Mechanism of lipid metabolism regulation by soluble dietary fibre from micronized and non-micronized powders of lotus root nodes as revealed by their adsorption and activity inhibition of pancreatic lipase

Efficient conversion of insoluble dietary fiber to soluble dietary fiber by Bacillus subtilis BSNK-5 fermentation of okara and improvement of their structural and functional properties

Bacillus subtilis exhibits strong adaptability and biotransformation potential in the fermentation of okara, but the effects of fermentation on their dietary fiber remain unclear. This study explored the impact of Bacillus subtilis BSNK-5 fermentation on converting insoluble dietary fiber (IDF) to soluble dietary fiber (SDF) in okara, focusing on structural and functional changes. After 72 h of fermentation, SDF increased 7.51-fold. The surface folds of fermented IDF were reduced. Meanwhile, SDF displayed a more porous structure with significant changes in its crystalline structure. FTIR analysis showed that surface disruption exposed both hydrophilic and hydrophobic groups. Thermal analysis showed that the peak of maximum degradation moved to a lower temperature. Both fermented SDF and IDF exhibited antioxidant activity, effective lipid- and glucose-lowering effects. These findings suggest that BSNK-5 effectively transforms IDF into SDF, with fermented dietary fiber showing great potential as a functional ingredient in the food industry.

Modification of black soybean (Glycine max(L.)merr.) residue insoluble dietary fiber with ultrasonic, microwave, high temperature and high-pressure, and extrusion

Recent studies have emphasized the modification of Insoluble Dietary Fiber (IDF) to enhance its physicochemical properties and functional performance. This study systematically examined the effects of ultrasonic treatment, microwave irradiation, high-temperature and high-pressure processing, and screw extrusion on the physicochemical characteristics, in vitro antioxidant activity, and adsorption capacities of High-Purity Insoluble Dietary Fiber (HPIDF) derived from black bean residues. Although these physical modifications did not alter the functional group composition or crystalline structure of HPIDF, they significantly enhanced its porosity, water-holding capacity (WHC), oil-holding capacity (OHC), and adsorption capacities for glucose, cholesterol, bile salts, and metal ions. Notably, HPIDF treated under high-temperature and high-pressure conditions exhibited the highest adsorption capacities: 9.86 mmol/g for glucose, 8.69 mg/g (pH 2) and 9.69 mg/g (pH 7) for cholesterol, 0.183 g/g (pH 2) and 0.127 g/g (pH 7) for sodium cholate, and 0.699 mg/g (pH 2) and 0.774 mg/g (pH 7) for Cr2+.

Modification of coconut insoluble dietary fiber by enzymatic extraction and high-pressure homogenization: physicochemical property changes and inhibitory effects on pancreatic lipase activity

In this study, coconut insoluble dietary fiber (CIDF) was modified by high-pressure homogenization (HPH), and the physicochemical properties and pancreatic lipase (PL) inhibitory activity were investigated. HPH diminished the particle size of CIDF (859.90 nm to 232.80 nm) and increased the total surface area and gap ratio. HPH enhanced the water and oil holding capacities of CIDF from 6.01 to 10.33 g/g and from 6.52 to 9.87 g/g, respectively. CIDF markedly inhibited PL activity by up to 72.51 % (p < 0.05), with the inhibition rate of PL was significantly higher in HPH-modified CIDF than in unmodified CIDF. The exposure of CIDF's hydroxyl groups due to the HPH treatment directly affected the degree of binding of CIDF to PL. CIDF reduces PL activity through hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interactions with its aromatic amino acid residues.

Unveiling the aroma retention secrets in roasted ducks: Structural properties and formation mechanisms of micro-nano particles of aroma-containing compounds

The study aimed to investigate changes in morphology, structural properties, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and interbinding mechanisms of the micro-nano particles of aroma-containing compounds (MNPs-ACCs) in roasted ducks subjected to different roasting times (0, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60 min) with varied filtration scales (centrifugation, microfiltration, and ultrafiltration). The presence of MNPs-ACCs in roasted ducks was confirmed by the Tyndall effect, scanning electron microscopy, and electronic nose. These particles showed negative charge, increased size and ζ-potential, and decreased dispersion index with roasting times. Moreover, a shift from ordered (α-helix and β-turn) to disordered conformations (β-sheet and random coil) in the MNPs-ACCs during roasting, along with increased hydrophobicity, exposing more odor-binding sites. Fluorescence spectroscopy and wide-angle X-ray results similarly validated this result. Meanwhile, thirty-six characteristic VOCs (variable importance scores ≥1), mainly aldehyde and alcohol, were identified in the MNPs-ACCs. Higher filtration intensity reduced relative aldehyde and alcohol content while increasing ester and ketone. The interaction analysis further confirmed that the MNPs-ACCs transitioned from noncovalent to covalent binding during roasting, forming more stable structures. Overall, biomolecular self-assembly during roasting generates micro-nano particles that serve as VOC carriers, providing novel insights into flavor development and retention in roasted ducks.

Explore the toxicological mechanism of 6PPD-Q on human health through a novel perspective: The interaction between lactate dehydrogenase and 6PPD-Q

N-(1,3-dimethylbutyl)-N'-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine-quinone (6PPD-Q), an oxidative derivative of tire anti-degradant, has been linked to mortality in coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) and has exhibited potential human toxicity. Hence, exploring how 6PPD-Q interacts with biomacromolecules like enzymes is indispensable to assess its human toxicity and elucidate its mechanism of action. This investigation aims to explore the impact of 6PPD-Q on lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) through various methods. The findings indicate that 6PPD-Q can spontaneously embed in the coenzyme site of LDH and obviously change the biological activity of LDH by non-competitive inhibition. Simultaneously, this inhibitory effect is concentration-dependent. 6PPD-Q can affect both the level of LDH and the transcription of Ldha in AML-12 cells. Hydrogen bonding and van der Waals forces serve as the primary driving forces in LDH-6PPD-Q combination process. The apparent binding constant (Ka) value is (9.773 ± 0.699) × 103 L/mol (298 K). The presence of 6PPD-Q alters the conformation of LDH and decreases its structural stability. Moreover, the results of molecular docking indicate that the interaction of 6PPD-Q with Asp51 and Arg98 of LDH may be the reason that 6PPD-Q inhibits the biological activity of LDH. Meanwhile, the energy decomposition of residue analyses for LDH-6PPD-Q formation further highlight the energy contribution of Asp51 and Arg98 in this combination process.

Influence of mulberry, pectin, rutin, and their combinations on α-amylase activity and glucose absorption during starch digestion

Most studies have primarily focused on the effects of individual sources of pectin or polyphenols on starch digestibility. However, the interactions between pectin and polyphenols in digestive fluids may influence their inhibitory capacity against starch digestion by modulating α-amylase activity (αAA), a relationship that remains poorly understood. This study aims to clarify how pectin affects starch digestion when combined with mulberry fruit powder (MFP), mulberry polyphenol extract (MPE), and rutin (the main phenolic compound in MPE). Results showed that the combination of pectin and MFP initially inhibited αAA but later enhanced it. The combination of pectin and MPE consistently showed stronger inhibition of αAA than MPE alone throughout digestion; similar results were observed for the pectin-rutin combination, though the pectin-MPE pairing exhibited greater inhibition than the latter. Pectin's enhanced inhibitory effect on starch digestion may arise from its interactions with α-amylase, starch, and polyphenols through hydrophobic interactions, hydrogen bonding, and non-covalent forces.

Identification, quantification and nutraceutical evaluation of the extracts from Arnebia benthamii roots of Himalayan regions of J&K, India

Arnebia benthamii is one of the important sources of biologically active naphthoquinone pigments. The present study aimed at extraction of shikonin from Arnebia benthamii roots and its characterization. In order to identify and quantify shikonin, the extracts were evaluated using HPLC, LCMS, GCMS, NP-HPTLC and FTIR. Furthermore, nutraceutical evaluation was also done. It was found that the amount of shikonin was very low in the extracts obtained by using aqueous ethanol as it was not detected through chromatographic techniques. However, when hexane was used for extraction, a significant amount of shikonin (4.55 mg/g) was detected. The shikonin showed a linear range from 2-55 µg/mL with LOD and LOQ of 2.65 and 8.02 respectively, with a retention time of 3.64 min. The results of FTIR revealed that hexane extract had the intensity of functional groups similar to that of the standard. The values of DPPH radical inhibition were observed as 82.98 ± 0.01, 65.09 ± 0.23 %, 62.28 ± 0.86 % and 54.09 ± 0.23 % for Std, Ehex, Eus and Evs, respectively. The hexane extract showed the highest antioxidant activity as compared to other samples. Moreover, the hexane extracted shikonin displayed significantly (p > 0.05) high α-amylase and pancreatic lipase inhibition, indicating its high anti-diabetic and anti-lipidemic potential. It can be concluded that hexane is the best solvent for the extraction of shikonin and has better nutraceutical potential compared to ethanolic extracts.

In vitro simulated digestion and fermentation characteristics of pectic polysaccharides from fresh passion fruit (Passiflora edulis f. flavicarpa L.) peel

In this study, two pectic polysaccharides (PFP-T and PFP-UM) were extracted from fresh passion fruit peels using three-phase partitioning (TPP) and sequential ultrasound-microwave-assisted TPP methods, respectively, and their effects on the in vitro gastrointestinal digestion and fecal fermentation characteristics were examined. The results indicate that gastrointestinal digestion has a minimal effect on the physicochemical and structural characteristics of PFP-T and PFP-UM. However, during in vitro fecal fermentation, both undigested PFP-T and PFP-UM are significantly degraded and utilized by intestinal microorganisms, showing increased the total relative abundance of Firmicutes and Bacteroidota in the intestinal flora. Notably, compared with PFP-UM, PFP-T better promoted the reproduction of beneficial bacteria such as Prevotella, Megasphaera and Dialister, while suppressed the growth of harmful genera including Escherichia-Shigella, producing higher content of short-chain fatty acids. Therefore, our findings suggest that PFP-T derived from passion fruit peel has potential as a dietary supplement for promoting intestinal health.

Discovery of Curcuminoids as Pancreatic Lipase Inhibitors from Medicine-and-Food Homology Plants

Researchers are increasingly interested in discovering new pancreatic lipase inhibitors as anti-obesity ingredients. Medicine-and-food homology plants contain a diverse set of natural bioactive compounds with promising development potential. This study screened and identified potent pancreatic lipase inhibitors from 20 commonly consumed medicine-and-food homology plants using affinity ultrafiltration combined with spectroscopy and docking simulations. The results showed that turmeric exhibited the highest pancreatic lipase-inhibitory activity, and curcumin, demethoxycurcumin, and bisdemethoxycurcumin were discovered to be potent pancreatic lipase inhibitors within the turmeric extract, with IC50 values of 0.52 ± 0.04, 1.12 ± 0.05, and 3.30 ± 0.08 mg/mL, respectively. In addition, the enzymatic kinetics analyses demonstrated that the inhibition type of the three curcuminoids was the reversible competitive model, and curcumin exhibited a higher binding affinity and greater impact on the secondary structure of pancreatic lipase than found with demethoxycurcumin or bisdemethoxycurcumin, as observed through fluorescence spectroscopy and circular dichroism. Furthermore, docking simulations supported the above experimental findings, and revealed that the three curcuminoids might interact with amino acid residues in the binding pocket of pancreatic lipase through non-covalent actions, such as hydrogen bonding and π-π stacking, thereby inhibiting the pancreatic lipase. Collectively, these findings suggest that the bioactive compounds of turmeric, in particular curcumin, can be promising dietary pancreatic lipase inhibitors for the prevention and management of obesity.

Carboxymethylated Lycium barbarum seed dreg dietary fiber alleviates high fat diet-induced hyperlipidemia in mice via intestinal regulation

In this study, we investigated the ameliorative gut modulatory effect of carboxymethylated Lycium barbarum seed dreg insoluble dietary fiber (LBSDIDF) on hyperlipidemic mice. After seven weeks of insoluble dietary fiber (IDF) intervention, the results demonstrated that IDFs effectively inhibited body weight gain, with slimming and hypolipidemic effects, and improved liver histopathology by decreasing ALT, AST, TNF-α and IL-6, and increasing short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) levels in hyperlipidemic mice. With the increasing diversity and abundance of intestinal bacteria and decreasing ratio of Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes, intestinal flora facilitated cholesterol lowering effects in hyperlipidemic mice. Our research offers a novel concept for the use of LBSDIDF as a prebiotic to improve intestinal dysbiosis or as a preventive measure against obesity and dyslipidemia.

Modification, biological activity, applications, and future trends of citrus fiber as a functional component: A comprehensive review

Citrus fiber, a by-product of citrus processing that has significant nutritional and bioactive properties, has gained attention as a promising raw material with extensive developmental potential in the food, pharmaceutical, and feed industries. However, the lack of in-depth understanding regarding citrus fiber, including its structure, modification, mechanism of action, and potential applications is holding back its development and utilization in functional foods and drugs. This review explores the status of extraction methods and modifications applied to citrus fiber to augment its health benefits. With the aim of introducing readers to the potential health benefits of citrus fibers, we have placed special emphasis on their regulatory mechanisms in the context of various conditions, including type 2 diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease, obesity, and cancer. Furthermore, this review highlights the applications and prospects of citrus fiber, aiming to provide a theoretical basis for the utilization and exploration of this valuable resource.

Effect of structural characteristics on the physicochemical properties and functional activities of dietary fiber: A review of structure-activity relationship

Dietary fibers come from a wide range of sources and have a variety of preparation methods (including extraction and modification). The different structural characteristics of dietary fibers caused by source, extraction and modification methods directly affect their physicochemical properties and functional activities. The relationship between structure and physicochemical properties and functional activities is an indispensable basic theory for realizing the directional transformation of dietary fibers' structure and accurately regulating their specific properties and activities. In this paper, since a brief overview about the structural characteristics of dietary fiber, the effect of structural characteristics on a variety of physicochemical properties (hydration, electrical, thermal, rheological, emulsifying property, and oil holding capacity, cation exchange capacity) and functional activities (hypoglycemic, hypolipidemic, antioxidant, prebiotic and harmful substances-adsorption activity) of dietary fiber explored by researchers in last five years are emphatically reviewed. Moreover, the future perspectives of structure-activity relationship are discussed. This review aims to provide theoretical foundation for the targeted regulation of properties and activities of dietary fiber, so as to improve the quality of their applied products and physiological efficiency, and then to realize high value utilization of dietary fiber resources.

Heat-killed Lactiplantibacillus plantarum Shinshu N-07 exerts antiobesity effects in western diet-induced obese mice

AIMS

The aim of this study was to evaluate the antiobesity effects of heat-killed Lactiplantibacillus plantarum Shinshu N-07 (N-07) isolated from fermented Brassica rapa L.

METHODS AND RESULTS

Male mice were divided into three groups (n = 10/group); normal diet, western diet (WD), or WD + N-07 (N-07) group and administered each diet for 56 days. The N-07 group showed significant suppression of body weight gain and epididymal fat, perirenal fat, and liver weights compared with the WD group. Higher levels of fecal total cholesterol, triglyceride (TG), and free fatty acid (FFA) were observed in the N-07 group than in the WD group. The mRNA expression of the cholesterol transporter ATP-binding cassette transporter G5 (ABCG5) was significantly increased in the small intestine of N-07-fed mice compared with WD-fed mice. Moreover, N-07 supplementation significantly increased the mRNA expression of ABCG5 and ABCG8 in Caco-2 cells. Furthermore, the TG- and FFA-removal ability of N-07 was confirmed to evaluate its soybean oil- and oleic acid-binding capacities in in vitro experiments.

CONCLUSIONS

The antiobesity effects of N-07 might be due to its ability to promote lipid excretion by regulating cholesterol transporter expression and lipid-binding ability.

Effect of soluble dietary fiber on soy protein isolate emulsion gel properties, stability and delivery of vitamin D3

Emulsion gels with denser network microstructure and stronger mechanical properties have attracted increasing attentions for delivering lipophilic compounds. In this study, the effect of three distinct soluble dietary fiber (inulin (IN), resistant dextrin (RD) and stachyose (ST)) on the rheological, mechanical and microstructural properties of soy protein isolate (SPI) emulsion gel were firstly investigated. Compared with RD and IN, ST significantly accelerated water holding capacity and thermal stability, which exhibited more compact microstructure and more uniform emulsified oil droplets. Subsequently, the stability and bioavailability of vitamin D3 (VD3) in different delivery systems (medium chain triglycerides (MCT) embedding, SPI-ST emulsion embedding, SPI emulsion gel embedding and SPI-ST emulsion gel embedding) were continue evaluated. In vitro simulated digestion experiment demonstrated that the bioaccessibility of encapsulated VD3 in SPI-ST emulsion gel (69.95 %) was much higher than that of free embedding (48.99 %). In vivo pharmacokinetic experiment revealed that the bioavailability of VD3 was significantly enhanced in SPI-ST gel (p < 0.05), with the AUC0-24h value of 25-OH VD3 (the main circulating form of VD3) were 1.34-fold, 1.23-fold higher than that of free embedding, MCT embedding, respectively. These findings provide a possible approach for the development of high protein/fiber functional foods containing enhanced hydrophobic bioactives.

Lotus (Nelumbo nucifera): a multidisciplinary review of its cultural, ecological, and nutraceutical significance

This comprehensive review systematically examines the multifarious aspects of Nelumbo nucifera, elucidating its ecological, nutritional, medicinal, and biomimetic significance. Renowned both culturally and scientifically, Nelumbo nucifera manifests remarkable adaptability, characterized by its extensive distribution across varied climatic regions, underpinned by its robust rhizome system and prolific reproductive strategies. Ecologically, this species plays a crucial role in aquatic ecosystems, primarily through biofiltration, thereby enhancing habitat biodiversity. The rhizomes and seeds of Nelumbo nucifera are nutritionally significant, being rich sources of dietary fiber, essential vitamins, and minerals, and have found extensive culinary applications. From a medicinal perspective, diverse constituents of Nelumbo nucifera exhibit therapeutic potential, including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anti-cancer properties. Recent advancements in preservation technology and culinary innovation have further underscored its role in the food industry, highlighting its nutritional versatility. In biomimetics, the unique "lotus effect" is leveraged for the development of self-cleaning materials. Additionally, the transformation of Nelumbo nucifera into biochar is being explored for its potential in sustainable environmental practices. This review emphasizes the critical need for targeted conservation strategies to protect Nelumbo nucifera against the threats posed by climate change and habitat loss, advocating for its sustainable utilization as a species of significant value.

The lipid digestion behavior of oil-in-water emulsions stabilized by different particle-sized insoluble dietary fiber from citrus peel

In this study, oil-in-water emulsions stabilized by insoluble dietary fibre from citrus peel (CIDF) exhibited an obviously delayed lipid digestion property through gastrointestinal tract (GIT) model. Our results suggested that the rate and extent of lipid digestion greatly relied on particle sizes and concentrations of CIDF, and the inhibition effect of lipolysis was markedly enhanced with decreasing particle sizes and increasing CIDF levels. Furthermore, compared with Tween80-stabilized emulsion, the maximum inhibition extent of lipolysis was 38.77% for CIDF400-stabilized one at 0.4 wt% concentration. Effects of CIDFs on lipid digestion was mainly due to the formation of protective layers around oil droplets, further blocking the entry of lipase to the internal lipids, and/or attributed to the increasing viscosity of emulsions caused by CIDFs, finally limiting the transportation of some substances in the simulated small intestine digestion. Our research would provide useful references for the application of CIDF-stabilized emulsions in low-calorie food.

Important Role and Properties of Granular Nanocellulose Particles in an In Vitro Simulated Gastrointestinal System and in Lipid Digestibility and Permeability

This research evaluated the role and feasibility of the granular nanocellulose particles (GNC) from sugarcane bagasse obtained from enzymatic hydrolysis in reducing lipid digestibility and permeability in an in vitro simulated gastrointestinal (GI) system. GNC concentration (0.02%, w/v) had significantly affected the released free fatty acids (FFA), with a reduction of approximately 20%. Pickering emulsion of a GNC and olive oil simulation mixture revealed higher oil droplet size distribution and stability in the initial stage than the vortexed mixture formation. The difference in particle size distribution and zeta potential of the ingested GNC suspension and GNC-olive oil emulsion were displayed during the in vitro gastrointestinal simulation. GNC particles interacted and distributed surrounding the oil droplet, leading to interfacial emulsion. The GNC concentration (0.01-0.10%, w/v) showed low toxicity on HIEC-6 cells, ranging from 80.0 to 99% of cell viability. The release of FFA containing the ingested GNC suspension and GNC-olive oil emulsion had about a 30% reduction compared to that without the GNC digestion solution. The FFA and triglyceride permeability through the HIEC-6 intestinal epithelium monolayer were deceased in the digesta containing the ingested GNC and emulsion. This work indicated that GNC represented a significantly critical role and properties in the GI tract and reduced lipid digestion and absorption. This GNC could be utilized as an alternative food additive or supplement in fatty food for weight control due to their inhibition of lipid digestibility and assimilation.

Digestion-Related Enzyme Inhibition Potential of Selected Mexican Medicinal Plants (Ludwigia octovalvis (Jacq.) P.H.Raven, Cnidoscolus aconitifolius and Crotalaria longirostrata)

Medicinal plants offer a valuable source of natural compounds with specific and selective bioactivity. These compounds have been isolated since the mid-nineteenth century and are now commonly used in modern medications. L. octovalvis (Jacq.) P.H.Raven, C. aconitifolius, and C. longirostrata are Mexican medicinal plants consumed regularly, and research has shown that they contain bioactive compounds capable of promoting the inhibition of digestive enzymes. This is noteworthy since enzyme inhibitors are bioactive substances that interact with enzymes, diminishing their activity and thereby contributing to the management of diseases and metabolic disturbances. To investigate the activity of these plants, individual analyses were conducted, assessing their proximal composition, bioactive compounds, and inhibition of α-Amylase, α-Glucosidase, lipase, and pepsin. The results revealed that all three plants exhibited enzymatic inhibition. When comparing the plants, it was determined that C. aconitifolius had the lowest concentration required for a 50% inhibition in α-Amylase, α-Glucosidase, and lipase, as indicated by the IC50 values. For pepsin, C. longirostrata demonstrated the lowest IC50 value. By understanding the bioactive compounds present in these plants, we can establish the relationship they have with enzymatic inhibition, which can be utilized for future investigations.

Effects of three biological combined with chemical methods on the microstructure, physicochemical properties and antioxidant activity of millet bran dietary fibre

The effects of cellulase hydrolysis separately combined with hydroxypropylation, carboxymethylation and phosphate crosslinking on the physicochemical properties and antioxidant activity of millet bran dietary fibre (MBDF) were investigated. Compared to cellulase hydrolysis alone, these dual modifications more effectively improved the soluble fibre content, water-swelling ability, viscosity, emulsifying capacity and cation-exchange capacity of MBDF but reduced the emulsion stability, brightness and polyphenol content of MBDF (P < 0.05). MBDF modified by cellulase hydrolysis combined with hydroxypropylation showed the highest emulsifying capacity (60.03 m²/g) and oil-adsorption capacity (3.32 g/g) but the lowest nitrite ion-adsorbing ability (NIAA). MBDF modified by cellulase hydrolysis with carboxymethylation showed the highest surface hydrophobicity, cation-exchange capacity (0.352 mmol/g) and NIAA (152.89 μg/g). MBDF modified by cellulase hydrolysis combined with phosphate crosslinking exhibited excellent copper ion-adsorbing ability (19.97 mg/g) and viscosity (19.33 cp). Moreover, these dual modifications all enhanced the Fe²⁺ chelating ability and reducing power of MBDF (P < 0.05).

Identification of pancreatic lipase inhibitors from Eucommia ulmoides tea by affinity-ultrafiltration combined UPLC-Orbitrap MS and in vitro validation

Pancreatic lipase inhibitors can reduce blood lipids by inactivating the catalytic activity of human pancreatic lipase, a key enzyme involved in triglyceride hydrolysis, which helps control some dyslipidemic diseases. The ability of Eucommia ulmoides tea to improve fat-related diseases is closely related to the natural inhibitory components of pancreatic lipase contained in the tea. In this study, fifteen pancreatic lipase inhibitors were screened and identified from Eucommia ulmoides tea by affinity-ultrafiltration combined UPLC-Q-Exactive Orbitrap/MS. Four representative components of geniposidic acid, quercetin-3-O-sambuboside, isochlorogenic acid A, and quercetin with high binding degrees were further verified by nanoscale differential scanning fluorimetry (nanoDSF) and enzyme inhibitory assays. The results of flow cytometry showed that they could significantly reduce the activity of pancreatic lipase in AR42J cells induced by palmitic acid in a concentration-dependent manner. Our findings suggest that Eucommia ulmoides tea may be a promising resource for pancreatic lipase inhibitors of natural origin.

Effect of Insoluble Dietary Fiber Extracted from Feijoa (Acca sellowiana (O. Berg) Burret.) Supplementation on Physicochemical and Functional Properties of Wheat Bread

This study aimed to assess the effects of insoluble dietary fiber (IDF) from feijoa supplementation on the physicochemical and functional properties of wheat bread. The results showed that feijoa IDF (FJI) had the typical structures of hydrolysis fiber, polysaccharide functional groups, and crystal structure of cellulose. The gradual increase of FJI levels (from 2 to 8%) in wheat bread resulted in increased total DF, ash, and protein contents, accompanied by a reduction in moisture, carbohydrates, and energy value. The inclusion of FJI in the bread crumb caused a rise in both redness (a*) and yellowness (b*) values while decreasing the brightness (L*) relative to the control specimen. In addition, adding FJI up to 2% significantly increased total phenolic and flavonoid contents and antioxidant activity, as well as flavor score of supplemented bread samples, while additions above 2% resulted in undesirable taste and texture. FJI addition caused higher bile acid, NO2-, and cholesterol adsorption capacities. Moreover, FJI addition up to 4% significantly reduced glucose adsorption capacities at different in vitro starch digestion intervals. The findings revealed that FJI offers great potential as an ideal functional ingredient in food processing.

Cross-linking, carboxymethylation and hydroxypropylation treatment to sorghum dietary fiber: Effect on physicochemical, micro structural and thermal properties

The effect of cross-linking (CL), carboxymethylation (CM), and hydroxypropylation (HP) on the physicochemical, micro-structural, and thermal properties of sorghum dietary fiber (SODF) was studied. Results reflected that all three modifications significantly (p < 0.05) increased the water absorption capacity, swelling capacity, oil absorption capacity, and soluble dietary fiber content of SODF with CM being the most effective treatment. The CM significantly (p < 0.05) improved the solubility (9.9 %), whereas CL (4.65 %) and HP (2.79 %) significantly reduced the solubility of native SODF. The color analysis reflected the decrease in L* value after all modifications, indicating an increase in brown color of SODF. XRD analysis reflected an increase in crystallinity value (14.47 to 17.94 %) of SODF after modifications, resulting in increased thermal stability of modified SODF. The DSC results revealed the increased decomposition temperature of cross-linked and hydroxypropylated dietary fiber showing improved thermal stability of these types of modified fibers. The changes in thermal, physicochemical, and microstructural properties of SODF after modification could be ascribed to the changes in structure and chemical composition as reflected from SEM, XRD, and FTIR analysis.

Dietary fiber modification: structure, physicochemical properties, bioactivities, and application-a review

There is increasing attention on the modification of dietary fiber (DF), since its effective improvement on properties and functions of DF. Modification of DF can change their structure and functions to enhance their bioactivities, and endow them with huge application potential in the field of food and nutrition. Here, we classified and explained the different modification methods of DF, especially dietary polysaccharides. Different modification methods exert variable effects on the chemical structure of DF such as molecular weight, monosaccharide composition, functional groups, chain structure, and conformation. Moreover, we have discussed the change in physicochemical properties and biological activities of DF, resulting from alterations in the chemical structure of DF, along with a few applications of modified DF. Finally, we have summarized the modified effects of DF. This review will provide a foundation for further studies on DF modification and promote the future application of DF in food products.

Effects of electron beam irradiation treatment on the structural and functional properties of okara insoluble dietary fiber

BACKGROUND

Insoluble dietary fiber (IDF) has beneficial physiological effects, such as the promoting of intestinal peristalsis, the improving of intestinal flora, and the absorbing of some harmful substances. Okara, a byproduct of soybean processing, is a potential source of IDF. But the larger particle size and poor water solubility of okara IDF have adverse effects on sensory properties and functional characteristics. Therefore, we used an emerging type of physical method is electron beam irradiation (EBI) to modify okara, and investigated that the effects of EBI doses on the structure and functional properties of okara IDF.

RESULTS

It was found that the electron beam treatment damaged the crystalline structure of IDF. Observation of the surface of EBI-treated IDF revealed a loose and porous morphology rather than the typical smooth structure. At a dose of 6 kGy, a smallest particle size and largest specific surface area of IDF was obtained, and these factors increased the apparent viscosity of an IDF dispersion. The water holding capacity, swelling capacity and the oil holding capacity upon irradiation at 6 kGy increased 74.13%, 84.76% and 41.62%, respectively. In addition, the capacity for adsorption of cholesterol, sodium cholate, glucose and nitrite ion were improved after electron beam treatment.

CONCLUSION

The modified okara IDF showed improved particle sizes and hydration properties, and these changes correlated with an improvement to the rough taste of IDF and improvements to the texture and storage period upon supplementation into food. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.

Effect of alkaline hydrogen peroxide assisted with two modification methods on the physicochemical, structural and functional properties of bagasse insoluble dietary fiber

Bagasse is one of major by-product of sugar mills, but its utilization is limited by the high concentration of lignin. In this study, the optimal alkaline hydrogen peroxide (AHP) treatment conditions were determined by the response surface optimization method. The results showed that the lignin removal rate was 62.23% and the solid recovery rate was 53.76% when bagasse was prepared under optimal conditions (1.2% H₂O₂, 0.9% NaOH, and 46°C for 12.3 h), while higher purity of bagasse insoluble dietary fiber (BIDF) was obtained. To further investigate the modification effect, AHP assisted with high-temperature-pressure cooking (A-H) and enzymatic hydrolysis (A-E) were used to modify bagasse, respectively. The results showed that the water holding capacity (WHC), oil holding capacity (OHC), bile salt adsorption capacity (BSAC), and nitrite ion adsorption capacity (NIAC) were significantly improved after A-H treatment. With the A-E treatment, cation exchange capacity (CEC) and BSAC were significantly increased, while WHC, OHC, and glucose adsorption capacity (GAC) were decreased. Especially, the highest WHC, OHC, BSAC and NIAC were gained by A-H treatment compared to the A-E treatment. These changes in the physicochemical and functional properties of bagasse fiber were in agreement with the microscopic surface wrinkles and pore structure, crystallinity and functional groups. In summary, the A-H modification can effectively improve the functional properties of bagasse fiber, which potentially can be applied further in the food industry.

Qualitative and Quantitative Correlation of Microstructural Properties and In Vitro Glucose Adsorption and Diffusion Behaviors of Pea Insoluble Dietary Fiber Induced by Ultrafine Grinding

Ultrafine grinding is an important pretreatment to achieve the physical modification of dietary fiber. In this study, ultrafine grinding treatments were performed for different times to give pea insoluble dietary fiber (PIDF) samples with varied particle sizes (D50). The correlations and quantitative relationships between the microstructures of multi-scales PIDF and its in vitro glucose adsorption and diffusion behaviors were comprehensively evaluated. The results indicated that the specific surface area (SSA), pore volume (PV) and oxygen-to-carbon surface ratio (O/C) of PIDF were significantly increased by ultrafine grinding at the cellular scale, while D50 and cellulose crystallinity (CrI) were significantly decreased. These changes significantly improved the glucose adsorption capacity (GAC) of PIDF. The order of importance of microstructural changes on GAC was O/C > PV > SSA > CrI > D50. GAC showed positive exponential relationships with SSA, PV, and O/C and showed a negative linear relationship with CrI. The ability to retard glucose diffusion increased significantly with decreased fiber particle size because of improved adsorption and interception of glucose and the dense physical barrier effect of PIDF. The quantitative equation of maximum glucose dialysis retardation index was GDRImax = −1.65 ln(D50) + 16.82 ln(GAC) − 68.22 (R2 = 0.99). The results could provide theoretical support for quantitative and targeted intervention of dietary fiber structure for blood glucose control.

The influences of acetylation, hydroxypropylation, enzymatic hydrolysis and crosslinking on improved adsorption capacities and in vitro hypoglycemic properties of millet bran dietary fibre

The effects of acetylation, hydroxypropylation, cellulase hydrolysis and crosslinking on adsorption capacities and in vitro hypoglycemic activities of millet bran dietary fibre (MBDF) were studied. The results demonstrated that both acetylation and hydroxypropylation improved water swelling ability of MBDF, and adsorption capacities of cholesterol, cholate and copper ion on MBDF. Acetylation and hydroxypropylation also enhanced α-glucosidase and α-amylase inhibition activities, glucose-binding ability and glucose diffusion retardation index (GDRI) of MBDF. Acetylated MBDF showed the highest cholate (77.31 mg/g) and cholesterol (13.97 mg/g) adsorption capacities. The crosslinking improved adsorption of cholate, cholesterol, copper ion (25.64 mg/g) and nitrite ion (181.59 μg/g) on MBDF; but reduced α-amylase inhibition activity (p < 0.05). Moreover, cellulase hydrolyzed MBDF exhibited the highest GDRI (39.60%) and α-amylase inhibition activity (34.53%), but the lowest oil and cholate adsorption capacities. The results suggest that the modified MBDFs can be used as an ingredient of hypoglycemic foods.

Effect of four modification methods on adsorption capacities and in vitro hypoglycemic properties of millet bran dietary fibre

To improve the adsorption capacities and hypoglycemic properties of millet bran dietary fibre (MBDF), four methods including acrylate-grafting, carboxymethylation, heat assisted with cellulase hydrolysis, and enzymatic hydrolysis combined with acrylate-grafting were used. The results demonstrated that all carboxymethylation, acrylate-grafting, and enzymatic hydrolysis combined with acrylate-grafting improved soluble dietary fibre content, water swelling ability and α-amylase-inhibition activity of MBDF. They also increased oil, cholesterol, sodium cholate, copper ion and nitrite ion adsorption capacities of MBDF. But carboxymethylation, acrylate-grafting and enzymatic hydrolysis combined with acrylate-grafting decreased polyphenol content, glucose-binding ability and glucose dialysis retardation index of MBDF (p < 0.05). The heat assisted with cellulase hydrolysis increased soluble dietary fibre content, polyphenol content, sodium cholate-adsorption capacity, and hypoglycemic properties of MBDF including glucose-binding ability, glucose dialysis retardation index and α-amylase-inhibition activity; but reduced adsorption capacity of MBDF on cholesterol and copper ion (p < 0.05). Changes in structure of MBDF caused by these modification methods were proved by the results of scanning electron microscopy and Fourier-transformed infrared spectroscopy analysis. These results highlight potential applications of these modified MBDFs as ingredients of hypolipidemic and hypoglycemic foods, or scavenger of nitrite and copper ion.

Resistant starch type 2 from lotus stem: Ultrasonic effect on physical and nutraceutical properties

Resistant starch type 2 (RS) was isolated from lotus stem using enzymatic digestion method. The isolated RS was subjected to ultrasonication (US) at different sonication power (100-400 W). The US treated and untreated RS samples were characterized using dynamic light scattering (DLS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), light microscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). DLS revealed that particle size of RS decreased from 12.80 µm to 413.19 nm and zeta potential increased from -12.34 mV to -26.09 mV with the increase in sonication power. SEM revealed smaller, disintegrated and irregular shaped RS particles after ultrasonication. FT-IR showed the decreased the band intensity at 995 cm-1 and 1047 cm-1 signifying that US treatment decreased the crystallinity of RS and increased its amorphous character. The bile acid binding, anti-oxidant and pancreatic lipase inhibition activity of samples also increased significantly (p < 0.05) with the increase in sonication power. Increase in US power however increased the values of hydrolysis from 23.11 ± 1.09 to 36.06 ± 0.13% and gylcemic index from 52.39 ± 0.38 to 59.50 ± 0.11. Overall, the non-thermal process of ultrasonic treatment can be used to change the structural, morphological and nutraceutical profile of lotus stem resistant starch which can have great food and pharamaceutical applications.

Sagittaria trifolia tuber: bioconstituents, processing, products, and health benefits

Sagittaria trifolia is an aquatic plant that is distributed worldwide. The edible tuber part of S. trifolia is a very common and popular vegetable in China. The aim of the present review is to discuss the discovery of nutraceuticals from S. trifolia tuber by reviewing its major constituents, food processing, food products, and health-promoting benefits. Sagittaria trifolia tuber comprises a series of nutritional and bioactive constituents, including dietary fibers, amino acids, minerals, starches, non-starch polysaccharides, diterpenoids, colchicine, phenols, and organic acids. Food processing affects its flavor, biocomponents, and bioactivity. Numerous S. trifolia tuber-based food products and nutraceuticals have been developed, but new categories of products and the anticipated functions still need to be explored. The non-starch polysaccharides could be the central ingredients that contribute to the plant's antioxidant, hepatoprotective, hypoglycemic, lipid-regulating, and immunostimulatory properties. Of these, antioxidant and hepatoprotective effects have been thoroughly investigated. Procedures for the extraction and purification of polysaccharides influence their health-promoting actions. Overall, S. trifolia tuber is an underutilized aquatic vegetable species that is an emerging subject for nutraceutical research. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.

Modification of pea dietary fiber by ultrafine grinding and hypoglycemic effect in diabetes mellitus mice

This study was designed to investigate the effects of ultrafine grinding on the physicochemical properties of pea dietary fiber (PDF) and the hypoglycemic effect of ultrafine grinding dietary fiber on diabetes mellitus (DM). So, the PDF was treated by ultrafine grinding technology, and its microstructure and physicochemical properties were determined. Then, the DM model was established, and the 4-week ultrafine grinded pea dietary fiber (UGPDF) diet intervention was conducted by using gavage and feeding. During this period, the blood glucose and body weight of the mice were measured, and an oral glucose tolerance test was measured on the last day. The biochemical blood indexes of the mice were determined, and the pancreas was stained with HE after dissecting. The results showed that after ultrafine grinding, the structure fragmentation, specific surface area increased, and UGPDF showed higher swelling ability as well as water and oil holding capacities. Simultaneously, UGPDF had a significant effect on reducing blood glucose and glycosylated hemoglobin in DM mice, improving the wasting state of mice and increasing the tolerance to glucose. Further, the results of the HE section showed that the pancreatic islet cells gradually returned to normal regular morphology. In biochemical blood indicators, UGPDF reduced TC and TG levels in the blood. This study provided a specific data basis for the following research on the hypoglycemic mechanism, and broadens the application field of PDF. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: The physicochemical properties of pea dietary fiber were improved by ultrafine grinding technology. Because of this, the application of pea dietary fiber in the field of hypoglycemic had a better effect, laying a foundation for the next research on hypoglycemic mechanism.

Effects of carboxymethylation, hydroxypropylation and dual enzyme hydrolysis combination with heating on physicochemical and functional properties and antioxidant activity of coconut cake dietary fibre

The effects of carboxymethylation, hydroxypropylation and dual enzyme hydrolysis combined with heating on some physicochemical and functional properties, and antioxidant activity of coconut cake dietary fibre (CCDF) were studied. Results showed that both the hydroxypropylation and carboxymethylation could effectively improve (p < 0.05) the water retention capacity (WRC), oil retention capacity (ORC), viscosity, α-amylase inhibition activity (α-AAIR), glucose dialysis retardation index (GDRI), cation-exchange capacity, emulsifying capacity index (ECI) and bile adsorption capacity (BAC) of CCDF. Moreover, the cellulase and hemicellulase hydrolysis combination with heating significantly enhanced (p < 0.05) the soluble dietary fibre content, WRC, emulsion stability, GDRI, α-AAIR and BAC of CCDF; but caused decrease in ORC and browning of color. In addition, improvement of total phenol content, Fe²⁺ chelating ability, ABTS⁺· and O₂^-· scavenging activity were obtained in carboxymethylaticted CCDF. These effects were mainly attributed to the composition and structural modifications as evident from SEM, FT-IR and XRD analysis.

Lipase Inhibitors for Obesity: A Review

With the rapid increase in the population of obese individuals, obesity has become a global problem. Many kinds of chronic metabolic diseases easily caused by obesity have received increasing attention from researchers. People are also striving to find various safe and effective treatment methods as well as anti-obesity medicines. Pancreatic lipase (PL) inhibitors have received substantial attention from researchers in recent years, and PL inhibitors from natural products have attracted much attention due to their structural diversity, low toxicity and wide range of sources. They have been used in the intestinal tract, blood, and the central nervous system with no side effects, and these advantages could lead to a new generation of diet pills or health care products with great development potential. This article is mainly aimed at discussing the research of obesity drug treatment with PL inhibitors and offers a brief review of related properties and the use of PL inhibitors in the field of weight loss.