI+TcII or TcII+TcI) infections. The intrinsic reactivity to TcI, TcVI and TcII target antigens, including amastigote (AI/AVI/AII), trypomastigote-(TI/TVI/TII) and epimastigote (EI/EVI/EII), at specific reverse of serum dilutions (500 to 64,000), was employed to provide reliable decision-trees for "early" vs "late", "single vs "dual" and "genotype-specific" serology. The results demonstrated that selective set of attributes "EII 500/EI 2,000/AII 500" were able to provide high-quality accuracy (81%) to segregate early and late stages of T. cruzi infection. The sets "TI 2,000/AI 1,000/EII 1,000" and "TI 8,000/AII 32,000" presented expressive scores to discriminate single from dual T. cruzi infections at early (85%) and late stages (84%), respectively. Moreover, the attributes "TI 4,000/TVI 500/TII 1,000", "TI 16,000/EI 2,000/EII 2,000/AI 500/TVI 500" showed good performance for genotype-specific diagnosis at early stage of single (72%) and dual (80%) T. cruzi infections, respectively. In addition, the attributes "TI 4,000/AII 1,000/EVI 1,000", "TI 64,000/AVI 500/AI 2,000/AII 1,000/EII 4,000" showed moderate performance for genotype-specific diagnosis at late stage of single (69%) and dual (76%) T. cruzi infections, respectively. The sets of decision-trees were assembled to construct a sequential algorithm with expressive accuracy (81%) for serological diagnosis of T. cruzi infection. These findings engender new perspectives for the application of Chagas-Flow ATE-IgG2a method for genotype-specific diagnosis in humans, with relevant contributions for epidemiological surveys as well as clinical and post-therapeutic monitoring of Chagas disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glaucia Diniz Alessio
- Laboratório de Doença de Chagas, Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Biológicas (NUPEB), Instituto de Ciências Exatas e Biológicas (ICEB), Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto (UFOP), Ouro Preto, MG, Brazil
- Grupo Integrado de Pesquisas em Biomarcadores, Instituto René Rachou (FIOCRUZ-Minas), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Fortes de Araújo
- Grupo Integrado de Pesquisas em Biomarcadores, Instituto René Rachou (FIOCRUZ-Minas), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Sanidade e Produção Animal nos Trópicos, Universidade de Uberaba, Uberaba, Brazil
| | - Policarpo Ademar Sales Júnior
- Grupo de Genômica Funcional e Proteômica de Leishmania spp e Trypanosoma cruzi, Instituto René Rachou (FIOCRUZ-Minas), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Matheus de Souza Gomes
- Laboratório de Bioinformática e Análises Moleculares, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, INGEB/FACOM, Campus Patos de Minas, Patos de Minas, MG, Brazil
| | - Laurence Rodrigues do Amaral
- Laboratório de Bioinformática e Análises Moleculares, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, INGEB/FACOM, Campus Patos de Minas, Patos de Minas, MG, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Antônio Pascoal Xavier
- Grupo de Pesquisas Clínicas e Políticas Públicas em Doenças Infecciosas e Parasitárias, Instituto René Rachou (FIOCRUZ-Minas), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Andréa Teixeira-Carvalho
- Grupo Integrado de Pesquisas em Biomarcadores, Instituto René Rachou (FIOCRUZ-Minas), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Marta de Lana
- Laboratório de Doença de Chagas, Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Biológicas (NUPEB), Instituto de Ciências Exatas e Biológicas (ICEB), Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto (UFOP), Ouro Preto, MG, Brazil
| | - Olindo Assis Martins-Filho
- Grupo Integrado de Pesquisas em Biomarcadores, Instituto René Rachou (FIOCRUZ-Minas), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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Costa J, Araújo CAC, Freitas CAV, Borges-Pereira J. Are Members of the Triatoma brasiliensis (Hemiptera, Reduviidae) Species Complex Able to Alter the Biology and Virulence of a Trypanosoma cruzi Strain? NEOTROPICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2015; 44:186-193. [PMID: 26013138 DOI: 10.1007/s13744-015-0271-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2014] [Accepted: 12/29/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Trypanosoma cruzi is the causative agent of Chagas disease, transmitted to humans and mammals by blood-sucking hemipteran insects belonging to the Triatominae subfamily. The two main genotypes of T. cruzi (TcI and TcII) differ in many characteristics concerning their genetic profile. Despite the extensive literature on vectors and the etiologic agent, several interactive aspects between these two elements of Chagas disease are still waiting to be further clarified. Here, biological and histological features resulting from the interaction between Albino Swiss mice and T. cruzi isolate PB913 after passages through vectors of the Triatoma brasiliensis species complex were evaluated. Comparing the four members of the T. brasiliensis species complex-Triatoma brasiliensis brasiliensis Neiva, Triatoma brasiliensis macromelasoma Galvão, Triatoma melanica Neiva & Lent, and Triatoma juazeirensis Costa & Felix-no significant differences in parasitemia of the infected mice were observed. At 20 days post-infection, the highest number of parasites was observed in the group of mice that were infected with parasites obtained from T. b. macromelasoma. Tropism of the parasites to different organs such as heart, bladder, and skeletal muscles followed by inflammatory cell infiltrates was observed with quantitative and qualitative differences. Even though the four members of the T. brasiliensis species complex differ in their geographical distribution, morphology, biology, ecology, and genetics, no significant influence on the parasitemia of the T. cruzi PB913 isolate was detected. After evaluation of the tissue samples, a higher pathogenicity of parasites obtained from T. b. brasiliensis was noticeable.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Costa
- Lab de Biodiversidade Entomológica, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz-IOC/FIOCRUZ, Av. Brasil 4365, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
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Ragone PG, Pérez Brandán C, Monje Rumi M, Tomasini N, Lauthier JJ, Cimino RO, Uncos A, Ramos F, Alberti D´Amato AM, Basombrío MA, Diosque P. Experimental evidence of biological interactions among different isolates of Trypanosoma cruzi from the Chaco Region. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0119866. [PMID: 25789617 PMCID: PMC4366099 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0119866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2014] [Accepted: 01/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Many infectious diseases arise from co-infections or re-infections with more than one genotype of the same pathogen. These mixed infections could alter host fitness, the severity of symptoms, success in pathogen transmission and the epidemiology of the disease. Trypanosoma cruzi, the etiological agent of Chagas disease, exhibits a high biological variability often correlated with its genetic diversity. Here, we developed an experimental approach in order to evaluate biological interaction between three T. cruzi isolates belonging to different Discrete Typing Units (DTUs TcIII, TcV and TcVI). These isolates were obtained from a restricted geographical area in the Chaco Region. Different mixed infections involving combinations of two isolates (TcIII + TcV, TcIII + TcVI and TcV + TcVI) were studied in a mouse model. The parameters evaluated were number of parasites circulating in peripheral blood, histopathology and genetic characterization of each DTU in different tissues by DNA hybridization probes. We found a predominance of TcVI isolate in blood and tissues respect to TcIII and TcV; and a decrease of the inflammatory response in heart when the damage of mice infected with TcVI and TcIII + TcVI mixture were compared. In addition, simultaneous presence of two isolates in the same tissue was not detected. Our results show that biological interactions between isolates with different biological behaviors lead to changes in their biological properties. The occurrence of interactions among different genotypes of T. cruzi observed in our mouse model suggests that these phenomena could also occur in natural cycles in the Chaco Region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula G. Ragone
- Unidad de Epidemiología Molecular, Instituto de Patología Experimental, CONICET (Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas), Universidad Nacional de Salta, Salta-Capital, Argentina
- Instituto de Patología Experimental, CONICET (Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas), Universidad Nacional de Salta, Salta-Capital, Argentina
- * E-mail:
| | - Cecilia Pérez Brandán
- Unidad de Epidemiología Molecular, Instituto de Patología Experimental, CONICET (Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas), Universidad Nacional de Salta, Salta-Capital, Argentina
- Instituto de Patología Experimental, CONICET (Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas), Universidad Nacional de Salta, Salta-Capital, Argentina
| | - Mercedes Monje Rumi
- Unidad de Epidemiología Molecular, Instituto de Patología Experimental, CONICET (Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas), Universidad Nacional de Salta, Salta-Capital, Argentina
- Instituto de Patología Experimental, CONICET (Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas), Universidad Nacional de Salta, Salta-Capital, Argentina
| | - Nicolás Tomasini
- Unidad de Epidemiología Molecular, Instituto de Patología Experimental, CONICET (Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas), Universidad Nacional de Salta, Salta-Capital, Argentina
- Instituto de Patología Experimental, CONICET (Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas), Universidad Nacional de Salta, Salta-Capital, Argentina
| | - Juan J. Lauthier
- Unidad de Epidemiología Molecular, Instituto de Patología Experimental, CONICET (Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas), Universidad Nacional de Salta, Salta-Capital, Argentina
- Instituto de Patología Experimental, CONICET (Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas), Universidad Nacional de Salta, Salta-Capital, Argentina
| | - Rubén O. Cimino
- Cátedra de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Salta, Salta-Capital, Argentina
| | - Alejandro Uncos
- Instituto de Patología Experimental, CONICET (Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas), Universidad Nacional de Salta, Salta-Capital, Argentina
| | - Federico Ramos
- Instituto de Patología Experimental, CONICET (Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas), Universidad Nacional de Salta, Salta-Capital, Argentina
| | - Anahí M. Alberti D´Amato
- Unidad de Epidemiología Molecular, Instituto de Patología Experimental, CONICET (Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas), Universidad Nacional de Salta, Salta-Capital, Argentina
- Instituto de Patología Experimental, CONICET (Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas), Universidad Nacional de Salta, Salta-Capital, Argentina
| | - Miguel A. Basombrío
- Instituto de Patología Experimental, CONICET (Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas), Universidad Nacional de Salta, Salta-Capital, Argentina
| | - Patricio Diosque
- Unidad de Epidemiología Molecular, Instituto de Patología Experimental, CONICET (Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas), Universidad Nacional de Salta, Salta-Capital, Argentina
- Instituto de Patología Experimental, CONICET (Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas), Universidad Nacional de Salta, Salta-Capital, Argentina
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Machin A, Telleria J, Brizard JP, Demettre E, Séveno M, Ayala FJ, Tibayrenc M. Trypanosoma cruzi: gene expression surveyed by proteomic analysis reveals interaction between different genotypes in mixed in vitro cultures. PLoS One 2014; 9:e95442. [PMID: 24748035 PMCID: PMC3991653 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0095442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2013] [Accepted: 03/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
We have analyzed the comportment in in vitro culture of 2 different genotypes of Trypanosoma cruzi, the agent of Chagas disease, pertaining to 2 major genetic subdivisions (near-clades) of this parasite. One of the stocks was a fast-growing one, highly virulent in mice, while the other one was slow- growing, mildly virulent in mice. The working hypothesis was that mixtures of genotypes interact, a pattern that has been observed by us in empirical experimental studies. Genotype mixtures were followed every 7 days and characterized by the DIGE technology of proteomic analysis. Proteic spots of interest were characterized by the SAMESPOT software. Patterns were compared to those of pure genotypes that were also evaluated every 7 days. One hundred and three spots exhibited changes in time by comparison with T = 0. The major part of these spots (58%) exhibited an under-expression pattern by comparison with the pure genotypes. 32% of the spots wereover-expressed; 10% of spots were not different from those of pure genotypes. Interestingly, interaction started a few minutes after the mixtures were performed. We have retained 43 different proteins that clearly exhibited either under- or over-expression. Proteins showing interaction were characterized by mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF). Close to 50% of them were either tubulins or heat shock proteins. This study confirms that mixed genotypes of T. cruzi interact at the molecular level. This is of great interest because mixtures of genotypes are very frequent in Chagas natural cycles, both in insect vectors and in mammalian hosts, and may play an important role in the transmission and severity of Chagas disease. The methodology proposed here is potentially applicable to any micropathogen, including fungi, bacteria and viruses. It should be of great interest in the case of bacteria, for which the epidemiological and clinical consequences of mixed infections could be underestimated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Machin
- Unité Mixte de Recherche, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement/Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique/Universités Montpellier 1 and 2, Génétique et Evolution des Maladies Infectieuses, n° 5290, Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs Ecologie, Génétique, Evolution et Contrôle (MIVEGEC) Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Montpellier, France
| | - Jenny Telleria
- Unité Mixte de Recherche, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement/Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique/Universités Montpellier 1 and 2, Génétique et Evolution des Maladies Infectieuses, n° 5290, Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs Ecologie, Génétique, Evolution et Contrôle (MIVEGEC) Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Montpellier, France
| | - Jean-Paul Brizard
- Unité Mixte de Recherche, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement/Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, n° 5096, Centre Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Montpellier, France
| | - Edith Demettre
- Plate-forme de Proteomique Fonctionnelle, c/o Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 5203, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicales, Unité 661, Université Montpellier I et II, Montpellier, France
| | - Martial Séveno
- Plate-forme de Proteomique Fonctionnelle, c/o Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 5203, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicales, Unité 661, Université Montpellier I et II, Montpellier, France
| | - Francisco José Ayala
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Michel Tibayrenc
- Unité Mixte de Recherche, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement/Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique/Universités Montpellier 1 and 2, Génétique et Evolution des Maladies Infectieuses, n° 5290, Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs Ecologie, Génétique, Evolution et Contrôle (MIVEGEC) Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Montpellier, France
- * E-mail:
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Botero A, Thompson CK, Peacock CS, Clode PL, Nicholls PK, Wayne AF, Lymbery AJ, Thompson RCA. Trypanosomes genetic diversity, polyparasitism and the population decline of the critically endangered Australian marsupial, the brush tailed bettong or woylie (Bettongia penicillata). INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR PARASITOLOGY-PARASITES AND WILDLIFE 2013; 2:77-89. [PMID: 24533319 PMCID: PMC3862532 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2013.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2013] [Revised: 03/13/2013] [Accepted: 03/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Trypanosomes in Australian marsupials comprise a heterogeneous community. The woylie was the only species found co-infected with different trypanosomes. Some of the trypanosomes found are able to colonize several tissues in the host. Trypanosoma copemani is able to invade cells in vitro. Association between T.copemani and mixed infections with the decline of the woylie.
While much is known of the impact of trypanosomes on human and livestock health, trypanosomes in wildlife, although ubiquitous, have largely been considered to be non-pathogenic. We describe the genetic diversity, tissue tropism and potential pathogenicity of trypanosomes naturally infecting Western Australian marsupials. Blood samples collected from 554 live-animals and 250 tissue samples extracted from 50 carcasses of sick-euthanized or road-killed animals, belonging to 10 species of marsupials, were screened for the presence of trypanosomes using a PCR of the 18S rDNA gene. PCR results revealed a rate of infection of 67% in blood and 60% in tissues. Inferred phylogenetic trees using 18S rDNA and glycosomal glyceraldehyde phosphate dehydrogenase (gGAPDH) sequences showed the presence of eight genotypes that clustered into three clades: a clade including Trypanosoma copemani, a new clade closely related to Trypanosoma gilletti, and a clade including Trypanosoma H25 from an Australian kangaroo. Trypanosome infections were compared in a declining and in a stable population of the endangered Australian marsupial, the brush tailed bettong or woylie (Bettongia penicillata). This marsupial showed high rates of infection with Clade A genotypes (96%) in the declining population, whereas in the stable population, Clade B genotypes were predominant (89%). Mixed infections were common in woylies from the declining but not from the stable population. Histopathological findings associated with either mixed or single infections involving Clade A genotypes, showed a strong inflammatory process and tissue degeneration predominantly in heart, oesophagus and tongue. Trypanosomes were successfully grown in culture and for the first time we demonstrate that a genotype within Clade A has the capacity to not only colonize different tissues in the host but also to invade cells in vitro. These results provide evidence for the potential role of trypanosomes in the decline of a formerly abundant marsupial that is now critically endangered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Botero
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, 90 South Street, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia
| | - Craig K Thompson
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, 90 South Street, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia
| | - Christopher S Peacock
- School of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia ; Telethon Institute for Child Health Research, 100 Roberts Road, Subiaco, WA 6008, Australia
| | - Peta L Clode
- Centre for Microscopy, Characterisation and Analysis, University of Western Australia, Stirling HWY, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Philip K Nicholls
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, 90 South Street, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia
| | - Adrian F Wayne
- Department of Environment and Conservation, Science Division, Manjimup, WA, Australia
| | - Alan J Lymbery
- Fish Health Unit, School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, South Street, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia
| | - R C Andrew Thompson
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, 90 South Street, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia
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Morocoima A, Carrasco HJ, Boadas J, Chique JD, Herrera L, Urdaneta-Morales S. Trypanosoma cruzi III from armadillos (Dasypus novemcinctus novemcinctus) from Northeastern Venezuela and its biological behavior in murine model. Risk of emergency of Chagas’ disease. Exp Parasitol 2012; 132:341-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2012.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2012] [Revised: 06/18/2012] [Accepted: 08/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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13
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Ragone PG, Pérez Brandán C, Padilla AM, Monje Rumi M, Lauthier JJ, Alberti D’Amato AM, Tomasini N, Cimino RO, Romero NM, Portelli M, Nasser JR, Basombrío MA, Diosque P. Biological behavior of different Trypanosoma cruzi isolates circulating in an endemic area for Chagas disease in the Gran Chaco region of Argentina. Acta Trop 2012; 123:196-201. [PMID: 22643298 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2012.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2011] [Revised: 05/08/2012] [Accepted: 05/14/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The biological behavior of the different Trypanosoma cruzi strains is still unclear and the importance of exploring the relevance of these differences in natural isolates is of great significance. Herein we describe the biological behavior of four T. cruzi isolates circulating sympatrically in a restricted geographic area in Argentina endemic for Chagas Disease. These isolates were characterized as belonging to the Discrete Typing Units (DTUs) TcI, TcIII, TcV and TcVI as shown by Multilocus Enzyme Electrophoresis and Multilocus Sequence Typing. In order to study the natural behavior of the different isolates and to preserve their natural properties, we developed a vector transmission model that allows their maintenance in the laboratory. The model consisted of serial passages of these parasites between insect vectors and mice. Vector-derived parasite forms were then inoculated in C57BL/6J mice and number of parasite in peripheral blood, serological response and histological damage in acute and chronic phases of the infection were measured. Parasites from DTUs TcI, TcIII and TcVI were detected by direct fresh blood examination, while TcV parasites could only be detected by Polimerase Chain Reaction. No significant difference in the anti-T. cruzi antibody response was found during the chronic phase of infection, except for mice infected with TcV parasites where no antibodies could be detected. Histological sections showed that TcI isolate produced more damage in skeletal muscle while TcVI induced more inflammation in the heart. This work shows differential biological behavior among different parasite isolates obtained from the same cycle of transmission, permitting the opportunity to formulate future hypotheses of clinical and epidemiological importance.
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Bacigalupo A, Segovia V, García A, Botto-Mahan C, Ortiz S, Solari A, Acuna-Retamar M, Torres-Pérez F, Cattan PE. Differential pattern of infection of sylvatic nymphs and domiciliary adults of Triatoma infestans with Trypanosoma cruzi genotypes in Chile. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2012; 87:473-80. [PMID: 22802439 PMCID: PMC3435350 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.2012.11-0237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2011] [Accepted: 05/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
In Chile, the main vector of Chagas disease, Triatoma infestans, is under control after insecticide spraying. However, it has been found colonizing wild habitats. This study evaluated Trypanosoma cruzi infection of sylvatic and domiciliary T. infestans and identified their parasite genotypes. The sample studied was composed mainly of T. infestans sylvatic nymphs and domiciliary adults from a semi-urban area with human dwellings under vector control surveillance. Results showed prevalences of 57.7% in nymphs and 68.6% in adults. Hybridization tests showed a major T. cruzi lineage (TcI) circulating in sylvatic (93.3%) and domiciliary (100%) T. infestans. TcII, TcV, and TcVI were also detected, mainly in nymphs, suggesting differential adaptation of T. cruzi lineages among instars. We also discuss the origin of domiciliary individuals of T. infestans and the risk of human infection by triatomines of sylvatic foci that invade houses despite vector control programs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Pedro E. Cattan
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas Animales, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias y Pecuarias, Unidad de Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina Occidente, Departamento de Ciencias Ecológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Programa de Biología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina Norte, Departamento de Patología Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias y Pecuarias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Instituto de Biología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
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15
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Veloso VM, Guedes PMDM, de Lana M, Martins HR, Carneiro CM, da Câmara ACJ, D'Ávila DA, Caldas IS, Galvão LMDC, Chiari E, Bahia MT. Genetic modulation in Be-78 and Y Trypanosoma cruzi strains after long-term infection in Beagle dogs revealed by molecular markers. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2012; 12:1128-35. [PMID: 22554652 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2012.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2011] [Revised: 03/13/2012] [Accepted: 03/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The genetic profile of Trypanosoma cruzi was evaluated in parasite populations isolated from Beagle dogs experimentally infected with Be-78 and Y strains that present distinct biological and genetic characteristics. Molecular characterization of the isolates obtained 30days and 2years after infection was carried out. For typing MLEE, sequence polymorphisms of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit II gene (COII) and RAPD profiles were used. The profiles of MLEE were the same for the parental Be-78 strains as their respective isolates. However, changes of MLEE profile were observed in two T. cruzi isolates from dogs inoculated with Y strain. Changes in the mitochondrial DNA (COII) and RAPD profiles of the Y strain were also observed. The dendogram constructed by UPGMA with RAPD results indicated two major branches. Global data show that the genetic modulation in polyclonal strains during the long-term infection occurred and was strain-dependent. This study still suggests that each host (here each dog) harbors a determinate T. cruzi population that may change or be modulated throughout long-term infection. This might to hinder the observation of correlation between the genetics of T. cruzi and their biological properties and behavior in different host species due to the complexity of the parasite-host interaction in which probably the genetic background of both should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanja Maria Veloso
- Departamento de Farmácia, Escola de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Rua Costa Sena 171, Centro, CEP 35400-000 Ouro Preto, MG, Brazil.
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16
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Novel trypanosome Trypanosoma gilletti sp. (Euglenozoa: Trypanosomatidae) and the extension of the host range of Trypanosoma copemani to include the koala ( Phascolarctos cinereus). Parasitology 2010; 138:59-70. [PMID: 20663248 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182010000971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Trypanosoma irwini was previously described from koalas and we now report the finding of a second novel species, T. gilletti, as well as the extension of the host range of Trypanosoma copemani to include koalas. Phylogenetic analysis at the 18S rDNA and gGAPDH loci demonstrated that T. gilletti was genetically distinct with a genetic distance (± s.e.) at the 18S rDNA locus of 2.7 ± 0.5% from T. copemani (wombat). At the gGAPDH locus, the genetic distance (± s.e.) of T. gilletti was 8.7 ± 1.1% from T. copemani (wombat). Trypanosoma gilletti was detected using a nested trypanosome 18S rDNA PCR in 3/139 (∼2%) blood samples and in 2/29 (∼7%) spleen tissue samples from koalas whilst T. irwini was detected in 72/139 (∼52%) blood samples and T. copemani in 4/139 (∼3%) blood samples from koalas. In addition, naturally occurring mixed infections were noted in 2/139 (∼1.5%) of the koalas tested.
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Britto CC. Usefulness of PCR-based assays to assess drug efficacy in Chagas disease chemotherapy: value and limitations. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2009; 104 Suppl 1:122-35. [DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02762009000900018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2009] [Accepted: 06/01/2009] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Devillers H, Lobry JR, Menu F. An agent-based model for predicting the prevalence of Trypanosoma cruzi I and II in their host and vector populations. J Theor Biol 2008; 255:307-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2008.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2008] [Revised: 07/30/2008] [Accepted: 08/20/2008] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Téllez-Meneses J, Mejía-Jaramillo AM, Triana-Chávez O. Biological characterization of Trypanosoma cruzi stocks from domestic and sylvatic vectors in Sierra Nevada of Santa Marta, Colombia. Acta Trop 2008; 108:26-34. [PMID: 18804443 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2008.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2007] [Revised: 08/12/2008] [Accepted: 08/21/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Sierra Nevada of Santa Marta is one of the most endemic regions of Chagas disease in Colombia. In this study, we compared the biological behavior and genetic features of Trypanosoma cruzi stocks that were isolated from domestic and sylvatic insects in this area. Rhodnius prolixus (from domestic environments) and Triatoma dimidiata (from sylvatic, peridomestic and domestic environments) are the most important vectors in this region. Genetic characterization showed that all stocks corresponded to T. cruzi I, but LSSP-PCR analyses indicated that some genotypes were present in both environments. Biological characterization in vitro showed a low growth rate in sylvatic T. cruzi stocks and in some domestic T. cruzi stocks, possibly indicating the presence of stocks with similar behavior in both transmission cycles. In parallel, in vivo behavioral analysis also indicated that T. cruzi stocks are variable and this species did not show a correlation between the environments where they were isolated. In addition, all stocks demonstrated a low mortality rate and histopathological lesions in heart, skeletal muscle and colon tissue. Moreover, our data indicated that experimentally infected chagasic mice displayed a relation between their myocardial inflammation intensity, parasitism tissue and parasite load using the qPCR. In conclusion, our results indicate that the T. cruzi stocks present in SNSM have similar biological behavior and do not show a correlation with the different transmission cycles. This could be explained by the complex transmission dynamics of T. cruzi in Sierra Nevada of Santa Marta, where hosts, vectors (e.g., T. dimidiata) and reservoirs circulate in both environments due to the close contact between the two transmission cycles, favoring environment overlapping. This knowledge is an important key to understanding the epidemiology and pathology of Chagas disease in this Colombian region. Furthermore, our findings could be of significant use in the design of control strategies restricted to a specified endemic region.
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Martins HR, Silva RM, Valadares HMS, Toledo MJO, Veloso VM, Vitelli-Avelar DM, Carneiro CM, Machado-Coelho GLL, Bahia MT, Martins-Filho OA, Macedo AM, Lana M. Impact of dual infections on chemotherapeutic efficacy in BALB/c mice infected with major genotypes of Trypanosoma cruzi. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2007; 51:3282-9. [PMID: 17638698 PMCID: PMC2043214 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01590-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this work was to investigate the impact of dual infections with stocks of Trypanosoma cruzi major genotypes on benznidazole (BZ) treatment efficacy. For this purpose, T. cruzi stocks representative of the genetic T. cruzi lineages, displaying different susceptibilities to BZ, belonging to the major T. cruzi genotypes broadly dispersed in North and South America and important in Chagas' disease epidemiology were used. Therapeutic efficacy was observed in 27.8% of the animals treated. Following BZ susceptibility classification, significant differences were observed in dual infections on the major genotype level, demonstrating that combinations of genotypes 19+39 and genotypes 19+32 led to a shift in the expected BZ susceptibility profile toward the resistance pattern. Analysis on the T. cruzi stock level demonstrated that 9 out of 24 dual infections shifted the expected BZ susceptibility profile compared with the respective single infections, including shifts toward lower and higher BZ susceptibilities. Microsatellite identification was able to identify a mixture of T. cruzi stocks in 7.7% of the T. cruzi isolates from infected and untreated mice (6.9%) and infected and treated but not cured mice (9.0%), revealing in some mixtures of BZ-susceptible and -resistant stocks that the T. cruzi stock identified after BZ treatment was previously susceptible in single infections. Considering the clonal structure and evolution of T. cruzi, an unexpected result was the identification of parasite subpopulations with distinct microsatellite alleles in relation to the original stocks observed in 12.2% of the isolates. Taken together, the data suggest that mixed infections, already verified in nature, may have an important impact on the efficacy of chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- H R Martins
- Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Biológicas, Instituto de Ciências Exatas e Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Campus Universitário, Morro do Cruzeiro, 35400-000 Ouro Preto, MG, Brazil.
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21
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Araújo CAC, Cabello PH, Jansen AM. Growth behaviour of two Trypanosoma cruzi strains in single and mixed infections: In vitro and in the intestinal tract of the blood-sucking bug, Triatoma brasiliensis. Acta Trop 2007; 101:225-31. [PMID: 17374352 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2007.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2006] [Revised: 10/16/2006] [Accepted: 02/13/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Competition and cooperation are well-recognized biological phenomena, even among parasites. Co-infection of parasites in a single host leads to several outcomes, one being competition for a limited resource. Here, the behaviour of mixed infection was evaluated using two isolates of Trypanosoma cruzi, previously typed as belonging to genotypes TcI and TcII. The growth in vitro and in the different compartments of the gut of Triatoma brasiliensis was studied. In vitro growth showed that MDID/BR/1999/M1 (TcI) has a doubling time of 19.5h and MIDID/BR/1999/JCPD4 (TcII) of 9.6h, while the mixed infection group presented a doubling time of 13.9h. In vivo, three groups of infection were done: M1/TcI, JCPD4/TcII and mixed infection (50% of each strain), respectively. All comparisons among the groups were done using the Kruskal-Wallis non-parametric test. The data showed that the in vitro culture of mixed populations has a similar pattern to the growth of M1/TcI, apparently suggesting a positively selection for M1/TcI strain, in axenic culture. In the gut of the insects, M1/TcI isolate and mixed infections colonized predominantly the rectal wall and rectal lumen, in contrast to the JCPD4/TcII isolate, which was found mainly colonizing the small intestine. According to the isolates investigated, it could be concluded that the doubling time was not determinant factor for the final composition of a co-infection. Moreover, mixed infections resulted in a homogenous distribution of the parasites, comparing to the isolates studied separately. Apparently, in the gut of the bugs, the simultaneous presence of JCPD4/TcII isolate resulted in an improvement of the number of parasites from M1/TcI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catarina A C Araújo
- Departamento de Protozoologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Avenida Brasil, 4365 Manguinhos, RJ, Brazil
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Pérez Brandán C, Padilla AM, Diosque P, Basombrío MA. Trypanosoma cruzi: Infectivity modulation of a clone after passages through different hosts. Exp Parasitol 2006; 114:89-93. [PMID: 16564526 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2006.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2005] [Revised: 01/24/2006] [Accepted: 02/16/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Although Trypanosoma cruzi virulence can be modified through passages in vivo or long-term in vitro culture, the mechanisms involved are poorly understood. Here we report modifications in the infectivity of a T. cruzi clone after passages in different hosts without detectable changes in parasite genetic patterns. A clone was obtained from a T. cruzi IIe isolate and showed to be less virulent than the original isolate (p<0.05). This clone was enzymatically similar to the original isolate as shown by multilocus enzyme electrophoresis. Infection of this clone was compared by successive passages in mice and guinea pigs. The mouse-passaged subline became more virulent for both host species compared to the guinea pig-passaged subline (p<0.05). The clone line displayed similar random amplified polymorphic DNA patterns before and after passages in different hosts suggesting that alterations in virulence could be a result of a differential expression of virulence factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Pérez Brandán
- Instituto de Patología Experimental, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Nacional de Salta, Avda. Bolivia 5150, CP 4400 Salta, Argentina.
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