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Egan S, Barbosa AD, Feng Y, Xiao L, Ryan U. The risk of wild birds contaminating source water with zoonotic Cryptosporidium and Giardia is probably overestimated. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 912:169032. [PMID: 38123098 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.169032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Cryptosporidium and Giardia are important waterborne protozoan parasites that are resistant to disinfectants commonly used for drinking water. Wild birds, especially wild migratory birds, are often implicated in the contamination of source and wastewater with zoonotic diseases, due to their abundance near water and in urban areas and their ability to spread enteric pathogens over long distances. This review summarises the diversity of Cryptosporidium and Giardia in birds, with a focus on zoonotic species, particularly in wild and migratory birds, which is critical for understanding zoonotic risks. The analysis revealed that both avian-adapted and zoonotic Cryptosporidium species have been identified in birds but that avian-adapted Cryptosporidium species dominate in wild migratory birds. Few studies have examined Giardia species and assemblages in birds, but the non-zoonotic Giardia psittaci and Giardia ardeae are the most commonly reported species. The identification of zoonotic Cryptosporidium and Giardia in birds, particularly C. parvum and G. duodenalis assemblages A and B in wild migratory birds, is likely due to mechanical carriage or spillback from birds co-grazing pastures contaminated with C. parvum from livestock. Therefore, the role of wild migratory birds in the transmission of zoonotic Cryptosporidium and Giardia to source water is likely overestimated. To address knowledge gaps, it is important to conduct more extensive studies on the prevalence of Cryptosporidium and Giardia in a broader range of migratory wild birds. There is also a need to investigate the extent to which zoonotic infections with C. hominis/C. parvum and G. duodenalis assemblages A and B are mechanical and/or transient, and to assess the load and viability of zoonotic oo/cysts shed in avian faeces. Understanding the contribution of birds to zoonoses is essential for effective disease surveillance, prevention, and control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siobhon Egan
- Harry Butler Institute, Vector- and Water-Borne Pathogen Research Group, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia 6150, Australia.
| | - Amanda D Barbosa
- Harry Butler Institute, Vector- and Water-Borne Pathogen Research Group, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia 6150, Australia; CAPES Foundation, Ministry of Education of Brazil, Brasilia, DF 70040-020, Brazil
| | - Yaoyu Feng
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Lihua Xiao
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Una Ryan
- Harry Butler Institute, Vector- and Water-Borne Pathogen Research Group, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia 6150, Australia
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Ahmed SAA, Quattrocchi A, Elzagawy SM, Karanis P, Gad SEM. Diagnostic Performance of Toluidine Blue Stain for Direct Wet Mount Detection of Cryptosporidium Oocysts: Qualitative and Quantitative Comparison to the Modified Ziehl-Neelsen Stain. Diagnostics (Basel) 2023; 13:2557. [PMID: 37568920 PMCID: PMC10416936 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13152557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: The wet mount staining technique is a simple, economical, and rapid method for detecting parasitic stages. The objective of the current study was to evaluate wet mount diagnostic stains for Cryptosporidium infection in human faecal samples and to compare the sensitivity and qualitative performance of toluidine blue (TolB) and modified Ziehl-Neelsen (mZN) stain. (2) Methods: The collection, purification, and molecular amplification of Cryptosporidium oocysts were performed. TolB, malachite green, trypan blue, and crystal violet were evaluated qualitatively to diagnose Cryptosporidium oocysts. The outperforming stain was compared to mZN using a quantitative evaluation and qualitative scoring system. (3) Results: The oocysts of Cryptosporidium parvum were effectively purified and utilized for spiking. TolB was the most effective diagnostic stain among wet mount stains for detecting Cryptosporidium oocysts. TolB outperformed mZN in terms of sensitivity, with 100% versus 79% at a concentration of 104 and 49% versus 23% at a concentration of 102. TolB had the most favourable qualitative stain characteristics against mZN; however, sample freshness and being a temporary stain were crucial considerations. (4) Conclusions: This study emphasizes that TolB, as a routine wet mount technique for screening Cryptosporidium infection, will provide a more sensitive and faster method than mZN staining.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahira Abdelaziz Ali Ahmed
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt; (S.M.E.); (S.E.M.G.)
| | - Annalisa Quattrocchi
- Department of Primary Care and Population Health, University of Nicosia Medical School, 21 Ilia Papakyriakou, 2414 Engomi, Nicosia CY-1700, Cyprus;
| | - Sherine M. Elzagawy
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt; (S.M.E.); (S.E.M.G.)
- College of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia
| | - Panagiotis Karanis
- Medical Faculty and University Hospital, University of Cologne, 50923 Cologne, Germany
- Department of Basic and Clinical Sciences, University of Nicosia Medical School, 21 Ilia Papakyriakou, 2414 Engomi, Nicosia CY-1700, Cyprus
| | - Samer Eid Mohamed Gad
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt; (S.M.E.); (S.E.M.G.)
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Panegossi MFDC, Widmer G, Nagata WB, Oliveira BCM, Ferrari ED, Gomes JF, Meireles MV, Nakamura AA, do Santos-Doni TR, da Silveira Neto L, Bresciani KDS. Cryptosporidium proventriculi in Captive Cockatiels ( Nymphicus hollandicus). Pathogens 2023; 12:pathogens12050710. [PMID: 37242380 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12050710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 05/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Cockatiels (Nymphicus hollandicus) are among the most commonly sold psittacines pets. The aim of this study was to evaluate the occurrence of Cryptosporidium spp. in domestic N. hollandicus and identify risk factors for this infection. We collected fecal samples from 100 domestic cockatiels in the city of Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil. Feces from birds of both genders and older than two months were collected. Owners were asked to complete a questionnaire to identify how they handle and care for their birds. Based on nested PCR targeting the 18S rRNA gene, the prevalence of Cryptosporidium spp. in the cockatiels sampled was 9.00%, 6.00% based on Malachite green staining, 5.00% based on modified Kinyoun straining, and 7.00% when the Malachite green was combined with Kinyoun. Applying multivariate logistic regression to test the association between Cryptosporidium proventriculi positivity and potential predictors showed that gastrointestinal alterations was a significant predictor (p < 0.01). Amplicons from five samples were sequenced successfully and showed 100% similarity with C. proventriculi. In summary, this study demonstrates the occurrence of C. proventriculi in captive cockatiels.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Giovanni Widmer
- Department of Infectious Disease & Global Health, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, North Grafton, MA 01536, USA
| | - Walter Bertequini Nagata
- Escritório de Defesa Agropecuária, Coordenadoria de Defesa Agropecuária, Secretaria de Agricultura e Abastecimento do Estado de São Paulo, Lins 16400-050, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Elis Domingos Ferrari
- União das Faculdades dos Grandes Lagos (Unilago), São José do Rio Preto 15030-070, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jancarlo Ferreira Gomes
- Faculdade de Ciências Médicas e Instituto de Computação, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas 13083-887, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Vasconcelos Meireles
- Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp), Araçatuba 16050-680, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alex Akira Nakamura
- Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp), Araçatuba 16050-680, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Thaís Rabelo do Santos-Doni
- Instituto de Ciências Agrárias (ICA), Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri (UFVJM), Avenida Universitários, Unaí 36830-000, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Luiz da Silveira Neto
- Imunologia e Vacinologia, curso de Engenharia de Bioprocessos e Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Tocantins (UFT), Gurupi 77410-530, Tocantins, Brazil
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Lin X, Xin L, Qi M, Hou M, Liao S, Qi N, Li J, Lv M, Cai H, Hu J, Zhang J, Ji X, Sun M. Dominance of the zoonotic pathogen Cryptosporidium meleagridis in broiler chickens in Guangdong, China, reveals evidence of cross-transmission. Parasit Vectors 2022; 15:188. [PMID: 35668467 PMCID: PMC9169408 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-022-05267-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cryptosporidium is one of the most prevalent parasites infecting both birds and mammals. To examine the prevalence of Cryptosporidium species and evaluate the public health significance of domestic chickens in Guangdong Province, southern China, we analyzed 1001 fecal samples from 43 intensive broiler chicken farms across six distinct geographical regions. Methods Individual DNA samples were subjected to nested PCR-based amplification and sequencing of the small subunit of the nuclear ribosomal RNA gene (SSU rRNA). Analysis of the 60 kDa glycoprotein gene (gp60) was performed to characterize the subtypes of C. meleagridis. Results The overall prevalence of Cryptosporidium was 13.2% (95% CI 11.1–15.3) (24 of 43 farms), with C. meleagridis (7.8%), C. baileyi (4.8%) and mixed infections (0.6%). Using the gp60 gene, three subtype families, IIIb, IIIe and IIIg, were identified, including six subtypes: one novel (IIIgA25G3R1a) and five previously reported (IIIbA23G1R1c, IIIbA24G1R1, IIIbA21G1R1a, IIIeA17G2R1 and IIIeA26G2R1). Within these subtypes, five known subtypes were genetically identical to those identified in humans. Conclusions This is the first report of C. meleagridis in chickens from Guangdong. The frequent occurrence of C. meleagridis in domestic chickens and the common C. meleagridis subtypes identified in both humans and chickens is of public health significance. Our study indicates that broiler chickens represent a potential zoonotic risk for the transmission of Cryptosporidium in this region. Graphical Abstract ![]()
Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13071-022-05267-x.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuhui Lin
- Zhaoqing/Maoming Branch Center of Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Key Laboratory for prevention and control of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs; Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Luyao Xin
- Zhaoqing/Maoming Branch Center of Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Key Laboratory for prevention and control of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs; Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.,College of Animal Science, Tarim University, Alar, Xinjiang, 843300, People's Republic of China
| | - Meng Qi
- College of Animal Science, Tarim University, Alar, Xinjiang, 843300, People's Republic of China
| | - Minyu Hou
- College of Animal Science, Tarim University, Alar, Xinjiang, 843300, People's Republic of China
| | - Shenquan Liao
- Zhaoqing/Maoming Branch Center of Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Key Laboratory for prevention and control of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs; Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Nanshan Qi
- Zhaoqing/Maoming Branch Center of Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Key Laboratory for prevention and control of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs; Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Juan Li
- Zhaoqing/Maoming Branch Center of Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Key Laboratory for prevention and control of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs; Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Minna Lv
- Zhaoqing/Maoming Branch Center of Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Key Laboratory for prevention and control of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs; Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Haiming Cai
- Zhaoqing/Maoming Branch Center of Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Key Laboratory for prevention and control of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs; Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Junjing Hu
- Zhaoqing/Maoming Branch Center of Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Key Laboratory for prevention and control of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs; Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianfei Zhang
- Zhaoqing/Maoming Branch Center of Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Key Laboratory for prevention and control of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs; Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangbo Ji
- Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730046, People's Republic of China. .,Key Laboratory of Innovation and Utilization of Unconventional Feed Resources, Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, Zhengzhou, 450046, Henan, People's Republic of China.
| | - Mingfei Sun
- Zhaoqing/Maoming Branch Center of Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Key Laboratory for prevention and control of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs; Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.
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Nakashima FT, Fonseca ABM, Coelho LFDO, Barbosa ADS, Bastos OMP, Uchôa CMA. Cryptosporidium species in non-human animal species in Latin America: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Vet Parasitol Reg Stud Reports 2022; 29:100690. [PMID: 35256118 DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2022.100690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Cryptosporidiosis is an infection caused by a protozoon that inhabits the gastrointestinal tract. More than forty valid species have been described in the genus Cryptosporidium, infecting a broad range of hosts around the world, some with zoonotic transmission and others with predominant anthroponotic transmission. Prevalence studies conducted in Latin American countries have been specific, without consolidating information on species prevalences. Thus, the aim of this study was to perform a systematic review and meta-analysis addressing the prevalence of Cryptosporidium species in animals in Latin America. The estimated pooled prevalence rate for cryptosporidiosis in animals, by means of meta-analysis with a random-effects model, based on species identification, was 18.0% (95% CI 11.0%-27.0%) with high heterogeneity. The estimated overall prevalence was 20.3% (36/177) in pets, 19.9% (1309/6573) in livestock animals and 23.9% (954/3995) in exotic/captive animals. Evidence of circulation of 16 Cryptosporidium species was found in five Latin American countries: Brazil, Colombia, Chile, Argentina and Mexico. Through meta-analysis with a random-effects model, the pooled prevalence rate for Cryptosporidium parvum was 0.7% (95% CI 0.2%-2.4%). Cryptosporidium felis (8.5%) was the most prevalent species in pets, C. parvum (10.3%) in livestock animals and Cryptosporidium galli (17.6%) in exotic/captive animals. C. parvum was the species with the greatest geographical dispersion, which can be explained by its eurixenic and zoonotic potential. Few studies on cryptosporidiosis in animals in Latin America were found, which shows that there is a need for investment in and expansion of studies on this parasite. The pooled prevalence of C. parvum in Latin America and its wide circulation are similar to what has been observed in other developing regions, which reaffirms the importance of this species as the cause of a neglected, emerging and zoonotic parasitosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flávia Terumi Nakashima
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Biomedical Institute, Fluminense Federal University, Rua Professor Hernani Pires de Melo 101, Centro, Niterói, RJ 24210-130, Brazil.
| | - Ana Beatriz Monteiro Fonseca
- Department of Statistics, Institute of Mathematics and Statistics, Fluminense Federal University, Rua Professor Marcos Waldemar de Freitas Reis s/n, Blocos G e H, Campus do Gragoatá, São Domingos, Niterói, RJ 24210-201, Brazil
| | - Luiz Fernando de Oliveira Coelho
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Biomedical Institute, Fluminense Federal University, Rua Professor Hernani Pires de Melo 101, Centro, Niterói, RJ 24210-130, Brazil
| | - Alynne da Silva Barbosa
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Biomedical Institute, Fluminense Federal University, Rua Professor Hernani Pires de Melo 101, Centro, Niterói, RJ 24210-130, Brazil
| | - Otilio Machado Pereira Bastos
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Biomedical Institute, Fluminense Federal University, Rua Professor Hernani Pires de Melo 101, Centro, Niterói, RJ 24210-130, Brazil
| | - Claudia Maria Antunes Uchôa
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Biomedical Institute, Fluminense Federal University, Rua Professor Hernani Pires de Melo 101, Centro, Niterói, RJ 24210-130, Brazil.
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Lu Y, Pu T, Ma B, Wang L, Zhou M, Chen Y, Li X, Zheng C, Liu H, Liu J, Guan C, Yu H, Dai C, Huang Y, Yang Y, Peng Z, Han L, Chai H, Hou Z. A survey of Cryptosporidium prevalence among birds in two zoos in China. PeerJ 2022; 10:e12825. [PMID: 35111415 PMCID: PMC8783555 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.12825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cryptosporidiosis is an important zoonotic protozoan disease worldwide, but few studies on this disease have been performed in wild birds; thus, our knowledge of this disease is insufficient, even in zoo birds. Animals in zoos are possible zoonotic disease reservoirs, potentially resulting in zoonotic agent spillover to humans; accordingly, our understanding of such phenomena should be improved. METHODS A total of 263 fresh fecal samples from 43 avian species were randomly collected from the Beijing Zoo and Harbin North Forest Zoo and screened for the prevalence of Cryptosporidium by 18S rRNA gene sequencing. Cryptosporidium species were distinguished based on the combined results of phylogenetic tree and genetic distance analyses conducted with the inclusion of seven avian Cryptosporidium species and 13 avian Cryptosporidium genotypes. The genetic diversity of Cryptosporidium parvum among different hosts, including humans, cattle, dogs, and birds, and the genetic diversity of avian C. parvum among avian hosts in China, Iraq and Brazil were determined based on C. parvum 18S rRNA haplotypes. RESULTS The results of PCR targeting the 18S rRNA gene revealed that 1.9% (5/263) of the samples were Cryptosporidium-positive. Four of the five Cryptosporidium-positive samples originated from white cranes (Grus leucogeranus), and one originated from a flamingo (Phoenicopteridae). Avian C. parvum isolates, including the isolates examined in the present study, showed gene flow with other isolates from different types of hosts, including humans, cattle and dogs, indicating that zoo birds potentially pose zoonotic and pathogenic risks to humans and animals. Additionally, gene flow between avian C. parvum isolates from China and Brazil was detected. CONCLUSIONS To the best of our knowledge, our results demonstrate C. parvum infection in a flamingo (Phoenicopteridae) and white cranes (Grus leucogeranus) for the first time. The results of our study provide an important reference for understanding the host range, biological characteristics, and molecular epidemiology of C. parvum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaxian Lu
- Northeast Forest University, Harbin, China,Laboratory of Vector-Borne Diseases and Pathogens Ecology, Northeast Forest University, Harbin, China
| | - Tianchun Pu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Captive Wildlife Technologies, Beijing, China
| | - Baohua Ma
- Northeast Forest University, Harbin, China,Laboratory of Vector-Borne Diseases and Pathogens Ecology, Northeast Forest University, Harbin, China
| | - Lixin Wang
- Northeast Forest University, Harbin, China,Laboratory of Vector-Borne Diseases and Pathogens Ecology, Northeast Forest University, Harbin, China
| | - Mengchao Zhou
- Northeast Forest University, Harbin, China,Laboratory of Vector-Borne Diseases and Pathogens Ecology, Northeast Forest University, Harbin, China
| | - Yu Chen
- Northeast Forest University, Harbin, China,Laboratory of Vector-Borne Diseases and Pathogens Ecology, Northeast Forest University, Harbin, China
| | - Xiuyun Li
- Harbin North Forest Zoo, Harbin, China
| | - Changming Zheng
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Captive Wildlife Technologies, Beijing, China
| | - Hetong Liu
- Northeast Forest University, Harbin, China,Laboratory of Vector-Borne Diseases and Pathogens Ecology, Northeast Forest University, Harbin, China
| | - Jinpeng Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Captive Wildlife Technologies, Beijing, China
| | | | - Hongyan Yu
- Northeast Forest University, Harbin, China,Laboratory of Vector-Borne Diseases and Pathogens Ecology, Northeast Forest University, Harbin, China
| | - Chunkuo Dai
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Captive Wildlife Technologies, Beijing, China
| | - Yuan Huang
- Northeast Forest University, Harbin, China,Laboratory of Vector-Borne Diseases and Pathogens Ecology, Northeast Forest University, Harbin, China
| | - Yuling Yang
- Northeast Forest University, Harbin, China,Laboratory of Vector-Borne Diseases and Pathogens Ecology, Northeast Forest University, Harbin, China
| | - Zhiwei Peng
- Northeast Forest University, Harbin, China,Laboratory of Vector-Borne Diseases and Pathogens Ecology, Northeast Forest University, Harbin, China
| | - Lei Han
- Northeast Forest University, Harbin, China,Laboratory of Vector-Borne Diseases and Pathogens Ecology, Northeast Forest University, Harbin, China
| | | | - Zhijun Hou
- Northeast Forest University, Harbin, China,Laboratory of Vector-Borne Diseases and Pathogens Ecology, Northeast Forest University, Harbin, China
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Santana BN, Ferrari ED, Nakamura AA, Silva GSD, Meireles MV. Validation of a one-tube nested real-time PCR assay for the detection of Cryptosporidium spp. in avian fecal samples. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE PARASITOLOGIA VETERINARIA = BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY : ORGAO OFICIAL DO COLEGIO BRASILEIRO DE PARASITOLOGIA VETERINARIA 2022; 31:e000522. [PMID: 35320826 PMCID: PMC9901886 DOI: 10.1590/s1984-29612022017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to validate a one-tube nested real-time PCR assay followed by genetic sequencing to detect and identify Cryptosporidium species and genotypes in birds. A total of 443 genomic DNA extracted from avian fecal samples were analyzed by one-tube nested real-time PCR and conventional nested PCR. By one-tube nested real-time PCR, 90/443 (20.3%) samples were positive for Cryptosporidium spp. In contrast, 36/443 (8.1%) samples were positive for Cryptosporidium spp. by conventional nested PCR. The analytical sensitivity test showed that one-tube nested real-time PCR detects approximately 0.5 oocyst (2 sporozoites) per reaction. An evaluation of analytical specificity did not reveal amplification of microorganisms that commonly present nonspecific amplification with primers used for the diagnosis of Cryptosporidium spp. The repeatability analysis showed the same result in 27 out of 30 samples (90%). As for the reproducibility of one-tube nested real-time PCR, 24 of the 30 samples examined (80%) showed the same result. All the 90 samples amplified by one-tube real-time nested PCR were successfully sequenced, leading to the identification of C. baileyi, C. galli, C. meleagridis, C. proventriculi, and Cryptosporidium avian genotype I. Genetic sequencing of conventional nested PCR amplicons was successful in 10/36 (27.8%) of positive samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruna Nicoleti Santana
- Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Araçatuba, SP, Brasil
| | - Elis Domingos Ferrari
- Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Araçatuba, SP, Brasil
| | - Alex Akira Nakamura
- Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Araçatuba, SP, Brasil
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Sandoval-Rodríguez A, Marcone D, Alegría-Morán R, Larraechea M, Yévenes K, Fredes F, Briceño C. Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia spp. in Free-Ranging Introduced Monk Parakeets from Santiago, Chile. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11030801. [PMID: 33809350 PMCID: PMC7999449 DOI: 10.3390/ani11030801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Monk Parakeets are medium-sized parrots that were internationally traded as pets and that as a byproduct have become invasive species in 19 countries. This is the case of Chile, where Monk Parakeets have thrived in the city of Santiago. Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia spp. are parasites that can affect the digestive system of a wide variety of animals, including humans and birds. This study sought to determine the occurrence of these parasites within Monk Parakeets from the city of Santiago. To do this, 207 fecal samples from Monk Parakeet nestlings that were captured during the summer seasons of 2017 and 2018 were analyzed. Environmental data related to the trees in which the nestlings were captured was studied in order to the determine the existence of areas more prone to have infected parakeets and whether certain environmental variables influence the presence or absence of these parasites in Monk Parakeets. In total, 33 samples were positive to the presence of one or both parasites. Of the 33, 10 nestlings (30%) were infected with Cryptosporidium spp. and 25 (76%) with Giardia spp. Two nestlings were infected with both parasites (6%). Environmental analyses revealed that pruned trees might constitute a protective factor against infection with these parasites. These findings emphasize Monk Parakeet’s potential role as a disease disseminator, especially in urban environments. Abstract Monk Parakeets (Myiopsitta monachus) are medium-sized parrots that due to international pet trade currently exist as invasive species in 19 countries globally. Such is the case of Chile, where Monk Parakeets have thrived in the city of Santiago. Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia spp. are worldwide distributed gastrointestinal parasites whose potential hosts include birds and humans. The present study sought to determine the presence of these pathogens in Monk Parakeets from Santiago. During the austral summers of 2017 and 2018, 207 Monk Parakeet nestlings were captured, and fecal samples were studied via microscopical analyses. Environmental data related to the trees in which the nestlings were captured were analyzed to establish the existence of infection clusters. Associations between spatial clusters, environmental variables, and the presence or absence of these pathogens were explored. In total, 33 samples were positive to the presence of one or both protozoa. Of the 33, Cryptosporidium spp. oocysts were detected in 10 nestlings (30%) while Giardia spp. cysts were detected in 25 (76%). Two nestlings presented poly-parasitism (6%). Statistical analyses established pruned trees as a potential protective factor against infection with these parasites. The present study corresponds to the second report of Cryptosporidium spp. in Monk Parakeets in Chile and the first worldwide report of Giardia spp. in these birds, emphasizing Monk Parakeet’s potential role as a reservoir and pathogen disseminator, especially in urban environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra Sandoval-Rodríguez
- Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias Silvoagropecuarias y Veterinarias, Campus Sur Universidad de Chile, Santa Rosa 11315, La Pintana, Santiago CP 8820808, Chile;
- Animal Preventive Medicine Department, Faculty of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago CP 8820808, Chile; (D.M.); or (R.A.-M.); (M.L.); (K.Y.); (F.F.)
| | - Daniela Marcone
- Animal Preventive Medicine Department, Faculty of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago CP 8820808, Chile; (D.M.); or (R.A.-M.); (M.L.); (K.Y.); (F.F.)
| | - Raúl Alegría-Morán
- Animal Preventive Medicine Department, Faculty of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago CP 8820808, Chile; (D.M.); or (R.A.-M.); (M.L.); (K.Y.); (F.F.)
- Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Pedro de Valdivia University, Santiago CP 8370007, Chile
| | - Matilde Larraechea
- Animal Preventive Medicine Department, Faculty of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago CP 8820808, Chile; (D.M.); or (R.A.-M.); (M.L.); (K.Y.); (F.F.)
| | - Karina Yévenes
- Animal Preventive Medicine Department, Faculty of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago CP 8820808, Chile; (D.M.); or (R.A.-M.); (M.L.); (K.Y.); (F.F.)
| | - Fernando Fredes
- Animal Preventive Medicine Department, Faculty of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago CP 8820808, Chile; (D.M.); or (R.A.-M.); (M.L.); (K.Y.); (F.F.)
| | - Cristóbal Briceño
- Animal Preventive Medicine Department, Faculty of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago CP 8820808, Chile; (D.M.); or (R.A.-M.); (M.L.); (K.Y.); (F.F.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +56-2-29785665
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9
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Jian Y, Zhang X, Li X, Schou C, Charalambidou I, Ma L, Karanis P. Occurrence of Cryptosporidium and Giardia in wild birds from Qinghai Lake on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, China. Parasitol Res 2021; 120:615-628. [PMID: 33415392 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-020-06993-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 11/29/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Cryptosporidium and Giardia are important intestinal zoonotic pathogens that can infect various hosts and cause diarrhoeal diseases. There are few reports of the epidemiological prevalence and molecular characterization of Cryptosporidium and Giardia in wild birds around Qinghai Lake and in the surrounding areas on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, Northwest China. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia duodenalis genotypes and their epidemiological prevalence in wild birds by PCR amplification. To our knowledge, this is the first report of a variety of Cryptosporidium spp. and G. duodenalis infections in wild birds from that area, with overall prevalence rates of 8.98% (61/679) and 3.39% (23/679), respectively. Furthermore, PCR sequencing confirmed the presence of Cryptosporidium baileyi (n = 3), Cryptosporidium parvum (n = 58), and G. duodenalis assemblage B (n = 19) and E (n = 4) in wild birds from the areas around Qinghai Lake. The results of the present study demonstrated the wide distribution of Cryptosporidium and Giardia among wild birds, which has potential public health significance. Moreover, the study findings also provided useful molecular epidemiological data for monitoring and investigating the two parasitic protozoa in wild animals and surrounding environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingna Jian
- Qinghai Academy of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Qinghai University, State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture Qinghai University, Center for Biomedicine and Infectious Diseases, Xining, 810016, People's Republic of China
| | - Xueyong Zhang
- Qinghai Academy of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Qinghai University, State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture Qinghai University, Center for Biomedicine and Infectious Diseases, Xining, 810016, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiuping Li
- Qinghai Academy of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Qinghai University, State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture Qinghai University, Center for Biomedicine and Infectious Diseases, Xining, 810016, People's Republic of China
| | - Chad Schou
- Medical Faculty and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Iris Charalambidou
- Department of Life and Health Sciences, School of Sciences and Engineering, University of Nicosia, 2417, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Liqing Ma
- Qinghai Academy of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Qinghai University, State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture Qinghai University, Center for Biomedicine and Infectious Diseases, Xining, 810016, People's Republic of China
| | - Panagiotis Karanis
- Qinghai Academy of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Qinghai University, State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture Qinghai University, Center for Biomedicine and Infectious Diseases, Xining, 810016, People's Republic of China. .,Medical Faculty and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany. .,Department of Basic and Clinical Sciences, Anatomy Centre, University of Nicosia Medical School, Nicosia, Cyprus.
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10
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Zaheer T, Imran M, Abbas RZ, Zaheer I, Malik MA. Avian cryptosporidiosis and its zoonotic significance in Asia. WORLD POULTRY SCI J 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/00439339.2020.1866961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tean Zaheer
- Department of Parasitology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Imran
- Department of Parasitology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Rao Zahid Abbas
- Department of Parasitology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Iqra Zaheer
- Department of Pathology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
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11
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Altamimi MK, Al-Zubaidi MTS. High Prevalence of Cryptosporidium meleagridis in Domestic Pigeons (Columba livia domestica) Raises a Prospect of Zoonotic Transmission in Babylon Province, Iraq. THE IRAQI JOURNAL OF VETERINARY MEDICINE 2020. [DOI: 10.30539/ijvm.v44i(e0).1012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Cryptosporidium is one of the most common protozoan’s parasites with remarkable infectivity of a wide range of animals, including mammals and birds. Domestic pigeons (Columba livia domestica) act as a potential reservoir for several species of Cryptosporidium because they live in close proximity to humans. This study was conducted to assess the genetic diversity of Cryptosporidium in domestic pigeons in Iraq. A total of one hundred samples obtained from feces of domestic pigeons in Babylon province were included. After being exposed to microbial examination, all fecal samples were subsequently screened by nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for the possible recognition of Cryptosporidium species. Microscopy tests detected only 14/100 (14%) of infection with Cryptosporidium, while molecular tests detected 21/100 (21%) of the same targeted parasite. Sequencing experiments showed a high prevalence of C. meleagridis with 13/21 (61.90%), followed by C. baileyi with 7/21 (33.33%), while only one infection was detected with C. hominis (1/21) (4.76%). No co-infection with mixed Cryptosporidium spp. was observed, and sex factor was not found to affect the infection rate. In conclusion, this study informed a high prevalence of C. meleagridis in domestic pigeons than both C. baileyi and C. hominis, respectively, signifying a higher zoonotic potential of C. meleagridis between domestic pigeons and their handlers. This finding may raise more questions with regard to the increasing infectivity of C. meleagridis in human. This is the first important screening study in Iraq that uses molecular methods for the detection of Cryptosporidium in domesticated pigeons.
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12
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de Aquino MCC, Inácio SV, Rodrigues FDS, de Barros LD, Garcia JL, Headley SA, Gomes JF, Bresciani KDS. Cryptosporidiosis and Giardiasis in Buffaloes ( Bubalus bubalis). Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:557967. [PMID: 33330686 PMCID: PMC7673452 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.557967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia duodenalis infect the gastrointestinal tracts of animals and humans. Both parasite groups are distributed worldwide and cause significant economic losses in animal productivity. Infected hosts presenting with and without clinical manifestations can eliminate infective forms of these protozoa, which are particularly important to One Health. Compared to the published research on cattle, relatively few studies have examined the epidemiology of cryptosporidiosis and giardiasis in buffaloes. This short review describes the global occurrence of Cryptosporidium spp. and G. duodenalis in buffaloes, including the molecular techniques employed for the identification of species/assemblages and genotypes of these protozoa. Genetic analyses of isolates of G. duodenalis and Cryptosporidium spp. from various sources (environmental, animal, and human) have been performed to investigate their epidemiology. In buffaloes, the species Cryptosporidium parvum, Cryptosporidium ryanae, Cryptosporidium bovis, and Cryptosporidium suis-like have been characterized, as well as assemblages A and E of G. duodenalis. We demonstrate that buffaloes can be infected by species of Cryptosporidium spp. and G. duodenalis assemblages with zoonotic potential. Epidemiological studies that utilize molecular biology techniques represent an important resource for efforts to control and prevent the spread of these protozoans.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sandra Valéria Inácio
- School of Veterinary Medicine Araçatuba, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araçatuba, Brazil
| | - Fernando de Souza Rodrigues
- Laboratory of Animal Protozoology, Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Luiz Daniel de Barros
- Laboratory of Animal Protozoology, Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
| | - João Luis Garcia
- Laboratory of Animal Protozoology, Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Selwyn Arlington Headley
- Comparative Pathology Shared Resources Laboratory, Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, United States.,Laboratory of Animal Pathology, Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Jancarlo Ferreira Gomes
- School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.,Laboratory of Image Data Science, Institute of Computing, University of Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
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13
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A chicken embryo model for the maintenance and amplification of Cryptosporidium parvum and Cryptosporidium baileyi oocysts. Eur J Protistol 2020; 75:125718. [PMID: 32604041 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejop.2020.125718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Revised: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Cryptosporidium is a genus of apicomplexan parasites that inhabit the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts of vertebrates. Research of these parasites is limited by a lack of model hosts. This study aimed to determine the extent to which infection at the embryo stage can enhance the propagation of Cryptosporidium oocysts in chickens. Nine-day-old chicken embryos and one-day-old chickens were experimentally infected with different doses of Cryptosporidium baileyi and Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts. Post hatching, all chickens had demonstrable infections, and the infection dose had no effect on the course of infection. Chickens infected as embryos shed oocysts immediately after hatching and shed significantly more oocysts over the course of the infection than chickens infected as one-day-olds. In chickens infected as embryos, C. baileyi was found in all organs except the brain whereas, C. parvum was only found in the gastrointestinal tract and trachea. In chickens infected as one-day-olds, C. baileyi was only found in the gastrointestinal tract and trachea. Chickens infected as embryos with C. baileyi died within 16 days of hatching. All other chickens cleared the infection. Infection of chickens as embryos could be used as an effective and simple model for the propagation of C. baileyi and C. parvum.
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14
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Holubová N, Zikmundová V, Limpouchová Z, Sak B, Konečný R, Hlásková L, Rajský D, Kopacz Z, McEvoy J, Kváč M. Cryptosporidium proventriculi sp. n. (Apicomplexa: Cryptosporidiidae) in Psittaciformes birds. Eur J Protistol 2019; 69:70-87. [PMID: 30981203 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejop.2019.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Revised: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Cryptosporidiosis is a common parasitic infection in birds that is caused by more than 25 Cryptosporidium species and genotypes. Many of the genotypes that cause avian cryptosporidiosis are poorly characterized. The genetic and biological characteristics of avian genotype III are described here and these data support the establishment of a new species, Cryptosporidium proventriculi. Faecal samples from the orders Passeriformes and Psittaciformes were screened for the presence of Cryptosporidium by microscopy and sequencing, and infections were detected in 10 of 98 Passeriformes and in 27 of 402 Psittaciformes. Cryptosporidium baileyi was detected in both orders. Cryptosporidium galli and avian genotype I were found in Passeriformes, and C. avium and C. proventriculi were found in Psittaciformes. Cryptosporidium proventriculi was infectious for cockatiels under experimental conditions, with a prepatent period of six days post-infection (DPI), but not for budgerigars, chickens or SCID mice. Experimentally infected cockatiels shed oocysts more than 30 DPI, with an infection intensity ranging from 4,000 to 60,000 oocysts per gram (OPG). Naturally infected cockatiels shed oocysts with an infection intensity ranging from 2,000 to 30,000 OPG. Cryptosporidium proventriculi infects the proventriculus and ventriculus, and oocysts measure 7.4 × 5.8 μm. None of the birds infected C. proventriculi developed clinical signs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikola Holubová
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, v.v.i., České Budějovice, Czech Republic; Faculty of Agriculture, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Veronika Zikmundová
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Zlata Limpouchová
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, v.v.i., České Budějovice, Czech Republic; Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Bohumil Sak
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, v.v.i., České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Roman Konečný
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Hlásková
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, v.v.i., České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Dušan Rajský
- Faculty of Forestry, Department of Applied Zoology and Game Management, Technical University in Zvolen, Zvolen, Slovakia
| | - Zaneta Kopacz
- Department of Biology and Medical Parasitology, Wrocław Medical University, Wrocław, Poland
| | - John McEvoy
- Veterinary and Microbiological Sciences Department, North Dakota State University, Fargo, USA
| | - Martin Kváč
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, v.v.i., České Budějovice, Czech Republic; Faculty of Agriculture, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Czech Republic.
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15
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Ayinmode AB, Oliveira BCM, Obebe OO, Dada-Adgebola HO, Ayede AI, Widmer G. Genotypic Characterization of Cryptosporidium Species in Humans and Peri-Domestic Animals in Ekiti and Oyo States, Nigeria. J Parasitol 2018; 104:639-644. [PMID: 30207199 DOI: 10.1645/17-74] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Cryptosporidiosis is one of the leading causes of diarrhea in humans and several other vertebrate species. Because surveys of Cryptosporidium genotypes from animals and humans living in the same region are rare, our understanding of the importance of zoonotic transmission in the epidemiology of cryptosporidiosis remains superficial. PCR was used to amplify a portion of the Cryptosporidium 18S small subunit ribosomal RNA gene from fecal DNA from humans and livestock living in Ekiti and Oyo states, Nigeria. PCR-positive samples were further analyzed using PCR targeting the heat-shock protein HSP-70, the actin, and the sporozoite glycoprotein gene gp60. A questionnaire was used to collect demographic information. Sixteen of 187 samples collected were Cryptosporidium 18S PCR positive. Of these, 5 samples originating from HIV-positive patients, 5 from otherwise healthy children, 2 from chickens, 3 from goats, and 1 from a dog were positive for at least 1 marker. Sequencing of the 18S rRNA amplicons revealed the presence of Cryptosporidium parvum in 2 HIV positive patients and in a child; the actin sequence confirmed the presence of this species. Two samples of HIV-positive patients amplified Cryptosporidium hominis 18S rRNA, one of them confirmed by the HSP-70, actin, and gp60 sequences. Cryptosporidium meleagridis was found in another HIV patient, while C. hominis was detected in 3 children (of which 2 were confirmed by gp60). Cryptosporidium muris was found in 1 child. In birds, we found C. meleagridis and, significantly, C. parvum, whereas we detected C. parvum and C. muris in 1 goat each. The only dog sampled was positive for Cryptosporidium canis. We conclude that, in the environment we surveyed, humans and animals are a potential part of the same transmission cycle. Measures to prevent zoonotic transmission should therefore be considered to reduce the prevalence of cryptosporidiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- A B Ayinmode
- 1 Department of Veterinary Parasitology and Entomology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Nigeria 200284.,2 Centre for Control and Prevention of Zoonoses, University of Ibadan, Nigeria 200284.,* These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - B C M Oliveira
- 3 Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine at Tufts University, 200 Westboro Road, North Grafton, Massachusetts 01536.,4 Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Araçatuba, 16050-680 Brazil.,* These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - O O Obebe
- 1 Department of Veterinary Parasitology and Entomology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Nigeria 200284
| | - H O Dada-Adgebola
- 5 Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria 200212
| | - A I Ayede
- 6 Department of Paediatrics, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria, 200212
| | - G Widmer
- 3 Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine at Tufts University, 200 Westboro Road, North Grafton, Massachusetts 01536
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16
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Iijima Y, Itoh N, Phrompraphai T, Ito Y, Kimura Y, Kameshima S. Molecular Prevalence of Cryptosporidium spp. among Companion Birds Kept in Pet Shops in Japan. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY 2018; 56:281-285. [PMID: 29996632 PMCID: PMC6046554 DOI: 10.3347/kjp.2018.56.3.281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Cryptosporidium is the most common protozoan that can infect a wide range of animals, including mammals and birds. Avian Cryptosporidium spp. can cause enteric and respiratory diseases which can be fatal in birds and some species are zoonotic. Companion birds have the potential as reservoir due to their close contact with humans. Pet shops are the major source of companion birds. However, few reports are available regarding Cryptosporidium spp. infection among companion birds kept in pet shops. The present study reports the prevalence and molecular characteristics of Cryptosporidium spp. among companion birds kept in pet shops in Japan. A total of 265 fresh fecal samples were obtained from birds kept in 4 pet shops; these birds belonged to 41 species in 3 bird orders. A nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay targeting the small subunit rRNA gene was employed for the detection of Cryptosporidium spp. A total of 24 samples (9.1%) were positive, and Cryptosporidium spp. were detected from all pet shops. The prevalence of Cryptosporidium spp. in each of the bird orders was 6.5% (10/153) in Psittaciformes, 14.4% (13/90) in Passeriformes, and 4.5% (1/22) in Galliformes. Based on sequence analysis, 13 (54.2%) isolates were classified to C. galli, 8 (33.3%) were avian genotype III, and the remaining 3 (12.5%) were C. baileyi. No infection with zoonotic C. meleagridis and no coinfection with multiple Cryptosporidium spp. and/or genotypes were observed. The zoonotic potential of Cryptosporidium spp. infecting companion birds kept in pet shops in Japan is likely to be low.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Iijima
- Laboratory of Small Animal Internal Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University, Higashi 23-35-1, Towada, Aomori 034-8628, Japan
| | - Naoyuki Itoh
- Laboratory of Small Animal Internal Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University, Higashi 23-35-1, Towada, Aomori 034-8628, Japan
| | - Totsapon Phrompraphai
- Laboratory of Small Animal Internal Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University, Higashi 23-35-1, Towada, Aomori 034-8628, Japan
| | - Yoichi Ito
- Laboratory of Small Animal Internal Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University, Higashi 23-35-1, Towada, Aomori 034-8628, Japan.,Ito Animal Hospital, Gakuendai 2-2-1, Miyashiro, Minami Saitama, Saitama 345-0826, Japan
| | - Yuya Kimura
- Laboratory of Small Animal Internal Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University, Higashi 23-35-1, Towada, Aomori 034-8628, Japan
| | - Satoshi Kameshima
- Laboratory of Small Animal Internal Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University, Higashi 23-35-1, Towada, Aomori 034-8628, Japan
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