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Hellenthal KEM, Thomas K, Ludwig N, Cappenberg A, Schemmelmann L, Tekath T, Margraf A, Mersmann S, Henke K, Rossaint J, Zarbock A, Amini W. Glutamine modulates neutrophil recruitment and effector functions during sterile inflammation. J Leukoc Biol 2025; 117:qiae243. [PMID: 39504570 DOI: 10.1093/jleuko/qiae243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2024] [Revised: 10/04/2024] [Accepted: 11/05/2024] [Indexed: 11/08/2024] Open
Abstract
During sterile inflammation, tissue damage induces excessive activation and infiltration of neutrophils into tissues, where they critically contribute to organ dysfunction. Tight regulation of neutrophil migration and their effector functions is crucial to prevent overshooting immune responses. Neutrophils utilize more glutamine, the most abundant free α-amino acid in the human blood, than other leukocytes. However, under inflammatory conditions, the body's requirements exceed its ability to produce sufficient amounts of glutamine. This study investigates the impact of glutamine on neutrophil recruitment and their key effector functions. Glutamine treatment effectively reduced neutrophil activation by modulating β2-integrin activity and chemotaxis in vitro. In a murine in vivo model of sterile inflammation induced by renal ischemia-reperfusion injury, glutamine administration significantly attenuated neutrophil recruitment into injured kidneys. Transcriptomic analysis revealed, glutamine induces transcriptomic reprograming in murine neutrophils, thus improving mitochondrial functionality and glutathione metabolism. Further, glutamine influenced key neutrophil effector functions, leading to decreased production of reactive oxygen species and formation of neutrophil extracellular traps. Mechanistically, we used a transglutaminase 2 inhibitor to identify transglutaminase 2 as a downstream mediator of glutamine effects on neutrophils. In conclusion, our findings suggest that glutamine diminishes activation and recruitment of neutrophils and thus identify glutamine as a potent means to curb overshooting neutrophil responses during sterile inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina E M Hellenthal
- Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, University Hospital Muenster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, Building A1, 48149 Muenster, Germany
| | - Katharina Thomas
- Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, University Hospital Muenster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, Building A1, 48149 Muenster, Germany
| | - Nadine Ludwig
- Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, University Hospital Muenster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, Building A1, 48149 Muenster, Germany
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University Hospital Muenster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, Building A1, 48149 Muenster, Germany
| | - Anika Cappenberg
- Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, University Hospital Muenster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, Building A1, 48149 Muenster, Germany
| | - Lena Schemmelmann
- Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, University Hospital Muenster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, Building A1, 48149 Muenster, Germany
| | - Tobias Tekath
- Institute of Medical Informatics, University of Muenster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, Building A11, 48149 Muenster, Germany
| | - Andreas Margraf
- Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, University Hospital Muenster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, Building A1, 48149 Muenster, Germany
| | - Sina Mersmann
- Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, University Hospital Muenster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, Building A1, 48149 Muenster, Germany
| | - Katharina Henke
- Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, University Hospital Muenster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, Building A1, 48149 Muenster, Germany
| | - Jan Rossaint
- Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, University Hospital Muenster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, Building A1, 48149 Muenster, Germany
| | - Alexander Zarbock
- Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, University Hospital Muenster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, Building A1, 48149 Muenster, Germany
| | - Wida Amini
- Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, University Hospital Muenster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, Building A1, 48149 Muenster, Germany
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Al-U’datt DGF, Tranchant CC, Al-Husein B, Hiram R, Al-Dwairi A, AlQudah M, Al-shboul O, Jaradat S, Alqbelat J, Almajwal A. Involvement and possible role of transglutaminases 1 and 2 in mediating fibrotic signalling, collagen cross-linking and cell proliferation in neonatal rat ventricular fibroblasts. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0281320. [PMID: 36848364 PMCID: PMC9970086 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0281320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 03/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Transglutaminase (TG) isoforms control diverse normal and pathophysiologic processes through their capacity to cross-link extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins. Their functional and signalling roles in cardiac fibrosis remain poorly understood, despite some evidence of TG2 involvement in abnormal ECM remodelling in heart diseases. In this study, we investigated the role of TG1 and TG2 in mediating fibrotic signalling, collagen cross-linking, and cell proliferation in healthy fibroblasts by siRNA-mediated knockdown. siRNA for TG1, TG2 or negative control was transfected into cultured neonatal rat ventricular fibroblasts and cardiomyocytes. mRNA expression of TGs and profibrotic, proliferation and apoptotic markers was assessed by qPCR. Cell proliferation and soluble and insoluble collagen were determined by ELISA and LC-MS/MS, respectively. TG1 and TG2 were both expressed in neonatal rat cardiomyocytes and fibroblasts before transfection. Other TGs were not detected before and after transfection. TG2 was predominantly expressed and more effectively silenced than TG1. Knocking down TG1 or TG2 significantly modified profibrotic markers mRNA expression in fibroblasts, decreasing connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) and increasing transforming growth factor-β1 compared to the negative siRNA control. Reduced expression of collagen 3A1 was found upon TG1 knockdown, while TG2 knockdown raised α-smooth muscle actin expression. TG2 knockdown further increased fibroblast proliferation and the expression of proliferation marker cyclin D1. Lower insoluble collagen content and collagen cross-linking were evidenced upon silencing TG1 or TG2. Transcript levels of collagen 1A1, fibronectin 1, matrix metalloproteinase-2, cyclin E2, and BCL-2-associated X protein/B-cell lymphoma 2 ratio were strongly correlated with TG1 mRNA expression, whereas TG2 expression correlated strongly with CTGF mRNA abundance. These findings support a functional and signalling role for TG1 and TG2 from fibroblasts in regulating key processes underlying myocardial ECM homeostasis and dysregulation, suggesting that these isoforms could be potential and promising targets for the development of cardiac fibrosis therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doa’a G. F. Al-U’datt
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Carole C. Tranchant
- School of Food Science, Nutrition and Family Studies, Faculty of Health Sciences and Community Services, Université de Moncton, New Brunswick, Canada
| | - Belal Al-Husein
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Roddy Hiram
- Montreal Heart Institute, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Ahmed Al-Dwairi
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Mohammad AlQudah
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
- Physiology Department, Arabian Gulf University, Manama, Bahrain
| | - Othman Al-shboul
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Saied Jaradat
- Princess Haya Biotechnology Center, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Jenan Alqbelat
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Ali Almajwal
- Department of Community Health Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Huerta M, Franco-Serrano L, Amela I, Perez-Pons JA, Piñol J, Mozo-Villarías A, Querol E, Cedano J. Role of Moonlighting Proteins in Disease: Analyzing the Contribution of Canonical and Moonlighting Functions in Disease Progression. Cells 2023; 12:cells12020235. [PMID: 36672169 PMCID: PMC9857295 DOI: 10.3390/cells12020235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The term moonlighting proteins refers to those proteins that present alternative functions performed by a single polypeptide chain acquired throughout evolution (called canonical and moonlighting, respectively). Over 78% of moonlighting proteins are involved in human diseases, 48% are targeted by current drugs, and over 25% of them are involved in the virulence of pathogenic microorganisms. These facts encouraged us to study the link between the functions of moonlighting proteins and disease. We found a large number of moonlighting functions activated by pathological conditions that are highly involved in disease development and progression. The factors that activate some moonlighting functions take place only in pathological conditions, such as specific cellular translocations or changes in protein structure. Some moonlighting functions are involved in disease promotion while others are involved in curbing it. The disease-impairing moonlighting functions attempt to restore the homeostasis, or to reduce the damage linked to the imbalance caused by the disease. The disease-promoting moonlighting functions primarily involve the immune system, mesenchyme cross-talk, or excessive tissue proliferation. We often find moonlighting functions linked to the canonical function in a pathological context. Moonlighting functions are especially coordinated in inflammation and cancer. Wound healing and epithelial to mesenchymal transition are very representative. They involve multiple moonlighting proteins with a different role in each phase of the process, contributing to the current-phase phenotype or promoting a phase switch, mitigating the damage or intensifying the remodeling. All of this implies a new level of complexity in the study of pathology genesis, progression, and treatment. The specific protein function involved in a patient's progress or that is affected by a drug must be elucidated for the correct treatment of diseases.
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Paolella G, Sposito S, Romanelli AM, Caputo I. Type 2 Transglutaminase in Coeliac Disease: A Key Player in Pathogenesis, Diagnosis and Therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23147513. [PMID: 35886862 PMCID: PMC9318967 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23147513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 2 transglutaminase (TG2) is the main autoantigen in coeliac disease (CD), a widespread inflammatory enteropathy caused by the ingestion of gluten-containing cereals in genetically predisposed individuals. As a consequence, serum antibodies to TG2 represent a very useful marker in CD diagnosis. However, TG2 is also an important player in CD pathogenesis, for its ability to deamidate some Gln residues of gluten peptides, which become more immunogenic in CD intestinal mucosa. Given the importance of TG2 enzymatic activities in CD, several studies have sought to discover specific and potent inhibitors that could be employed in new therapeutical approaches for CD, as alternatives to a lifelong gluten-free diet. In this review, we summarise all the aspects regarding TG2 involvement in CD, including its enzymatic reactions in pathogenesis, the role of anti-TG2 antibodies in disease management, and the exploration of recent strategies to reduce deamidation or to use transamidation to detoxify gluten.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaetana Paolella
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, University of Salerno, 84084 Fisciano, SA, Italy; (S.S.); (A.M.R.)
- Correspondence: (G.P.); (I.C.)
| | - Silvia Sposito
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, University of Salerno, 84084 Fisciano, SA, Italy; (S.S.); (A.M.R.)
| | | | - Ivana Caputo
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, University of Salerno, 84084 Fisciano, SA, Italy; (S.S.); (A.M.R.)
- European Laboratory for the Investigation of Food-Induced Diseases (ELFID), University of Salerno, 84084 Fisciano, SA, Italy
- Correspondence: (G.P.); (I.C.)
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5
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Al-U'datt DGF, Tranchant CC, Al-Dwairi A, AlQudah M, Al-Shboul O, Hiram R, Allen BG, Jaradat S, Alqbelat J, Abu-Zaiton AS. Implications of enigmatic transglutaminase 2 (TG2) in cardiac diseases and therapeutic developments. Biochem Pharmacol 2022; 201:115104. [PMID: 35617996 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2022.115104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Cardiac diseases are the leading cause of mortality and morbidity worldwide. Mounting evidence suggests that transglutaminases (TGs), tissue TG (TG2) in particular, are involved in numerous molecular responses underlying the pathogenesis of cardiac diseases. The TG family has several intra- and extracellular functions in the human body, including collagen cross-linking, angiogenesis, cell growth, differentiation, migration, adhesion as well as survival. TGs are thiol- and calcium-dependent acyl transferases that catalyze the formation of a covalent bond between the γ-carboxamide group of a glutamine residue and an amine group, thus increasing the stability, rigidity, and stiffness of the myocardial extracellular matrix (ECM). Excessive accumulation of cross-linked collagen leads to increase myocardial stiffness and fibrosis. Beyond TG2 extracellular protein cross-linking action, mounting evidence suggests that this pleiotropic TG isozyme may also promote fibrotic diseases through cell survival and profibrotic pathway activation at the signaling, transcriptional and translational levels. Due to its multiple functions and localizations, TG2 fulfils critical yet incompletely understood roles in myocardial fibrosis and associated heart diseases, such as cardiac hypertrophy, heart failure, and age-related myocardial stiffness under several conditions. This review summarizes current knowledge and existing gaps regarding the ECM-dependent and ECM-independent roles of TG2 and highlights the therapeutic prospects of targeting TG2 to treat cardiac diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doa'a G F Al-U'datt
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, 22110, Jordan.
| | - Carole C Tranchant
- School of Food Science, Nutrition and Family Studies, Faculty of Health Sciences and Community Services, Université de Moncton, New Brunswick, Canada
| | - Ahmed Al-Dwairi
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, 22110, Jordan
| | - Mohammad AlQudah
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, 22110, Jordan
| | - Othman Al-Shboul
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, 22110, Jordan
| | - Roddy Hiram
- Montreal Heart Institute, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Bruce G Allen
- Montreal Heart Institute, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Saied Jaradat
- Princess Haya Biotechnology Center, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, 22110, Jordan
| | - Jenan Alqbelat
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, 22110, Jordan
| | - Ahmed S Abu-Zaiton
- Department of Biological Sciences, Al al-bayt University, Al-Mafraq, Jordan
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Hernandez SJ, Fote G, Reyes-Ortiz AM, Steffan JS, Thompson LM. Cooperation of cell adhesion and autophagy in the brain: Functional roles in development and neurodegenerative disease. Matrix Biol Plus 2021; 12:100089. [PMID: 34786551 PMCID: PMC8579148 DOI: 10.1016/j.mbplus.2021.100089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 09/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular adhesive connections directed by the extracellular matrix (ECM) and maintenance of cellular homeostasis by autophagy are seemingly disparate functions that are molecularly intertwined, each regulating the other. This is an emerging field in the brain where the interplay between adhesion and autophagy functions at the intersection of neuroprotection and neurodegeneration. The ECM and adhesion proteins regulate autophagic responses to direct protein clearance and guide regenerative programs that go awry in brain disorders. Concomitantly, autophagic flux acts to regulate adhesion dynamics to mediate neurite outgrowth and synaptic plasticity with functional disruption contributed by neurodegenerative disease. This review highlights the cooperative exchange between cellular adhesion and autophagy in the brain during health and disease. As the mechanistic alliance between adhesion and autophagy has been leveraged therapeutically for metastatic disease, understanding overlapping molecular functions that direct the interplay between adhesion and autophagy might uncover therapeutic strategies to correct or compensate for neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah J. Hernandez
- Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
- Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Gianna Fote
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Andrea M. Reyes-Ortiz
- Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Joan S. Steffan
- Psychaitry and Human Behavior, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
- Institute of Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92617, USA
| | - Leslie M. Thompson
- Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
- Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
- Psychaitry and Human Behavior, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
- Institute of Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92617, USA
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Budai Z, Al-Zaeed N, Szentesi P, Halász H, Csernoch L, Szondy Z, Sarang Z. Impaired Skeletal Muscle Development and Regeneration in Transglutaminase 2 Knockout Mice. Cells 2021; 10:3089. [PMID: 34831312 PMCID: PMC8623654 DOI: 10.3390/cells10113089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle regeneration is triggered by local inflammation and is accompanied by phagocytosis of dead cells at the injury site. Efferocytosis regulates the inflammatory program in macrophages by initiating the conversion of their inflammatory phenotype into the healing one. While pro-inflammatory cytokines induce satellite cell proliferation and differentiation into myoblasts, growth factors, such as GDF3, released by healing macrophages drive myoblast fusion and myotube growth. Therefore, improper efferocytosis may lead to impaired muscle regeneration. Transglutaminase 2 (TG2) is a versatile enzyme participating in efferocytosis. Here, we show that TG2 ablation did not alter the skeletal muscle weights or sizes but led to the generation of small size myofibers and to decreased grip force in TG2 null mice. Following cardiotoxin-induced injury, the size of regenerating fibers was smaller, and the myoblast fusion was delayed in the tibialis anterior muscle of TG2 null mice. Loss of TG2 did not affect the efferocytic capacity of muscle macrophages but delayed their conversion to Ly6C-CD206+, GDF3 expressing cells. Finally, TG2 promoted myoblast fusion in differentiating C2C12 myoblasts. These results indicate that TG2 expressed by both macrophages and myoblasts contributes to proper myoblast fusion, and its ablation leads to impaired muscle development and regeneration in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zsófia Budai
- Doctoral School of Molecular Cell and Immune Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (Z.B.); (N.A.-Z.); (H.H.)
| | - Nour Al-Zaeed
- Doctoral School of Molecular Cell and Immune Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (Z.B.); (N.A.-Z.); (H.H.)
| | - Péter Szentesi
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (P.S.); (L.C.)
| | - Hajnalka Halász
- Doctoral School of Molecular Cell and Immune Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (Z.B.); (N.A.-Z.); (H.H.)
| | - László Csernoch
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (P.S.); (L.C.)
| | - Zsuzsa Szondy
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary;
- Division of Dental Biochemistry, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Zsolt Sarang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary;
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Tatsukawa H, Hitomi K. Role of Transglutaminase 2 in Cell Death, Survival, and Fibrosis. Cells 2021; 10:cells10071842. [PMID: 34360011 PMCID: PMC8307792 DOI: 10.3390/cells10071842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Transglutaminase 2 (TG2) is a ubiquitously expressed enzyme catalyzing the crosslinking between Gln and Lys residues and involved in various pathophysiological events. Besides this crosslinking activity, TG2 functions as a deamidase, GTPase, isopeptidase, adapter/scaffold, protein disulfide isomerase, and kinase. It also plays a role in the regulation of hypusination and serotonylation. Through these activities, TG2 is involved in cell growth, differentiation, cell death, inflammation, tissue repair, and fibrosis. Depending on the cell type and stimulus, TG2 changes its subcellular localization and biological activity, leading to cell death or survival. In normal unstressed cells, intracellular TG2 exhibits a GTP-bound closed conformation, exerting prosurvival functions. However, upon cell stimulation with Ca2+ or other factors, TG2 adopts a Ca2+-bound open conformation, demonstrating a transamidase activity involved in cell death or survival. These functional discrepancies of TG2 open form might be caused by its multifunctional nature, the existence of splicing variants, the cell type and stimulus, and the genetic backgrounds and variations of the mouse models used. TG2 is also involved in the phagocytosis of dead cells by macrophages and in fibrosis during tissue repair. Here, we summarize and discuss the multifunctional and controversial roles of TG2, focusing on cell death/survival and fibrosis.
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Govindarajan A, Gnanasambandam V. Toward Intracellular Bioconjugation Using Transition-Metal-Free Techniques. Bioconjug Chem 2021; 32:1431-1454. [PMID: 34197073 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.1c00173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Bioconjugation is the chemical strategy of covalent modification of biomolecules, using either an external reagent or other biomolecules. Since its inception in the twentieth century, the technique has grown by leaps and bounds, and has a variety of applications in chemical biology. However, it is yet to reach its full potential in the study of biochemical processes in live cells, mainly because the bioconjugation strategies conflict with cellular processes. This has mostly been overcome by using transition metal catalysts, but the presence of metal centers limit them to in vitro use, or to the cell surface. These hurdles can potentially be circumvented by using metal-free strategies. However, the very modifications that are necessary to make such metal-free reactions proceed effectively may impact their biocompatibility. This is because biological processes are easily perturbed and greatly depend on the prevailing inter- and intracellular environment. With this taken into consideration, this review analyzes the applicability of the transition-metal-free strategies reported in this decade to the study of biochemical processes in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaditya Govindarajan
- Department of Chemistry, Pondicherry University, Kalapet, Puducherry - 605014, India
| | - Vasuki Gnanasambandam
- Department of Chemistry, Pondicherry University, Kalapet, Puducherry - 605014, India
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Cheng M, Liu Z, Ji W, Zheng J, Zeng H, Guo F, He P. Tissue Transglutaminase Impairs HTR-8/SVneo Trophoblast Cell Invasion via the PI3K/AKT Signaling Pathway. Gynecol Obstet Invest 2021; 86:264-272. [PMID: 34139701 DOI: 10.1159/000515086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The pathogenesis of preeclampsia (PE) is associated with impaired trophoblast invasion, which results in placental insufficiency. Our earlier studies demonstrated that tissue transglutaminase (tTG) is highly expressed in human PE serum. However, whether tTG participates in trophoblast invasion remains unclear. The aim of the present study was to determine the role and mechanism of tTG in regulating matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2/MMP-9 expression to reduce trophoblast invasiveness in PE. METHODS HTR-8/SVneo cells were transfected with a lentivirus vector and small interfering RNA targeting tTG. The protein level was detected by Western blotting. Cell proliferation and apoptosis were assessed by MTS and flow cytometry assays, respectively. Cell invasion was investigated by Transwell assay. In addition, the influence of tTG on PI3K and AKT mRNA levels in HTR-8/SVneo cells was evaluated using reverse transcription-quantitative PCR. RESULTS tTG-overexpression inhibited HTR-8/SVneo cell proliferation and invasion and promoted apoptosis. In addition, upregulation of tTG induced an increase of PI3K and phosphorylated AKT and a decrease of MMP-2 and MMP-9 expression. tTG-knockdown significantly promoted the proliferation and invasion of HTR-8/SVneo cells and inhibited the apoptosis. Furthermore, the PI3K expression level was reduced, and the MMP-2/MMP-9 protein levels were increased. CONCLUSION Taken together, the present study demonstrated that tTG-overexpression inhibited HTR-8/SVneo cell invasion via reducing the expression of MMP-2 and MMP-9 by activating PI3K/AKT signaling pathway, which may lead to the occurrence or development of PE. The present data provide new insights into modulation of tTG expression as a potential therapeutic target for PE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi Cheng
- Department of Obstetrics, Guangzhou Medical University Affiliated Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zequn Liu
- Department of Prenatal Diagnostic Center, Guangzhou Medical University Affiliated Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wanqing Ji
- Department of Obstetrics, Guangzhou Medical University Affiliated Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jie Zheng
- Department of Obstetrics, Guangzhou Medical University Affiliated Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huiqian Zeng
- Department of Obstetrics, Guangzhou Medical University Affiliated Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fang Guo
- Department of Obstetrics, Guangzhou Medical University Affiliated Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ping He
- Department of Obstetrics, Guangzhou Medical University Affiliated Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou, China
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Neuronal and Endothelial Transglutaminase-2 Expression during Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis and Multiple Sclerosis. Neuroscience 2020; 461:140-154. [PMID: 33253822 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2020.11.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Transglutiminase-2 (TG2) is a multifunctional enzyme that has been implicated in the pathogenesis of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) and multiple sclerosis (MS) using global knockout mice and TG2 selective inhibitors. Previous studies have identified the expression of TG2 in subsets of macrophages-microglia and astrocytes after EAE. The aims of the current investigation were to examine neuronal expression of TG2 in rodent models of chronic-relapsing and non-relapsing EAE and through co-staining with intracellular and cell death markers, provide insight into the putative role of TG2 in neuronal pathology during disease progression. Here we report that under normal physiological conditions there is a low basal expression of TG2 in the nucleus of neurons, however following EAE or MS, robust induction of cytoplasmic TG2 occurs in most neurons surrounding perivascular lesion sites. Importantly, TG2-positive neurons also labeled for phosphorylated Extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) and the apoptotic marker cleaved caspase-3. In white and gray matter lesions, high levels of TG2 were also found within the vasculature and endothelial cells as well as in tissue migrating pericytes or fibroblasts, though rarely did TG2 colocalize with cells identified with glial cell markers (astrocytes, oligodendrocytes and microglia). TG2 induction occurred concurrently with the upregulation of the blood vessel permeability factor and angiogenic molecule Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF). Extracellular TG2 was found to juxtapose with fibronectin, within and surrounding blood vessels. Though molecular and pharmacological studies have implicated TG2 in the induction and severity of EAE, the cell autonomous functions of this multifunctional enzyme during disease progression remains to be elucidated.
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12
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Orellana CA, Martínez VS, MacDonald MA, Henry MN, Gillard M, Gray PP, Nielsen LK, Mahler S, Marcellin E. 'Omics driven discoveries of gene targets for apoptosis attenuation in CHO cells. Biotechnol Bioeng 2020; 118:481-490. [PMID: 32865815 DOI: 10.1002/bit.27548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells are widely used in biopharmaceutical production. Improvements to cell lines and bioprocesses are constantly being explored. One of the major limitations of CHO cell culture is that the cells undergo apoptosis, leading to rapid cell death, which impedes reaching high recombinant protein titres. While several genetic engineering strategies have been successfully employed to reduce apoptosis, there is still room to further enhance CHO cell lines performance. 'Omics analysis is a powerful tool to better understand different phenotypes and for the identification of gene targets for engineering. Here, we present a comprehensive review of previous CHO 'omics studies that revealed changes in the expression of apoptosis-related genes. We highlight targets for genetic engineering that have reduced, or have the potential to reduce, apoptosis or to increase cell proliferation in CHO cells, with the final aim of increasing productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila A Orellana
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.,Department of Chemical and Bioprocess Engineering, School of Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Verónica S Martínez
- ARC Training Centre for Biopharmaceutical Innovation (CBI), Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Michael A MacDonald
- ARC Training Centre for Biopharmaceutical Innovation (CBI), Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Matthew N Henry
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Marianne Gillard
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Peter P Gray
- ARC Training Centre for Biopharmaceutical Innovation (CBI), Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Lars K Nielsen
- ARC Training Centre for Biopharmaceutical Innovation (CBI), Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.,Metabolomics Australia, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.,The Novo Nordisk Foundation Centre for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Stephen Mahler
- ARC Training Centre for Biopharmaceutical Innovation (CBI), Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Esteban Marcellin
- ARC Training Centre for Biopharmaceutical Innovation (CBI), Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.,Metabolomics Australia, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
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13
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Jeon HS, Lee SM, Jung YM, Oh S, Park JK, Lee EB, Park CW, Park JS, Han D, Jun JK. Proteomic biomarkers in mid-trimester amniotic fluid associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0235838. [PMID: 32678854 PMCID: PMC7367458 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0235838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
We aimed to explore the proteomic profiles of mid-trimester amniotic fluid in pregnant women with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) according to the occurrence of adverse pregnancy outcome (APO). The study population included 35 pregnant women with SLE who underwent clinically indicated amniocentesis at 15-24 weeks of gestation. Patients were divided into two groups according to pregnancy outcomes: SLE patients without APO (Group 1) and SLE patients with APO (Group 2). Stored samples of amniotic fluid were analyzed using mass spectrometry (MS)-based proteomics with two-step approach, consisting of discovery and verification phase. In the discovery phase, 44 proteins were differentially expressed between Group 1 and Group 2. In the verification phase, differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) were verified in independent samples using DIA method. Four proteins including filamin A (FLNA), sushi, von Willebrand factor type A, EGF and pentraxin domain containing 1 (SVEP1), lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT), and transglutaminase 2 (TGM2) were differentially expressed both in discovery and verification phase. To select the best combination of proteins for discriminating two groups, three-fold cross validation (CV) with repetition of one hundred times was performed. The multi-marker model with three biomarkers (SVEP1, LCAT, TGM2) had a high discriminatory power to distinguish between the two groups (the area under the receiver operating characteristic, AUROC = 0.946, p <0.001). Our results indicate that the expression of FLNA, SVEP1, LCAT, and TGM2 in mid-trimester amniotic fluid was increased in SLE patients with APO (Group 2). A large-scale prospective study is warranted to verify this finding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hae Sun Jeon
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seung Mi Lee
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young Mi Jung
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sohee Oh
- Medical Research Collaborating Center, Seoul Metropolitan Government Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jin Kyun Park
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eun Bong Lee
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Chan-Wook Park
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Joong Shin Park
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dohyun Han
- Proteomics Core Facility, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
- * E-mail: (JKJ); (DH)
| | - Jong Kwan Jun
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- The Institute of Reproductive Medicine and Population, Medical Research Centre, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- * E-mail: (JKJ); (DH)
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14
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Huang Y, Fujii K, Chen X, Iwatani S, Chibana H, Kojima S, Kajiwara S. Fungal NOX is an essential factor for induction of TG2 in human hepatocytes. Med Mycol 2020; 58:679-689. [PMID: 31642483 DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myz105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2019] [Revised: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
NADPH oxidases (Nox) generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as superoxide anion radical (O2-) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). The pathogenic fungi Candida albicans and Candida glabrata enhance cellular transglutaminase 2 (TG2) activity levels in co-cultured human hepatic cells in a ROS-mediated manner. Deletion of NOX1 (CgNOX1) in C. glabrata blocks the ability of C. glabrata to induce TG2 activity. Here, we investigated whether Nox proteins from C. albicans and Saccharomyces cerevisiae are related with induction of TG2 activity in hepatic cells. C. albicans CFL11 (CaCFL11) was identified as a key factor in this fungus for hepatic TG2 induction in the co-cultures. The cfl11 mutant of C. albicans did not induce TG2 activity in hepatocytes. In addition, overexpression of YNO1, a homolog of CgNOX1, in S. cerevisiae led to induction of ROS generation and TG2 activity in hepatic cells in co-incubation experiments. These findings indicated that a fungal Nox plays a role in enhancing TG2 activity in human hepatocytes and leads to apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Huang
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Keisuke Fujii
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Xinyue Chen
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Shun Iwatani
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Hiroji Chibana
- Medical Mycology Research Center, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Soichi Kojima
- Liver Cancer Prevention Research Unit, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Saitama, Japan
| | - Susumu Kajiwara
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan
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15
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Maglio M, Troncone R. Intestinal Anti-tissue Transglutaminase2 Autoantibodies: Pathogenic and Clinical Implications for Celiac Disease. Front Nutr 2020; 7:73. [PMID: 32548124 PMCID: PMC7273338 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2020.00073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Celiac disease (CD) is a systemic disease that primarily affects the small intestine. The presence of anti-tissue transglutaminase 2 (anti-TG2) antibodies in the serum, as well as the presence of autoimmune phenomena, account for the inclusion of CD among autoimmune diseases. Anti-TG2 autoantibodies are produced at intestinal level, where they are deposited even before they appear in circulation. The pathogenic events that lead to their production are still not completely defined, but a central role seems to be played by gliadin-specific T cells. Interestingly, limited somatic mutations have been observed in VH and VL genes in TG2-specific plasma cells, another important aspect being the biased use of a heavy chain encoded by the VH5 gene. Conflicting data have been produced over the years on the effect of anti-TG2 antibodies on TG2 function. Although the presence of anti-TG2 antibodies in serum is considered a hallmark of CD and relevant from a clinical viewpoint, the role of these autoantibodies in the development of the celiac lesion remains to be defined. In the years, different technical approaches have been implemented to detect and measure intestinal CD-associated autoantibody production. Two aspects can make intestinal anti-TG2 antibodies relevant: from a clinical viewpoint: the first is their proposed ability in potential coeliac patients to predict the development of a full-blown enteropathy; the second is their possible role in revealing a condition of reactivity to gluten in patients with no circulating CD-associated autoantibodies. In fact, the detection of CD-specific autoantibodies production in the intestine, in the absence of serum positivity for the same antibodies, could be suggestive of a very early condition of gluten reactivity; alternatively, it could be not specific for CD and merely attributable to intestinal inflammation. In conclusion, the role of mucosal anti-TG2 antibodies in pathogenesis of CD is unknown. Their presence, the modalities of their production, their gluten dependence render them a unique model to study autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariantonia Maglio
- Department of Medical Translational Sciences and European Laboratory for the Investigation of Food-Induced Diseases, University Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Riccardo Troncone
- Department of Medical Translational Sciences and European Laboratory for the Investigation of Food-Induced Diseases, University Federico II, Naples, Italy
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16
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D'Eletto M, Rossin F, Fedorova O, Farrace MG, Piacentini M. Transglutaminase type 2 in the regulation of proteostasis. Biol Chem 2019; 400:125-140. [PMID: 29908126 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2018-0217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The maintenance of protein homeostasis (proteostasis) is a fundamental aspect of cell physiology that is essential for the survival of organisms under a variety of environmental and/or intracellular stress conditions. Acute and/or persistent stress exceeding the capacity of the intracellular homeostatic systems results in protein aggregation and/or damaged organelles that leads to pathological cellular states often resulting in cell death. These events are continuously suppressed by a complex macromolecular machinery that uses different intracellular pathways to maintain the proteome integrity in the various subcellular compartments ensuring a healthy cellular life span. Recent findings have highlighted the role of the multifunctional enzyme type 2 transglutaminase (TG2) as a key player in the regulation of intracellular pathways, such as autophagy/mitophagy, exosomes formation and chaperones function, which form the basis of proteostasis regulation under conditions of cellular stress. Here, we review the role of TG2 in these stress response pathways and how its various enzymatic activities might contributes to the proteostasis control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela D'Eletto
- Department of Biology, University of Rome 'Tor Vergata', Via della Ricerca Scientifica, I-00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Federica Rossin
- Department of Biology, University of Rome 'Tor Vergata', Via della Ricerca Scientifica, I-00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Olga Fedorova
- Institute of Cytology, 194064 Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - Maria Grazia Farrace
- Department of Biology, University of Rome 'Tor Vergata', Via della Ricerca Scientifica, I-00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Mauro Piacentini
- Department of Biology, University of Rome 'Tor Vergata', Via della Ricerca Scientifica, I-00133 Rome, Italy.,National Institute for Infectious Diseases I.R.C.C.S. 'Lazzaro Spallanzani', I-00149 Rome, Italy
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17
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Franzese O, Minotti L, Aguiari G, Corrà F, Cervellati C, Ferrari C, Volinia S, Bergamini CM, Bianchi N. Involvement of non-coding RNAs and transcription factors in the induction of Transglutaminase isoforms by ATRA. Amino Acids 2019; 51:1273-1288. [PMID: 31440819 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-019-02766-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The multifunctional protein Transglutaminase type 2, is associated with cancer epithelial mesenchymal transition, invasiveness, stemness and drugs resistance. Several variant isoforms and non-coding RNAs are present in cancer and this report explored the expression of these transcripts of the TGM2 gene in cancer cell lines after induction with all-trans retinoic acid. The expression of truncated variants along with two long non-coding RNAs, was demonstrated. One of these is coded from the first intron and the Last Exon Variant is constituted by a sequence corresponding to the last three exons and the 3'UTR. Analysis of ChIP-seq data, from ENCODE project, highlighted factors interacting with intronic sequences, which could interfere with the progression of RNApol II at checkpoints, during the elongation process. Some relevant transcription factors, bound in an ATRA-dependent way, were found by RNA immunoprecipitation, notably GATA3 mainly enriched to Last Exon Variant non-coding RNA. The involvement of NMD in the regulation of the ratio among these transcripts was observed, as the prevalent recovering of Last Exon Variant to phUPF1-complexes, with decrease of the binding towards other selective targets. This study contributes to identify molecular mechanisms regulating the ratio among the variants and improves the knowledge about regulatory roles of the non-coding RNAs of the TGM2 gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ornella Franzese
- Department of Systems Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Linda Minotti
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Gianluca Aguiari
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Specialist Surgery, University of Ferrara, Via Luigi Borsari, 46, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Fabio Corrà
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Carlo Cervellati
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Specialist Surgery, University of Ferrara, Via Luigi Borsari, 46, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Carlo Ferrari
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences, Marche Polytechnic University, Ancona, Italy
| | - Stefano Volinia
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Carlo M Bergamini
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Specialist Surgery, University of Ferrara, Via Luigi Borsari, 46, 44121, Ferrara, Italy.
| | - Nicoletta Bianchi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Specialist Surgery, University of Ferrara, Via Luigi Borsari, 46, 44121, Ferrara, Italy.
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18
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The Role of Tissue Transglutaminase in Cancer Cell Initiation, Survival and Progression. Med Sci (Basel) 2019; 7:medsci7020019. [PMID: 30691081 PMCID: PMC6409630 DOI: 10.3390/medsci7020019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Revised: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue transglutaminase (transglutaminase type 2; TG2) is the most ubiquitously expressed member of the transglutaminase family (EC 2.3.2.13) that catalyzes specific post-translational modifications of proteins through a calcium-dependent acyl-transfer reaction (transamidation). In addition, this enzyme displays multiple additional enzymatic activities, such as guanine nucleotide binding and hydrolysis, protein kinase, disulfide isomerase activities, and is involved in cell adhesion. Transglutaminase 2 has been reported as one of key enzymes that is involved in all stages of carcinogenesis; the molecular mechanisms of action and physiopathological effects depend on its expression or activities, cellular localization, and specific cancer model. Since it has been reported as both a potential tumor suppressor and a tumor-promoting factor, the role of this enzyme in cancer is still controversial. Indeed, TG2 overexpression has been frequently associated with cancer stem cells’ survival, inflammation, metastatic spread, and drug resistance. On the other hand, the use of inducers of TG2 transamidating activity seems to inhibit tumor cell plasticity and invasion. This review covers the extensive and rapidly growing field of the role of TG2 in cancer stem cells survival and epithelial–mesenchymal transition, apoptosis and differentiation, and formation of aggressive metastatic phenotypes.
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19
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Del Duca S, Aloisi I, Parrotta L, Cai G. Cytoskeleton, Transglutaminase and Gametophytic Self-Incompatibility in the Malinae (Rosaceae). Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20010209. [PMID: 30626063 PMCID: PMC6337636 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20010209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Revised: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Self-incompatibility (SI) is a complex process, one out of several mechanisms that prevent plants from self-fertilizing to maintain and increase the genetic variability. This process leads to the rejection of the male gametophyte and requires the co-participation of numerous molecules. Plants have evolved two distinct SI systems, the sporophytic (SSI) and the gametophytic (GSI) systems. The two SI systems are markedly characterized by different genes and proteins and each single system can also be divided into distinct subgroups; whatever the mechanism, the purpose is the same, i.e., to prevent self-fertilization. In Malinae, a subtribe in the Rosaceae family, i.e., Pyrus communis and Malus domestica, the GSI requires the production of female determinants, known as S-RNases, which penetrate the pollen tube to interact with the male determinants. Beyond this, the penetration of S-RNase into the pollen tube triggers a series of responses involving membrane proteins, such as phospholipases, intracellular variations of cytoplasmic Ca2+, production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and altered enzymatic activities, such as that of transglutaminase (TGase). TGases are widespread enzymes that catalyze the post-translational conjugation of polyamines (PAs) to different protein targets and/or the cross-linking of substrate proteins leading to the formation of cross-linked products with high molecular mass. When actin and tubulin are the substrates, this destabilizes the cytoskeleton and inhibits the pollen-tube's growth process. In this review, we will summarize the current knowledge of the relationship between S-RNase penetration, TGase activity and cytoskeleton function during GSI in the Malinae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Del Duca
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biologiche, Geologiche e Ambientali, Università di Bologna, Via Irnerio 42, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Iris Aloisi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biologiche, Geologiche e Ambientali, Università di Bologna, Via Irnerio 42, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Luigi Parrotta
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biologiche, Geologiche e Ambientali, Università di Bologna, Via Irnerio 42, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università di Siena, Via Mattioli 4, 53100 Siena, Italy.
| | - Giampiero Cai
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università di Siena, Via Mattioli 4, 53100 Siena, Italy.
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20
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Shinde AV, Dobaczewski M, de Haan JJ, Saxena A, Lee KK, Xia Y, Chen W, Su Y, Hanif W, Kaur Madahar I, Paulino VM, Melino G, Frangogiannis NG. Tissue transglutaminase induction in the pressure-overloaded myocardium regulates matrix remodelling. Cardiovasc Res 2018; 113:892-905. [PMID: 28371893 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvx053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims Tissue transglutaminase (tTG) is induced in injured and remodelling tissues, and modulates cellular phenotype, while contributing to matrix cross-linking. Our study tested the hypothesis that tTG may be expressed in the pressure-overloaded myocardium, and may regulate cardiac function, myocardial fibrosis and chamber remodelling. Methods and results In order to test the hypothesis, wild-type and tTG null mice were subjected to pressure overload induced through transverse aortic constriction. Moreover, we used isolated cardiac fibroblasts and macrophages to dissect the mechanisms of tTG-mediated actions. tTG expression was upregulated in the pressure-overloaded mouse heart and was localized in cardiomyocytes, interstitial cells, and in the extracellular matrix. In contrast, expression of transglutaminases 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 and FXIII was not induced in the remodelling myocardium. In vitro, transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 stimulated tTG synthesis in cardiac fibroblasts and in macrophages through distinct signalling pathways. tTG null mice had increased mortality and enhanced ventricular dilation following pressure overload, but were protected from diastolic dysfunction. tTG loss was associated with a hypercellular cardiac interstitium, reduced collagen cross-linking, and with accentuated matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)2 activity in the pressure-overloaded myocardium. In vitro, tTG did not modulate TGF-β-mediated responses in cardiac fibroblasts; however, tTG loss was associated with accentuated proliferative activity. Moreover, when bound to the matrix, recombinant tTG induced synthesis of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases (TIMP)-1 through transamidase-independent actions. Conclusions Following pressure overload, endogenous tTG mediates matrix cross-linking, while protecting the remodelling myocardium from dilation by exerting matrix-preserving actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arti V Shinde
- Department of Medicine (Cardiology), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, The Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Bronx, NY 10021, USA
| | - Marcin Dobaczewski
- Department of Medicine (Cardiology), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, The Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Bronx, NY 10021, USA
| | - Judith J de Haan
- Department of Medicine (Cardiology), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, The Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Bronx, NY 10021, USA
| | - Amit Saxena
- Department of Medicine (Cardiology), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, The Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Bronx, NY 10021, USA
| | - Kang-Kon Lee
- Department of Medicine (Cardiology), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, The Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Bronx, NY 10021, USA
| | - Ying Xia
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of Medicine (Cardiology), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, The Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Bronx, NY 10021, USA
| | - Ya Su
- Department of Medicine (Cardiology), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, The Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Bronx, NY 10021, USA
| | - Waqas Hanif
- Department of Medicine (Cardiology), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, The Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Bronx, NY 10021, USA
| | - Inderpreet Kaur Madahar
- Department of Medicine (Cardiology), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, The Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Bronx, NY 10021, USA
| | - Victor M Paulino
- Department of Medicine (Cardiology), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, The Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Bronx, NY 10021, USA
| | - Gerry Melino
- Biochemistry IDI-IRCCS Laboratory, Department of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Nikolaos G Frangogiannis
- Department of Medicine (Cardiology), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, The Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Bronx, NY 10021, USA
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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21
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van der Wildt B, Wilhelmus MMM, Beaino W, Kooijman EJM, Schuit RC, Bol JGJM, Breve JJP, Pasternack R, Lammertsma AA, Windhorst AD, Drukarch B. In vivo evaluation of two tissue transglutaminase PET tracers in an orthotopic tumour xenograft model. EJNMMI Res 2018; 8:39. [PMID: 29802556 PMCID: PMC5970127 DOI: 10.1186/s13550-018-0388-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The protein cross-linking enzyme tissue transglutaminase (TG2; EC 2.3.2.13) is associated with the pathogenesis of various diseases, including cancer. Recently, the synthesis and initial evaluation of two high-potential radiolabelled irreversible TG2 inhibitors were reported by us. In the present study, these two compounds were evaluated further in a breast cancer (MDA-MB-231) tumour xenograft model for imaging active tissue transglutaminase in vivo. Results The metabolic stability of [11C]1 and [18F]2 in SCID mice was comparable to the previously reported stability in Wistar rats. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis on MDA-MB-231 cells and isolated tumours showed a high level of TG2 expression with very low expression of other transglutaminases. PET imaging showed low tumour uptake of [11C]1 (approx. 0.5 percentage of the injected dose per gram (%ID/g) at 40–60 min p.i.) and with relatively fast washout. Tumour uptake for [18F]2 was steadily increasing over time (approx. 1.7 %ID/g at 40–60 min p.i.). Pretreatment of the animals with the TG2 inhibitor ERW1041E resulted in lower tumour activity concentrations, and this inhibitory effect was enhanced using unlabelled 2. Conclusions Whereas the TG2 targeting potential of [11C]1 in this model seems inadequate, targeting of TG2 using [18F]2 was achieved. As such, [18F]2 could be used in future studies to clarify the role of active tissue transglutaminase in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berend van der Wildt
- Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. .,Department of Anatomy & Neurosciences, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Micha M M Wilhelmus
- Department of Anatomy & Neurosciences, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Wissam Beaino
- Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Esther J M Kooijman
- Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Robert C Schuit
- Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - John G J M Bol
- Department of Anatomy & Neurosciences, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - John J P Breve
- Department of Anatomy & Neurosciences, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Adriaan A Lammertsma
- Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Albert D Windhorst
- Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Benjamin Drukarch
- Department of Anatomy & Neurosciences, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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22
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Sagini MN, Zepp M, Bergmann F, Bozza M, Harbottle R, Berger MR. The expression of genes contributing to pancreatic adenocarcinoma progression is influenced by the respective environment. Genes Cancer 2018; 9:114-129. [PMID: 30108682 PMCID: PMC6086001 DOI: 10.18632/genesandcancer.173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 06/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic adenocarcinoma is a highly aggressive malignancy with dismal prognosis and limited curative options. We investigated the influence of organ environments on gene expression in RNU rats by orthotopic and intraportal infusion of Suit2-007luc cells into the pancreas, liver and lung respectively. Tumor tissues from these sites were analyzed by chip array and histopathology. Generated data was analyzed by Chipster and Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (±1.5 expression fold change and p<0.05). Further analysis of functional annotations derived from IPA, was based on selected genes with significant modulation of expression. Comparison of groups was performed by creating ratios from the mean expression values derived from pancreas and respective in vitro values, whereas those from liver and lung were related to pancreas, respectively. Genes of interest from three functional annotations for respective organs were identified by exclusion-overlap analyses. From the resulting six genes, transglutaminase2 (TGM2) was further investigated by various assays. Its knockdown with siRNA induced dose dependent inhibitory and stimulatory effects on cell proliferation and cell migration, respectively. DNA fragmentation indicated apoptotic cell death in response to TGM2 knockdown. Cell cycle analysis by FACS showed that TGM2 knockdown induced G1/S blockade. Therefore, TGM2 and its associated genes may be promising therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Micah N. Sagini
- Toxicology and Chemotherapy Unit, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Michael Zepp
- Toxicology and Chemotherapy Unit, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Frank Bergmann
- University Clinic of Heidelberg, Institute of Pathology, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Matthias Bozza
- DNA Vectors, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Richard Harbottle
- DNA Vectors, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Martin R. Berger
- Toxicology and Chemotherapy Unit, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
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23
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Abstract
Adenosine is an ancient extracellular signaling molecule that regulates various biological functions via activating four G-protein-coupled receptors, A1, A2A, A2B, and A3 adenosine receptors. As such, several studies have highlighted a role for adenosine signaling in affecting the T cell development in the thymus. Recent studies indicate that adenosine is produced in the context of apoptotic thymocyte clearance. This review critically discusses the involvement of adenosine and its receptors in the complex interplay that exists between the developing thymocytes and the thymic macrophages which engulf the apoptotic cells. This crosstalk contributes to the effective and immunologically silent removal of apoptotic thymocytes, as well as affects the TCR-driven T-cell selection processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krisztina Köröskényi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary.,Department of Basic Medical Sciences of Dental Faculty, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Gergely Joós
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary.,Department of Basic Medical Sciences of Dental Faculty, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Zsuzsa Szondy
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary.,Department of Basic Medical Sciences of Dental Faculty, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
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24
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Vyas FS, Nelson CP, Dickenson JM. Role of transglutaminase 2 in A 1 adenosine receptor- and β 2-adrenoceptor-mediated pharmacological pre- and post-conditioning against hypoxia-reoxygenation-induced cell death in H9c2 cells. Eur J Pharmacol 2017; 819:144-160. [PMID: 29208472 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2017.11.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2017] [Revised: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Pharmacologically-induced pre- and post-conditioning represent attractive therapeutic strategies to reduce ischaemia/reperfusion injury during cardiac surgery and following myocardial infarction. We have previously reported that transglutaminase 2 (TG2) activity is modulated by the A1 adenosine receptor and β2-adrenoceptor in H9c2 cardiomyoblasts. The primary aim of this study was to determine the role of TG2 in A1 adenosine receptor and β2-adrenoceptor-induced pharmacological pre- and post-conditioning in the H9c2 cells. H9c2 cells were exposed to 8h hypoxia (1% O2) followed by 18h reoxygenation, after which cell viability was assessed by monitoring mitochondrial reduction of MTT, lactate dehydrogenase release and caspase-3 activation. N6-cyclopentyladenosine (CPA; A1 adenosine receptor agonist), formoterol (β2-adrenoceptor agonist) or isoprenaline (non-selective β-adrenoceptor agonist) were added before hypoxia/reoxygenation (pre-conditioning) or at the start of reoxygenation following hypoxia (post-conditioning). Pharmacological pre- and post-conditioning with CPA and isoprenaline significantly reduced hypoxia/reoxygenation-induced cell death. In contrast, formoterol did not elicit protection. Pre-treatment with pertussis toxin (Gi/o-protein inhibitor), DPCPX (A1 adenosine receptor antagonist) or TG2 inhibitors (Z-DON and R283) attenuated the A1 adenosine receptor-induced pharmacological pre- and post-conditioning. Similarly, pertussis toxin, ICI 118,551 (β2-adrenoceptor antagonist) or TG2 inhibition attenuated the isoprenaline-induced cell survival. Knockdown of TG2 using small interfering RNA (siRNA) attenuated CPA and isoprenaline-induced pharmacological pre- and post-conditioning. Finally, proteomic analysis following isoprenaline treatment identified known (e.g. protein S100-A6) and novel (e.g. adenine phosphoribosyltransferase) protein substrates for TG2. These results have shown that A1 adenosine receptor and β2-adrenoceptor-induced protection against simulated hypoxia/reoxygenation occurs in a TG2 and Gi/o-protein dependent manner in H9c2 cardiomyoblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Falguni S Vyas
- School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Clifton Lane, Nottingham NG11 8NS, UK
| | - Carl P Nelson
- School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Clifton Lane, Nottingham NG11 8NS, UK
| | - John M Dickenson
- School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Clifton Lane, Nottingham NG11 8NS, UK.
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25
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Meshram DD, Pike CV, Coussons PJ. Inhibition of Transglutaminase 2 activity increases cisplatin cytotoxicity in a model of human hepatocarcinoma chemotherapy. Eur J Pharmacol 2017; 815:332-342. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2017.09.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Revised: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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26
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Transglutaminase 2 regulates osteoclast differentiation via a Blimp1-dependent pathway. Sci Rep 2017; 7:10626. [PMID: 28878266 PMCID: PMC5587636 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-11246-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 08/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Transglutaminase 2 (TG2) performs multiple reactions, including transamidation, and also plays a role in signal transduction as a GTP-binding protein. In this study, we reveal that TG2 controls osteoclast differentiation and bone homeostasis in mice. Osteoclasts specifically expressed the TG2 isoform among eight TG family members. Suppression in TG2 expression with siRNA led to increased osteoclast formation from primary mouse precursor cells in response to receptor activator of nuclear factor kappaB ligand (RANKL). This osteoclastogenic effect of TG2 knockdown was associated with enhanced induction of c-Fos and NFATc1 by RANKL. Moreover, TG2 knockdown up-regulated B lymphocyte-induced maturation protein 1 (Blimp1), which represses anti-osteoclastogenic genes, in a manner dependent on the NF-κB signaling pathway. To the contrary, TG2 overexpression inhibited osteoclast formation and the expression of osteoclastogenic genes. Consistent with these in vitro results, TG2 knockout mice exhibited lower trabecular bone mass and increased number of osteoclasts compared with wild-type mice. Taken together, our results provide strong evidence that TG2 plays an important role in bone metabolism by suppressing excessive osteoclastogenesis via the regulation of the NF-κB-Blimp1 signaling pathway.
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27
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Szondy Z, Korponay-Szabó I, Király R, Sarang Z, Tsay GJ. Transglutaminase 2 in human diseases. Biomedicine (Taipei) 2017; 7:15. [PMID: 28840829 PMCID: PMC5571667 DOI: 10.1051/bmdcn/2017070315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Transglutaminase 2 (TG2) is an inducible transamidating acyltransferase that catalyzes Ca(2+)-dependent protein modifications. In addition to being an enzyme, TG2 also serves as a G protein for several seven transmembrane receptors and acts as a co-receptor for integrin β1 and β3 integrins distinguishing it from other members of the transglutaminase family. TG2 is ubiquitously expressed in almost all cell types and all cell compartments, and is also present on the cell surface and gets secreted to the extracellular matrix via non-classical mechanisms. TG2 has been associated with various human diseases including inflammation, cancer, fibrosis, cardiovascular disease, neurodegenerative diseases, celiac disease in which it plays either a protective role, or contributes to the pathogenesis. Thus modulating the biological activities of TG2 in these diseases will have a therapeutic value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zsuzsa Szondy
- Dental Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen 4010, Hungary
| | - Ilma Korponay-Szabó
- Department of Pediatrics and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen 4010, Hungary - Celiac Disease Center, Heim Pál Children's Hospital, Budapest 1089, Hungary
| | - Robert Király
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen 4010, Hungary
| | - Zsolt Sarang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen 4010, Hungary
| | - Gregory J Tsay
- Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 404, Taiwan - School of medicine, College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan
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28
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Shrestha R, Shrestha R, Qin XY, Kuo TF, Oshima Y, Iwatani S, Teraoka R, Fujii K, Hara M, Li M, Takahashi-Nakaguchi A, Chibana H, Lu J, Cai M, Kajiwara S, Kojima S. Fungus-derived hydroxyl radicals kill hepatic cells by enhancing nuclear transglutaminase. Sci Rep 2017; 7:4746. [PMID: 28684792 PMCID: PMC5500562 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-04630-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 05/18/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
We previously reported the importance of induced nuclear transglutaminase (TG) 2 activity, which results in hepatic cell death, in ethanol-induced liver injury. Here, we show that co-incubation of either human hepatic cells or mouse primary hepatocytes derived from wild-type but not TG2-/- mice with pathogenic fungi Candida albicans and C. glabrata, but not baker's yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, induced cell death in host cells by enhancing cellular, particularly nuclear, TG activity. Further pharmacological and genetic approaches demonstrated that this phenomenon was mediated partly by the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as hydroxyl radicals, as detected by a fluorescent probe and electron spin resonance. A ROS scavenger, N-acetyl cysteine, blocked enhanced TG activity primarily in the nuclei and inhibited cell death. In contrast, deletion of C. glabrata nox-1, which encodes a ROS-generating enzyme, resulted in a strain that failed to induce the same phenomena. A similar induction of hepatic ROS and TG activities was observed in C. albicans-infected mice. An antioxidant corn peptide fraction inhibited these phenomena in hepatic cells. These results address the impact of ROS-generating pathogens in inducing nuclear TG2-related liver injuries, which provides novel therapeutic targets for preventing and curing alcoholic liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronak Shrestha
- Micro-Signaling Regulation Technology Unit, RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies, Wako, Saitama, Japan
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Rajan Shrestha
- Micro-Signaling Regulation Technology Unit, RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies, Wako, Saitama, Japan
| | - Xian-Yang Qin
- Micro-Signaling Regulation Technology Unit, RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies, Wako, Saitama, Japan
| | - Ting-Fang Kuo
- Micro-Signaling Regulation Technology Unit, RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies, Wako, Saitama, Japan
| | - Yugo Oshima
- Condensed Molecular Materials Laboratory, RIKEN, Wako, Saitama, Japan
| | - Shun Iwatani
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Ryutaro Teraoka
- Micro-Signaling Regulation Technology Unit, RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies, Wako, Saitama, Japan
| | - Keisuke Fujii
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Mitsuko Hara
- Micro-Signaling Regulation Technology Unit, RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies, Wako, Saitama, Japan
| | - Mengqian Li
- Micro-Signaling Regulation Technology Unit, RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies, Wako, Saitama, Japan
| | | | - Hiroji Chibana
- Medical Mycology Research Center, Chiba University, Chiba, Chiba, Japan
| | - Jun Lu
- China National Research Institute of Food and Fermentation Industries, Beijing, China
| | - Muyi Cai
- China National Research Institute of Food and Fermentation Industries, Beijing, China
| | - Susumu Kajiwara
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan.
| | - Soichi Kojima
- Micro-Signaling Regulation Technology Unit, RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies, Wako, Saitama, Japan.
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29
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Márkus B, Pató Z, Sarang Z, Albert R, Tőzsér J, Petrovski G, Csősz É. The proteomic profile of a mouse model of proliferative vitreoretinopathy. FEBS Open Bio 2017; 7:1166-1177. [PMID: 28781956 PMCID: PMC5537063 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.12252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Revised: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 05/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR) develops as a complication of retinal detachment surgery and represents a devastating condition leading to serious vision loss. A good animal model that permits extensive functional studies and drug testing is crucial in finding better therapeutic modalities for PVR. A previously established mouse model, using dispase injection, was analyzed from the proteomic point of view, examining global protein profile changes by 2D electrophoresis, image analysis and HPLC–tandem mass spectrometry‐based protein identification. The easy applicability of the mouse model was used to study the role of transglutaminase 2 (TG2) in PVR formation by proteomic examination of dispase‐induced TG2 knockout vitreous samples. Our data demonstrate that, despite the altered appearance of crystallin proteins, the lack of TG2 did not prevent the development of PVR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernadett Márkus
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Faculty of Medicine University of Debrecen Hungary
| | - Zsuzsanna Pató
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Faculty of Medicine University of Debrecen Hungary
| | - Zsolt Sarang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Faculty of Medicine University of Debrecen Hungary
| | - Réka Albert
- Department of Ophthalmology Faculty of Medicine University of Szeged Hungary
| | - József Tőzsér
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Faculty of Medicine University of Debrecen Hungary
| | - Goran Petrovski
- Department of Ophthalmology Faculty of Medicine University of Szeged Hungary.,Department of Ophthalmology Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo Norway
| | - Éva Csősz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Faculty of Medicine University of Debrecen Hungary
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30
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Expression of Transglutaminase in Foreskin of Children with Balanitis Xerotica Obliterans. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17091551. [PMID: 27649154 PMCID: PMC5037824 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17091551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2016] [Revised: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 09/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Balanitis xerotica obliterans (BXO) is a chronic inflammatory skin disorder of unclear etiology. The etiology and the exact molecular mechanisms underlying the disease are still unknown. The human transglutaminase (TG) family consists of several proteins with catalytic activity essential for biological processes. In the present research we investigated the transcript levels of three TGs in patients operated on for congenital phimosis without or with histologically confirmed BXO; Thirty children with acquired phimosis were enrolled. The removed foreskins were sent both for histological diagnosis and for quantitative real-time PCR to evaluate the transcript levels of keratinocyte (TG1), tissue (TG2), and epidermal (TG3) transglutaminase; We observed a decrease in TG1 and TG3 transcripts by about 70% (p < 0.001) in foreskins from patients with BXO (n = 15) in comparison with patients without BXO (n = 15) and an increase in TG2 mRNA levels by 2.9 folds (p < 0.001); Reduced expression of both TG1 and TG3 was associated with the altered structure of the foreskin in BXO and can be a consequence of damage to keratinocytes. Increased expression of TG2 can be the result of chronic inflammation. TG2 overexpression can play a pivotal role in triggering and maintaining the inflammatory response in BXO patients.
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31
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Agnihotri N, Mehta K. Transglutaminase-2: evolution from pedestrian protein to a promising therapeutic target. Amino Acids 2016; 49:425-439. [PMID: 27562794 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-016-2320-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The ability of cancer cells to metastasize represents the most devastating feature of cancer. Currently, there are no specific biomarkers or therapeutic targets that can be used to predict the risk or to treat metastatic cancer. Many recent reports have demonstrated elevated expression of transglutaminase 2 (TG2) in multiple drug-resistant and metastatic cancer cells. TG2 is a multifunctional protein mostly known for catalyzing Ca2+-dependent -acyl transferase reaction to form protein crosslinks. Besides this transamidase activity, many Ca2+-independent and non-enzymatic activities of TG2 have been identified. Both, the enzymatic and non-enzymatic activities of TG2 have been implicated in diverse pathophysiological processes such as wound healing, cell growth, cell survival, extracellular matrix modification, apoptosis, and autophagy. Tumors have been frequently referred to as 'wounds that never heal'. Based on the observation that TG2 plays an important role in wound healing and inflammation is known to facilitate cancer growth and progression, we discuss the evidence that TG2 can reprogram inflammatory signaling networks that play fundamental roles in cancer progression. TG2-regulated signaling bestows on cancer cells the ability to proliferate, to resist cell death, to invade, to reprogram glucose metabolism and to metastasize, the attributes that are considered important hallmarks of cancer. Therefore, inhibiting TG2 may offer a novel therapeutic approach for managing and treatment of metastatic cancer. Strategies to inhibit TG2-regulated pathways will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navneet Agnihotri
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, Unit 1950, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1901 East Road, Houston, TX, 77054, USA. .,Department of Biochemistry, Panjab University, Sector 14, Chandigarh, 110 014, India.
| | - Kapil Mehta
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, Unit 1950, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1901 East Road, Houston, TX, 77054, USA. .,MolQ Personalized Medicine, 4505 Maple Street, Bellaire, TX, 77401, USA.
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32
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van der Wildt B, Lammertsma AA, Drukarch B, Windhorst AD. Strategies towards in vivo imaging of active transglutaminase type 2 using positron emission tomography. Amino Acids 2016; 49:585-595. [PMID: 27380031 PMCID: PMC5332496 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-016-2288-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Transglutaminase type 2 (TG2) is increasingly linked to the pathogenesis of several diseases, such as celiac disease, cancer, and fibrotic and neurodegenerative diseases. In parallel with becoming an attractive target for therapy, interest in the development of compounds for in vivo imaging of TG2 is rising. Such imaging biomarkers might assist in clarifying the role of TG2 in pathology and in monitoring TG2 inhibition in vivo and thus assist in drug development. In this review, the latest results together with various strategies in TG2 PET tracer development are discussed, including radiolabelling of irreversible and reversible active-site inhibitors, as well as allosteric inhibitors, acyl-donor and acyl-acceptor substrates, and anti-TG2 monoclonal antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berend van der Wildt
- Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
- Departments of Anatomy and Neurosciences, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Adriaan A Lammertsma
- Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Benjamin Drukarch
- Departments of Anatomy and Neurosciences, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Albert D Windhorst
- Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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33
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Tatsukawa H, Furutani Y, Hitomi K, Kojima S. Transglutaminase 2 has opposing roles in the regulation of cellular functions as well as cell growth and death. Cell Death Dis 2016; 7:e2244. [PMID: 27253408 PMCID: PMC5143380 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2016.150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Revised: 04/28/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Transglutaminase 2 (TG2) is primarily known as the most ubiquitously expressed member of the transglutaminase family with Ca2+-dependent protein crosslinking activity; however, this enzyme exhibits multiple additional functions through GTPase, cell adhesion, protein disulfide isomerase, kinase, and scaffold activities and is associated with cell growth, differentiation, and apoptosis. TG2 is found in the extracellular matrix, plasma membrane, cytosol, mitochondria, recycling endosomes, and nucleus, and its subcellular localization is an important determinant of its function. Depending upon the cell type and stimuli, TG2 changes its subcellular localization and biological activities, playing both anti- and pro-apoptotic roles. Increasing evidence indicates that the GTP-bound form of the enzyme (in its closed form) protects cells from apoptosis but that the transamidation activity of TG2 (in its open form) participates in both facilitating and inhibiting apoptosis. A difficulty in the study and understanding of this enigmatic protein is that opposing effects have been reported regarding its roles in the same physiological and/or pathological systems. These include neuroprotective or neurodegenerative effects, hepatic cell growth-promoting or hepatic cell death-inducing effects, exacerbating or having no effect on liver fibrosis, and anti- and pro-apoptotic effects on cancer cells. The reasons for these discrepancies have been ascribed to TG2's multifunctional activities, genetic variants, conformational changes induced by the immediate environment, and differences in the genetic background of the mice used in each of the experiments. In this article, we first report that TG2 has opposing roles like the protagonist in the novel Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, followed by a summary of the controversies reported, and finally discuss the possible reasons for these discrepancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Tatsukawa
- Department of Basic Medicinal Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Y Furutani
- Micro-Signaling Regulation Technology Unit, RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies, 2-1 Hirosawa, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - K Hitomi
- Department of Basic Medicinal Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - S Kojima
- Micro-Signaling Regulation Technology Unit, RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies, 2-1 Hirosawa, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
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34
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Sándor K, Daniel B, Kiss B, Kovács F, Szondy Z. Transcriptional control of transglutaminase 2 expression in mouse apoptotic thymocytes. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2016; 1859:964-74. [PMID: 27262403 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2016.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Revised: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Transglutaminase 2 (TGM2) is a ubiquitously expressed multifunctional protein, which participates in various biological processes including thymocyte apoptosis. As a result, the transcriptional regulation of the gene is complex and must depend on the cell type. Previous studies from our laboratory have shown that in dying thymocytes the expression of Tgm2 is induced by external signals derived from engulfing macrophages, such as retinoids, transforming growth factor (TGF)-β and adenosine, the latter triggering the adenylate cyclase signaling pathway. The existence of TGF-β and retinoid responsive elements in the promoter region of Tgm2 has already been reported, but the intergenic regulatory elements participating in the regulation of Tgm2 have not yet been identified. Here we used publicly available results from DNase I hypersensitivity analysis followed by deep sequencing and chromatin immunoprecipitation followed by deep sequencing against CCCTC-binding factor (CTCF), H3K4me3, H3K4me1 and H3K27ac to map a putative regulatory element set for Tgm2 in thymocytes. By measuring eRNA expressions of these putative enhancers in retinoid, rTGF-β or dibutiryl cAMP-exposed thymocytes we determined which of them are functional. By applying ChIP-qPCR against SMAD4, retinoic acid receptor, retinoid X receptor, cAMP response element binding protein, P300 and H3K27ac under the same conditions, we identified two enhancers of Tgm2, which seem to act as integrators of the TGF-β, retinoid and adenylate cyclase signaling pathways in dying thymocytes. Our study describes a novel strategy to identify and characterize the signal-specific functional enhancer set of a gene by integrating genome-wide datasets and measuring the production of enhancer specific RNA molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katalin Sándor
- Division of Dental Biochemistry, Signaling and Apoptosis Research Group, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei krt.98., Debrecen H-4012, Hungary
| | - Bence Daniel
- Nuclear Receptor Research Group, Research Center of Molecular Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei krt. 98, Debrecen H-4012, Hungary
| | - Bea Kiss
- Division of Dental Biochemistry, Signaling and Apoptosis Research Group, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei krt.98., Debrecen H-4012, Hungary
| | - Fruzsina Kovács
- Division of Dental Biochemistry, Signaling and Apoptosis Research Group, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei krt.98., Debrecen H-4012, Hungary
| | - Zsuzsa Szondy
- Division of Dental Biochemistry, Signaling and Apoptosis Research Group, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei krt.98., Debrecen H-4012, Hungary.
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Sándor K, Pallai A, Duró E, Legendre P, Couillin I, Sághy T, Szondy Z. Adenosine produced from adenine nucleotides through an interaction between apoptotic cells and engulfing macrophages contributes to the appearance of transglutaminase 2 in dying thymocytes. Amino Acids 2016; 49:671-681. [PMID: 27236567 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-016-2257-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 05/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Transglutaminase 2 (TG2) has been known for a long time to be associated with the in vivo apoptosis program of various cell types, including T cells. Though the expression of the enzyme is strongly induced in mouse thymocytes following apoptosis induction in vivo, no significant induction of TG2 can be detected, when thymocytes are induced to die by the same stimuli in vitro indicating that signals arriving from the tissue environment are required for the proper in vivo induction of the enzyme. Previous studies from our laboratory have demonstrated that two of these signals, transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) and retinoids, are produced by macrophages engulfing apoptotic cells. However, in addition to TGF-β and retinoids, engulfing macrophages produce adenosine as well. Here, we show that in vitro adenosine, adenosine, and retinoic acid or adenosine, TGF-β and retinoic acids together can significantly enhance the TG2 mRNA expression in dying thymocytes. The effect of adenosine is mediated via adenosine A2A receptors (A2ARs) and the A2AR-triggered adenylate cyclase signaling pathway. In accordance, loss of A2ARs in A2AR null mice significantly attenuates the in vivo induction of TG2 following apoptosis induction in the thymus indicating that adenosine indeed contributes in vivo to the apoptosis-related appearance of the enzyme. We also demonstrate that adenosine is produced extracellularly during engulfment of apoptotic thymocytes, partly from adenine nucleotides released via thymocyte pannexin-1 channels. Our data reveal a novel crosstalk between macrophages and apoptotic cells, in which apoptotic cell uptake-related adenosine production contributes to the appearance of TG2 in the dying thymocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katalin Sándor
- Division of Dental Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Research Center of Molecular Medicine, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei krt.98., Debrecen, 4032, Hungary
| | - Anna Pallai
- Division of Dental Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Research Center of Molecular Medicine, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei krt.98., Debrecen, 4032, Hungary
| | - Edina Duró
- Division of Dental Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Research Center of Molecular Medicine, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei krt.98., Debrecen, 4032, Hungary
| | - Pascal Legendre
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U952, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France.,Center National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR 7224, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France.,UPMC Université Paris 06, 9 quai Saint Bernard, Paris, Ile de France, France
| | - Isabelle Couillin
- UMR-IEM 6218 Molecular Immunology and Embryology, Transgenose Institute, CNRS, 45071, Orléans, France
| | - Tibor Sághy
- Division of Dental Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Research Center of Molecular Medicine, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei krt.98., Debrecen, 4032, Hungary
| | - Zsuzsa Szondy
- Division of Dental Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Research Center of Molecular Medicine, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei krt.98., Debrecen, 4032, Hungary. .,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei krt.98., Debrecen, 4012, Hungary.
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36
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Wilhelmus MMM, de Jager M, Smit AB, van der Loo RJ, Drukarch B. Catalytically active tissue transglutaminase colocalises with Aβ pathology in Alzheimer's disease mouse models. Sci Rep 2016; 6:20569. [PMID: 26837469 PMCID: PMC4738336 DOI: 10.1038/srep20569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterised by amyloid-beta (Aβ) protein deposition in the brain. Posttranslational modifications in Aβ play an important role in Aβ deposition. Tissue transglutaminase (tTG) is an enzyme involved in posttranslational cross-linking of proteins. tTG levels and activity are increased in AD brains, and tTG is associated with Aβ deposits and lesion-associated astrocytes in AD cases. Furthermore, Aβ is a substrate of tTG-catalysed cross-linking. To study the role of tTG in Aβ pathology, we compared tTG distribution and activity in both the APPSWE/PS1ΔE9 and APP23 mice models with human AD. Using immunohistochemistry, we found association of both tTG and in situ active tTG with Aβ plaques and vascular Aβ, in early and late stages of Aβ deposition. In addition, tTG staining colocalised with Aβ-associated reactive astrocytes. Thus, alike human AD cases, tTG was associated with Aβ depositions in these AD models. Although, distribution pattern and spatial overlay of both tTG and its activity with Aβ pathology was substantially different from human AD cases, our findings provide evidence for an early role of tTG in Aβ pathology. Yet, species differences should be taken into account when using these models to study the role of tTG in Aβ pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Micha M M Wilhelmus
- Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU medical center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mieke de Jager
- Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU medical center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - August B Smit
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, VU University, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Rolinka J van der Loo
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, VU University, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Benjamin Drukarch
- Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU medical center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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van der Wildt B, Wilhelmus MMM, Bijkerk J, Haveman LYF, Kooijman EJM, Schuit RC, Bol JGJM, Jongenelen CAM, Lammertsma AA, Drukarch B, Windhorst AD. Development of carbon-11 labeled acryl amides for selective PET imaging of active tissue transglutaminase. Nucl Med Biol 2016; 43:232-42. [PMID: 27067043 DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2016.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Revised: 01/04/2016] [Accepted: 01/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Tissue transglutaminase (TG2) is a ubiquitously expressed enzyme capable of forming metabolically and mechanically stable crosslinks between the γ-carboxamide of a glutamine acyl-acceptor substrate and the ε-amino functionality of a lysine acyl-donor substrate resulting in protein oligomers. High TG2 crosslinking activity has been implicated in the pathogenesis of various diseases including celiac disease, cancer and fibrotic and neurodegenerative diseases. Development of a PET tracer specific for active TG2 provides a novel tool to further investigate TG2 biology in vivo in disease states. Recently, potent irreversible active site TG2 inhibitors carrying an acrylamide warhead were synthesized and pharmacologically characterized. METHODS Three of these inhibitors, compound 1, 2 and 3, were successfully radiolabeled with carbon-11 on the acrylamide carbonyl position using a palladium mediated [(11)C]CO aminocarbonylation reaction. Ex vivo biodistribution and plasma stability were evaluated in healthy Wistar rats. Autoradiography was performed on MDA-MB-231 tumor sections. RESULTS [(11)C]1, -2 and -3 were obtained in decay corrected radiochemical yields of 38-55%. Biodistribution showed low uptake in peripheral tissues, with the exception of liver and kidney. Low brain uptake of <0.05% ID/g was observed. Blood plasma analysis demonstrated that [(11)C]1 and [(11)C]2 were rapidly metabolized, whereas [(11)C]3 was metabolized at a more moderate rate (63.2 ± 6.8 and 28.7 ± 10.8% intact tracer after 15 and 45 min, respectively). Autoradiography with [(11)C]3 on MDA-MB-231 tumor sections showed selective and specific binding of the radiotracer to the active state of TG2. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, these results identify [(11)C]3 as the most promising of the three compounds tested for development as PET radiotracer for the in vivo investigation of TG2 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berend van der Wildt
- Departments of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Departments of Anatomy & Neurosciences, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Micha M M Wilhelmus
- Departments of Anatomy & Neurosciences, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jonne Bijkerk
- Departments of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lizeth Y F Haveman
- Departments of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Esther J M Kooijman
- Departments of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Robert C Schuit
- Departments of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - John G J M Bol
- Departments of Anatomy & Neurosciences, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Cornelis A M Jongenelen
- Departments of Anatomy & Neurosciences, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Adriaan A Lammertsma
- Departments of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Benjamin Drukarch
- Departments of Anatomy & Neurosciences, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Albert D Windhorst
- Departments of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Shrestha R, Tatsukawa H, Shrestha R, Ishibashi N, Matsuura T, Kagechika H, Kose S, Hitomi K, Imamoto N, Kojima S. Molecular mechanism by which acyclic retinoid induces nuclear localization of transglutaminase 2 in human hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Cell Death Dis 2015; 6:e2002. [PMID: 26633708 PMCID: PMC4720877 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2015.339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Revised: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 10/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Nuclear accumulation of transglutaminase 2 (TG2) is an important step in TG2-dependent cell death. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms for nuclear translocation of TG2 are still poorly understood. In this study, we demonstrated that acyclic retinoid (ACR) induced nuclear accumulation of TG2 in JHH-7 cells, a hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) leading to their apoptosis. We further demonstrated molecular mechanism in nuclear-cytoplasmic trafficking of TG2 and an effect of ACR on it. We identified a novel 14-amino acid nuclear localization signal (NLS) (466)AEKEETGMAMRIRV(479) in the 'C' domain and a leucine-rich nuclear export signal (NES) (657)LHMGLHKL(664) in the 'D' domain that allowed TG2 to shuttle between the nuclear and cytosolic milieu. Increased nuclear import of GAPDH myc-HIS fused with the identified NLS was observed, confirming its nuclear import ability. Leptomycin B, an inhibitor of exportin-1 as well as point mutation of all leucine residues to glutamine residues in the NES of TG2 demolished its nuclear export. TG2 formed a trimeric complex with importin-α and importin-β independently from transamidase activity which strongly suggested the involvement of a NLS-based translocation of TG2 to the nucleus. ACR accelerated the formation of the trimeric complex and that may be at least in part responsible for enhanced nuclear localization of TG2 in HCC cells treated with ACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Shrestha
- Micro-Signaling Regulation Technology Unit, Division of Bio-Function Dynamics Imaging, RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies, Wako, Saitama, Japan.,Graduate School of Medical & Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - H Tatsukawa
- Department of Basic Medicinal Science, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - R Shrestha
- Micro-Signaling Regulation Technology Unit, Division of Bio-Function Dynamics Imaging, RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies, Wako, Saitama, Japan.,Graduate School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Department of Life Science, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - N Ishibashi
- Tokyo New Drug Research Laboratories, Pharmaceutical Division, KOWA Company, Ltd., Higashimurayama, Tokyo, Japan
| | - T Matsuura
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Nishi-shinbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - H Kagechika
- Graduate School of Medical & Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - S Kose
- Cellular Dynamics Laboratory, RIKEN, Wako, Saitama, Japan
| | - K Hitomi
- Department of Basic Medicinal Science, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - N Imamoto
- Cellular Dynamics Laboratory, RIKEN, Wako, Saitama, Japan
| | - S Kojima
- Micro-Signaling Regulation Technology Unit, Division of Bio-Function Dynamics Imaging, RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies, Wako, Saitama, Japan.,Graduate School of Medical & Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan.,Graduate School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Department of Life Science, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
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Cai G, Della Mea M, Faleri C, Fattorini L, Aloisi I, Serafini-Fracassini D, Del Duca S. Spermine either delays or promotes cell death in Nicotiana tabacum L. corolla depending on the floral developmental stage and affects the distribution of transglutaminase. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2015; 241:11-22. [PMID: 26706054 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2015.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Revised: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 09/24/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The role of spermine (SM) was studied to verify if SM supplied to Nicotiana tabacum flower can modulate programmed cell death (PCD) of the corolla. SM has strong effects on the development and senescence of excised flowers despite its low physiological levels. The timing and duration of SM treatment is a key factor; SM counteracts PCD (verified by morphological observations, pigment contents and DNA laddering) only in the narrow developmental window of corolla expansion. Before and after, SM promotes PCD. SM exerts its pro-survival role by delaying fresh weight loss, by inhibiting reduction of pigments and finally by preventing DNA degradation. Moreover, SM deeply alters the distribution of the PA-conjugating enzyme transglutaminase (TGase). TGase is present in the epidermis during development, but it sprays also in the cell walls of inner parenchyma at senescence. After SM treatment, parenchyma cells accumulate TGase, increase in size and their cell walls do not undergo stiffening contrarily to control cells. The subcellular localization of TGase has been validated by biolistic-transformation of onion epidermal cells. Results indicated that SM is a critical factor in the senescence of N. tabacum corolla by controlling biochemical and morphological parameters; the lasts are probably interconnected with the action of TGase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giampiero Cai
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università di Siena, Siena 53100, Italy.
| | - Massimiliano Della Mea
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biologiche, Geologiche e Ambientali, Università degli Studi di Bologna, Bologna 40126, Italy.
| | - Claudia Faleri
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università di Siena, Siena 53100, Italy.
| | - Laura Fattorini
- Dipartimento di Biologia Ambientale, Sapienza Università di Roma, I-00185, Italy.
| | - Iris Aloisi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biologiche, Geologiche e Ambientali, Università degli Studi di Bologna, Bologna 40126, Italy.
| | - Donatella Serafini-Fracassini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biologiche, Geologiche e Ambientali, Università degli Studi di Bologna, Bologna 40126, Italy.
| | - Stefano Del Duca
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biologiche, Geologiche e Ambientali, Università degli Studi di Bologna, Bologna 40126, Italy.
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40
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Wang G, Fu L, Chen F. Study of the mechanism underlying the inhibitory effects of transglutaminase II on apoptosis in the osteosarcoma MG-63 cell line under hypoxic conditions. Oncol Lett 2015; 10:3425-3428. [PMID: 26788145 PMCID: PMC4665165 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2015.3778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2015] [Accepted: 10/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate the association between the apoptosis phenomenon in the MG-63 osteosarcoma cell line, and transglutaminase II (TG2) expression. The relationship between the anti-apoptotic mechanism of TG2 and the expression of cytochrome c as well as caspase-3 under hypoxic conditions was also verified. A hypoxic culture of MG-63 cells was prepared. The hypoxia and TG2 siRNA hypoxia groups were established, and the cultures were incubated for 12 h under hypoxic conditions. TG2 activity, TG2 protein expression and its mRNA level were investigated. Cytochrome c and caspase-3 protein levels in the TG2 nucleus and cytoplasm were measured. The apoptotic rate was also monitored. The results showed that TG2 activity, TG2 protein expression and its mRNA level in the hypoxia group were significantly higher than those of the siRNA hypoxia group. The results showed statistically insignificant differences (P<0.05). By contrast, a comparison of the two groups in the cytoplasm yielded no statistically significant differences (P>0.05). Cytochrome c and caspase-3 protein levels in the hypoxia group were significantly higher than those of the TG2 siRNA hypoxia group. The results showed statistically significant differences (P<0.05). By contrast, the protein levels in the cytoplasm were significantly lower than those of the TG2 siRNA hypoxia group, with differences being statistically significant (P<0.05). The differences in apoptotic rates between the hypoxia and TG2 siRNA hypoxia groups were also statistically significant (P<0.05). Under hypoxic conditions, a high TG2 expression inhibited the apoptosis of the MG-63 osteosarcoma cell line. This effect was probably associated with its suppressive activity on the transportation of cytochrome c and caspase-3 from nucleus to cytoplasm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guobin Wang
- Department of Bone Surgery, Binzhou People's Hospital, Binzhou, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Limei Fu
- Department of Pathology, Binzhou People's Hospital, Binzhou, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Fangmin Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, Affiliated Hospital of Binzhou Medical College, Binzhou, Shandong, P.R. China
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41
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Kanchan K, Fuxreiter M, Fésüs L. Physiological, pathological, and structural implications of non-enzymatic protein-protein interactions of the multifunctional human transglutaminase 2. Cell Mol Life Sci 2015; 72:3009-35. [PMID: 25943306 PMCID: PMC11113818 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-015-1909-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Revised: 04/10/2015] [Accepted: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Transglutaminase 2 (TG2) is a ubiquitously expressed member of an enzyme family catalyzing Ca(2+)-dependent transamidation of proteins. It is a multifunctional protein having several well-defined enzymatic (GTP binding and hydrolysis, protein disulfide isomerase, and protein kinase activities) and non-enzymatic (multiple interactions in protein scaffolds) functions. Unlike its enzymatic interactions, the significance of TG2's non-enzymatic regulation of its activities has recently gained importance. In this review, we summarize all the partners that directly interact with TG2 in a non-enzymatic manner and analyze how these interactions could modulate the crosslinking activity and cellular functions of TG2 in different cell compartments. We have found that TG2 mostly acts as a scaffold to bridge various proteins, leading to different functional outcomes. We have also studied how specific structural features, such as intrinsically disordered regions and embedded short linear motifs contribute to multifunctionality of TG2. Conformational diversity of intrinsically disordered regions enables them to interact with multiple partners, which can result in different biological outcomes. Indeed, ID regions in TG2 were identified in functionally relevant locations, indicating that they could facilitate conformational transitions towards the catalytically competent form. We reason that these structural features contribute to modulating the physiological and pathological functions of TG2 and could provide a new direction for detecting unique regulatory partners. Additionally, we have assembled all known anti-TG2 antibodies and have discussed their significance as a toolbox for identifying and confirming novel TG2 regulatory functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kajal Kanchan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, 4010 Hungary
- Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Mónika Fuxreiter
- MTA-DE Momentum Laboratory of Protein Dynamics, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - László Fésüs
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, 4010 Hungary
- MTA-DE Apoptosis, Genomics and Stem Cell Research Group of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Debrecen, Hungary
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Lin JCY, Chiang BY, Chou CC, Chen TC, Chen YJ, Chen YJ, Lin CH. Glutathionylspermidine in the modification of protein SH groups: the enzymology and its application to study protein glutathionylation. Molecules 2015; 20:1452-74. [PMID: 25599150 PMCID: PMC6272389 DOI: 10.3390/molecules20011452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 12/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Cysteine is very susceptible to reactive oxygen species. In response; posttranslational thiol modifications such as reversible disulfide bond formation have arisen as protective mechanisms against undesired in vivo cysteine oxidation. In Gram-negative bacteria a major defense mechanism against cysteine overoxidation is the formation of mixed protein disulfides with low molecular weight thiols such as glutathione and glutathionylspermidine. In this review we discuss some of the mechanistic aspects of glutathionylspermidine in prokaryotes and extend its potential use to eukaryotes in proteomics and biochemical applications through an example with tissue transglutaminase and its S-glutathionylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Ching-Yao Lin
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, 128 Academia Road Section 2, Taipei 11529, Taiwan.
| | - Bing-Yu Chiang
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, 128 Academia Road Section 2, Taipei 11529, Taiwan.
| | - Chi-Chi Chou
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, 128 Academia Road Section 2, Taipei 11529, Taiwan.
| | - Tzu-Chieh Chen
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, 128 Academia Road Section 2, Taipei 11529, Taiwan.
| | - Yi-Ju Chen
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, 128 Academia Road Section 2, Taipei 11529, Taiwan.
| | - Yu-Ju Chen
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, 128 Academia Road Section 2, Taipei 11529, Taiwan.
| | - Chun-Hung Lin
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, 128 Academia Road Section 2, Taipei 11529, Taiwan.
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Abstract
Cryopreservation is the only method for long-term storage of viable cells and tissues used for cellular therapy, stem cell transplantation and/or tissue engineering. However, the freeze-thaw process strongly contributes to cell and tissue damage through several mechanisms, including oxidative stress, cell injury from intracellular ice formation and altered physical cellular properties. Our previous proteomics investigation was carried out on Wharton's Jelly Stem Cells (WJSCs) having similar properties to adult mesenchymal stem cells and thus representing a rich source of primitive cells to be potentially used in regenerative medicine. The aim of the present work was to investigate molecular changes that occur in WJSCs proteome in different experimental conditions: fresh primary cell culture and frozen cell. To analyze changes in protein expression of WJSCs undergoing different culturing procedures, we performed a comparative proteomic analysis (2DE followed by MALDI-TOF MS/MS nanoESI-Q-TOF MS coupled with nanoLC) between WJSCs from fresh and frozen cell culturing, respectively. Frozen WJSCs showed qualitative and quantitative changes compared to cells from fresh preparation, expressing proteins involved in replication, cellular defence mechanism and metabolism, that could ensure freeze-thaw survival. The results of this study could play a key role in elucidating possible mechanisms related to maintaining active proliferation and maximal cellular plasticity and thus making the use of WJSCs in cell therapy safe following bio-banking.
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44
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Katt WP, Antonyak MA, Cerione RA. Simultaneously targeting tissue transglutaminase and kidney type glutaminase sensitizes cancer cells to acid toxicity and offers new opportunities for therapeutic intervention. Mol Pharm 2014; 12:46-55. [PMID: 25426679 PMCID: PMC4291776 DOI: 10.1021/mp500405h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Most cancer cells undergo characteristic metabolic changes that are commonly referred to as the Warburg effect, with one of the hallmarks being a dramatic increase in the rate of lactic acid fermentation. This leads to the production of protons, which in turn acidifies the microenvironment surrounding tumors. Cancer cells have acquired resistance to acid toxicity, allowing them to survive and grow under these detrimental conditions. Kidney type glutaminase (GLS1), which is responsible for the conversion of glutamine to glutamate, produces ammonia as part of its catalytic activities and has been shown to modulate cellular acidity. In this study, we show that tissue, or type 2, transglutaminase (TG2), a γ-glutamyl transferase that is highly expressed in metastatic cancers and produces ammonia as a byproduct of its catalytic activity, is up-regulated by decreases in cellular pH and helps protect cells from acid-induced cell death. Since both TG2 and GLS1 can similarly function to protect cancer cells, we then proceeded to demonstrate that treatment of a variety of cancer cell types with inhibitors of each of these proteins results in synthetic lethality. The combination doses of the inhibitors induce cell death, while individual treatment with each compound shows little or no ability to kill cells. These results suggest that combination drug treatments that simultaneously target TG2 and GLS1 might provide an effective strategy for killing cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- William P Katt
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University , Ithaca, New York 14853-6401, United States
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Park SJ, Ryu J, Kim IH, Choi YH, Nam TJ. Activation of the mTOR signaling pathway in breast cancer MCF‑7 cells by a peptide derived from Porphyra yezoensis. Oncol Rep 2014; 33:19-24. [PMID: 25333576 PMCID: PMC4254673 DOI: 10.3892/or.2014.3557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2014] [Accepted: 09/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Seaweeds have beneficial nutritional and medicinal properties. Several studies have examined the polysaccharides found in the extracts of Porphyra yezoensis (PPY), although the effects of particular proteins have not been reported, and peptides from the marine alga PPY function in antitumor cell signaling, although the precise mechanism is not well understood. Apoptosis plays an important role in cell death, which affects cell proliferation. Generally, regulation of apoptosis requires participation of the p53 and Bcl-2 family by the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway, which is activated in a variety of malignant cancers. Autophagy is another signaling pathway that leads to degradation of cellular components by lysosomal activity, and the relationship between autophagy and cancer has been of interest for several years. The present study investigated mTOR pathway activation in MCF-7 cells treated with 500 ng PPY for 24 h by assessing LC3 as a monitor of autophagy. We observed that the p53/NF-κB and mTOR pathways were affected by PPY, which contributes to our understanding of the functional relationship between the Bcl-2 family and mTOR under apoptotic conditions in MCF-7 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su-Jin Park
- Department of Food and Science, Pukyong National University, Busan 608-737, Republic of Korea
| | - Jina Ryu
- Department of Food and Science, Pukyong National University, Busan 608-737, Republic of Korea
| | - In-Hye Kim
- Institute of Fisheries Science, Pukyong National University, Busan 619-911, Republic of Korea
| | - Youn-Hee Choi
- Institute of Fisheries Science, Pukyong National University, Busan 619-911, Republic of Korea
| | - Taek-Jeong Nam
- Department of Food and Science, Pukyong National University, Busan 608-737, Republic of Korea
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Kim JH, Hong JM, Jeong EM, Lee WJ, Kim HR, Kang JS, Kim IG, Hwang YI. Lack of transglutaminase 2 diminished T-cell responses in mice. Immunology 2014; 142:506-16. [PMID: 24628083 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2013] [Revised: 03/08/2014] [Accepted: 03/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Transglutaminase 2 (TG2) has been reported to play a role in dendritic cell activation and B-cell differentiation after immunization. Its presence and role in T cells, however, has not been explored. In the present study, we determined the expression of TG2 on mouse T cells, and evaluated its role by comparing the behaviours of wild-type and TG2(-/-) T cells after activation. In our results, naive T cells minimally expressed TG2, expression of which was increased after activation. T-cell proliferation, expression of activation markers such as CD69 and CD25, and secretions of interleukin-2 and interferon-γ were suppressed in the absence of TG2, presumably due, in part, to diminished nuclear factor-κB activation. These effects on T cells seemed to be reflected in the in vivo immune response, the contact hypersensitivity reaction elicited by 2,4-dinitro-1-fluorobenzene, with lowered peak responses in the TG2(-/-) mice. When splenic T cells from mice immunized with tumour lysate-loaded wild-type dendritic cells were re-challenged ex vivo with the same antigen, the profile of surface markers including CD44, CD62L, and CD127 strongly indicated lesser generation of memory CD8(+) T cells in TG2(-/-) mice. In the TG2(-/-) CD8(+) T cells, moreover, Eomes expression was markedly decreased. These results indicate possible roles of TG2 in CD8(+) T-cell activation and CD8(+) memory T-cell generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Hee Kim
- Department of Anatomy, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Aragona P, Aguennouz M, Rania L, Postorino E, Sommario MS, Roszkowska AM, De Pasquale MG, Pisani A, Puzzolo D. Matrix metalloproteinase 9 and transglutaminase 2 expression at the ocular surface in patients with different forms of dry eye disease. Ophthalmology 2014; 122:62-71. [PMID: 25240629 DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2014.07.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2014] [Revised: 06/17/2014] [Accepted: 07/25/2014] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the expression of matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP9) and transglutaminase 2 (TG2) in different forms of dry eye. DESIGN Case control study. PARTICIPANTS Seventy-five female subjects divided into 3 groups: group 1, 15 healthy controls; group 2, 30 subjects with Sjögren syndrome (SS); and group 3, 30 subjects with Meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD). METHODS A clinical assessment was carried out and impression cytologic specimens were processed for immunoperoxidase staining for MMP9 and TG2 and real-time polymerase chain reaction analyses were carried out for MMP9, TG2, interleukin-6, interferon-γ, B-cell lymphoma 2, and caspase 3. To study MMP9 and TG2 expression after anti-inflammatory treatment, patients were divided into 2 subgroups, one treated with saline and the other treated with saline plus topical corticosteroid eye drops (0.5% loteprednol etabonate) 4 times daily for 15 days. For statistical analysis, Student t test, Mann-Whitney U test, and Spearman's correlation coefficient were used as appropriate. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Conjunctival expression of MMP9 and TG2. RESULTS MMP9 and TG2 expression were higher in both patient groups than in controls (P < 0.0001). Group 2 patients showed higher expression than group 3 (P < 0.0001). The Spearman's correlation coefficient showed in group 2 a positive correlation between MMP9 and TG2 expression (ρ = 0.437; P = 0.01), but no correlation in group 3 (ρ = 0.143; P = 0.45). Corticosteroid treatment significantly reduced MMP9 and TG2 expression in both groups, ameliorating symptoms and signs. A much higher percentage reduction was observed in SS. CONCLUSIONS The pathogenic mechanisms of the 2 forms of dry eye give an account for the different MMP9 and TG2 expressions in the 2 groups of patients. The higher expression in SS is determined by the direct autoimmune insult to the ocular surface epithelia, whereas in MGD patients, with an epithelial damage due to an unbalanced tear secretion, the molecules expression is significantly lower, although higher than in controls. The corticosteroid treatment induced a reduction of both molecules, although higher in SS than in MGD, because of its direct inhibitory effect on inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pasquale Aragona
- Department of Experimental Medical-Surgical Specialties, Regional Referral Center for Ocular Surface Diseases, University of Messina, Messina, Italy.
| | | | - Laura Rania
- Department of Experimental Medical-Surgical Specialties, Regional Referral Center for Ocular Surface Diseases, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Elisa Postorino
- Department of Experimental Medical-Surgical Specialties, Regional Referral Center for Ocular Surface Diseases, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Margherita Serena Sommario
- Department of Experimental Medical-Surgical Specialties, Regional Referral Center for Ocular Surface Diseases, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Roszkowska
- Department of Experimental Medical-Surgical Specialties, Regional Referral Center for Ocular Surface Diseases, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | | | - Antonina Pisani
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Domenico Puzzolo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
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Piacentini M, D'Eletto M, Farrace MG, Rodolfo C, Del Nonno F, Ippolito G, Falasca L. Characterization of distinct sub-cellular location of transglutaminase type II: changes in intracellular distribution in physiological and pathological states. Cell Tissue Res 2014; 358:793-805. [PMID: 25209703 PMCID: PMC4233112 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-014-1990-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2014] [Accepted: 08/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Transglutaminase type II (TG2) is a pleiotropic enzyme that exhibits various activities unrelated to its originally identified functions. Apart from post-translational modifications of proteins (peculiar to the transglutaminase family enzymes), TG2 is involved in diverse biological functions, including cell death, signaling, cytoskeleton rearrangements, displaying enzymatic activities, G-protein and non-enzymatic biological functions. It is involved in a variety of human diseases such as celiac disease, diabetes, neurodegenerative diseases, inflammatory disorders and cancer. Regulatory mechanisms might exist through which cells control multifunctional protein expression as a function of their sub-cellular localization. The definition of the tissue and cellular distribution of such proteins is important for the determination of their function(s). We investigate the sub-cellular localization of TG2 by confocal and immunoelectron microscopy techniques in order to gain an understanding of its properties. The culture conditions of human sarcoma cells (2fTGH cells), human embryonic kidney cells (HEK293TG) and human neuroblastoma cells (SK-n-BE(2)) are modulated to induce various stimuli. Human tissue samples of myocardium and gut mucosa (diseased and healthy) are also analyzed. Immuno-gold labeling indicates that TG2 is localized in the nucleus, mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum under physiological conditions but that this is not a stable association, since different locations or different amounts of TG2 can be observed depending on stress stimuli or the state of activity of the cell. We describe a possible unrecognized location of TG2. Our findings thus provide useful insights regarding the functions and regulation of this pleiotropic enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Piacentini
- Department of Biology, University of Rome 'Tor Vergata', Rome, Italy
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Beljaars L, Schippers M, Reker-Smit C, Martinez FO, Helming L, Poelstra K, Melgert BN. Hepatic Localization of Macrophage Phenotypes during Fibrogenesis and Resolution of Fibrosis in Mice and Humans. Front Immunol 2014; 5:430. [PMID: 25250030 PMCID: PMC4157549 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2014] [Accepted: 08/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages have been found to both promote liver fibrosis and contribute to its resolution by acquiring different phenotypes based on signals from the micro-environment. The best-characterized phenotypes in the macrophage spectrum are labeled M1 (classically activated) and M2 (alternatively activated). Until now the in situ localization of these phenotypes in diseased livers is poorly described. In this study, we therefore aimed to localize and quantify M1- and M2-dominant macrophages in diseased mouse and human livers. The scarred collagen-rich areas in cirrhotic human livers and in CCl4-damaged mouse livers contained many macrophages. Though total numbers of macrophages were higher in fibrotic livers, the number of parenchymal CD68-positive macrophages was significantly lower as compared to normal. Scar-associated macrophages were further characterized as either M1-dominant (IRF-5 and interleukin-12) or M2-dominant (CD206, transglutaminase-2, and YM-1) and significantly higher numbers of both of these were detected in diseased livers as compared to healthy human and mouse livers. Interestingly, in mouse, livers undergoing resolution of fibrosis, the total number of CD68+ macrophages was significantly lower compared to their fibrotic counterparts. M2-dominant (YM-1) macrophages were almost completely gone in livers undergoing resolution, while numbers of M1-dominant (IRF-5) macrophages were almost unchanged and the proteolytic activity (MMP9) increased. In conclusion, this study shows the distribution of macrophage subsets in livers of both human and murine origin. The presence of M1- and M2-dominant macrophages side by side in fibrotic lesions suggests that both are involved in fibrotic responses, while the persistence of M1-dominant macrophages during resolution may indicate their importance in regression of fibrosis. This study emphasizes that immunohistochemical detection of M1/M2-dominant macrophages provides valuable information in addition to widely used flow cytometry and gene analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonie Beljaars
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Toxicology and Targeting, University of Groningen , Groningen , Netherlands
| | - Marlies Schippers
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Toxicology and Targeting, University of Groningen , Groningen , Netherlands
| | - Catharina Reker-Smit
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Toxicology and Targeting, University of Groningen , Groningen , Netherlands
| | - Fernando O Martinez
- Botnar Research Centre, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford , Oxford , UK
| | - Laura Helming
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Technische Universität München , Munich , Germany
| | - Klaas Poelstra
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Toxicology and Targeting, University of Groningen , Groningen , Netherlands
| | - Barbro N Melgert
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Toxicology and Targeting, University of Groningen , Groningen , Netherlands
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Shrestha B, Butt I, Da Silva M, Sanchez-Lara A, Wagner B, Raftery A, Johnson T, Haylor J. Upregulation of transglutaminase and ε (γ-glutamyl)-lysine in the Fisher-Lewis rat model of chronic allograft nephropathy. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:651608. [PMID: 25143942 PMCID: PMC4131109 DOI: 10.1155/2014/651608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2014] [Accepted: 05/11/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tissue transglutaminase (TG2), a cross-linking enzyme, modulates deposition of extracellular matrix protein in renal fibrosis. This study aimed to examine TG2 and its cross-link product ε(γ-glutamyl)-lysine in the Fisher-Lewis rat renal transplantation (RTx) model of chronic allograft nephropathy (CAN). MATERIALS AND METHODS Left renal grafts from male Fisher and Lewis were transplanted into Lewis rats, generating allografts and isografts, respectively. Blood pressure, renal function, and proteinuria were monitored for up to 52 weeks. At termination, CAN was assessed in the renal tissue by light and electron microscopy, TG2 and ε(γ-glutamyl)-lysine by immunofluorescence, and the urinary ε(γ-glutamyl)-lysine by high performance liquid chromatography. RESULTS Compared to the isograft, the allografts were hypertensive, proteinuric, and uraemic and developed CAN. Extracellular TG2 (glomerulus: 64.55 ± 17.61 versus 2.11 ± 0.17, P < 0.001; interstitium: 13.72 ± 1.62 versus 3.19 ± 0.44, P < 0.001), ε(γ-glutamyl)-lysine (glomerulus: 21.74 ± 2.71 versus 1.98 ± 0.37, P < 0.01; interstitium: 37.96 ± 17.06 versus 0.42 ± 0.11, P < 0.05), TG2 enzyme activity (1.09 ± 0.13 versus 0.41 ± 0.03 nmol/h/mg protein, P < 0.05), TG2 mRNA (20-fold rise), and urinary ε(γ-glutamyl)-lysine (534.2 ± 198.4 nmol/24 h versus 57.2 ± 4.1 nmol/24 h, P < 0.05) levels were significantly elevated in the allografts and showed a positive linear correlation with tubulointerstitial fibrosis. CONCLUSION CAN was associated with upregulation of renal TG2 pathway, which has a potential for pharmacological intervention. The elevated urinary ε(γ-glutamyl)-lysine, measured for the first time in RTx, is a potential biomarker of CAN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Badri Shrestha
- Division of Renal Transplantation, Sheffield Kidney Institute, Northern General Hospital, Herries Road, Sheffield S5 7AU, UK
| | - Imran Butt
- Division of Renal Transplantation, Sheffield Kidney Institute, Northern General Hospital, Herries Road, Sheffield S5 7AU, UK
| | - Michelle Da Silva
- Academic Nephrology Unit, Medical School, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK
| | - Armando Sanchez-Lara
- Academic Nephrology Unit, Medical School, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK
| | - Bart Wagner
- Division of Renal Transplantation, Sheffield Kidney Institute, Northern General Hospital, Herries Road, Sheffield S5 7AU, UK
| | - Andrew Raftery
- Division of Renal Transplantation, Sheffield Kidney Institute, Northern General Hospital, Herries Road, Sheffield S5 7AU, UK
| | - Timothy Johnson
- Academic Nephrology Unit, Medical School, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK
| | - John Haylor
- Academic Nephrology Unit, Medical School, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK
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