1
|
Arbuzova NA, Lianguzova AD, Iliutkin SA, Laskova EP, Gafarova ER, Miroliubov AA. Functional role of lacunar and muscular systems in the externa of Peltogasterella gracilis (Cirripedia: Rhizocephala). J Morphol 2023; 284:e21635. [PMID: 37708509 DOI: 10.1002/jmor.21635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
One of the most conspicuous traits of parasitic organisms is a well-developed reproductive system. In Rhizocephala ("Crustacea": Cirripedia) it is believed to be nested in the externa-a "reproductive part" located outside of the host. However, it is not clear how nutrients are transported to the externa. Several authors described a system of lacunae in the externa, and muscular contractions probably enable transport through these cavities. The aim of our study was to visualize (using microcomputed tomography and confocal laser scanning microscopy) and describe lacunar and muscular systems in the externa of Peltogasterella gracilis (fam. Peltogasterellidae). The lacunar system consists of "ventral" lacuna and several protrusions. The "ventral" lacuna is probably responsible for visceral mass nutrition, and mantle protrusions are associated with the mantle nutrition. The gross organization of the muscular system mostly corresponds to previous descriptions in other rhizocephalan species. Nonetheless, we observed several features of the externa morphology that had not been described before such as a muscular thickening in the proximal externa's part and a stalk plug disk. The muscular thickening might play a role of a propulsatory organ, helping to transport liquid through the lacunar system. The plug disk might fill the hole in the host's cuticle after the old externa drop off. The results allow us to make first assumptions on transport mechanisms in Rhizocephala.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natalia A Arbuzova
- Laboratory of Parasitic Worms and Protists, Zoological Institute RAS, Universitetskaya Embankment 1, Saint-Petersburg, Russia
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Universitetskaya emb., Saint-Petersburg University, Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - Anastasia D Lianguzova
- Laboratory of Parasitic Worms and Protists, Zoological Institute RAS, Universitetskaya Embankment 1, Saint-Petersburg, Russia
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Universitetskaya emb., Saint-Petersburg University, Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | | | - Ekaterina P Laskova
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Universitetskaya emb., Saint-Petersburg University, Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - Elizaveta R Gafarova
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Universitetskaya emb., Saint-Petersburg University, Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - Aleksei A Miroliubov
- Laboratory of Parasitic Worms and Protists, Zoological Institute RAS, Universitetskaya Embankment 1, Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Dreyer N, Palero F, Grygier MJ, K K Chan B, Olesen J. Single-specimen systematics resolves the phylogeny and diversity conundrum of enigmatic crustacean y-larvae. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2023; 184:107780. [PMID: 37031710 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2023.107780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023]
Abstract
Resolving the evolutionary history of organisms is a major goal in biology. Yet for some taxa the diversity, phylogeny, and even adult stages remain unknown. The enigmatic crustacean "y-larvae" (Facetotecta) is one particularly striking example. Here we use extensive video-imaging and single-specimen molecular sequencing of >200 y-larval specimens to comprehensively explore for the first time their evolutionary history and diversity. This integrative approach revealed five major clades of Facetotecta, four of which encompass a considerable larval diversity. Whereas morphological analyses recognized 35 y-naupliar "morphospecies", molecular species delimitation analyses suggested the existence of between 88 and 127 species. The phenotypic and genetic diversity between the morphospecies suggests that a more elaborate classification than the current one-genus approach is needed. Morphology and molecular data were highly congruent at shallower phylogenetic levels, but no morphological synapomorphies could be unambiguously identified for major clades, which mostly comprise both planktotrophic and lecithotrophic y-nauplii. We argue that lecithotrophy arose several times independently whereas planktotrophic y-nauplii, which are structurally more similar across clades, most likely display the ancestral feeding mode of Facetotecta. We document a remarkably complex and highly diverse phylogenetic backbone for a taxon of marine crustaceans, the full life cycle of which remains a mystery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Niklas Dreyer
- Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Biodiversity Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Life Science, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan; Biodiversity Program, Taiwan International Graduate Program, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ferran Palero
- Institut Cavanilles de Biodiversitat i Biologia, Evolutiva (ICBIBE), Valencia, Spain.
| | - Mark J Grygier
- Center of Excellence for the Oceans, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan; National Museum of Marine Biology & Aquarium, Checheng, Pingtung, Taiwan
| | - Benny K K Chan
- Biodiversity Program, Taiwan International Graduate Program, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Jørgen Olesen
- Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Golubinskaya DD, Korn OM. Larvae of two parasitic barnacles, Parasacculina pilosella (Van Kampen et Boschma, 1925) (Rhizocephala: Polyascidae) and Sacculina pugettiae Shiino, 1943 (Rhizocephala: Sacculinidae) studied by scanning electron microscopy. ARTHROPOD STRUCTURE & DEVELOPMENT 2023; 72:101227. [PMID: 36436363 DOI: 10.1016/j.asd.2022.101227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The complete larval development of Parasacculina pilosella (Van Kampen et Boschma, 1925) and Sacculina pugettiae Shiino, 1943 including five naupliar stages and one cypris stage is described and illustrated using SEM. P. pilosella and S. pugettiae have a sacculinid type of development. Nauplii possess a naupliar eye, short frontolateral horns with terminal processes, and a ventral process between the furcal rami. Larvae lack a flotation collar, seta 6 on the antennule and a seta on the antennal basis. Cyprids have a nearly straight LO2. Breakage zone and a spinous process are present only in male larvae. Nauplii of the two species differ by the morphology of the furca: in P. pilosella, the furcal rami are longer and not drowned into cuticular sockets. Naupliar antenna of S. pugettiae has a lateral seta on the endopod which is lacking in P. pilosella. Dorsal head shield setae 1 and 2a are present in S. pugettiae nauplii and not found in P. pilosella larvae. In P. pilosella, all dorsal setae have subterminal pores, whereas in S. pugettiae, pores of the setae 2 are shifted proximally. It is possible that the presence/absence of setae 1 and 2a is the distinctive feature of nauplii of the families Sacculinidae and Polyascidae.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Darya D Golubinskaya
- A.V. Zhirmunsky National Scientific Center of Marine Biology, FEB RAS, Vladivostok, Russia.
| | - Olga M Korn
- A.V. Zhirmunsky National Scientific Center of Marine Biology, FEB RAS, Vladivostok, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Arbuzova NA, Lianguzova AD, Lapshin NE, Laskova EP, Miroliubov AA. Muscular system of Peltogasterella gracilis – A rhizocephalan with the modular type organization of interna. ZOOL ANZ 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcz.2022.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
5
|
Jung J, Yoshida R, Lee D, Park JK. Morphological and molecular analyses of parasitic barnacles (Crustacea: Cirripedia: Rhizocephala) in Korea: preliminary data for the taxonomy and host ranges of Korean species. PeerJ 2021; 9:e12281. [PMID: 34824903 PMCID: PMC8592050 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.12281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Morphological and molecular analyses of Korean rhizocephalan barnacle species were performed to examine their host ranges and taxonomy. Morphological examination and molecular analysis of mtDNA cox1, 16S, and nuclear 18S rRNA sequences revealed nine rhizocephalan species from three genera of the two families, Sacculinidae and Polyascidae. Phylogenetic analysis of molecular sequences revealed two new species candidates in the genus Parasacculina, and three Sacculina species (S. pilosella, S. pinnotherae, and S. imberbis) were transferred to the genus Parasacculina. Examination of host ranges revealed higher host specificity and lower infestation rates in Korean rhizocephalan species than rhizocephalans from other geographic regions. This is the first report of the taxonomy, species diversity, and host ranges of Korean parasitic rhizocephalan barnacles based on their morphological and molecular analyses. More information from extensive sampling of parasitic barnacles from a wide range of crustacean host species is necessary to fully understand their taxonomy, prevalence on decapod hosts, and phylogenetic relationships among major rhizocephalan taxa.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jibom Jung
- Division of EcoScience, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ryuta Yoshida
- Tateyama Marine Laboratory, Marine and Coastal Research Center, Ochanomizu University, Tateyama, Chiba, Japan
| | - Damin Lee
- Division of EcoScience, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Joong-Ki Park
- Division of EcoScience, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, South Korea
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Chan BKK, Dreyer N, Gale AS, Glenner H, Ewers-Saucedo C, Pérez-Losada M, Kolbasov GA, Crandall KA, Høeg JT. The evolutionary diversity of barnacles, with an updated classification of fossil and living forms. Zool J Linn Soc 2021. [DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
We present a comprehensive revision and synthesis of the higher-level classification of the barnacles (Crustacea: Thecostraca) to the genus level and including both extant and fossils forms. We provide estimates of the number of species in each group. Our classification scheme has been updated based on insights from recent phylogenetic studies and attempts to adjust the higher-level classifications to represent evolutionary lineages better, while documenting the evolutionary diversity of the barnacles. Except where specifically noted, recognized taxa down to family are argued to be monophyletic from molecular analysis and/or morphological data. Our resulting classification divides the Thecostraca into the subclasses Facetotecta, Ascothoracida and Cirripedia. The whole class now contains 14 orders, 65 families and 367 genera. We estimate that barnacles consist of 2116 species. The taxonomy is accompanied by a discussion of major morphological events in barnacle evolution and justifications for the various rearrangements we propose.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benny K K Chan
- Biodiversity Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Niklas Dreyer
- Biodiversity Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Biodiversity Program, Taiwan International Graduate Program, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
- Natural History Museum of Denmark, Invertebrate Zoology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Andy S Gale
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK
- Department of Earth Sciences, The Natural History Museum, London, UK
| | - Henrik Glenner
- Marine Biodiversity Group, Department of Biology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Center for Macroecology, Evolution and Climate, GLOBE Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Marcos Pérez-Losada
- Computational Biology Institute, Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
- CIBIO-InBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, Universidade do Porto, Vairão, Portugal
| | - Gregory A Kolbasov
- White Sea Biological Station, Biological Faculty of Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Keith A Crandall
- Computational Biology Institute, Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology, US National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Jens T Høeg
- Marine Biology Section, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Dreyer N, Zardus JD, Høeg JT, Olesen J, Yu MC, Chan BKK. How whale and dolphin barnacles attach to their hosts and the paradox of remarkably versatile attachment structures in cypris larvae. ORG DIVERS EVOL 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s13127-020-00434-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
|
8
|
Yu MC, Dreyer N, Kolbasov GA, Høeg JT, Chan BKK. Sponge symbiosis is facilitated by adaptive evolution of larval sensory and attachment structures in barnacles. Proc Biol Sci 2020; 287:20200300. [PMID: 32396804 PMCID: PMC7287368 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2020.0300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Symbiotic relations and range of host usage are prominent in coral reefs and crucial to the stability of such systems. In order to explain how symbiotic relations are established and evolve, we used sponge-associated barnacles to ask three questions. (1) Does larval settlement on sponge hosts require novel adaptations facilitating symbiosis? (2) How do larvae settle and start life on their hosts? (3) How has this remarkable symbiotic lifestyle involving many barnacle species evolved? We found that the larvae (cyprids) of sponge-associated barnacles show a remarkably high level of interspecific variation compared with other barnacles. We document that variation in larval attachment devices are specifically related to properties of the surface on which they attach and metamorphose. Mapping of the larval and sponge surface features onto a molecular-based phylogeny showed that sponge symbiosis evolved separately at least three times within barnacles, with the same adaptive features being found in all larvae irrespective of phylogenetic relatedness. Furthermore, the metamorphosis of two species proceeded very differently, with one species remaining superficially on the host and developing a set of white calcareous structures, the other embedding itself into the live host tissue almost immediately after settlement. We argue that such a high degree of evolutionary flexibility of barnacle larvae played an important role in the successful evolution of complex symbiotic relationships in both coral reefs and other marine systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Chen Yu
- Doctoral Degree Program in Marine Biotechnology, National Sun Yat-sen University and Academia Sinica, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan.,Biodiversity Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Niklas Dreyer
- Biodiversity Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan.,Department of Life Science, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Biodiversity Program, Taiwan International Graduate Program, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.,Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Jens Thorvald Høeg
- Department of Biology, Marine Biological Section, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 4, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Høeg JT, Noever C, Rees DA, Crandall KA, Glenner H. A new molecular phylogeny-based taxonomy of parasitic barnacles (Crustacea: Cirripedia: Rhizocephala). Zool J Linn Soc 2019. [DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlz140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Rhizocephalans are abundant members of marine ecosystems and are important regulators of crustacean host populations. Morphological and ecological variation makes them an attractive system for evolutionary studies of advanced parasitism. Such studies have been impeded by a largely formalistic taxonomy, because rhizocephalan morphology offers no characters for a robust phylogenetic analysis. We use DNA sequence data to estimate a new phylogeny for 43 species and use this to develop a revised taxonomy for all Rhizocephala. Our taxonomy accepts 13 new or redefined monophyletic families. The traditional subdivision into the suborders Kentrogonida and Akentrogonida is abandoned, because both are polyphyletic. The three ‘classical’ kentrogonid families are also polyphyletic, including the species-rich Sacculinidae, which is split into a redefined and a new family. Most species of large families remain to be studied based on molecular evidence and are therefore still assigned to their current genus and family by default. We caution against undue generalizations from studies on model species until a more stable species-level taxonomy is also available, which requires more extensive genus- and species-level sampling with molecular tools. We briefly discuss the most promising future studies that will be facilitated by this new phylogeny-based taxonomy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jens T Høeg
- Marine Biology Section, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christoph Noever
- DTU AQUA, Centre for Ocean Life, Danish Technical University, Kemitorvet, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - David A Rees
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Keith A Crandall
- Computational Biology Institute, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology, US National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Henrik Glenner
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Ewers-Saucedo C, Owen CL, Pérez-Losada M, Høeg JT, Glenner H, Chan BK, Crandall KA. Towards a barnacle tree of life: integrating diverse phylogenetic efforts into a comprehensive hypothesis of thecostracan evolution. PeerJ 2019; 7:e7387. [PMID: 31440430 PMCID: PMC6699479 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.7387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Barnacles and their allies (Thecostraca) are a biologically diverse, monophyletic crustacean group, which includes both intensely studied taxa, such as the acorn and stalked barnacles, as well as cryptic taxa, for example, Facetotecta. Recent efforts have clarified phylogenetic relationships in many different parts of the barnacle tree, but the outcomes of these phylogenetic studies have not yet been combined into a single hypothesis for all barnacles. In the present study, we applied a new "synthesis" tree approach to estimate the first working Barnacle Tree of Life. Using this approach, we integrated phylogenetic hypotheses from 27 studies, which did not necessarily include the same taxa or used the same characters, with hierarchical taxonomic information for all recognized species. This first synthesis tree contains 2,070 barnacle species and subspecies, including 239 barnacle species with phylogenetic information and 198 undescribed or unidentified species. The tree had 442 bifurcating nodes, indicating that 79.3% of all nodes are still unresolved. We found that the acorn and stalked barnacles, the Thoracica, and the parasitic Rhizocephala have the largest amount of published phylogenetic information. About half of the thecostracan families for which phylogenetic information was available were polyphyletic. We queried publicly available geographic occurrence databases for the group, gaining a sense of geographic gaps and hotspots in our phylogenetic knowledge. Phylogenetic information is especially lacking for deep sea and Arctic taxa, but even coastal species are not fully incorporated into phylogenetic studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Christopher L. Owen
- Systematic Entomology Laboratory, USDA-ARS, Beltsville, MD, USA
- Computational Biology Institute, Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Ashburn, VA, USA
| | - Marcos Pérez-Losada
- Computational Biology Institute, Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Ashburn, VA, USA
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology, US National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, USA
- CIBIO-InBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, Universidade do Porto, Vairão, Portugal
| | - Jens T. Høeg
- Marine Biology Section, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Henrik Glenner
- Marine Biodiversity Group, Department of Biology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Benny K.K. Chan
- Biodiversity Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Keith A. Crandall
- Computational Biology Institute, Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Ashburn, VA, USA
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology, US National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Smit NJ, Bruce NL, Hadfield KA. Life Cycle and Life History Strategies of Parasitic Crustacea. PARASITIC CRUSTACEA 2019; 3. [PMCID: PMC7124122 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-17385-2_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/13/2023]
Abstract
Different parasitic life strategies are described including four new life cycles: complex rebrooding, micro-male, mesoparasite and prey-predator transfer. Four new life cycle behaviours are named: nursery hiding, mid-moult stage, positive precursor (intraspecific antagonism) and negative precursor (ambush strategy). Further strategies discussed are opossum attack, double parasitism (doubling of the normal reproductive set), duplex arrangement (separated male-female pairs), simple rebrooding, and describing how displaced parasites and superinfections may partly elucidate life cycles. Proportional stunting masks life history effects of parasitism; cuckoo copepods are true parasites and not just associates; burrowing barnacles (acrothoracicans) are not parasites. Further findings based on life cycle information: branchiurans and pentastomes are possibly not related; firefly seed shrimp are not parasites; copepod pre-adult life cycle stages are common in the western pacific but rare in Caribbean; harpacticoids on vertebrates are not parasites; cuckoo copepods are true parasites; explained the importance of pennellid intermediate hosts. Crustacean parasite life cycles are largely unknown (1% of species). Most crustacean life cycles represent minor modifications from the ancestral free-living mode. Crustacean parasites have less complex and less modified life cycles than other major parasite groups. This limits their exploitation of, and effectiveness, in parasitism. However, these life cycles will be an advantage in Global Change. Most metazoan parasites will be eliminated while crustaceans (and nematodes) will inherit the new world of parasites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nico J. Smit
- North-West University, and Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management , Potchefstroom, Northwest South Africa
| | - Niel L. Bruce
- Biodiversity & Geosciences Program, Queensland Museum, South Brisbane BC, Queensland 4101, Australia, and Water Research Group, Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Kerry A. Hadfield
- Water Research Group, Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Abstract
Parasitic Crustacea have been present in scientific literature since Linnaeus introduced the first classification system (binomial nomenclature). Crustaceans are considered to be the most morphologically diverse arthropods, with currently 19 parasitic orders known to science. This chapter reviews the history of discovery for each of the major parasitic Crustacea groups, highlighting some of the key developments that have influenced our current understanding of these parasites. Each taxonomic group is briefly introduced, followed by a synopsis on some of the outstanding contributions within that group. Knowledge development is followed, from the first parasites discovered to other historical highlights that influenced the groups up to this point. Other important discoveries (both taxonomic and ecological) are also noted, serving as a preview to the host-parasite interactions covered in the subsequent chapters. Additionally, several researchers who have added significant contributions to our knowledge of the parasitic Crustacea (specifically in taxonomy and discovery) are introduced, along with photographs of a select few. This historical review of the crustacean parasites provides a background to these diverse and abundant organisms and will contribute to a better understanding of their unique niche in the aquatic environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nico J. Smit
- North-West University, and Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management , Potchefstroom, Northwest South Africa
| | - Niel L. Bruce
- Biodiversity & Geosciences Program, Queensland Museum, South Brisbane BC, Queensland 4101, Australia, and Water Research Group, Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Kerry A. Hadfield
- Water Research Group, Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
|
14
|
Høeg JT, Rees DJ, Jensen PC, Glenner H. Unravelling the Evolutions of the Rhizocephala: A Case Study for Molecular-Based Phylogeny in the Parasitic Crustacea. PARASITIC CRUSTACEA 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-17385-2_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
|
15
|
The bigger, the better? Volume measurements of parasites and hosts: Parasitic barnacles (Cirripedia, Rhizocephala) and their decapod hosts. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0179958. [PMID: 28678878 PMCID: PMC5497970 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0179958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhizocephala, a group of parasitic castrators of other crustaceans, shows remarkable morphological adaptations to their lifestyle. The adult female parasite consists of a body that can be differentiated into two distinct regions: a sac-like structure containing the reproductive organs (the externa), and a trophic, root like system situated inside the hosts body (the interna). Parasitism results in the castration of their hosts, achieved by absorbing the entire reproductive energy of the host. Thus, the ratio of the host and parasite sizes is crucial for the understanding of the parasite’s energetic cost. Using advanced imaging methods (micro-CT in conjunction with 3D modeling), we measured the volume of parasitic structures (externa, interna, egg mass, egg number, visceral mass) and the volume of the entire host. Our results show positive correlations between the volume of (1) entire rhizocephalan (externa + interna) and host body, (2) rhizocephalan externa and host body, (3) rhizocephalan visceral mass and rhizocephalan body, (4) egg mass and rhizocephalan externa, (5) rhizocephalan egg mass and their egg number. Comparing the rhizocephalan Sylon hippolytes, a parasite of caridean shrimps, and representatives of Peltogaster, parasites of hermit crabs, we could match their different traits on a reconstructed relationship. With this study we add new and significant information to our global understanding of the evolution of parasitic castrators, of interactions between a parasitic castrator and its host and of different parasitic strategies within parasitic castrators exemplified by rhizocephalans.
Collapse
|
16
|
Miroliubov AA. Muscular system in interna of Peltogaster paguri (Rhizocephala: Peltogastridae). ARTHROPOD STRUCTURE & DEVELOPMENT 2017; 46:230-235. [PMID: 27871863 DOI: 10.1016/j.asd.2016.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2015] [Revised: 11/09/2016] [Accepted: 11/12/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Rhizocephalan parasites have a peculiar life cycle, and their adults lost almost all traits found usually in Crustacea. Despite some data on anatomy and ultrastructure of interna of Peltogastridae, some crucial aspects of morphology are still unknown. For example, there is only one mentioning of myocytes found in interna of Rhizocephalans (Sacculina carcini). So we aimed at studying the muscular system of the interna of Peltogaster paguri using serial histological sectioning and fluorescent staining (TRITC-labeled phalloidin) with confocal microscopy. Within the wall of the main trunk we found striated muscular fibers. The majority of these fibers form a unidirectional single spiral. There are additional small fibers that connect the coils of the large spiral. The density of muscular fibers is highest near the externa stalk, and the number of muscle fibers decreases towards the distal part of the main trunk. We suggest that such a muscular system could provide peristaltic movements of the main trunk and the transport of nutrients through the interna.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aleksei A Miroliubov
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology, St-Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya emb., 7/9, 199034, St Petersburg, Russia; Laboratory of Parasitic Worms, Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Science, Universitetskaya Embankment 1, Russia.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Yorisue T, Chan BKK, Kado R, Watanabe H, Inoue K, Kojima S, Høeg JT. On the morphology of antennular sensory and attachment organs in cypris larvae of the deep-sea vent/seep barnacles,AshinkailepasandNeoverruca. J Morphol 2016; 277:594-602. [DOI: 10.1002/jmor.20522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2015] [Revised: 01/17/2016] [Accepted: 01/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Takefumi Yorisue
- Akkeshi Marine Station, Field Science Center for Northern Biosphere, Hokkaido Univesity; Aikappu Akkeshi Hokkaido 088-1113 Japan
- Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute, the University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa; Chiba 277-8564 Japan
| | - Benny K. K. Chan
- Research Center for Biodiversity, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115; Taiwan
| | - Ryusuke Kado
- School of Marine Biosciences, Kitasato University, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minami-ku, Sagamihara; Kanagawa 252-0373 Japan
| | - Hiromi Watanabe
- Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, 2-15 Natsushima-cho; Yokosuka 237-0061 Japan
| | - Koji Inoue
- Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute, the University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa; Chiba 277-8564 Japan
| | - Shigeaki Kojima
- Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute, the University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa; Chiba 277-8564 Japan
| | - Jens T. Høeg
- Marine Biology Section, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 4, DK-2100; Copenhagen Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Boyko CB, Williams JD. A new genus for Entophilus mirabiledictu Markham & Dworschak, 2005 (Crustacea: Isopoda: Cryptoniscoidea: Entophilidae) with remarks on morphological support for epicaridean superfamilies based on larval characters. Syst Parasitol 2015; 92:13-21. [PMID: 26249518 DOI: 10.1007/s11230-015-9578-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Accepted: 04/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A detailed reexamination of male and female Entophilus mirabiledictu Markham & Dworschak, 2005 (an endoparasite of callianassid shrimp), resulted in recognition of seven female and five male characters that separate the species from its sole congener, E. omnitectus Richardson, 1903 (an endoparasite of munidid squat lobsters). These characters show that the two species are so different as to warrant E. mirabiledictu being placed in its own genus within the Entophilidae. Additionally, a review of the morphological features of entophilid cryptoniscus larvae led to the finding that the number of flagellar segments on the second antenna offers morphological support for a recent molecular phylogeny of epicaridean taxa that rearranged the component families within the two recognised superfamilies. This work highlights the power of using larval characters in testing hypotheses on the evolutionary relationships of epicaridean taxa.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher B Boyko
- Department of Biology, Dowling College, 150 Idle Hour Boulevard, Oakdale, NY, 11769, USA,
| | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Yamaguchi S, Høeg JT, Iwasa Y. Evolution of sex determination and sexually dimorphic larval sizes in parasitic barnacles. J Theor Biol 2014; 347:7-16. [PMID: 24440173 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2014.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2013] [Revised: 12/23/2013] [Accepted: 01/06/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The parasitic (rhizocephalan) barnacles include species of which larval sex is determined by the mother (genetic sex determination, GSD), male larvae are larger than female larvae, and a female accepts only two dwarf males who sire all the eggs laid by her. In contrast, other species of parasitic barnacles exhibit monomorphic larvae that choose to become male or female depending on the condition of the host they settle (environmental sex determination, or ESD), and a female accepts numerous dwarf males. Here, we ask why these set of traits are observed together, by examining the evolution of sex determination and the larval size. ESD has an advantage over GSD because each larva has a higher chance of encountering a suitable host. On the other hand, GSD has two advantages over ESD: the larval size can be chosen differently between sexes, and their larvae can avoid spending time for sex determination on the host. We conclude that, in species whose female accepts only two males, the male larvae engage in intense contest competition for reproductive opportunities, and male's success-size relation is very different from female's. Then, larvae with predetermined sex (GSD) with sexually dimorphic larvae is more advantageous than ESD. In contrast, in species whose females accept many dwarf males, the competition among males is less intense, and producing larvae with undetermined sex should evolve. We also discuss the condition for females to evolve receptacles to limit the number of males she accepts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sachi Yamaguchi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan.
| | - Jens T Høeg
- Marine Biology Section, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 4, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Yoh Iwasa
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Petrunina AS, Neretina TV, Mugue NS, Kolbasov GA. Tantulocarida versus Thecostraca: inside or outside? First attempts to resolve phylogenetic position of Tantulocarida using gene sequences. J ZOOL SYST EVOL RES 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/jzs.12045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Tatyana V. Neretina
- Pertsov White Sea Biological Station; Lomonosov Moscow State University; Moscow Russia
| | - Nikolay S. Mugue
- Russian Federal Research Institute of Fisheries & Oceanography (VNIRO); Moscow Russia
| | - Gregory A. Kolbasov
- Pertsov White Sea Biological Station; Lomonosov Moscow State University; Moscow Russia
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Kolbasov GA, Elfimov AS, Høeg JT. External morphology of barnacle cypris larvae in the family Poecilasmatidae (Cirripedia: Thoracica: Pedunculata): Toward a template for scoring cypris characters. ZOOL ANZ 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcz.2012.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
22
|
Maruzzo D, Conlan S, Aldred N, Clare AS, Høeg JT. Video observation of surface exploration in cyprids of Balanus amphitrite: the movements of antennular sensory setae. BIOFOULING 2011; 27:225-239. [PMID: 21302160 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2011.555534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Video microscopy of cyprids of Balanus amphitrite was used to monitor the action of antennular setae during the exploratory behaviour prior to attachment. In addition, SEM was used to provide a revised description of all antennular setae for that species. The videos describe if a particular seta touches the substratum and the area it can cover during surface exploration. On the fourth segment, the plumose terminal setae A and B are never in contact with the substratum, lack a terminal pore and it is argued that they sense hydrodynamic forces. The aesthetasc-like terminal seta D is likewise held free in the water at all times and it is speculated that it senses dissolved substances, but, since it contains a scolopale rod, it must also have a mechano-receptive function. All remaining antennular setae on the second, third and fourth segments have a terminal pore and it is argued that these are bimodal receptors with both chemo- and mechano-receptive modalities. These setae are also at one time or another in contact with the substratum, except perhaps for the small preaxial seta 2 and terminal seta C. The first seta to contact the surface during a tentative step is radial seta 5, which is longer than all other radial setae. All other setae on the second and third segment are only in contact after a step is completed. When the attachment disc touches the surface (=a step completed) the long and curved postaxial seta 2 (on the second segment) and postaxial seta 3 on the third segment are both flexed to either side of the antennule. This lateral displacement ensures that these two setae can touch large surface areas to either side of the appendage. The four subterminal setae on the fourth segment contact the surface both immediately before and after a step has been completed, and the constant flicking of the segment significantly increases the surface area tested by both these chemoreceptors and by terminal seta E, which can sweep up to 60 μm laterally from the attachment disc. The flicking of the fourth segment may also serve to dilute the boundary layer of chemoreceptors on the fourth segment such as the aesthetasc-like terminal seta D and thus facilitate the detection of new stimuli.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Diego Maruzzo
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Via Ugo Bassi 58 B, Padua, Italy
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|