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Ji X, Liu N, Huang S, Zhang C. A Comprehensive Review of Licorice: The Preparation, Chemical Composition, Bioactivities and Its Applications. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE 2024; 52:667-716. [PMID: 38716617 DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x24500289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
Licorice (Glycyrrhiza) is a medicinal and food homologue of perennial plants derived from the dried roots and rhizomes of the genus Glycyrrhiza in the legume family. In recent years, the comprehensive utilization of licorice resources has attracted people's attention. It is widely utilized to treat diseases, health food products, food production, and other industrial applications. Furthermore, numerous bioactive components of licorice are found using advanced extraction processes, which mainly include polyphenols (flavonoids, dihydrostilbenes, benzofurans, and coumarin), triterpenoids, polysaccharides, alkaloids, and volatile oils, all of which have been reported to possess a variety of pharmacological characteristics, including anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antiviral, anticancer, neuroprotective, antidepressive, antidiabetic, antiparasitic, antisex hormone, skin effects, anticariogenic, antitussive, and expectorant activities. Thereby, all of these compounds promote the development of novel and more effective licorice-derived products. This paper reviews the progress of research on extraction techniques, chemical composition, bioactivities, and applications of licorice to provide a reference for further development and application of licorice in different areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Ji
- Henan International Joint Laboratory of Animal Welfare and Health Breeding, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, P. R. China
- Henan Engineering Research Center of Livestock and Poultry, Emerging Disease Detection and Control, Luoyang 471023, P. R. China
| | - Ning Liu
- Henan International Joint Laboratory of Animal Welfare and Health Breeding, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, P. R. China
- Henan Engineering Research Center of Livestock and Poultry, Emerging Disease Detection and Control, Luoyang 471023, P. R. China
| | - Shucheng Huang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, P. R. China
| | - Cai Zhang
- Henan International Joint Laboratory of Animal Welfare and Health Breeding, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, P. R. China
- Henan Engineering Research Center of Livestock and Poultry, Emerging Disease Detection and Control, Luoyang 471023, P. R. China
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Wei K, Li Y, Du B, Wu J. Differences in Airway Remodeling and Emphysematous Lesions between Rats Exposed to Smoke from New-Type and Conventional Tobacco Varieties. Antioxidants (Basel) 2024; 13:511. [PMID: 38790616 PMCID: PMC11117731 DOI: 10.3390/antiox13050511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Revised: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Genes from Perilla frutescens and Ocimum basilicum were introduced into N. tabacum L. var. HHY via distant hybridization, and the new-type tobacco varieties "Zisu" and "Luole" were developed, with noticeable differences in chemical composition. Smoking is the leading cause of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and its pathogenesis is complex. In the present study, 48 male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were randomly divided into four groups, namely, the control, "HHY", "Zisu" and "Luole", and then exposed to fresh air/cigarette smoke (CS) for 30 days and 60 days. The COPD model was constructed, and their health hazards were compared and evaluated. CS from different tobacco varieties influenced rats in varying degrees at the tissue, cell and molecular levels. The rats in the "HHY" group showed obvious symptoms, such as cough and dyspnea, which were less severe in the "Zisu" and "Luole" groups. Pathological and morphological analyses, including scores, MLI, MAN, WAt/Pbm and WAm/Pbm, showed that "Zisu" and "Luole" caused less damage to the airways and lung parenchyma than "HHY". Significant increases in the numbers of total leukocytes and neutrophils in the BALF were found in "HHY" compared to those in "Zisu" and "Luole". Moreover, they caused less oxidative stress and apoptosis in lung tissues, as reflected by indicators such as ROS, MDA, T-AOC, GSH, the apoptotic index and the ratio of Bcl-2 to Bax. "Zisu" and "Luole" even altered the ratios of MMP-9/TIMP-1 and IFN-γ/IL-4 in lung tissues to a lesser degree. These differences between CS-exposed rats may be closely related to the altered expression of Nrf2, p38 MAPK and p-p38 MAPK. Changes in chemical composition via introducing genes from some medicinal plants may be an attractive strategy for tobacco harm reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keqiang Wei
- School of Life Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
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Hermann S, Orlik M, Boevink P, Stein E, Scherf A, Kleeberg I, Schmitt A, Schikora A. Biocontrol of Plant Diseases Using Glycyrrhiza glabra Leaf Extract. PLANT DISEASE 2022; 106:3133-3144. [PMID: 35549324 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-12-21-2813-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The growing concern regarding the potential risks of pesticides and their impact on nontarget organisms stimulates the development and application of alternative, environmentally friendly products. It seems necessary to develop alternatives for conventional products and for those already widely used in organic agriculture, e.g., copper. Very importantly, such alternative products should not limit the productivity and profitability of agriculture. In this study, we examined the efficacy of licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra) leaf extract as such an alternative. We tested its impact on the virulence of Pseudomonas syringae toward the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana and the crop plant tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) as well as of Clavibacter michiganensis, Xanthomonas campestris, and Phytophthora infestans toward tomato, at multiple levels. We demonstrate that licorice leaf extract acts as a direct fungicide and bactericide. Moreover, it acts against a metalaxyl-resistant P. infestans strain. In addition, the extract from licorice leaves influences the plant immune system, modulating the plant responses to the challenge with pathogen(s); this involves both salicylic acid and ethylene-based responses. Our results show that in addition to the well-known use of licorice root extract in medicine, the leaf extract can be an effective alternative in organic and integrated farming, contributing to copper reduction and resistance management.[Formula: see text] Copyright © 2022 The Author(s). This is an open-access article distributed under the CC BY 4.0 International license.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marc Orlik
- Julius Kühn Institute (JKI) - Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Biological Control, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Petra Boevink
- The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, Scotland, U.K
| | - Elke Stein
- Justus Liebig University Giessen, Institute for Phytopathology, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Andrea Scherf
- Julius Kühn Institute (JKI) - Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Biological Control, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | | | - Annegret Schmitt
- Julius Kühn Institute (JKI) - Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Biological Control, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Adam Schikora
- Julius Kühn Institute (JKI) - Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute of Epidemiology and Pathogen Diagnostics, 38104 Braunschweig, Germany
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Ding Y, Brand E, Wang W, Zhao Z. Licorice: Resources, applications in ancient and modern times. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 298:115594. [PMID: 35934191 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2022.115594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Licorice has been widely used as a medicinal herb since ancient times. Licorice is also spelled as "liquorice" and it is known as "Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma" (Chinese: gan cao) in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia. Licorice root has a wide range of pharmacological effects, including adrenocortical hormone-like effects, as well as multiple pharmacological effects on the digestive system, immune system, and cardiovascular system. AIM OF THE REVIEW This review aims to comprehensively investigate the history of licorice and its medicinal and industrial applications in China and other nations, including research and application prospects related to the aerial parts of licorice. METHOD An extensive review of the literature was carried out, including ancient and modern texts, doctoral and masters' theses, monographs on medicinal plants, pharmacopoeias and electronic databases, including Web of Science, Springer, CNKI, and Google Scholar. RESULTS The ancient and modern applications of licorice were systematically investigated. In ancient times, practitioners in China discovered the medicinal potential of licorice and used it widely. In modern times, licorice is widely used in food, medicines and supplements, tobacco, chemical applications, environmental applications, animal husbandry and other industries. The potential of the aerial portion of the plant is also gradually being researched, developed, and utilized. CONCLUSION Licorice is one of the oldest and most widely used herbal medicines in the world. This article reviews its medicinal potential and application in various fields, and briefly introduces current research into its aerial parts. This review aims to highlight the importance of licorice and provide direction for its future development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiming Ding
- Institute of Ben Cao Gang Mu, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, No. 11 Bei San Huan Dong Lu, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Eric Brand
- Institute of Ben Cao Gang Mu, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, No. 11 Bei San Huan Dong Lu, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Wenquan Wang
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Zhongzhen Zhao
- Institute of Ben Cao Gang Mu, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, No. 11 Bei San Huan Dong Lu, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100029, China; School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, 7 Baptist University Road, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, 999077, China.
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Jit BP, Pattnaik S, Arya R, Dash R, Sahoo SS, Pradhan B, Bhuyan PP, Behera PK, Jena M, Sharma A, Agrawala PK, Behera RK. Phytochemicals: A potential next generation agent for radioprotection. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 106:154188. [PMID: 36029645 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2022.154188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 03/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Radiation hazards are accountable for extensive damage in the biological system and acts as a public health burden. Owing to the rapid increasing in radiation technology, both Ionizing radiation (IR) from natural and man made source poses detrimental outcome to public health. IR releases free radicals which induces oxidative stress and deleterious biological damage by modulating radiation induced signalling intermediates. The efficacy of existing therapeutic approach and treatment strategy are limited owing to their toxicity and associated side effects. Indian system of traditional medicine is enriched with prospective phytochemicals with potential radioprotection ability. PURPOSE The present review elucidated and summarized the potential role of plant derived novel chemical compound with prospective radioprotective potential. METHOD So far as the traditional system of Indian medicine is concerned, plant kingdom is enriched with potential bioactive molecules with diverse pharmacological activities. We reviewed several compounds mostly secondary metabolites from plant origin using various search engines. RESULTS Both compounds from land plants and marine source exhibited antioxidant antiinflammatory, free radical scavenging ability. These compounds have tremendous potential in fine-tuning of several signalling intermediates, which are actively participated in the progression and development of a pathological condition associated with radiation stress. CONCLUSION Development and explore of an operational radioprotective agent from originated from plant source that can be used as a novel molecular tool to eliminate the widespread damage caused by space exploration, ionizing radiation, nuclear war and radiotherapy has been significantly appreciated. Through extensive literature search we highlighted several compounds from both land plant and marine origin can be implemented for a better therapeutic potential against radiation induced injury. Furthermore, extensive clinical trials must be carried out in near future for better therapeutic modality and clinical efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bimal Prasad Jit
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi 110029, India; School of Life Sciences, Sambalpur University, Jyoti Vihar, Burla 768019, India
| | - Subhaswaraj Pattnaik
- Department of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Pondicherry University, Puducherry 605014, India; Centre of Excellence in Natural Products and Therapeutics, Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Sambalpur University, Jyoti Vihar, Burla, Odisha 768019, India
| | - Rakesh Arya
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi 110029, India; School of Life Sciences, Sambalpur University, Jyoti Vihar, Burla 768019, India
| | - Rutumbara Dash
- Departement of Gastroenterology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi 110029, India
| | | | - Biswajita Pradhan
- Algal Biotechnology and Molecular Systematic Laboratory, Post Graduate Department of Botany, Berhampur University, Bhanja Bihar, Berhampur, Odisha 760007, India; Department of Biotechnology, Sangmyung University, Seoul 03016, South Korea
| | - Prajna Paramita Bhuyan
- Department of Botany, Maharaja Sriram Chandra Bhanja Deo University, Baripada, Odisha 757003, India
| | - Pradyota Kumar Behera
- Department of Chemistry, Berhampur University, Bhanja Bihar, Berhampur, Odisha 760007, India
| | - Mrutyunjay Jena
- Algal Biotechnology and Molecular Systematic Laboratory, Post Graduate Department of Botany, Berhampur University, Bhanja Bihar, Berhampur, Odisha 760007, India
| | - Ashok Sharma
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi 110029, India
| | - Paban Kumar Agrawala
- Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Science, Defence Research and Development Organization, New Delhi 110054, India
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Husain I, Bala K, Khan IA, Khan SI. A review on phytochemicals, pharmacological activities, drug interactions, and associated toxicities of licorice (
Glycyrrhiza
sp.). FOOD FRONTIERS 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/fft2.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Islam Husain
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677 USA
| | - Kiran Bala
- Department of P.G. Studies and Research in Biological Science Rani Durgavati University Jabalpur India
| | - Ikhlas A. Khan
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677 USA
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677 USA
| | - Shabana I. Khan
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677 USA
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677 USA
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Rehman MU, Farooq A, Ali R, Bashir S, Bashir N, Majeed S, Taifa S, Ahmad SB, Arafah A, Sameer AS, Khan R, Qamar W, Rasool S, Ahmad A. Preclinical Evidence for the Pharmacological Actions of Glycyrrhizic Acid: A Comprehensive Review. Curr Drug Metab 2021; 21:436-465. [PMID: 32562521 DOI: 10.2174/1389200221666200620204914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Revised: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Glycyrrhiza glabra L. (Family: Fabaceae) is one of the important traditional medicinal plant used extensively in folk medicine. It is known for its ethnopharmacological value in curing a wide variety of ailments. Glycyrrhizin, an active compound of G. glabra, possesses anti-inflammatory activity due to which it is mostly used in traditional herbal medicine for the treatment and management of chronic diseases. The present review is focused extensively on the pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, toxicology, and potential effects of Glycyrrhizic Acid (GA). A thorough literature survey was conducted to identify various studies that reported on the GA on PubMed, Science Direct and Google Scholar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muneeb U Rehman
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Adil Farooq
- RAKCOPS, RAK Medical and Health Sciences University, Ras AL Khaimah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Rayeesa Ali
- Division of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, SKUAST-Kashmir, Shuhama, JandK, India
| | - Sana Bashir
- Division of Veterinary Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, SKUAST-Kashmir, Shuhama, JandK, India
| | - Nazirah Bashir
- Division of Veterinary Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, SKUAST-Kashmir, Shuhama, JandK, India
| | - Samia Majeed
- Division of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, SKUAST-Kashmir, Shuhama, JandK, India
| | - Syed Taifa
- Division of Animal Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, SKUAST-Kashmir, Shuhama, JandK, India
| | - Sheikh Bilal Ahmad
- Division of Veterinary Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, SKUAST-Kashmir, Shuhama, JandK, India
| | - Azher Arafah
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Aga Syed Sameer
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Medicine, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences (KSAU-HS), King Abdullah International Medical Research Centre (KAIMRC), Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rehan Khan
- Department of Nano-therapeutics, Institute of Nanoscience and Technology (DST-INST), Mohali, Punjab, India
| | - Wajhul Qamar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Central Laboratory, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saiema Rasool
- Forest Biotech Lab, Department of Forest Mana pgement, Faculty of Forestry, University Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Anas Ahmad
- Department of Nano-therapeutics, Institute of Nanoscience and Technology (DST-INST), Mohali, Punjab, India
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Zeng J, Zhou Z, Liao Y, Ma L, Huang X, Zhang J, Lin L, Zhu J, Lei L, Cao J, Shen H, Zheng Y, Wu Z. System optimisation quantitative model of on-line NIR: a case of Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch extraction process. PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS : PCA 2021; 32:165-171. [PMID: 31953885 DOI: 10.1002/pca.2919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/25/2019] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The on-line analysis of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) during the extraction process in herbal medicine is a challenge. Establishing a reliable and robust model is a critical procedure for the industrial application of on-line near-infrared (NIR) technology. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the advantages of on-line NIR model development using system optimisation strategy, Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch was used as a case. The content of liquiritin and glycyrrhizic acid was monitored during pilot scale extraction process of Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch in three batches. METHODS High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was used as reference method for content determination of liquiritin and glycyrrhizic acid. The quantitative models of on-line NIR were developed by system optimisation of processing trajectory. For comparison, the models were simultaneously developed by stepwise optimisation. Moreover, the modelling parameters obtained through system optimisation and stepwise optimisation were reused in three batches. Root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP) and residual predictive deviation (RPD) were used to assess the model quality. RESULTS The average values of RMSEP and RPD of systematic model for liquiritin in three batches were 0.0361, 4.1525 (first batch), 0.0348, 4.7286 (second batch) and 0.0311, 4.9686 (third batch), respectively. In addition, the modelling parameters of systematic model for glycyrrhizic acid in three batches were same, and the average values of RMSEP and RPD were 0.0665 and 5.2751, respectively. The predictive performance and robustness of systematic models for the three batches were better than the comparison models. CONCLUSION The work demonstrated that system optimisation quantitative model of on-line NIR could be used to determine the contents of liquiritin and glycyrrhizic acid during Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch extraction process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingqi Zeng
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
- College of Pharmacy, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, China
| | - Zheng Zhou
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
- Pharmaceutical Engineering and New Drug Development of TCM of Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Yuan Liao
- College of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xian, China
| | - Lijuan Ma
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
- Pharmaceutical Engineering and New Drug Development of TCM of Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Xingguo Huang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
- Pharmaceutical Engineering and New Drug Development of TCM of Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, China
| | - Ling Lin
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
- Pharmaceutical Engineering and New Drug Development of TCM of Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Jinyuan Zhu
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
- Pharmaceutical Engineering and New Drug Development of TCM of Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Leting Lei
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
- Pharmaceutical Engineering and New Drug Development of TCM of Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Junjie Cao
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
- Pharmaceutical Engineering and New Drug Development of TCM of Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Haoran Shen
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
- Pharmaceutical Engineering and New Drug Development of TCM of Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Yanfei Zheng
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Zhisheng Wu
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
- Pharmaceutical Engineering and New Drug Development of TCM of Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
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Fattahi R, Seyedain-Ardabili M. A comparative study on the effect of homogenization conditions on the properties of the film-forming emulsions and the resultant films. Food Chem 2021; 352:129319. [PMID: 33691215 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.129319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Revised: 01/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Emulsions based on licorice essential oil (LEO) were prepared under different homogenization conditions (ultra-homogenization (U1) or U1 together with sonication (U2)). The obtained emulsions were incorporated into the carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) film. The results showed that U2 caused significant changes in the size and the surface charge of the emulsions. Remarkable differences in the microstructure were observed between the U1 and the U2 emulsion-based films as revealed by SEM and AFM. Both emulsions reduced the rigidity and increased the flexibility of the films. The film made from the CMC alone had a water vapor permeability (WVP) of 2.66 × 10-9 g m-1 s-1 Pa-1, while the CMC film made from U2 emulsion had a WVP of 1.87 × 10-9 g m-1 s-1 Pa-1. Also, the film containing 0.0125% U1-LEO exhibited antibacterial activity on gram-positive bacteria only while the film containing 0.0125% U2-LEO demonstrated antibacterial activity on both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Fattahi
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University, P. O. Box 14115-336, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mojan Seyedain-Ardabili
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University, P. O. Box 14115-336, Tehran, Iran
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Palmatier MI, Smith AL, Odineal EM, Williams EA, Sheppard AB, Bradley CA. Nicotine Self-Administration With Tobacco Flavor Additives in Male Rats. Nicotine Tob Res 2020; 22:224-231. [PMID: 30980717 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntz053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Nicotine can robustly increase responding for conditioned reinforcers (CRs), stimuli that acquire reinforcing properties based on association with primary reinforcers. Menthol and licorice are tobacco flavoring agents also found in sweet foods (eg, candy and ice cream), making them putative CRs before they are consumed in tobacco. We sought to determine if intravenous self-administration (IVSA) of nicotine was enhanced by the inclusion of oral tobacco flavor CRs. METHODS Menthol (160 or 320 µM) or licorice root extract (0.1% or 1%) were established as CRs (paired with 20% sucrose) or "neutral" stimuli (paired with water) in separate groups. During subsequent IVSA tests, nicotine was delivered in conjunction with oral presentations of the CR. RESULTS In experiment 1, a menthol CR significantly shifted the peak nicotine dose from 15 µg/kg/infusion (Neutral group) to 3.25 µg/kg/infusion (CR group). In experiment 2, a menthol CR significantly increased operant licks for nicotine (3 µg/kg/infusion) relative to control groups. In experiment 3, both licorice and menthol CRs significantly increased operant licks for nicotine (7.5 µg/kg/infusion) relative to an "inactive" sipper. The licorice CR increased nicotine IVSA in proportion to the strength of the flavor, but both menthol concentrations increased nicotine IVSA to a similar extent. CONCLUSION Tobacco flavor additives with conditioned reinforcing properties promote acquisition of nicotine self-administration at low unit doses and may have robust impact on tobacco consumption when nicotine yield is low. IMPLICATIONS Tobacco flavor additives are found in rewarding foods (eg, ice cream) and gain palatability based on associations with primary rewards (eg, sugar) making them "conditioned reinforcers." Nicotine increases the motivation for flavor conditioned reinforcers and the present studies show that tobacco flavor additives can interact with nicotine to promote more nicotine self-administration. The interaction between flavors additives and nicotine may promote nicotine exposure and subsequently dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Amanda L Smith
- Department of Psychology, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN
| | - Ethan M Odineal
- Department of Psychology, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN
| | - Emily A Williams
- Department of Psychology, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN
| | - Ashley B Sheppard
- Department of Psychology, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN
| | - Curtis A Bradley
- Department of Psychology, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN
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11
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Fan S, Gu K, Wu Y, Luo H, Wang Y, Zhang T, Wang X, Zhang Y, Li Y. Liquiritinapioside – A mineralocorticoid-like substance from liquorice. Food Chem 2019; 289:419-425. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.03.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2018] [Revised: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Firoznejhad M, Ghasemi Pirbalouti A, Abdoosi V, Aliahmadi A. Chemical composition of essential oils from the underground parts of Glycyrrhiza echinata L. accessions growing wild in Northern Iran. Nat Prod Res 2019; 35:162-166. [PMID: 31165644 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2019.1616721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Glycyrrhiza echinata L. is a perennial plant of considerable commercial importance in medicine, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, and tobacco industries and the production of food additives as flavoring and sweetening agent. This study, variation on composition and yield of essential oil from the underground parts of five accessions of G. echinata growing wild in northern Iran was investigated. Results showed high variability for the main constituents of essential oil among accessions of G. echinata. The presence of α-pinene and myrcene in two accessions suggests that these volatiles could serve as chemotaxonomic markers and also might be considered as potentially relevant for taste. The presence of β-caryophyllene and α- caryophyllene in three accessions could be strong potential for being used in medical applications (anticancer and analgesic properties). Generally, the essential oils from G. echinata and other species could be very competitive targets for phytochemical and food studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Firoznejhad
- Department of Horticulture, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Vahid Abdoosi
- Department of Horticulture, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Atousa Aliahmadi
- Department of Biology, Medicinal Plants and Drugs Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
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Stabbert R, Ghosh D, Clarke A, Miller J, Collard J, Crooks I, Tafin Djoko D, Larroque S, Jaccard G, Roemer E, Park CH, Esposito M. Assessment of priority tobacco additives per the requirements in the EU Tobacco Products Directive (2014/40/EU): Part 2: Smoke chemistry and in vitro toxicology. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2019; 104:163-199. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2019.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Revised: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Inhibitory Effects of Glycyrrhiza glabra and Its Major Constituent Glycyrrhizin on Inflammation-Associated Corneal Neovascularization. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2018; 2018:8438101. [PMID: 29849730 PMCID: PMC5937553 DOI: 10.1155/2018/8438101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Glycyrrhiza glabra L. (Leguminosae) is widely used in folk medicines. Glycyrrhizin, an active compound of G. glabra, possesses anti-inflammatory activity. This study investigates the G. glabra methanol extract and glycyrrhizin for the treatment of corneal neovascularization (CNV). G. glabra was extracted in 70% aqueous methanol. Phytochemical tests, thin layer chromatography (TLC), and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) were used for the analysis of chemical composition. The topical solution of G. glabra methanol extract (2% w/v) and glycyrrhizin (1% w/v) was prepared in normal saline. After corneal burn (1 N NaOH), animals were left untreated for a week so that neovascularization appears in all groups. Treatments started on day 7 and continued for next 21 consecutive days. The animals were treated with 3 drops of various topical solutions thrice a day. Digital photograph analysis and histological studies were used for the evaluation of CNV. Phytochemical analysis of the G. glabra methanol extract showed the presence of saponins, phenols, carbohydrates, flavonoids, and proteins. TLC and HPLC confirmed the presence of glycyrrhizin. Photograph analysis of the extract and glycyrrhizin treated group showed a considerable decrease in CNV. Histological study of G. glabra and glycyrrhizin treated groups showed no blood vessels with properly arranged collagen fibers. This study showed that G. glabra and glycyrrhizin can be used for the treatment of CNV. Bioassay guided isolation can lead to preparation of ophthalmic solutions for the treatment of CNV.
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Paumgartten FJR, Gomes-Carneiro MR, Oliveira ACAXD. The impact of tobacco additives on cigarette smoke toxicity: a critical appraisal of tobacco industry studies. CAD SAUDE PUBLICA 2017; 33Suppl 3:e00132415. [PMID: 28954055 DOI: 10.1590/0102-311x00132415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cigarette production involves a number of substances and materials other than just tobacco, paper and a filter. Tobacco additives include flavorings, enhancers, humectants, sugars, and ammonium compounds. Although companies maintain that tobacco additives do not enhance smoke toxicity and do not make cigarettes more attractive or addictive, these claims are questioned by independent researchers. This study reviewed the studies on the effects of tobacco additives on smoke chemistry and toxicity. Tobacco additives lead to higher levels of formaldehyde and minor changes in other smoke analytes. Toxicological studies (bacterial mutagenicity and mammalian cytoxicity tests, rat 90 days inhalation studies and bone-marrow cell micronucleus assays) found that tobacco additives did not enhance smoke toxicity. Rodent assays, however, poorly predicted carcinogenicity of tobacco smoke, and were clearly underpowered to disclose small albeit toxicologically relevant differences between test (with tobacco additives) and control (without tobacco additives) cigarettes. This literature review led to the conclusion that the impact of tobacco additives on tobacco smoke harmfulness remains unclear.
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Öztürk M, Altay V, Hakeem KR, Akçiçek E. Economic Importance. LIQUORICE 2017. [PMCID: PMC7120331 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-74240-3_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The beneficial effects of liquorice in treating chills, colds, and coughs have been fully discussed in Ayurveda, as well as in the texts of ancient Egyptians, Greeks, and Romans. The plant has been prescribed for dropsy during the period of famous Hippocrates. The reason being that it was quite helpful as thirst-quenching drugs (Biondi et al. in J Nat Prod 68:1099–1102, 2005; Mamedov and Egamberdieva in Herbals and human health-phytochemistry. Springer Nature Publishers, 41 pp, 2017). No doubt, the clinical use of liquorice in modern medicine started around 1930; Pedanios Dioscorides of Anazarba (Adana), first century AD-Father of Pharmacists, mentions that it is highly effective in the treatment of stomach and intestinal ulcers. In Ayurveda, people in ancient Hindu culture have used it for improving sexual vigor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Münir Öztürk
- Department of Botany and Center for Environmental Studies, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Volkan Altay
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Arts, Mustafa Kemal University, Hatay, Turkey
| | - Khalid Rehman Hakeem
- Department of Biological Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Eren Akçiçek
- Department of Gastroenterology, Faculty of Medicine, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
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Wagner J, Granvogl M, Schieberle P. Characterization of the Key Aroma Compounds in Raw Licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra L.) by Means of Molecular Sensory Science. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2016; 64:8388-8396. [PMID: 27728970 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b03676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Application of the molecular sensory science concept including aroma extract dilution analysis (AEDA) on the basis of gas chromatography-olfactometry combined with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry elucidated the key odorants of raw licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra L.). Fifty aroma-active compounds were located via AEDA; 16 thereof were identified in raw licorice for the first time. γ-Nonalactone, 4-hydroxy-2,5-dimethylfuran-3(2H)-one, and 4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzaldehyde showed the highest flavor dilution (FD) factor of 1024. Forty-three compounds were quantitated by means of stable isotope dilution analysis (SIDA; 6 more compounds were quantitated using labeled standards with structures similar to the respective analytes) and odor activity values (OAVs; ratio of concentration to the respective odor threshold) were calculated revealing OAVs ≥1 for 39 compounds. Thereby, (E,Z)-2,6-nonadienal, 5-isopropyl-2-methylphenol, hexanal, and linalool showed the highest OAVs. On the basis of the obtained results, an aqueous reconstitution model was prepared by mixing these 39 odorants in their naturally occurring concentrations. The recombinate elicited an aroma profile very similar to the profile of raw licorice, proving that all key aroma compounds were correctly identified and quantitated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliane Wagner
- Lehrstuhl für Lebensmittelchemie, Technische Universität München , Lise-Meitner-Straße 34, D-85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Michael Granvogl
- Lehrstuhl für Lebensmittelchemie, Technische Universität München , Lise-Meitner-Straße 34, D-85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Peter Schieberle
- Lehrstuhl für Lebensmittelchemie, Technische Universität München , Lise-Meitner-Straße 34, D-85354 Freising, Germany
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Qiu X, Chen S, Liu G, Lin H. Inhibition of lipid oxidation in frozen farmed ovate pompano (Trachinotus ovatus L.) fillets stored at -18 °C by chitosan coating incorporated with citric acid or licorice extract. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2016; 96:3374-3379. [PMID: 26526607 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.7517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Revised: 09/17/2015] [Accepted: 10/30/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lipid oxidation can occur in fish fillets during long-term frozen storage and cause quality and nutrition loss, which is a major concern in the seafood industry. Our previous study showed that chitosan combined with citric acid or licorice extract can have a preserving effect on fresh fish fillets stored at 4 °C. It is of interest to further study their antioxidant effects on fish fillets during frozen storage. RESULTS Chitosan, chitosan and citric acid, chitosan and licorice extract can inhibit primary and secondary lipid oxidation, as indicated by lower peroxide value (PV) and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) values compared to the control samples. In addition, drip loss was decreased in the treatment samples. Both citric acid and licorice extract enhanced the antioxidant effects of chitosan. Among all the three treatments, chitosan and licorice extract showed the best antioxidant effects, reducing both PV and TBARS significantly at the end of storage. CONCLUSION The combination of chitosan and citric acid or licorice extract showed significant antioxidant effects on ovate pompano fillets at -18 °C during 6 months of storage. They could be applied as natural antioxidant preservatives for use in seafood products or other meat products. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xujian Qiu
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen, 361021, China
- Engineering Research Center for Aquatic Products Processing of Fujian Province, Jimei University, Xiamen, 361021, China
- Key Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Enzyme Engineering of Fujian Province, Xiamen, 361021, China
| | - Shengjun Chen
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, 510300, China
| | - Guangming Liu
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen, 361021, China
- Engineering Research Center for Aquatic Products Processing of Fujian Province, Jimei University, Xiamen, 361021, China
| | - Hong Lin
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
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Li J, Wang J, Li J, Li J, Liu S, Gao W. Protein elicitor isolated from Escherichia coli induced bioactive compound biosynthesis as well as gene expression in Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch adventitious roots. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra16903a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This study explored the ability of three rhizobacterial strains (Bacillus subtilis, Penicillium fellutanum and Escherichia coli) to trigger metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianli Li
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industry Microbiology
- Ministry of Education
- College of Biotechnology
- Tianjin University of Science and Technology
| | - Juan Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery and High Efficiency
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology
- Tianjin University
- Tianjin 300072
- China
| | - Jing Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery and High Efficiency
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology
- Tianjin University
- Tianjin 300072
- China
| | - Jinxin Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery and High Efficiency
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology
- Tianjin University
- Tianjin 300072
- China
| | - Shujie Liu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industry Microbiology
- Ministry of Education
- College of Biotechnology
- Tianjin University of Science and Technology
| | - Wenyuan Gao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery and High Efficiency
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology
- Tianjin University
- Tianjin 300072
- China
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20
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Abstract
Liquorice foliage
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Park SJ, Yi B, Lee HS, Oh WY, Na HK, Lee M, Yang M. To quit or not: Vulnerability of women to smoking tobacco. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART C, ENVIRONMENTAL CARCINOGENESIS & ECOTOXICOLOGY REVIEWS 2016; 34:33-56. [PMID: 26669465 DOI: 10.1080/10590501.2015.1131539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Tobacco smoking is currently on the rise among women, and can pose a greater health risk. In order to understand the nature of the increase in smoking prevalence among women, we focused on the vulnerability of women to smoking behaviors--smoking cessation or tobacco addiction--and performed a systematic review of the socioeconomic and intrinsic factors as well as tobacco ingredients that affect women's susceptibility to smoking tobacco. We observed that nicotine and other tobacco components including cocoa-relatives, licorice products, and menthol aggravate tobacco addiction in women rather than in men. Various genetic and epigenetic alterations in dopamine pathway and the pharmaco-kinetics and -dynamic factors of nicotine also showed potential evidences for high susceptibility to tobacco addiction in women. Therefore, we suggest systemic approaches to prevent tobacco smoking-related health risks, considering gene-environment-gender interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Se-Jung Park
- a Research Center for Cell Fate Control, College of Pharmacy, Sookmyung Women's University , Seoul , Republic of Korea
| | - Bitna Yi
- b Department of Neurosurgery , Stanford University School of Medicine , Stanford , California , USA
| | - Ho-Sun Lee
- a Research Center for Cell Fate Control, College of Pharmacy, Sookmyung Women's University , Seoul , Republic of Korea
| | - Woo-Yeon Oh
- a Research Center for Cell Fate Control, College of Pharmacy, Sookmyung Women's University , Seoul , Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Kyung Na
- a Research Center for Cell Fate Control, College of Pharmacy, Sookmyung Women's University , Seoul , Republic of Korea
| | - Minjeong Lee
- a Research Center for Cell Fate Control, College of Pharmacy, Sookmyung Women's University , Seoul , Republic of Korea
| | - Mihi Yang
- a Research Center for Cell Fate Control, College of Pharmacy, Sookmyung Women's University , Seoul , Republic of Korea
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Khalesi M. Ochratoxin A in liquorice products – a review. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2015; 32:2086-92. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2015.1094708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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23
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Refahi S, Pourissa M, Zirak MR, Hadadi G. Modulation expression of tumor necrosis factor α in the radiation-induced lung injury by glycyrrhizic acid. J Med Phys 2015; 40:95-101. [PMID: 26170556 PMCID: PMC4478651 DOI: 10.4103/0971-6203.158689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2014] [Revised: 11/21/2014] [Accepted: 01/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
To evaluate the ability of glycyrrhizic acid (GLA) to reduce the tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), release on messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) and protein production in the lungs using GLA in response to irradiation were studied. The animals were divided into four groups: No treatment (NT group), GLA treatment only (GLA group), irradiation only (XRT group), and GLA treatment plus irradiation (GLA/XRT group). Rats were killed at different time points. Real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was used to evaluate the mRNA expression of TNF-α in the lungs (compared with non-irradiated lungs). An enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay (ELISA) assay was used to measure the TNF-α protein level. The TNF-α mRNA expression in the lungs of the XRT rats was clearly higher at all-time points compared to the NT rats. The TNF-α mRNA expression in the lungs of the GLA/XRT rats was lower at all-time points compared to the XRT rats. Release of the TNF-α on protein level in the lungs of the XRT rats increased at all-time points compared to the NT rats. In contrast to the XRT rats, the lungs of the GLA/XRT rats revealed a reduction on TNF-α protein level at 6 h after irradiation. This study has clearly showed the immediate down-regulation of the TNF-α mRNA and protein production in the lungs using GLA in response to irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soheila Refahi
- Department of Medical Physics, Faculty of Medicine, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Masoud Pourissa
- Neurosciences Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Zirak
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - GholamHassan Hadadi
- Department of Radiology, School of Paramedical Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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Guo Z, Niu X, Xiao T, Lu J, Li W, Zhao Y. Chemical profile and inhibition of α-glycosidase and protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) activities by flavonoids from licorice (Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch). J Funct Foods 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2014.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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Schramke H, Roemer E, Dempsey R, Hirter J, Meurrens K, Berges A, Weiler H, Vanscheeuwijck P, Schorp M. Toxicological assessment of kretek cigarettes. Part 7: The impact of ingredients added to kretek cigarettes on inhalation toxicity. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2014; 70 Suppl 1:S81-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2014.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2014] [Accepted: 09/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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26
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Toxicological assessment of kretek cigarettes. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2014; 70 Suppl 1:S2-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2014.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2014] [Revised: 11/27/2014] [Accepted: 11/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Pierce JS, Abelmann A, Spicer LJ, Adams RE, Finley BL. Diacetyl and 2,3-pentanedione exposures associated with cigarette smoking: implications for risk assessment of food and flavoring workers. Crit Rev Toxicol 2014; 44:420-35. [PMID: 24635357 DOI: 10.3109/10408444.2014.882292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Diacetyl and 2,3-pentanedione inhalation have been suggested as causes of severe respiratory disease, including bronchiolitis obliterans, in food/flavoring manufacturing workers. Both compounds are present in many food items, tobacco, and other consumer products, but estimates of exposures associated with the use of these goods are scant. A study was conducted to characterize exposures to diacetyl and 2,3-pentanedione associated with cigarette smoking. The yields (μg/cigarette) of diacetyl and 2,3-pentanedione in mainstream (MS) cigarette smoke were evaluated for six tobacco products under three smoking regimens (ISO, Massachusetts Department of Public Health, and Health Canada Intense) using a standard smoking machine. Mean diacetyl concentrations in MS smoke ranged from 250 to 361 ppm for all tobacco products and smoking regimens, and mean cumulative exposures associated with 1 pack-year ranged from 1.1 to 1.9 ppm-years. Mean 2,3-pentanedione concentrations in MS smoke ranged from 32.2 to 50.1 ppm, and mean cumulative exposures associated with 1 pack-year ranged from 0.14 to 0.26 ppm-years. We found that diacetyl and 2,3-pentanedione exposures from cigarette smoking far exceed occupational exposures for most food/flavoring workers who smoke. This suggests that previous claims of a significant exposure-response relationship between diacetyl inhalation and respiratory disease in food/flavoring workers were confounded, because none of the investigations considered or quantified the non-occupational diacetyl exposure from cigarette smoke, yet all of the cohorts evaluated had considerable smoking histories. Further, because smoking has not been shown to be a risk factor for bronchiolitis obliterans, our findings are inconsistent with claims that diacetyl and/or 2,3-pentanedione exposure are risk factors for this disease.
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Kao TC, Wu CH, Yen GC. Bioactivity and potential health benefits of licorice. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2014; 62:542-53. [PMID: 24377378 DOI: 10.1021/jf404939f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Licorice is an herbal plant named for its unique sweet flavor. It is widely used in the food and tobacco industries as a sweetener. Licorice is also used in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) and complementary medicine. Because the use of licorice has long been a part of TCM, the details of its therapeutic applications have been thoroughly established. In modern science, licorice is of interest because of its broad range of applications. Extracts of and compounds isolated from licorice have been well studied and biologically characterized. In this review, we discuss the nutraceutical and functional activities of licorice as well as those of the extracts of and the isolated compounds from licorice, including agents with anti-inflammatory activity, cell-protective abilities, and chemopreventive effects. The side effects of licorice are also enumerated. A comparison of the activities of licorice described by modern science and TCM is also presented, revealing the correspondence of certain characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzu-Chien Kao
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University , 250 Kuokuang Road, Taichung 402, Taiwan
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Chen AJ, Tang D, Zhou YQ, Sun BD, Li XJ, Wang LZ, Gao WW. Identification of ochratoxin A producing fungi associated with fresh and dry liquorice. PLoS One 2013; 8:e78285. [PMID: 24205182 PMCID: PMC3804526 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0078285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2013] [Accepted: 09/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The presence of fungi on liquorice could contaminate the crop and result in elevated levels of mycotoxin. In this study, the mycobiota associated with fresh and dry liquorice was investigated in 3 producing regions of China. Potential toxigenic fungi were tested for ochratoxin A (OTA) and aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) production using liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry. Based on a polyphasic approach using morphological characters, β-tubulin and RNA polymerase II second largest subunit gene phylogeny, a total of 9 genera consisting of 22 fungal species were identified, including two new Penicillium species (Penicillium glycyrrhizacola sp. nov. and Penicillium xingjiangense sp. nov.). The similarity of fungal communities associated with fresh and dry liquorice was low. Nineteen species belonging to 8 genera were detected from fresh liquorice with populations affiliated with P. glycyrrhizacola, P. chrysogenum and Aspergillus insuetus comprising the majority (78.74%, 33.33% and 47.06% of total) of the community from Gansu, Ningxia and Xinjiang samples, respectively. In contrast, ten species belonging to 4 genera were detected from dry liquorice with populations affiliated with P. chrysogenum, P. crustosum and Aspergillus terreus comprising the majority (64.00%, 52.38% and 90.91% of total) of the community from Gansu, Ningxia and Xinjiang samples, respectively. Subsequent LC/MS/MS analysis indicated that 5 fungal species were able to synthesize OTA in vitro including P. chrysogenum, P. glycyrrhizacola, P. polonicum, Aspergillus ochraceus and A. westerdijkiae, the OTA concentration varied from 12.99 to 39.03 µg/kg. AFB1 was absent in all tested strains. These results demonstrate the presence of OTA producing fungi on fresh liquorice and suggest that these fungi could survive on dry liquorice after traditional sun drying. Penicillium chrysogenum derived from surrounding environments is likely to be a stable contributor to high OTA level in liquorice. The harvesting and processing procedure needs to be monitored in order to keep liquorice free of toxigenic fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Juan Chen
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Dan Tang
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Ying Qun Zhou
- China National Corporation of Traditional & Herbal Medicine, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Bing Da Sun
- China General Microbiological Culture Collection Center, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Xiao Jin Li
- Xinjiang Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Ethnicdrug, Urumchi, P.R. China
| | - Li Zhi Wang
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Wei Wei Gao
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, P.R. China
- * E-mail:
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Shintu L, Caldarelli S, Campredon M. HRMAS NMR spectroscopy combined with chemometrics as an alternative analytical tool to control cigarette authenticity. Anal Bioanal Chem 2013; 405:9093-100. [PMID: 24057027 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-013-7354-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2013] [Revised: 09/02/2013] [Accepted: 09/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, we present for the first time the use of high-resolution magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance (HRMAS NMR) spectroscopy combined with chemometrics as an alternative tool for the characterization of tobacco products from different commercial international brands as well as for the identification of counterfeits. Although cigarette filling is a very complex chemical mixture, we were able to discriminate between dark, bright, and additive-free cigarette blends belonging to six different filter-cigarette brands, commercially available, using an approach for which no extraction procedure is required. Second, we focused our study on a specific worldwide-distributed brand for which established counterfeits were available. We discriminated those from their genuine counterparts with 100% accuracy using unsupervised multivariate statistical analysis. The counterfeits that we analyzed showed a higher amount of nicotine and solanesol and a lower content of sugars, all endogenous tobacco leaf metabolites. This preliminary study demonstrates the great potential of HRMAS NMR spectroscopy to help in controlling cigarette authenticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laetitia Shintu
- Aix Marseille Université, Centrale Marseille, CNRS, iSm2-UMR 7313, 13397, Marseille, France,
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Xu J, Luo J, Kong L. Simultaneous separation of triterpenoid saponins and flavonoid glycosides from the roots of Glycyrrhiza uralensis
Fisch by pH-zone-refining counter-current chromatography. J Sep Sci 2013; 36:3295-301. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201300410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2013] [Revised: 06/24/2013] [Accepted: 07/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jinfang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines; Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry; China Pharmaceutical University; Nanjing P. R. China
| | - Jianguang Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines; Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry; China Pharmaceutical University; Nanjing P. R. China
| | - Lingyi Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines; Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry; China Pharmaceutical University; Nanjing P. R. China
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Scott K, Saul J, Crooks I, Camacho OM, Dillon D, Meredith C. The resolving power of in vitro genotoxicity assays for cigarette smoke particulate matter. Toxicol In Vitro 2013; 27:1312-9. [PMID: 23499632 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2013.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2012] [Revised: 02/11/2013] [Accepted: 02/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In vitro genotoxicity assays are often used to compare tobacco smoke particulate matter (PM) from different cigarettes. The quantitative aspect of the comparisons requires appropriate statistical methods and replication levels, to support the interpretation in terms of power and significance. This paper recommends a uniform statistical analysis for the Ames test, mouse lymphoma mammalian cell mutation assay (MLA) and the in vitro micronucleus test (IVMNT); involving a hierarchical decision process with respect to slope, fixed effect and single dose comparisons. With these methods, replication levels of 5 (Ames test TA98), 4 (Ames test TA100), 10 (Ames test TA1537), 6 (MLA) and 4 (IVMNT) resolved a 30% difference in PM genotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Scott
- British American Tobacco, Group Research and Development, Regents Park Road, Southampton SO15 8TL, UK.
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33
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Khalesi M, Tabrizchi M, Sheikh-Zeinoddin M. The effects of temperature and relative humidity on ochratoxin A formation in fresh liquorice root. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2013; 30:339-44. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2012.738368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Oldham MJ, Coggins CRE, McKinney WJ. A comprehensive evaluation of selected components and processes used in the manufacture of cigarettes: approach and overview. Inhal Toxicol 2013; 25 Suppl 2:1-5. [PMID: 24341842 DOI: 10.3109/08958378.2013.854429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT In addition to tobacco and cigarette ingredients, there are many non-tobacco components and processes used to manufacture commercial cigarettes. Proposed cigarette components and manufacturing process changes were evaluated using a tiered toxicological testing program. OBJECTIVE The toxicological testing and evaluation of proposed changes to selected non-tobacco cigarette components and manufacturing processes are described in this special report. MATERIALS AND METHODS Selected non-tobacco cigarette components and manufacturing processes were evaluated using experimental and control cigarettes. These experimental cigarettes were evaluated using mainstream smoke chemistry, bacterial mutagenicity and cytotoxicity assays. In some evaluations, 90-day nose-only mainstream smoke inhalation studies using rats were performed. RESULTS Some proposed design changes were not implemented, or limitations on their use were established. Most study results, however, were similar to those previously reported in the scientific literature for design changes in cigarette construction. CONCLUSION The studies reported in the series of publication demonstrate that our testing approach is feasible for evaluation of cigarette component and manufacturing process changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Oldham
- Regulatory Affairs, Altria Client Services Inc. , Richmond, VA , USA and
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Coggins CRE, Fisher MT, Patskan GJ, Oldham MJ. A comprehensive evaluation of the toxicology of different cut widths of tobacco in experimental cigarettes. Inhal Toxicol 2013; 25 Suppl 2:46-58. [PMID: 24341846 DOI: 10.3109/08958378.2013.854433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Literature suggests that the width of tobacco strips in cigarettes may affect the smoke chemistry and toxicology of such products. OBJECTIVE A comprehensive analysis of smoke from experimental cigarettes can be used to determine whether different cut widths of tobacco result in different toxicological activity. MATERIALS AND METHODS A battery of tests was used to compare the chemistry and in vitro and in vivo toxicology of smoke from experimental cigarettes made with tobacco cut to different widths. RESULTS Different cut widths of tobacco did not elicit consistent and significant differences in cigarette smoke chemistry, responses in in vitro mutagenicity or cytotoxicity assays or most endpoints in 90-d rat inhalation studies. Of note, however, were atypical in-life observations and slightly depressed body weights observed in two rat inhalation studies. CONCLUSION Most of our data indicate that different cut widths of tobacco used in cigarettes are unlikely to change the toxicity of mainstream cigarette smoke; however, without additional investigation, the atypical in-life observations and depression in body weights cast doubt on the toxicological acceptability of cutting the tobacco into wider shreds.
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Chen H, Cui L, Jiang XY, Pang YQ, Tang GL, Hou HW, Jiang JH, Hu QY. Evaluation of the cytotoxicity of cigarette smoke condensate by a cellular impedance biosensor. Food Chem Toxicol 2012; 50:612-8. [PMID: 22142689 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2011.11.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2011] [Revised: 11/02/2011] [Accepted: 11/23/2011] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
In this study, a cytotoxicity assay was developed for profiling the cytotoxicity of cigarette smoke condensates (CSCs) base on a cellular impedance biosensor (CIB). Compared with the traditional in vitro cytotoxicity assays, this CIB-based method offered distinct advantages in real-time kinetic measurement which provided a comprehensive understanding of cellular responses for the entire duration of the experiment and prediction of the potential mechanism of action of a given treatment. The time-dependent cell response profiles provided valid evidences for optimization of cell number per well, cell quality control, and identification of the optimal time points for compound treatment and endpoint assays. According to the time dependent IC50 values, the CIB could provide dynamic information that can be used to identify maximum toxicity of cigarette smoke and reversibility of the toxic effects which are difficult to achieve by the endpoint assays. The comparative IC50 values indicated that the as-developed biosensor offered analytical results in good consistency with the commonly used NRU method. The features of the CIB-based cytotoxicity assay, such as no cell labeling, automatic detection, and easy operation, give this assay potential to become routine setting for evaluating the cytotoxicity of CSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Chen
- China National Tobacco Quality Supervision & Test Center, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China.
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Discriminatory power of standard toxicity assays used to evaluate ingredients added to cigarettes. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2011; 62:49-61. [PMID: 22178773 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2011.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2011] [Revised: 11/29/2011] [Accepted: 11/30/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
A tiered approach for testing ingredients in a cigarette matrix was developed and includes chemical-analytical testing and a standard battery of biological toxicity assays. These assays were adapted for comparative evaluation of mainstream smoke from experimental cigarettes with or without ingredients at various inclusion levels. This adaptation to test cigarette mainstream smoke may impact assay response. Since it is difficult to a priori determine discriminatory power, it was evaluated using a large experimental dataset from a multi-year program of cigarette ingredient testing performed at two separate laboratories. A statistical method, minimum detectable difference (MDD), was used as a measure of assay discriminatory power. MDD of cigarette smoke constituents ranged from 6% to 29% of the average. Salmonella mutagenicity and cytotoxicity test MDDs ranged from 20% to 81% and 18% to 49%, respectively. Body weight gain in 90-day nose-only inhalation studies yielded an MDD of 30-40%. Histopathological findings with severity scores between 0.5 and 1.5 had the lowest MDDs of 23% and higher. In general, discriminatory power decreased with increasing biological complexity and toxicological relevance of the assay. Beyond statistical analysis, however, a weight-of-the-evidence analysis by experienced researchers is required for toxicological assessment of a cigarette ingredient.
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Wertz MS, Kyriss T, Paranjape S, Glantz SA. The toxic effects of cigarette additives. Philip Morris' project mix reconsidered: an analysis of documents released through litigation. PLoS Med 2011; 8:e1001145. [PMID: 22205885 PMCID: PMC3243707 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1001145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2010] [Accepted: 11/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In 2009, the promulgation of US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) tobacco regulation focused attention on cigarette flavor additives. The tobacco industry had prepared for this eventuality by initiating a research program focusing on additive toxicity. The objective of this study was to analyze Philip Morris' Project MIX as a case study of tobacco industry scientific research being positioned strategically to prevent anticipated tobacco control regulations. METHODS AND FINDINGS We analyzed previously secret tobacco industry documents to identify internal strategies for research on cigarette additives and reanalyzed tobacco industry peer-reviewed published results of this research. We focused on the key group of studies conducted by Phillip Morris in a coordinated effort known as "Project MIX." Documents showed that Project MIX subsumed the study of various combinations of 333 cigarette additives. In addition to multiple internal reports, this work also led to four peer-reviewed publications (published in 2001). These papers concluded that there was no evidence of substantial toxicity attributable to the cigarette additives studied. Internal documents revealed post hoc changes in analytical protocols after initial statistical findings indicated an additive-associated increase in cigarette toxicity as well as increased total particulate matter (TPM) concentrations in additive-modified cigarette smoke. By expressing the data adjusted by TPM concentration, the published papers obscured this underlying toxicity and particulate increase. The animal toxicology results were based on a small number of rats in each experiment, raising the possibility that the failure to detect statistically significant changes in the end points was due to underpowering the experiments rather than lack of a real effect. CONCLUSION The case study of Project MIX shows tobacco industry scientific research on the use of cigarette additives cannot be taken at face value. The results demonstrate that toxins in cigarette smoke increase substantially when additives are put in cigarettes, including the level of TPM. In particular, regulatory authorities, including the FDA and similar agencies elsewhere, could use the Project MIX data to eliminate the use of these 333 additives (including menthol) from cigarettes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcia S. Wertz
- Center for Tobacco Control Research and Education, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, School of Nursing, University of California San Francisco San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Thomas Kyriss
- Thoracic Surgery, Schillerhoehe Hospital, Gerlingen, Germany
| | - Suman Paranjape
- Center for Tobacco Control Research and Education, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Stanton A. Glantz
- Center for Tobacco Control Research and Education, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
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Dempsey R, Coggins CRE, Roemer E. Toxicological assessment of cigarette ingredients. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2011; 61:119-28. [PMID: 21771627 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2011.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2011] [Revised: 06/30/2011] [Accepted: 07/01/2011] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Ingredients have been used in industrial manufacture of tobacco products since the early part of the 20th century. However, unlike other consumer goods, until now no regulatory authority has determined how tobacco ingredients should be assessed. Although there is currently no consensus on how added cigarette ingredients should be evaluated, this paper reviews some of the institutional guidance alongside published literature with a view to determining if there is a generally accepted approach in the absence of any strict regulation. Our aim was to review the recommendations, to compare them to the working practices as demonstrated from published studies, and to draw conclusions on currently used methodologies for testing ingredients added to cigarettes. The extent of testing is discussed in the light of practical and theoretical constraints and an example of an industry testing program is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Dempsey
- Philip Morris International, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
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Gaworski CL, Wagner KA, Morton MJ, Oldham MJ. Insights from a multi-year program designed to test the impact of ingredients on mainstream cigarette smoke toxicity. Inhal Toxicol 2011; 23 Suppl 1:172-83. [PMID: 21545299 DOI: 10.3109/08958378.2010.546440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Cigarette tobacco ingredients may alter the distribution of chemical constituents present in smoke. When considering the toxicological relevance of potential ingredient-related effects on chemical and biological measurements assessing cigarette smoke toxicity, it is critical to understand the intrinsic variability of tobacco and cigarette smoke that is influenced by the environmental conditions during growing, agricultural practices during preparation, cigarette manufacturing tolerances, and stability of the assay methods. OBJECTIVE To understand possible effects of ingredients on cigarette smoke toxicity, various chemical and biological endpoints were measured in smoke from experimental cigarettes (added ingredient) to the intrinsic variability of control cigarettes (no added ingredient). MATERIALS AND METHODS Data were collected during a multi-year program testing a variety of cigarette ingredients from several chemical classes. Chemical analysis of mainstream cigarette smoke,and biological procedures (Salmonella mutagenicity, cytotoxicity, and smoke inhalation) were performed using validated and controlled laboratory methods. The within-study and temporal variation of control cigarettes manufactured in parallel with experimental cigarettes was calculated and used to measure intrinsic variability. RESULTS The overwhelming majority of data generated from experimental cigarettes fell within the experiment variability represented by the pooled standard error of the entire multi-year dataset for the control cigarettes. CONCLUSION The results of this evaluation add to a growing body of the literature regarding a weight of evidence assessment of cigarette ingredient toxicity. When assessed against the variability of assay methodology, natural agricultural change, and manufacturing control, the ingredients studied here demonstrated little relevant influence on the mainstream cigarette smoke toxicity endpoints measured.
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Gaworski CL, Oldham MJ, Wagner KA, Coggins CRE, Patskan GJ. An evaluation of the toxicity of 95 ingredients added individually to experimental cigarettes: approach and methods. Inhal Toxicol 2011; 23 Suppl 1:1-12. [PMID: 21417965 DOI: 10.3109/08958378.2010.543187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Ingredients have been used in modern cigarette manufacturing to facilitate tobacco processing, provide flavor, and preserve tobacco. Concern has been raised regarding the use of ingredients in cigarette manufacturing due to the possible generation of toxic chemicals resulting from their combustion when added to tobacco. OBJECTIVE Investigate the impact of individual ingredients on cigarette smoke toxicity. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 95 ingredients were tested individually through addition at different concentrations to the tobacco of experimental cigarettes. Mainstream cigarette smoke chemistry analysis, bacterial mutagenicity testing, and cytotoxicity testing were conducted. Additionally, 31 of the ingredients were tested in 90-day nose-only rat inhalation studies using mainstream cigarette smoke. Studies were designed following conventional toxicity testing methods employed for food additives and other consumer products. RESULTS The studies reported here demonstrate that high levels of some ingredients can change the quantity of some smoke constituents, altering the smoke chemistry profile. From the panel of biological endpoints monitored, these added ingredients produced minimal changes in the overall toxicity profile of mainstream cigarette smoke. In some cases, the addition of high levels of an ingredient caused a small reduction in toxicity findings, probably due to displacement of burning tobacco. CONCLUSION The battery of testing results presented here is a useful addition to the available scientific information for cigarette ingredients and extends the dataset which can be used for evaluating their appropriate use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles L Gaworski
- Development & Engineering, Altria Client Services, Inc, Richmond, Virginia 23261, USA
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Kataya HH, Hamza AA, Ramadan GA, Khasawneh MA. Effect of licorice extract on the complications of diabetes nephropathy in rats. Drug Chem Toxicol 2011; 34:101-8. [PMID: 21314459 DOI: 10.3109/01480545.2010.510524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the protective action of licorice in diabetic nephropathy in male rats. Diabetes was induced in male Wistar rats by using streptozotocin (60 mg/kg body weight). Daily oral ingestion (1 g/kg body weight) of licorice extract for 60 days after the onset of diabetes reversed the adverse effect of diabetes on rats. Licorice extract alleviated blood glucose levels, restored renal function, and attenuated body-weight loss. In addition, licorice extract modulated the adverse effect of diabetes on renal malondialdehyde, glutathione, superoxide dismutase, and catalase activity. Further, licorice extract restored the total antioxidant capacity of diabetic rat kidneys. The biochemical analyses were reinforced by histologic investigations, where focal segmental glomerulosclerosis, tubular damage, and hyperemic kidney were the histologic changes seen in diabetic, but not in treated, rats. In conclusion, the biochemical analysis and the histologic investigations of diabetic rat kidneys treated with licorice extract revealed that licorice may have a potential therapeutic effect for diabetes due to its antioxidant and -hyperglycemic properties.
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Gaworski CL, Oldham MJ, Coggins CRE. Toxicological considerations on the use of propylene glycol as a humectant in cigarettes. Toxicology 2010; 269:54-66. [PMID: 20079797 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2010.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2009] [Revised: 12/21/2009] [Accepted: 01/06/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Propylene glycol (PG) is a humectant commonly used in cigarettes. Previous toxicological examinations of the effects on the addition of PG to tobacco used mixtures with several other flavoring agents. In the present work, toxicological comparisons were made of experimental cigarettes containing no added PG against otherwise similar cigarettes with three different amounts of PG added to the tobacco. The main toxicological comparison was a sub-chronic inhalation study with mainstream smoke in Sprague-Dawley rats (exposures of 150 mg/m(3) of total particulate matter, 6h exposure per day, for 90 consecutive days). The target PG concentrations in the tobacco of the four cigarette types were 0, 4, 7 and 10%. Additional studies with mainstream smoke were bacterial mutagenicity (5 Salmonella strains, both with and without metabolic activation, particulate phase only), cytotoxicity of both particulate and gas/vapor phases (using the neutral red uptake assay), and analytical chemistry (41 analytes). The graded inclusion of PG into experimental cigarettes resulted in increases in the smoke concentrations of propylene oxide, at very low concentrations. Broadly similar responses were seen across the four cigarette types, and the responses were similar to those previously described in the scientific literature. The addition of PG to experimental cigarettes reduced concentrations of some smoke components (e.g. nicotine), but had minimal effects on the biological responses. Most of the changes produced in the 90-days of exposure were resolved in a 42-day post-inhalation period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles L Gaworski
- Altria Client Services, 601 East Jackson Street, Richmond, VA 23261, USA.
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Johnson MD, Schilz J, Djordjevic MV, Rice JR, Shields PG. Evaluation of in vitro assays for assessing the toxicity of cigarette smoke and smokeless tobacco. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2009; 18:3263-304. [PMID: 19959677 PMCID: PMC2789344 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-09-0965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In vitro toxicology studies of tobacco and tobacco smoke have been used to understand why tobacco use causes cancer and to assess the toxicologic impact of tobacco product design changes. The need for toxicology studies has been heightened given the Food and Drug Administration's newly granted authority over tobacco products for mandating tobacco product performance standards and evaluate manufacturers' health claims about modified tobacco products. The goal of this review is to critically evaluate in vitro toxicology methods related to cancer for assessing tobacco products and to identify related research gaps. METHODS PubMed database searches were used to identify tobacco-related in vitro toxicology studies published since 1980. Articles published before 1980 with high relevance also were identified. The data were compiled to examine (a) the goals of the study, (b) the methods for collecting test substances, (c) experimental designs, (d) toxicologic end points, and (e) relevance to cancer risk. RESULTS A variety of in vitro assays are available to assess tobacco smoke that address different modes of action, mostly using non-human cell models. However, smokeless tobacco products perform poorly in these assays. Although reliable as a screening tool for qualitative assessments, the available in vitro assays have been poorly validated for quantitative comparisons of different tobacco products. Assay batteries have not been developed, although they exist for nontobacco assessments. Extrapolating data from in vitro studies to human risks remains hypothetical. CONCLUSIONS In vitro toxicology methods are useful for screening toxicity, but better methods are needed for today's context of regulation and evaluation of health claims.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D Johnson
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057-1465, USA
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Gaworski CL, Schramke H, Diekmann J, Meisgen TJ, Tewes FJ, Veltel DJ, Vanscheeuwijck PM, Rajendran N, Muzzio M, Haussmann HJ. Effect of filtration by activated charcoal on the toxicological activity of cigarette mainstream smoke from experimental cigarettes. Inhal Toxicol 2009; 21:688-704. [PMID: 19555222 DOI: 10.1080/08958370802406290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Activated charcoal (AC) filtration reportedly decreases the yields of smoke vapor phase constituents including some identified as human carcinogens and respiratory irritants. Non-clinical studies including chemical smoke analysis, in vitro cytotoxicity and mutagenicity (bacterial and mammalian cells), and in vivo subchronic rat inhalation studies were carried out using machine smoking at ISO conditions with lit-end research cigarettes containing AC filters. The objective was to assess whether AC filter technology would alter the established toxicity profile of mainstream smoke by increasing or decreasing any known toxicological properties, or elicit new ones. The reduced yield of vapor phase irritants from AC filter cigarettes correlated with markedly decreased in vitro cytotoxicity and in vivo morphology of the nose and lower respiratory tract. Increased yields of particulate phase constituents (e.g. polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons) in AC filtered smoke were noted in comparison to controls in some studies. The in vitro bacterial mutagenicity of AC filtered smoke particulate preparations was occasionally increased over control levels. Laryngeal epithelial thickness was increased in some rats inhaling AC filtered smoke in comparison to controls, an effect perhaps related to higher inspiratory flow. When tested under more intense Massachusetts Department of Public Health smoking conditions, AC filter associated reductions in vapor phase constituent yields were smaller than those seen with ISO conditions, but the effect on in vitro cytotoxicity remained.
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Lemus R, Carmines EL, Van Miert E, Coggins CRE, Anskeit E, Gerstenberg B, Meisgen TJ, Schramke H, Stabbert R, Völkel H, Terpstra PM. Toxicological Comparisons of Cigarettes Containing Different Amounts of Vanillin. Inhal Toxicol 2008; 19:683-99. [PMID: 17510840 DOI: 10.1080/08958370701353205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Vanillin is a flavoring agent used in cigarettes. Previous toxicological examinations of the effects on the addition of vanillin to tobacco used mixtures with several other flavoring agents. In the present work, toxicological comparisons were made of experimental cigarettes containing no added vanillin against otherwise similar cigarettes with three different amounts of vanillin added to the tobacco. The main toxicological comparison was a subchronic inhalation study with mainstream smoke in Sprague-Dawley rats (exposures of 150 mg/m3 of total particulate matter, 6 h exposure per day, for 90 consecutive days). Vanillin concentrations in the tobacco of the 4 cigarette types at the end of the study were 0, 67, 1233, and 3109 ppm. Additional studies with mainstream smoke were Salmonella mutagenicity (5 bacterial strains, both with and without metabolic activation, particulate phase only), cytotoxicity of both particulate and gas/vapor phases (using the neutral red uptake assay), and analytical chemistry (49 analytes, including 5 metals). Similar responses were seen across the four cigarette types, and the responses were similar to those previously described in the scientific literature. At the same smoke concentration, the inhalation exposures produced effectively the same responses, in each of the four groups. Most of the changes produced in the 90 days of exposure were resolved in a 42-day postinhalation period. The addition of vanillin to tobacco at inclusion rates up to 3109 ppm did not influence a broad range of toxicological endpoints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranulfo Lemus
- Philip Morris USA, Inc., Richmond, Virginia 23234, USA
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Asl MN, Hosseinzadeh H. Review of pharmacological effects of Glycyrrhiza sp. and its bioactive compounds. Phytother Res 2008; 22:709-24. [PMID: 18446848 PMCID: PMC7167813 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.2362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 733] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The roots and rhizomes of licorice (Glycyrrhiza) species have long been used worldwide as a herbal medicine and natural sweetener. Licorice root is a traditional medicine used mainly for the treatment of peptic ulcer, hepatitis C, and pulmonary and skin diseases, although clinical and experimental studies suggest that it has several other useful pharmacological properties such as antiinflammatory, antiviral, antimicrobial, antioxidative, anticancer activities, immunomodulatory, hepatoprotective and cardioprotective effects. A large number of components have been isolated from licorice, including triterpene saponins, flavonoids, isoflavonoids and chalcones, with glycyrrhizic acid normally being considered to be the main biologically active component. This review summarizes the phytochemical, pharmacological and pharmacokinetics data, together with the clinical and adverse effects of licorice and its bioactive components. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjan Nassiri Asl
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, IR Iran
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Thielen A, Klus H, Müller L. Tobacco smoke: unraveling a controversial subject. EXPERIMENTAL AND TOXICOLOGIC PATHOLOGY : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE GESELLSCHAFT FUR TOXIKOLOGISCHE PATHOLOGIE 2008; 60:141-56. [PMID: 18485684 DOI: 10.1016/j.etp.2008.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2007] [Accepted: 01/30/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Cigarettes are a modern and industrial form of tobacco use and obviously involve more than just tobacco. A multitude of physical processes and chemical reactions occur inside the burning zone of a cigarette. Cigarette smoke is an aerosol of liquid droplets (the particulate phase) suspended within a mixture of gases and semi-volatile compounds. Two kinds of smoke with different composition and properties are produced during smoking: mainstream smoke inhaled by the smoker and sidestream smoke, which is released into the environment between puffs from the lit end of the cigarette. Several techniques and modifications have altered the design of the cigarette during the last 50 years and changed smoke composition, with the effect of lower tar and nicotine smoke yields. An enormous amount of research has been done since the 1950s on smoke composition. With regard to the numerous toxic or carcinogenic constituents identified in tobacco smoke, there is a strong focus in the industry and with the authorities on the over 40 compounds, called "Hoffmann analytes". The yields of tar and nicotine in mainstream smoke of a cigarette brand as printed on the pack are measured with smoking machines under highly standardized conditions. Yields must comply with regulatory limits set in a number of countries. Smoking by machine is different from the smoking behavior of humans. There is a growing movement to develop more "realistic" methods to estimate smoke yields. But it is unclear whether alternative smoking regimens are more representative of human smoking behavior and provide better predictions of human exposure. Tobacco smoke has strong biological and toxicological effects in vitro and in vivo. There is an obvious need for developing a unified and validated testing approach particularly for the assessment of additives and the evaluation of new potentially reduced exposure products (PREPs). This paper gives a comprehensive overview of cigarette design, the composition and toxicity testing of smoke, and the way machines and people smoke - with links to the more detailed literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Thielen
- Tabak und Rauchen GmbH, Neustädtische Kirchstrasse 8, 10117 Berlin, Germany
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Gaworski CL, Lemus-Olalde R, Carmines EL. Toxicological evaluation of potassium sorbate added to cigarette tobacco. Food Chem Toxicol 2008; 46:339-51. [PMID: 17905505 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2007.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2007] [Revised: 08/07/2007] [Accepted: 08/12/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Potassium sorbate (PS) may be incorporated in blended cigarette tobacco either as a mold growth inhibitor in processed tobacco sheet material, or as a preservative in flavor systems or paper adhesives. To evaluate the effect of PS addition, neat material pyrolysis studies, smoke chemistry and biological activity studies (bacterial mutagenicity, cytotoxicity, in vivo micronucleus, and 90-day nose-only rat inhalation) with mainstream smoke, or mainstream smoke preparations from cigarettes containing various measured levels of PS (0%, 0.15%, 1.6%, and 3.7%) were performed. At simulated tobacco burning temperatures up to 1000 degrees C, neat PS completely pyrolyzed to form aromatic ring materials including benzene, toluene, substituted benzenes, naphthalene, and substituted naphthalenes. Under machine smoking conditions (FTC/ISO), high levels of PS may alter the burning characteristics of the cigarette leading to decreased puff count, total particulate matter, carbon monoxide, hydrogen cyanide, 2-nitropropane, and tobacco specific nitrosamines yields in the smoke, while increasing the yield of nicotine, 1,3-butadiene, isoprene, and some PAHs. Biological studies indicated no relevant differences in the genotoxic or cytotoxic potential of either mainstream smoke from cigarettes with or without added PS. Rats exposed to mainstream cigarette smoke developed respiratory tract changes consistent with those seen in previous smoke inhalation studies, with no relevant histopathological differences between the control and the PS test cigarette groups. These studies demonstrated that high levels of PS could alter the burning rate of the tobacco leading to alteration in the smoke chemistry profile. Yet, based on the panel of biological endpoints monitored here, it appeared that added PS produced little relevant change in the overall toxicity profile of smoke.
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Affiliation(s)
- C L Gaworski
- Philip Morris USA, P.O. Box 26603, Richmond, VA 23261, USA.
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