Metabolomics: An analytical technique for food processing evaluation

Foodomics uncovers functional and volatile metabolite dynamics in red raspberry chewable tablet optimized processing

Raspberries are known to contain valuable metabolites and possess a robust antioxidant capacity. However, the impact of different tablet processing stages on the nutritional content and flavor profile of raspberries remains unclear. The dynamic profile of functional and volatile metabolites was investigated through foodomics combined with UPLC-MS/MS-based widely targeted metabolomics and HS-SPME-GC-MS, and antioxidant capacities were assessed during tablet processing. 1336 functional metabolites and 645 volatile metabolites were identified. Results indicated tablets retained 34% ∼ 61% of the total volatile contents. In addition, the conversion intensity of functional metabolites was consistent with the order of "Tableting > Freeze-drying > Crushing". Compared to raspberry, tablets showed higher antioxidant activity, which was positively correlated with vitamin contents. This study elucidated that tablet formation demonstrated advantages in antioxidation and aroma retention, which may provide insights for enhancing quality during the tableting process.

Multiscale metabolomics techniques: Insights into neuroscience research

The field of metabolomics examines the overall composition and dynamic patterns of metabolites in living organisms. The primary methods used in metabolomics include liquid chromatography (LC), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and mass spectrometry (MS) analysis. These methods enable the identification and examination of metabolite types and contents within organisms, as well as modifications to metabolic pathways and their connection to the emergence of diseases. Research in metabolomics has extensive value in basic and applied sciences. The field of metabolomics is growing quickly, with the majority of studies concentrating on biomedicine, particularly early disease diagnosis, therapeutic management of human diseases, and mechanistic knowledge of biochemical processes. Multiscale metabolomics is an approach that integrates metabolomics techniques at various scales, including the holistic, tissue, cellular, and organelle scales, to enable more thorough and in-depth studies of metabolic processes in organisms. Multiscale metabolomics can be combined with methods from systems biology and bioinformatics. In recent years, multiscale metabolomics approaches have become increasingly important in neuroscience research due to the nervous system's high metabolic demands. Multiscale metabolomics can offer novel concepts and approaches for the diagnosis, treatment, and development of medication for neurological illnesses in addition to a more thorough understanding of brain metabolism and nervous system function. In this review, we summarize the use of multiscale metabolomics techniques in neuroscience, address the promise and constraints of these techniques, and provide an overview of the metabolome and its applications in neuroscience.

Maillard reaction products and metabolite profile of plant-based meat burgers compared with traditional meat burgers and cooking-induced alterations

We are undergoing a food transformation with the introduction of plant-based meat analogues, but little is known about their chemical characteristics. This study aimed to elucidate the Maillard reactions in plant-based meat burger alternatives (PBMBA). For this purpose, NMR-based metabolomics and targeted MS analysis of Maillard and dehydroalanine pathway markers were conducted on six PBMBA prototypes with different proportions of high-moisture protein extrudates, low-moisture extrudates and pea protein on a commercial PBMBA and on a meat burger before and after cooking. Results revealed that higher levels of Maillard reaction markers were present in PBMBAs in the uncooked state, with lower levels formed during cooking compared with conventional meat. The metabolite profile disclosed that the distinct pattern of the Maillard reaction could be attributed to different substrate availability, but data also revealed that pre-processing of the plant protein affects the presence of Maillard reaction products in PBMBAs.

Enhancing bacterial cellulose production of Komagataeibacter nataicola through fermented coconut water by Saccharomyces cerevisiae: A metabonomics approach

Nata de coco, an edible bacterial cellulose (BC) product, is a traditional dessert fermented in coconut water. Production of Nata de coco by Komagataeibacter nataicola is enhanced by pre-fermented coconut water, but its instability is a challenge. Here, BC production by K. nataicola Y19 was significantly improved by Saccharomyces cerevisiae 84-3 through shaping the metabolite profile of the coconut water. Different fermentation time with S. cerevisiae 84-3 resulted in distinct metabolite profiles and different promoting effect on BC yield. Compared to unfermented coconut water, coconut water fermented by S. cerevisiae 84-3 for 1d and 7d enhanced BC yield by 14.1-fold and 5.63-fold, respectively. Analysis between unfermented coconut water and 1d-fermented coconut water showed 129 significantly different metabolites, including organic acids, amino acids, nucleotides, and their derivatives. Prolonged fermentation for 7d changed levels of 155 metabolites belongs to organic acids, amino acids, nucleotides and their derivatives. Spearman correlation analysis further revealed that 17 metabolites were positively correlated with BC yield and 21 metabolites were negatively correlated with BC yield. These metabolites may affect energy metabolism, cell signaling, membrane integrity, and BC production by K. nataicola Y19. The further verification experiment gave the view that BC yield was not only closely related to the types of metabolites but also the concentration of metabolites. This study provides a novel theoretical framework for a highly efficient BC fermentation system utilizing stable fermented coconut water mediums.

Assessment of Untargeted Metabolomics by Hydrophilic Interaction Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry to Define Breast Cancer Liquid Biopsy-Based Biomarkers in Plasma Samples

An early diagnosis of cancer is fundamental not only in regard to reducing its mortality rate but also in terms of counteracting the progression of the tumor in the initial stages. Breast cancer (BC) is the most common tumor pathology in women and the second deathliest cancer worldwide, although its survival rate is increasing thanks to improvements in screening programs. However, the most common techniques to detect a breast tumor tend to be time-consuming, unspecific or invasive. Herein, the use of untargeted hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis appears as an analytical technique with potential use for the early detection of biomarkers in liquid biopsies from BC patients. In this research, plasma samples from 134 BC patients were compared with 136 from healthy controls (HC), and multivariate statistical analyses showed a clear separation between four BC phenotypes (LA, LB, HER2, and TN) and the HC group. As a result, we identified two candidate biomarkers that discriminated between the groups under study with a VIP > 1 and an AUC of 0.958. Thus, targeting the specific aberrant metabolic pathways in future studies may allow for better molecular stratification or early detection of the disease.

Metabolomics analysis reveals the effect of fermentation on the chemical composition and antioxidant activity of Paeonia lactiflora Root

Fermentation is an effective means of enhancing the nutritional value of natural medicines, however, it is unclear how the metabolites changed during the fermentation of Paeonia lactiflora root (PLR). This study intends to elucidate how the active constituents and antioxidant activity of PLR change during fermentation. The study examined the levels of total glucosides of paeony (TGP), total flavonoids content (TFC), total phenols content (TPC), and antioxidant capability by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and spectrophotometry. The chemical compositions before and after PLR fermentation were compared utilizing ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (UHPLC - MS). The findings from this study indicate that TGP, TFC and TPC peaked at Day 2 of fermentation, and the antioxidant capacity increased after fermentation. Of the 109 detected compounds, 18 were discrepant compounds. In summary, fermentation is an essential strategy for enhancing the functional activity of PLR. The current study could establish a scientific basis for future research on the fermentation of PLR, and provides new insights into the influence of fermentation on chemical composition as well as the antioxidant activity of drugs.

MetaboAnalyst 6.0: towards a unified platform for metabolomics data processing, analysis and interpretation

We introduce MetaboAnalyst version 6.0 as a unified platform for processing, analyzing, and interpreting data from targeted as well as untargeted metabolomics studies using liquid chromatography - mass spectrometry (LC-MS). The two main objectives in developing version 6.0 are to support tandem MS (MS2) data processing and annotation, as well as to support the analysis of data from exposomics studies and related experiments. Key features of MetaboAnalyst 6.0 include: (i) a significantly enhanced Spectra Processing module with support for MS2 data and the asari algorithm; (ii) a MS2 Peak Annotation module based on comprehensive MS2 reference databases with fragment-level annotation; (iii) a new Statistical Analysis module dedicated for handling complex study design with multiple factors or phenotypic descriptors; (iv) a Causal Analysis module for estimating metabolite - phenotype causal relations based on two-sample Mendelian randomization, and (v) a Dose-Response Analysis module for benchmark dose calculations. In addition, we have also improved MetaboAnalyst's visualization functions, updated its compound database and metabolite sets, and significantly expanded its pathway analysis support to around 130 species. MetaboAnalyst 6.0 is freely available at https://www.metaboanalyst.ca.

Metabolomic profiling of the nutritional components of chicory leaves following heat processing

Chicory (Cichorium intybus L.; witloof) is a crisp bitter leafy vegetable, popularly used in western cuisine in salads and soups (leaves) and as an alternative to coffee (roasted roots). In this study, we explored the effect of heat processing under various temperatures and for different durations on the nutritional composition of chicory leaves using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS) and principal component analysis (PCA). "Vintor" chicory leaves were processed and homogenized to obtain lyophilized samples, and their moisture content and pH were measured. Heat processing was conducted at 4, 30, 60, and 100°C. Metabolites were extracted and analyzed using GC/MS. The results were statistically analyzed using multiple t-tests and Tukey-Kramer method. A PCA was conducted using standardized data. A lower temperature (≤60°C) positively influenced the concentrations of nutritional components (sugars, free amino acids, and organic acids), branched-chain amino acids (which reportedly improve exercise performance), and γ-aminobutyric acid (which exerts antihypertensive effects). Whereas, a higher temperature (100°C) and microwave processing induced the generation of low-molecular-weight sugars from polysaccharides and glycosides, decreased free amino acid concentrations, and caused heat-induced aminocarbonyl reactions. This study provides valuable information for enhancing the flavor profiles and potential health benefits of chicory leaves by identifying the optimal heat processing parameters for preserving the desired nutritional value. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: The palatability, nutritional content, and health benefits of chicory have been evaluated based on its inherent constituents, but changes in these parameters during food processing remain unclear. Heating at 30 and 60°C activated secondary metabolism in chicory, increasing the amino acid and organic acid concentrations, whereas heating at 100°C and microwave processing increased the sugar concentrations in chicory. Thus, the nutritional value and potential health benefits of chicory could be enhanced by processing it under controlled temperatures; the findings are valuable for both consumers and food processing industry.

Effect of milling and defatting treatment on texture and digestion properties of oat rice

Oat rice with great sensory acceptance was developed based on the combination method of milling and defatting (petroleum ether) treatment. In this study, the effect of milling and defatting treatment on the texture and digestion properties of oat rice was investigated. Results showed that milling and defatting treatment enhanced stickiness, enthalpy, and starch digestibility. The pasting temperature and hardness of oat rice were reduced. The lipid content of oat rice was significantly reduced by milling and defatting treatment, leading to a decrease in the formation of starch-lipid complex. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction analyses revealed that the application of milling and defatting treatments led to a reduction in the content of starch-lipid complexes in oats during the cooking process. Milling and defatting significantly enhanced both the rapid and slow digestion rates of oat rice. Specifically, the rapid digestion rate was found to be 2.5 times higher than the slow digestion rate. The nutritive components of oat rice were properly preserved, and the viscosity and elasticity of oat rice reached the maximum when milling for 40 s and defatting. This study provides a theoretical basis for oat products.

Metabolomics approach to understand molecular mechanisms involved in fungal pathogen-citrus pathosystems

Citrus is a crucial crop with a significant economic impact globally. However, postharvest decay caused by fungal pathogens poses a considerable threat, leading to substantial financial losses. Penicillium digitatum, Penicillium italicum, Geotrichum citri-aurantii and Phyllosticta citricarpa are the main fungal pathogens, causing green mold, blue mold, sour rot and citrus black spot diseases, respectively. The use of chemical fungicides as a control strategy in citrus raises concerns about food and environmental safety. Therefore, understanding the molecular basis of host-pathogen interactions is essential to find safer alternatives. This review highlights the potential of the metabolomics approach in the search for bioactive compounds involved in the pathogen-citrus interaction, and how the integration of metabolomics and genomics contributes to the understanding of secondary metabolites associated with fungal virulence and the fungal infection mechanisms. Our goal is to provide a pipeline combining metabolomics and genomics that can effectively guide researchers to perform studies aiming to contribute to the understanding of the fundamental chemical and biochemical aspects of pathogen-host interactions, in order to effectively develop new alternatives for fungal diseases in citrus cultivation. We intend to inspire the scientific community to question unexplored biological systems, and to employ diverse analytical approaches and metabolomics techniques to address outstanding questions about the non-studied pathosystems from a chemical biology perspective.

MARS: A Multipurpose Software for Untargeted LC-MS-Based Metabolomics and Exposomics

Untargeted metabolomics is a growing field, in which recent advances in high-resolution mass spectrometry coupled with liquid chromatography (LC-MS) have facilitated untargeted approaches as a result of improvements in sensitivity, mass accuracy, and resolving power. However, a very large amount of data are generated. Consequently, using computational tools is now mandatory for the in-depth analysis of untargeted metabolomics data. This article describes MetAbolomics ReSearch (MARS), an all-in-one vendor-agnostic graphical user interface-based software applying LC-MS analysis to untargeted metabolomics. All of the analytical steps are described (from instrument data conversion and processing to statistical analysis, annotation/identification, quantification, and preliminary biological interpretation), and tools developed to improve annotation accuracy (e.g., multiple adducts and in-source fragmentation detection, trends across samples, and the MS/MS validator) are highlighted. In addition, MARS allows in-house building of reference databases, to bypass the limits of freely available MS/MS spectra collections. Focusing on the flexibility of the software and its user-friendliness, which are two important features in multipurpose software, MARS could provide new perspectives in untargeted metabolomics data analysis.

Impact of low temperature on the chemical profile of sweet corn kernels during post-harvest storage

Fresh sweet corn has a limited shelf-life due to its high moisture and high sugar content. Low temperature storage is an effective technique employed to extend the shelf-life. However, changes in the chemical composition of sweet corn kernels at low temperatures are not fully understood. In this study, kernels stored at low temperature exhibited higher levels of soluble sugars and lower starch content. In total, 1365 metabolites were characterized in sweet corn kernels. 593 and 308 differentially accumulated metabolites (DAMs) were identified in sweet corn kernels stored at normal and low temperature, respectively. 607 DAMs were identified at low temperature compare to normal temperature. DAMs were consistently enriched in flavonoid biosynthesis, linoleic acid metabolism and sphingolipid metabolism. Moreover, dozens of metabolites were identified as potential biomarkers for post-harvest storage effects in sweet corn. These results extend our knowledge of the dynamic changes in sweet corn kernels stored at low temperatures.

Quality evaluation of four Ferula plants and identification of their key volatiles based on non-targeted metabolomics

Introduction

Ferula is a traditional, edible, and important medicinal plant with high economic value. The distinction between edible and non-edible Ferula remains unclear.

Methods

In this study, headspace solid-phase microextraction coupled to gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HS-SPME/GC-MS) and ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) non-targeted metabolomics techniques were used to systematically and comprehensively analyse secondary metabolites in the leaves and roots of four species of Ferula, considering their edibility.

Results

A total of 166 leaf volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and 1,079 root metabolites were identified. Additionally, 42 potential VOCs and 62 differential root metabolites were screened to distinguish between edible and non-edible Ferula. Twelve volatile metabolites were specific to F. feurlaeoides, and eight compounds were specific to the three edible Ferula species. The results showed that compounds containing sulphur, aldehydes, and ketones, which produce pungent odours, were the primary sources of the strong odour of Ferula. The root differential metabolites include 13 categories, among which the high concentration group is organic acids, amino acids, terpenoids and fatty acids. The bioactive metabolites and VOCs in the roots exhibited species-specific characteristics. VOCs with various odors were linked to the distribution of root metabolites in both edible and non-edible Ferula plants. The screened root markers may contribute to the formation of characteristic VOCs.

Discussion

This study identified the difference in flavour between edible and non-edible Ferula plants and, for the first time, demonstrated the contribution of the efficacy of Ferula root to the unique flavour of the above-ground parts of Ferula. These results provide a theoretical basis for selecting Ferula for consumption and help evaluate the quality of different species of Ferula. Our findings may facilitate food processing and the further development of Ferula.

Role of short germination and milling on physical properties, amino acid and metabolomic profiles of high amylose rice fractions

Short germination is a process that can improve bioactive compounds in rice. This work aimed investigate the physical properties, phenolic compounds (PC), antioxidant activity and amino acids composition of husk + bran, brown and milled rice with high amylose content after short germination (16 h). α-amylase activity (Falling Number, FN) and enthalpy (ΔH) were unchanged (p < 0.05). RVA curve profiles were similar, even though after short germination and milling. Globally, metabolomics analysis identified 117 PC, in which 111 (bound), 104 (free) and 21 revealed in both extracts. p-Coumaric, trans-ferulic and ferulic acids were the most abundant PC revealed in all fractions. The portion husk + bran showed the highest level of total antioxidant activity (709.90 µmol TE) in both free and bound fractions. In terms of total amino acids, there was no statistical difference (p < 0.05) among non-germinated and germinated samples, contrary to free amino acids content. Glutamic acid (Glu) presented the highest values combining short germination and milling (1725-1900 mg/100 g) consequently, leads to higher value of GABA (12.21 mg/100 g). The combination of short germination and milling demonstrated a good strategy to improve the nutritional quality of rice, unless the thermal and pasting properties have been altered, contribute to potential health benefits on human nutrition.

Fermentation improves antioxidant capacity and γ-aminobutyric acid content of Ganmai Dazao Decoction by lactic acid bacteria

Introduction

Ganmai Dazao Decoction is a traditional Chinese recipe, and is composed of licorice, floating wheat, and jujube.

Methods

Effects of lactic acid bacteria fermentation on the physicochemical properties, antioxidant activity, and γ-aminobutyric acid of Ganmai Dazao Decoction were studied. The changes of small and medium molecules in Ganmai Dazao Decoction before and after fermentation were determined by LC-MS non-targeted metabolomics.

Results

The results showed that the contents of lactic acid, citric acid, acetic acid, and total phenol content increased significantly, DPPH free radical clearance and hydroxyl free radical clearance were significantly increased. γ-aminobutyric acid content was 12.06% higher after fermentation than before fermentation. A total of 553 differential metabolites were detected and identified from the Ganmai Dazao Decoction before and after fermentation by partial least squares discrimination and VIP analysis.

Discussion

Among the top 30 differential metabolites with VIP values, the content of five functional substances increased significantly. Our results showed that lactic acid bacteria fermentation of Ganmai Dazao Decoction improves its antioxidant effects and that fermentation of Ganmai Dazao Decoction with lactic acid bacteria is an innovative approach that improves the health-promoting ingredients of Ganmai Dazao Decoction.

Comprehensive applications of metabolomics on tea science and technology: Opportunities, hurdles, and perspectives

With the development of metabolomics analytical techniques, relevant studies have increased in recent decades. The procedures of metabolomics analysis mainly include sample preparation, data acquisition and pre-processing, multivariate statistical analysis, as well as maker compounds' identification. In the present review, we summarized the published articles of tea metabolomics regarding different analytical tools, such as mass spectrometry, nuclear magnetic resonance, ultraviolet-visible spectrometry, and Fourier transform infrared spectrometry. The metabolite variation of fresh tea leaves with different treatments, such as biotic/abiotic stress, horticultural measures, and nutritional supplies was reviewed. Furthermore, the changes of chemical composition of processed tea samples under different processing technologies were also profiled. Since the identification of critical or marker metabolites is a complicated task, we also discussed the procedure of metabolite identification to clarify the importance of omics data analysis. The present review provides a workflow diagram for tea metabolomics research and also the perspectives of related studies in the future.

Supplementing Low-Sodium Bicarbonate-Calcic (Lete)® Water: Effects in Women on Bone and Systemic Metabolism

Calcium (Ca) represents about 40% of the total mineral mass, mainly in the bone, providing mechanical strength to the skeleton and teeth. An adequate Ca intake is necessary for bone growth and development in children and adolescents and for maintaining bone mineral loss in elderly age. Ca deficiency predisposes to osteopenia and osteoporosis. Healthy nutrition, including an adequate intake of Ca-rich food, is paramount to prevent and cure osteoporosis. Recently, several clinical studies have demonstrated that, in conditions of Ca dysmetabolism, Ca-rich mineral water is beneficial as a valuable source of Ca to be used as an alternative to caloric Ca-rich dairy products. Although promising, these data have been collected from small groups of participants. Moreover, they mainly regard the effect of Ca-rich mineral water on bone metabolism. In contrast, an investigation of the effect of Ca supplementation on systemic metabolism is needed to address the spreading of systemic metabolic dysfunction often associated with Ca dysmetabolism. In the present study, we analyzed urine and blood sera of 120 women in perimenopausal condition who were subjected for six months to 2l daily consumption of bicarbonate-calcium mineral water marketed under ®Lete. Remarkably, this water, in addition to being rich in calcium and bicarbonate, is also low in sodium. A complete set of laboratory tests was carried out to investigate whether the specific water composition was such to confirm the known therapeutic effects on bone metabolism. Second, but not least, urine and blood sera were analyzed using NMR-based metabolomic procedures to investigate, other than the action on Ca metabolism, potential system-wide metabolic effects. Our data show that Lete water is a valid supplement for compensating for Ca dysmetabolism and preserving bone health and integrity.

Special Issue: Novel Approaches for the Analytical Evaluation of Food Quality and Authenticity

Verifying the quality and authenticity of agri-food products is essential to guaranteeing adequate food safety for consumers [...].

Comparison of the effect of extraction methods on waste cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) flowers: metabolic profile, bioactive components, antioxidant, and α-amylase inhibition

BACKGROUND

Waste cotton flowers, as a by-product of cotton cultivation, are enriched with bioactive substances that render them a promising natural source of health-promoting benefits. In this study, ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE), subcritical water extraction (SWE), and conventional extraction (CE) approaches were applied to extract bioactive compounds from waste cotton flowers, and the metabolic profiles, bioactive components, antioxidants, and α-amylase inhibition of different extractions were systematically analyzed and compared.

RESULTS

It was observed that UAE and CE extracts had similar metabolic profiles compared with SWE. The flavonoids and amino acids and derivatives were more prone to be extracted by UAE and CE, whereas phenolic acids tended to accumulate in SWE extract. The UAE extract had the highest amounts of total polyphenols (214.07 mg gallic acid equivalents per gram dry weight) and flavonoids (33.23 mg rutin equivalents per gram dry weight) as well as the strongest inhibition on oxidation (IC50  = 10.80 μg mL-1 ) and α-amylase activity (IC50  = 0.62 mg mL-1 ), indicating that chemical composition was closely related to biological activity. Additionally, microstructures and thermal behaviors of the extracts were investigated and highlighted the ability of UAE.

CONCLUSION

Overall, it can be concluded that UAE is an efficient, green, and economical extraction method to produce bioactive compounds from cotton flowers, and the UAE extracts could be used in food and medicine industries because of their high antioxidant and α-amylase inhibitory activity. This study provides a scientific basis for the development and comprehensive utilization of cotton by-products. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.

Application and prospect of metabolomics-related technologies in food inspection

BACKGROUND

Food inspection covers a broad range of topics, including nutrient analysis, food pollutants, food auxiliary materials, additives, and food sensory identification. The foundation of diverse subjects like food science, nutrition, health research, and the food industry, as well as the desired reference for drafting trade and food legislation, makes food inspection highly significant. Because of their high efficiency, sensitivity, and accuracy, instrumental analysis methods have gradually replaced conventional analytical methods as the primary means of food hygiene inspection.

SCOPE AND APPROACH

Metabolomics-based analysis technology, such as nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS), and capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry (CE-MS), has become a widely used analytics platform. This research provides a bird's eye view of the application and future of metabolomics-related technologies in food inspection.

KEY FINDINGS AND CONCLUSIONS

We have provided a summary of the features and the application range of various metabolomics techniques, the strengths and weaknesses of different metabolomics platforms, and their implementation in specific inspection procedures. These procedures encompass the identification of endogenous metabolites, the detection of exogenous toxins and food additives, analysis of metabolite alterations during processing and storage, as well as the recognition of food adulteration. Despite the widespread utilization and significant contributions of metabolomics-based food inspection technologies, numerous challenges persist as the food industry advances and technology continues to improve. Thus, we anticipate addressing these potential issues in the future.

Metabolomics of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Sprague Dawley Rats-In Search of Potential Metabolic Biomarkers

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is an expanding global health concern, closely associated with the epidemic of obesity. Individuals with diabetes are at high risk for microvascular and macrovascular complications, which include retinopathy, neuropathy, and cardiovascular comorbidities. Despite the availability of diagnostic tools for T2DM, approximately 30-60% of people with T2DM in developed countries are never diagnosed or detected. Therefore, there is a strong need for a simpler and more reliable technique for the early detection of T2DM. This study aimed to use a non-targeted metabolomic approach to systematically identify novel biomarkers from the serum samples of T2DM-induced Sprague Dawley (SD) rats using a comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography coupled with a time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GCxGC-TOF/MS). Fifty-four male Sprague Dawley rats weighing between 160-180 g were randomly assigned into two experimental groups, namely the type 2 diabetes mellitus group (T2DM) (n = 36) and the non-diabetic control group (n = 18). Results from this study showed that the metabolite signature of the diabetic rats was different from that of the non-diabetic control group. The most significantly upregulated metabolic pathway was aminoacyl-t-RNA biosynthesis. Metabolite changes observed between the diabetic and non-diabetic control group was attributed to the increase in amino acids, such as glycine, L-asparagine, and L-serine. Aromatic amino acids, including L-tyrosine, were associated with the risk of future hyperglycemia and overt diabetes. The identified potential biomarkers depicted a good predictive value of more than 0.8. It was concluded from the results that amino acids that were associated with impaired insulin secretion were prospectively related to an increase in glucose levels. Moreover, amino acids that were associated with impaired insulin secretion were prospectively related to an increase in glucose levels.

Metabolomics: A suitable foodomics approach to the geographical origin traceability of Ethiopian Arabica specialty coffees

Coffee arabica, originated in Ethiopia, is considered a quality bean for its high sensory qualities, and has a special price in the world coffee market. The country is a pool of genetic diversity for Arabica coffee, and coffee from different regions has a distinct flavor profile. Their exceptional quality is attributed to their genetic diversity, favorable environmental conditions, and agroforestry-based production system. However, the country still needs to benefit from its single-origin product due to a lack of appropriate traceability information to register for its geographical indication. Certification of certain plants or plant-derived products emerged to inform consumers about their exceptional qualities due to their geographical origin and protect the product from fraud. The recently emerging foodomics approaches, namely proteomics, genomics, and metabolomics, are reported as suitable means of regional agri-food product authentication and traceability. Particularly, the metabolomics approach provides truthful information on product traceability. Despite efforts by some researchers to trace the geographical origin of Ethiopian Arabica coffees through stable isotope and phenolic compound profiling and elemental analysis, foodomics approaches are not used to trace the geographical origin of Arabica specialty coffees from various parts of the country. A metabolomics-based traceability system that demonstrates the connection between the exceptional attributes of Ethiopian Arabica specialty coffees and their geographic origin is recommended to maximize the benefit of single-origin coffees.

Enhanced Production of β-Nicotinamide Mononucleotide with Exogenous Nicotinamide Addition in Saccharomyces boulardii-YS01

β-Nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN), as a key precursor of an essential coenzyme nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+), is most recognized for its pathological treatment effects and anti-aging functions. Here, the biosynthesis of NMN from the inexpensive feedstock substrate nicotinamide (Nam) using previously isolated Saccharomyces boulardii-YS01 was investigated. Ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled to triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-ESI-QqQ-MS/MS) was established for the determination and targeted analysis of NMN, nicotinamide riboside (NR), nicotinic acid (NA), Nam, and NAD+ in YS01 cells. Satisfactory precision and accuracy values were achieved with recoveries above 70% for five analytes. A 5~100 times higher content of NMN in YS01 (0.24~103.40 mg/kg) than in some common foods (0.0~18.8 mg/kg) was found. Combined with genome sequencing and enzyme function annotation, target-acting enzymes, including nudC, ISN1, URH1, PNP, and SIR2, were identified, and the biosynthetic pathway of NMN via Nam was suggested. The initial addition of 3 g/L Nam in the culture medium effectively promoted the generation of NMN, which raised the content of NMN by 39%. This work supplements an alternative resource for NMN production and lays the theoretical foundation for the further construction of NMN transgenic synthesis hosts.

Repurposing biomedical muscle tissue engineering for cellular agriculture: challenges and opportunities

Cellular agriculture is an emerging field rooted in engineering meat-mimicking cell-laden structures using tissue engineering practices that have been developed for biomedical applications, including regenerative medicine. Research and industrial efforts are focused on reducing the cost and improving the throughput of cultivated meat (CM) production using these conventional practices. Due to key differences in the goals of muscle tissue engineering for biomedical versus food applications, conventional strategies may not be economically and technologically viable or socially acceptable. In this review, these two fields are critically compared, and the limitations of biomedical tissue engineering practices in achieving the important requirements of food production are discussed. Additionally, the possible solutions and the most promising biomanufacturing strategies for cellular agriculture are highlighted.

Comparative Analysis of the Physicochemical Properties and Metabolites of Farinose and Crisp Lotus Roots (Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn.) with Different Geographical Origins

Lotus roots are widely consumed vegetables because of their great taste and abundant nutrients, but their quality varies with the environments and cultivar. This study systematically compared farinose (Elian No. 5) and crisp (Elian No. 6) lotus root cultivars from three geographical origins. Pasting and texture characteristics verified that Elian No. 5 possessed lower hardness and lower ability to withstand shear stress and heating during cooking compared with Elian No. 6. Untargeted metabolite profiling was first performed using ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-TOF-MS) combined with a Zeno trap. In total, 188 metabolites were identified based on the matching chemistry database. Multivariate analysis demonstrated that lotus roots from different cultivars and origins could be adequately distinguished. Sixty-one differential metabolites were identified among three Elian No. 5 samples, and 28 were identified among three Elian No. 6 samples. Isoscopoletin, scopoletin, and paprazine were the most differential metabolites between Elian No. 5 and Elian No. 6. These results can inform future research on the discrimination and utilization of lotus roots.

Effects of microbial-derived biotics (meta/pharma/post-biotics) on the modulation of gut microbiome and metabolome; general aspects and emerging trends

Potential effects of metabiotics (probiotics effector molecules or signaling factors), pharmabiotics (pro-functional metabolites produced by gut microbiota (GMB)) and postbiotics (multifunctional metabolites and structural compounds of food-grade microorganisms) on GMB have been rarely reviewed. These multifunctional components have several promising capabilities for prevention, alleviation and treatment of some diseases or disorders. Correlations between these essential biotics and GMB are also very interesting and important in human health and nutrition. Furthermore, these natural bioactives are involved in modulation of the immune function, control of metabolic dysbiosis and regulation of the signaling pathways. This review discusses the potential of meta/pharma/post-biotics as new classes of pharmaceutical agents and their effective mechanisms associated with GMB-host cell to cell communications with therapeutic benefits which are important in balance and the integrity of the host microbiome. In addition, cutting-edge findings about bioinformatics /metabolomics analyses related to GMB and these essential biotics are reviewed.

Effect of DHA-Enriched Phospholipids from Fish Roe on Rat Fecal Metabolites: Untargeted Metabolomic Analysis

Lipid metabolism disorder has become an important hidden danger threatening human health, and various supplements to treat lipid metabolism disorder have been studied. Our previous studies have shown that DHA-enriched phospholipids from large yellow croaker (Larimichthys Crocea) roe (LYCRPLs) have lipid-regulating effects. To better explain the effect of LYCRPLs on lipid regulation in rats, the fecal metabolites of rats were analyzed from the level of metabolomics in this study, and GC/MS metabolomics measurements were performed to figure out the effect of LYCRPLs on fecal metabolites in rats. Compared with the control (K) group, 101 metabolites were identified in the model (M) group. There were 54, 47, and 57 metabolites in the low-dose (GA), medium-dose (GB), and high-dose (GC) groups that were significantly different from that of group M, respectively. Eighteen potential biomarkers closely related to lipid metabolism were screened after intervention with different doses of LYCRPLs on rats, which were classified into several metabolic pathways in rats, including pyrimidine metabolism, the citric acid cycle (TCA cycle), the metabolism of L-cysteine, carnitine synthesis, pantothenate and CoA biosynthesis, glycolysis, and bile secretion. L-cysteine was speculated to be a useful biomarker of LYCRPLs acting on rat fecal metabolites. Our findings indicated that LYCRPLs may regulate lipid metabolism disorders in SD rats by activating these metabolic pathways.

1H NMR-Based Metabolomics to Assess the Impact of Soil Type on the Chemical Composition of Nero d'Avola Red Wines

In this study, the soil effect on the micro-component composition of Nero d'Avola wines obtained from different locations was investigated through ¹H NMR-based metabolomics. Two different approaches were applied: the targeted (TA) and the non-targeted one (NTA). The former differentiated the wines by profiling (i.e., by identifying and quantifying) a number of different metabolites. The latter provided wine fingerprinting by processing the entire spectra with multivariate statistical analysis. NTA also allowed investigation of the hydrogen bond network inside wines via the analysis of ¹H NMR chemical shift dispersions. Results showed that the differences among wines were due not only to the concentrations of various analytes but also to the characteristics of the H-bond network where different solutes were involved. The H-bond network affects both gustatory and olfactory perceptions by modulating the way how solutes interact with the human sensorial receptors. Moreover, the aforementioned H-bond network is also related to the soil properties from which the grapes were taken. Therefore, the present study can be considered a good attempt to investigate terroir, i.e., the relationship between wine quality and soil characteristics.

Untargeted Metabolomics Using UHPLC-HRMS Reveals Metabolic Changes of Fresh-Cut Potato during Browning Process

Surface browning plays a major role in the quality loss of fresh-cut potatoes. Untargeted metabolomics were used to understand the metabolic changes of fresh-cut potato during the browning process. Their metabolites were profiled by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled with high resolution mass spectrometry (UHPLC-HRMS). Data processing and metabolite annotation were completed by Compound Discoverer 3.3 software. Statistical analysis was applied to screen the key metabolites correlating with browning process. Fifteen key metabolites responsible for the browning process were putatively identified. Moreover, after analysis of the metabolic causes of glutamic acid, linolenic acid, glutathione, adenine, 12-OPDA and AMP, we found that the browning process of fresh-cut potatoes was related to the structural dissociation of the membrane, oxidation and reduction reaction and energy shortage. This work provides a reference for further investigation into the mechanism of browning in fresh-cut products.

Molecular insights into quality and authentication of sheep meat from proteomics and metabolomics

Sheep meat (encompassing lamb, hogget and mutton) is an important source of animal protein in many countries, with a unique flavour and sensory profile compared to other red meats. Flavour, colour and texture are the key quality attributes contributing to consumer liking of sheep meat. Over the last decades, various factors from 'farm to fork', including production system (e.g., age, breed, feeding regimes, sex, pre-slaughter stress, and carcass suspension), post-mortem manipulation and processing (e.g., electrical stimulation, ageing, packaging types, and chilled and frozen storage) have been identified as influencing different aspects of sheep meat quality. However conventional meat-quality assessment tools are not able to elucidate the underlying mechanisms and pathways for quality variations. Advances in broad-based analytical techniques have offered opportunities to obtain deeper insights into the molecular changes of sheep meat which may become biomarkers for specific variations in quality traits and meat authenticity. This review provides an overview on how omics techniques, especially proteomics (including peptidomics) and metabolomics (including lipidomics and volatilomics) are applied to elucidate the variations in sheep meat quality, mainly in loin muscles, focusing on colour, texture and flavour, and as tools for authentication. SIGNIFICANCE: From this review, we observed that attempts have been made to utilise proteomics and metabolomics techniques on sheep meat products for elucidating pathways of quality variations due to various factors. For instance, the improvement of colour stability and tenderness could be associated with the changes to glycolysis, energy metabolism and endogenous antioxidant capacity. Several studies identify proteolysis as being important, but potentially conflicting for quality as the enhanced proteolysis improves tenderness and flavour, while reducing colour stability. The use of multiple analytical methods e.g., lipidomics, metabolomics, and volatilomics, detects a wider range of flavour precursors (including both water and lipid soluble compounds) that underlie the possible pathways for sheep meat flavour evolution. The technological advancement in omics (e.g., direct analysis-mass spectrometry) could make analysis of the proteins, lipids and metabolites in sheep meat routine, as well as enhance the confidence in quality determination and molecular-based assurance of meat authenticity.

Understanding the Seasonal Effect of Metabolite Production in Terminalia catappa L. Leaves through a Concatenated MS- and NMR-Based Metabolomics Approach

Terminalia catappa L. (Combretaceae) is a medicinal plant that is part of the Brazilian biodiversity; this plant is popularly used for the treatment of a wide range of diseases. To better understand the chemical composition of T. catappa in different seasons, we conducted a thorough study using LC-MS and NMR data analysis techniques. The study helped obtain a chemical profile of the plant ethanolic extracts in different seasons of the year (spring, summer, autumn, and winter). The dereplication of LC-HRMS data allowed the annotation of 90 compounds in the extracts of T. catappa (hydrolyzable tannins, ellagic acid derivatives, and glycosylated flavonoids). Triterpenes and C-glycosyl flavones were the compounds that significantly contributed to differences observed between T. catappa plant samples harvested in autumn/winter and spring, respectively. The variations observed in the compound composition of the plant leaves may be related to processes induced by environmental stress and leaf development. Data fusion applied in the metabolomic profiling study allowed us to identify metabolites with greater confidence, and provided a better understanding regarding the production of specialized metabolites in T. catappa leaves under different environmental conditions, which may be useful to establish appropriate quality criteria for the standardization of this medicinal plant.

Comparative phytochemical analysis of Ferula assa-foetida with Ferula jaeschkeana and commercial oleo-gum resins using GC-MS and UHPLC-PDA-QTOF-IMS

Ferula assa-foetida is an important species of the genus Ferula, best known for its oleo-gum resin, mainly used as a flavoring agent. Ferula jaeschkeana is another Himalayan medicinal plant of this genus, known for its contraceptive effect but not used in food applications. This study aimed to do a detailed phytochemical analysis of F. assa-foetida growing under controlled conditions in India using GC-MS/headspace and UHPLC-PDA-QTOF-IMS. Further, a comparative analysis of F. assa-foetida was performed with F. jaeschkeana (collected from its natural habitat) and commercial samples of F. assa-foetida oleo-gum resin (collected from the local market). UHPLC-QTOF-IMS profiling of F. assa-foetida led to the identification of foetisulfide C, assafoetidnol A, gumosin, flabellilobin (A/B), and foetisulfide A. In total, 141 metabolites were identified, including vitamins, nucleosides, sulfur compounds, flavonoids, sugars derivatives, and others, using METLIN database. Serine, arginine, asparagine, isoleucine, and phenylalanine were major amino acids quantified among the samples for the nutritional aspect. Characteristic sulfurous compounds (n-propyl-sec-butyl disulfide, trans-propenyl-sec-butyl disulfide, cis-propenyl-sec-butyl disulfide, and bis[1-(methylthio)propyl] disulfide) were identified in all samples except F. jaeschkeana. PCA and cluster analysis showed a significant difference in the volatile constituents of rhizomes of both species. Metabolomics studies also revealed the association of sesquiterpenoid and triterpenoid biosynthesis, phenylpropanoid, flavon, and flavanol biosynthesis. The current study demonstrates, "why only F. assa-foetida is used in culinary applications instead of F. jaeschkeana"?

Fluorescent Probe Combined with Photoelectric Analysis Technology for Detection of Escherichia coli

Food safety is facing great challenges in preventing foodborne diseases caused by pathogenic pollution, especially in resource-limited areas. The rapid detection technique of microorganisms, such as immunological methods and molecular biological methods, plays a crucial key in timely bioanalysis and disease treatment strategies. However, it is difficult for these methods to simultaneously meet the criteria of simple operation, high specificity, and sensitivity, as well as low cost. Coconut water is known as the "water of life" in Hainan. It is a refreshing and nutritious beverage which is widely consumed due to its beneficial properties to health. Coconut water processing is an important pillar industry in Hainan. The detection of pathogenic microorganisms, such as Escherichia coli, in coconut water has become an important factor which has restricted the upgrading and development of this industry. Based on the needs of industrial development, we developed a microbial photoelectric detection system which was composed of a fluorescent probe detection reagent and a photoelectric sensor detection device. This system combined microbial enzyme targets, selective fluorescent substrate metabolism characteristics, and a photoelectric sensor signal transduction mechanism, which produce a strong signal with a high signal-to-noise ratio. The microbial detection system developed here has a simple structure, simple and convenient operation, short detecting time (≥2 h), and high sensitivity (1 CFU/mL). This system may also enable early warning and monitoring programs for other pathogenic microorganisms in order to promote the overall competitiveness of the Hainan coconut water industry.

Metabolomics during the spontaneous fermentation in cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.): An exploraty review

Spontaneous fermentation is a process that depends on substrates' physical characteristics, crop variety, and postharvest practices; it induces variations in the metabolites that are responsible for the taste, aroma, and quality. Metabolomics makes it possible to detect key metabolites using chemometrics and makes it possible to establish patterns or identify biomarker behaviors under certain conditions at a given time. Therefore, sensitive and highly efficient analytical techniques allow for studying the metabolomic fingerprint changes during fermentation; which identify and quantify metabolites related to taste and aroma formation of an adequate processing time. This review shows that studying metabolomics in spontaneous fermentation permits the characterization of spontaneous fermentation in different stages. Also, it demonstrates the possibility of modulating the quality of cocoa by improving the spontaneous fermentation time (because of volatile aromatic compounds formation), thus standardizing the process to obtain attributes and quality that will later impact the chocolate quality.

HS-SPME-GC × GC/MS combined with multivariate statistics analysis to investigate the flavor formation mechanism of tank-fermented broad bean paste

With the advancement of industrialization, tank fermentation technology is promising for Pixian broad bean paste. This study identified and analyzed the general physicochemical factors and volatile metabolites of fermented broad beans in a thermostatic fermenter. Headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME)-two-dimensional gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC × GC-MS) was applied to detect the volatile compounds in fermented broad beans, while metabolomics was used to explore their physicochemical characteristics and analyze the possible metabolic mechanism. A total of 184 different metabolites were detected, including 36 alcohols, 29 aldehydes, 26 esters, 21 ketones, 14 acids, 14 aromatic compounds, ten heterocycles, nine phenols, nine organonitrogen compounds, seven hydrocarbons, two ethers, and seven other types, which were annotated to various branch metabolic pathways of carbohydrate and amino acid metabolism. This study provides references for subsequent functional microorganism mining to improve the quality of the tank-fermented broad beans and upgrade the Pixian broad bean paste industry.

Comparative Characterization of Key Volatile Compounds in Slow- and Fast-Growing Duck Raw Meat Based on Widely Targeted Metabolomics

The volatile aroma compounds in raw duck meat strongly affect consumers' purchase decisions and they vary among breeds with different growth rates. In this study, slow-growing (SG) Liancheng White and fast-growing (FG) Cherry Valley ducks were selected, and their volatile compounds were characterized using electric nose and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Furthermore, a widely targeted metabolomics approach was used to investigate the metabolites associated with volatile compounds. The results showed that hexanal, nonanal, octanal, heptanal, and 2-pentylfuran were abundantly present in duck meat, regardless of the breed. The higher nonanal and octanal rates contributed to the fatty and fruity aroma in SG meat than FG meat, while FG meat had a mushroom note resulting from higher octenol. Furthermore, widely targeted metabolomics showed a lower carnitine content in SG meat, which might promote lipid deposition to produce more octanal and nonanal. Higher sugar and amino acid contents led to a meaty aroma, whereas more trimethylamine N-oxide may generate a fishy note in SG meat. Taken together, this study characterized the raw duck meat aroma and provided the basic mechanism of the formation of the key volatile compound.

Food metabolomics: Latest hardware-developments for nontargeted food authenticity and food safety testing

The analytical requirements for food testing have increased significantly in recent years. On the one hand, because food fraud is becoming an ever-greater challenge worldwide, and on the other hand because food safety is often difficult to monitor due to the far-reaching trade chains. In addition, the expectations of consumers on the quality of food have increased, and they are demanding extensive information. Cutting-edge analytical methods are required to meet these demands. In this context, non-targeted metabolomics strategies using mass and nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometers (mass spectrometry [MS]) have proven to be very suitable. MS-based approaches are of particular importance as they provide a comparatively high analytical coverage of the metabolome. Accordingly, the efficiency to address even challenging issues is high. A variety of hardware developments, which are explained in this review, have contributed to these advances. In addition, the potential of future developments is highlighted, some of which are currently not yet commercially available or only used to a comparatively small extent but are expected to gain in importance in the coming years.

A Coding Basis and Three-in-One Integrated Data Visualization Method 'Ana' for the Rapid Analysis of Multidimensional Omics Dataset

With innovations and advancements in analytical instruments and computer technology, omics studies based on statistical analysis, such as phytochemical omics, oilomics/lipidomics, proteomics, metabolomics, and glycomics, are increasingly popular in the areas of food chemistry and nutrition science. However, a remaining hurdle is the labor-intensive data process because learning coding skills and software operations are usually time-consuming for researchers without coding backgrounds. A MATLAB^® coding basis and three-in-one integrated method, 'Ana', was created for data visualizations and statistical analysis in this work. The program loaded and analyzed an omics dataset from an Excel^® file with 7 samples * 22 compounds as an example, and output six figures for three types of data visualization, including a 3D heatmap, heatmap hierarchical clustering analysis, and principal component analysis (PCA), in 18 s on a personal computer (PC) with a Windows 10 system and in 20 s on a Mac with a MacOS Monterey system. The code is rapid and efficient to print out high-quality figures up to 150 or 300 dpi. The output figures provide enough contrast to differentiate the omics dataset by both color code and bar size adjustments per their higher or lower values, allowing the figures to be qualified for publication and presentation purposes. It provides a rapid analysis method that would liberate researchers from labor-intensive and time-consuming manual or coding basis data analysis. A coding example with proper code annotations and completed user guidance is provided for undergraduate and postgraduate students to learn coding basis statistical data analysis and to help them utilize such techniques for their future research.

Untargeted Metabolomics Reveals New Markers of Food Processing for Strawberry and Apple Purees

In general, food processing and its conditions affect nutrients, bioactive compounds, and sensory characteristics of food products. This research aims to use a non-targeted metabolomics approach based on UPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS to determine how fruit processing can affect the metabolic profile of fruits and, through a comprehensive metabolic analysis, identify possible markers to assess their degree of processing. The present study uses a real case from the food industry to evaluate markers of the processing of strawberry and apple purees industrially elaborated with different processing techniques and conditions. The results from the multivariate analysis revealed that samples were grouped according to the type of processing, evidencing changes in their metabolic profiles and an apparent temperature-dependent effect. These metabolic profiles showed changes according to the relevance of thermal conditions but also according to the exclusively cold treatment, in the case of strawberry puree, and the pressure treatment, in the case of apple puree. After data analysis, seven metabolites were identified and proposed as processing markers: pyroglutamic acid, pteroyl-D-glutamic acid, 2-hydroxy-5-methoxy benzoic acid, and 2-hydroxybenzoic acid β-d-glucoside in strawberry and di-hydroxycinnamic acid glucuronide, caffeic acid and lysoPE(18:3(9Z,12Z,15Z)/0:0) in apple purees. The use of these markers may potentially help to objectively measure the degree of food processing and help to clarify the controversial narrative on ultra-processed foods.

Profiling of polar ionogenic metabolites in Polish wines by capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry

The composition of wine is determined by a complex interaction between environmental factors, genetic factors (i.e., grape varieties), and winemaking practices (including technology and storage). Metabolomics using NMR spectroscopy, GC-MS, and/or LC-MS has shown to be a useful approach for assessing the origin, authenticity, and quality of various wines. Nonetheless, the use of additional analytical techniques with complementary separation mechanisms may aid in the deeper understanding of wine's metabolic processes. In this study, we demonstrate that CE-MS is a very suitable approach for the efficient profiling of polar ionogenic metabolites in wines. Without using any sample preparation or derivatization, wine was analyzed using a 10-min CE-MS workflow with interday RSD values for 31 polar and charged metabolites below 3.8% and 23% for migration times and peak areas, respectively. The utility of this workflow for the global profiling of polar ionogenic metabolites in wine was evaluated by analyzing different cool-climate Polish wine samples.

Remarkable impact of commercial sterilizing on ginsenosides transformation in fresh ginseng pulp based on widely targeted metabolomics analysis

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Changes of terpenoids in SGP were identified by widely targeted metabolomics.

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88 terpenoids compounds including 30 types of ginsenosides were changed in SGP.

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Conversion mechanism of ginsenosides during commercial sterilization was elucidated.

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Ginsenoside ST3 was detected and F4, Rg3, and Rg5 were found in fresh ginseng pulp.

Terpenoids such as ginsenosides are the most important phytochemicals and functional components in ginseng. Commercial sterilizing with high temperature and high pressure is also one of the common methods of ginseng food processing. However, the changes of terpenoids in fresh ginsengs commercially sterilized are unclear. In this study, fresh ginseng pulp (FGP) was commercially sterilized at 121℃ for 30 min, and terpenoid compounds were analyzed by widely targeted metabolomics based on UPLC-ESI-MS/MS system. The commercial sterilization induced the changes of 88 terpenoid compounds including 30 types of ginsenosides, and many minor ginsenoside Rh4, Rg6, Rk2, F4, Rs3, Rk3, Rk1, Rg5, Rg3, Rg4 were remarkably increased in fresh ginseng pulp. Importantly, the ginsenoside ST3 was detected and F4, Rg3, and Rg5 were also found in fresh ginseng pulp. Commercial sterilizing at 121℃ for 30 min will remarkably affect the species and number of ginsenosides in ginseng food.

Effects of alcoholic fermentation on the non-volatile and volatile compounds in grapefruit (Citrus paradisi Mac. cv. Cocktail) juice: A combination of UPLC-MS/MS and gas chromatography ion mobility spectrometry analysis

Grapefruit has attracted much attention as a functional fruit, of which “Cocktail” is a special variety with low acidity. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of alcoholic fermentation on the non-volatile and volatile compounds of “Cocktail” grapefruit juice. To analyze, a non-targeted metabolomics method based on UPLC-MS/MS and volatiles analysis using GC-IMS were performed. A total of 1015 phytochemicals were identified, including 296 flavonoids and 145 phenolic acids, with noticeably increasing varieties and abundance following the fermentation. Also 57 volatile compounds were detected, and alcoholic fermentation was effective in modulating aromatic profiles of grapefruit juice, with terpenes and ketones decreasing, and alcohols increasing together with esters. Citraconic acid and ethyl butanoate were the most variable non-volatile and volatile substances, respectively. The results provide a wealth of information for the study of “Cocktail” grapefruit and will serve as a valuable reference for the large-scale production of grapefruit fermented juice in the future.

Using Metabolomics to Identify the Exposure and Functional Biomarkers of Ginger

Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS)-based metabolomics has become an important tool to increase our understanding of how diet affects human health. However, public and commercial mass spectral libraries of dietary metabolites are limited, resulting in the greatest challenge in converting mass spectrometry data into biological insights. In this study, we constructed an LC-MS/MS ginger library as an example to demonstrate the importance of dietary libraries for discovering food biomarkers. The functional and exposure biomarkers of ginger were investigated using plasma samples from mice treated with control and ginger extract diets. Our results showed clear discrimination between the metabolome of mice on normal and ginger extract diets. Using the in-house ginger library, we identified 20 ginger metabolites that can be used as exposure biomarkers of ginger. However, without the LC-MS/MS ginger library, none of the ginger metabolites could be accurately identified based on online mass databases. In addition, ginger treatment significantly impacts the endogenous metabolome, especially the purine metabolism and phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan biosynthesis. Overall, we demonstrated that the construction of LC-MS/MS spectra dietary libraries would enhance the ability to identify potential dietary biomarkers and correlate potential health benefits associated with food consumption.