FT-IR and FT-Raman fingerprints of flavonoids - A review

Enhancement of wound healing by a bilayer hydrogel and nanofiber scaffold infused with Calophyllum inophyllum oil and Platostoma palustre aqueous extract

Natural wound dressings have attracted substantial interest among researchers due to their biocompatible, bioactive, and eco-friendly properties. This paper focuses on introducing the bio-engineered bilayer design, fabrication, and characterizations of a Calophyllum inophyllum seed oil (CIO) - loaded scaffold within a polyvinyl alcohol/sodium alginate (PVA/SA) matrix, fortified with Hsiantsao aqueous extract. The scaffold - consisting of a semi-hydrophobic hydrogel and a hydrophilic nanofiber - was successfully synthesized using polymerization and centrifugal electrospinning techniques. Engineered to create a synergistic effect; physiologically, the fabricated bilayer scaffold demonstrated increased flexibility in the stress-strain curve via elongation; it also exhibited prompt high water absorption and maintained a neutral pH value (7.125 to 7.325). Chemically, the scaffold showed superior biocompatibility, robust antioxidants (82.19 % ± 0.08 in DPPH scavenging, 90.23 % ± 0.22 in ABTS scavenging), and confirmed antimicrobial activities. In a rat wound model, the CIO-loaded PVA/SA/Hsiantsao scaffold markedly improved wound healing by day 15, reaching a wound closure rate of 98.22 % ± 0.82. Also, the scaffold degraded up to 47 % in vitro within a month, indicating its eco-friendly characteristics. From these findings, this study underscores the potential of the bilayer CIO-loaded PVA/SA/Hsiantsao scaffold as an advanced wound care dressing, setting the stage for prospective clinical applications.

Sea buckthorn flavonoids: Purification, identification, and in vitro anti-inflammatory effects

As the first step of resource utilization, the extraction and separation of active ingredients play an important role in the evaluation and application of their activity. In this study, a macroporous resin purification process was optimized to obtain high-purity sea buckthorn flavonoids (SBF). The AB-8 resin exhibited optimal adsorption and desorption properties, with adsorption and desorption rates of 75.25 % and 84.78 %, respectively. Under optimal purification conditions, the purity of the flavonoid extract was enhanced from 17.17 ± 0.19 % to 63.2 ± 0.16 %. Kinetic and thermodynamic analyses demonstrated that the purification of SBF on AB-8 resin conformed to the pseudo-secondary kinetic model and the Langmuir adsorption isotherm model. The major components of the SBF were taxifolin, isoquercitrin, narcissoside, and quercetin. The SBF not only inhibited lipopolysaccharide-induced nitric oxide production but also exerted significant anti-inflammatory effects, suppressing the expression of proteins such as nitric oxide synthase, tumor necrosis factor, interleukin 6, and interleukin 1β and inhibiting apoptosis. Therefore, the purified SBF demonstrated improved anti-inflammatory activity, which can be applied in the development of drugs and functional foods.

Co-gasification of E-waste with sewage sludge for hydrogen production

The increasing accumulation of electronic waste (E-waste) and sewage sludge poses significant environmental and waste management challenges. This work taps on two non-conventional waste streams that have grown tremendously in the last decades, namely, E-waste (in the form of printed circuit boards (PCB)) and sewage sludge. We simulated entrained flow gasifier technology at 1250 °C and 30 bars of various mixture ratios of PCB and sludge (e.g., 40%, 60%, and 75% PCB with 60%, 40%, and 25% sludge) to produce valuable syngas. The primary objective is to optimize hydrogen production while addressing the limited research on E-waste gasification, particularly its synergistic interactions with sewage sludge. The work consists of studying the proximate, ultimate, and calorific analyses of these mixtures and FT-IR analysis to identify functional groups such as hydroxyls and carbonyls. Then, the XRD analysis to reveal the mix of crystalline and amorphous phases supporting diverse properties that enhances the gasification efficiency along with SEM imaging to show the distinct surface characteristics, with varied porosity that improves reaction dynamics. The equilibrium-based gasification based on energy and mass conservation principles is conducted first at sweeping temperatures up to 1,250 °C revealing the appropriate mixture fractions of 40% PCB and 60% sludge that produces the highest hydrogen moles fraction of 0.430 and cold gasification efficiency (CGE) of 49.86%. A high-fidelity 3D reactive flow then developed that integrates the effects of turbulence, heat transfer, and particle dynamics, offering a more realistic evaluation of the entrained flow gasification process, with the 40% PCB mixture yielding 0.03 mol of H2 at the gasifier's exit. Results showed lower and more reasonable syngas molar fraction and CGE (H2 = 0.03, CO2 = 0.12, and CGE = 17.50) than the equilibrium-based model. The findings suggest that increasing the mass percentage of PCB reduces CO and H2 concentrations due to lower volatile matter and higher oxygen content. This study highlights the potential of co-gasification of E-waste with sewage sludge as a viable solution and dually managing E-waste and sludges that are heavily increased in the MENA region for the production in hydrogen/syngas energy source.

Preformulation studies and in vitro cytotoxicity of naringin

OBJECTIVE

This study evaluates the chemical and enzymatic stability of naringin (NRG), identifies its degradation metabolites, assesses its in vitro cytotoxicity, and validates a high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method for precise quantification.

SIGNIFICANCE

NRG, a flavonoid with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer properties, faces clinical limitations due to poor solubility, rapid degradation, and low bioavailability. While research efforts on this promising compound have largely focused on overcoming these limitations through formulation strategies, it is equally necessary and complementary to focus on preformulation studies to enhance NRG's therapeutic potential. These studies represent a fundamental step in drug development, providing key insights into the physicochemical and biological properties of NRG and serving as the basis for the rational design of safe and effective formulations in future research.

METHODS

NRG stability was analyzed under various temperature and pH conditions. Cytotoxicity was evaluated in 3T3 cells, and an HPLC method was developed and validated to quantify NRG and its primary metabolite, naringenin (NRGN).

RESULTS

NRG remained stable up to 100 °C and under physiological pH (1.2, 5.8, and 7.4) but degraded at extreme pH, forming NRGN. Cytotoxicity assays showed low toxicity at ≤1 mM (viability >80%), whereas 5 mM significantly reduced viability. The validated HPLC method exhibited high precision, specificity, and accuracy in distinguishing NRG from NRGN.

DISCUSSION

This study provides critical insights into NRG's stability, safety, and quantification, supporting its potential therapeutic development. These findings establish a foundation for future research aimed at enhancing NRG bioavailability and clinical applicability.

Investigation of a Palbociclib and Naringin Co-Amorphous System to Ameliorate Anticancer Potential: Insights on In Silico Modeling, Physicochemical Characterization, Ex Vivo Permeation, and In Vitro Efficacy

Palbociclib (PCB), categorized as a BCS class II drug, is characterized by low aqueous solubility. The drug's limited aqueous solubility and poor dissolution rate pose significant challenges, potentially affecting its absorption and overall therapeutic efficacy. Co-amorphous (CAM) systems have been extensively investigated as a potential solution to overcome the issue of poor water solubility in numerous active pharmaceutical ingredients. This research study hypothesized that the coamorphization process involving the compounds PCB and naringin (NG) would lead to an increase in the aqueous solubility of PCB. Additionally, it was proposed that this process would also enhance the anticancer impact of PCB since NG is recognized for its pharmacological impact on breast cancer cells. In silico studies, it was revealed that PCB could interact with NG via hydrogen bonding. Furthermore, the prepared CAM (PCB-NG-CAM) system using PCB and NG was characterized by PXRD, DSC, FTIR, Raman spectroscopy, solid-state 13C nuclear magnetic resonance, and SEM. PCB-NG-CAM exhibited a significant increase in solubility, dissolution rate, and intestinal permeation compared to crystalline PCB. Furthermore, PCB-NG-CAM exhibited excellent physical stability at 40 °C/75% RH for up to 3 months. In addition, PCB-NG-CAM showed superior in vitro efficacy on MDA-MB-231 triple-negative breast cancer cell lines. PCB-NG-CAM resulted in a 2.24 times higher apoptosis rate and a 1.6 times greater ROS production than free PCB. Additionally, the inhibitory effect on cell migration and alterations in MMP was more pronounced in cells treated with PCB-NG-CAM. Therefore, this study indicated that PCB-NG-CAM has the potential to significantly improve the oral administration, solubility, and therapeutic efficacy of PCB.

Bioactive silver nanoparticles derived from Carica papaya floral extract and its dual-functioning biomedical application

Replacing synthetic phytochemicals with natural plant extracts for metal nanoparticle synthesis enable cost-effective, large-scale production with reduced environmental and health risks while enhancing biomedical efficacy. This study presents the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using a flavonol-enriched extract from male papaya flowers (KQE), an underutilized agricultural waste. Using 20% (v/v) KQE, highly stable, spherical KQ-AgNPs (12.3 ± 3.0 nm) were synthesized via in-situ generation of free radicals, such as ortho-quinones, which reduced Ag+ ions. KQ-AgNPs exhibit superior antibacterial activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria compared to chemically synthesized AgNPs (AgNPs-Chem) and KQE alone. In vitro anticancer assays reveal enhanced cytotoxicity against breast carcinoma cells (MCF-7) with an IC50 of 21.25 ± 1.14 µg/mL, significantly lower than AgNPs-Chem (33.05 ± 3.13 µg/mL), while maintaining high biocompatibility with normal cells (HEK-293) with a greater IC50 of 169.96 ± 2.3 µg/mL. This study highlights the dual therapeutic potential of KQ-AgNPs, emphasizing their enhanced antibacterial and anticancer efficacy while exemplifying an innovative waste-to-wealth approach.

Implementation of Plum Skin as a Structuring Agent in Plum Spread

Plum skin, a by-product of industrial plum juice production, is rich in phenolic bioactives, functional compounds, and dietary fibers. These compounds support health, while the fibers may also act as structuring agents in food processing. This study investigated the structuring properties of lyophilized plum skin (LPS) in functional plum spreads produced in laboratory (F-LS) and semi-industrial (F-IS) environments, compared to a control spread (CS). Textural and rheological properties were analyzed through penetration, spreadability, flow, and dynamic oscillatory tests. Total, soluble, and insoluble dietary fibers (TDF, SDF, and IDF) in LPS and plum purée (PP) were measured using the enzymatic gravimetric method, and pectic substances contents were quantified using the colorimetric carbazole method. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy confirmed the presence of polysaccharides and pectins in LPS. LPS had higher TDF, SDF, and IDF compared to PP, with TDF in LPS at 38.98 ± 0.52 g/100 g d.m. and IDF as the predominant fraction. The pectin content in LPS was 0.73 ± 0.03 g/100 g d.m., and water retention capacity ranged from 3.63 to 3.86 g/g depending on temperature (room, 50, and 82 °C). Incorporating LPS into the F-IS spread significantly increased all textural and rheological parameters, with TDF three times higher (6.69 g/100 g) compared to CS. All samples exhibited viscoelastic gel-like behavior, and LPS was a statistically significant structuring agent in both functional spreads compared to CS.

The sustained-release agent of total flavonoids of Rhizoma drynariae prepared by nano-mesoporous silica can still promote osteogenesis and angiogenesis in vitro

Total flavonoids of Rhizoma drynariae (TFRD) possess the ability to enhance bone formation by promoting the coupling of angiogenesis and osteogenesis. However, the limited duration of serum concentration necessitates frequent oral administration. Designing TFRD as a sustained-release agent could enhance patient's compliance and extend efficacy. Mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNPs) were used as a carrier for the preparation of a sustained-release agent containing TFRD (TFRD@MSNPs). Material characterization confirmed the successful loading of TFRD onto MSNPs. Subsequently, HUVECs were treated with varying concentrations of TFRD or TFRD@MSNPs to evaluate their effects on proliferation and migration ability. The secretion levels of VEGF, VCAM-1, EGF, TGF-β1, and type H endothelial markers (CD31 and EMCN) were assessed. BMSCs were cultured in conditioned medium derived from HUVECs induced by either TFRD or TFRD@MSNPs to evaluate their osteogenic potential in vitro. Gene expressions of ALP, OCN, and RUNX2, alkaline phosphatase activity, and calcium deposition were measured. The mass fraction of TFRD in the sustained release system TFRD@MSNP was approximately 60%. An appropriate concentration (< 400 µg/mL) of TFRD promoted the proliferation and migration of HUVECs, inhibited the secretion of TGF-β1, and increased the expression levels of VEGF, VCAM-1, EGF, CD31, and EMCN. The conditioned medium from HUVECs induced by TFRD significantly enhanced the osteogenic differentiation potential of BMSCs. An appropriate concentration of TFRD@MSNPs promoted the proliferation and migration of HUVECs, as well as the expression levels of CD31 and EMCN, but had no significant effect on VEGF, VCAM-1, EGF, or TGF-β1 secretion. The conditioned medium from HUVECs induced by TFRD@MSNPs increased ALP, OCN, and RUNX2 gene expression in BMSCs to varying degrees. Compared to the conditioned medium induced by TFRD in HUVECs, the conditioned medium induced by TFRD@MSNPs resulted in more calcium deposits in BMSCs. The sustained-release agent TFRD prepared by MSNPs can effectively promote the osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs through the coupling effect of angiogenesis and osteogenesis in vitro. These findings suggest that using MSNPs to formulate TFRD as sustained-release agent holds potential for clinical application, but the specific mechanism remains to be elucidated.

How Universal Adhesive Systems With Nanoencapsulated Flavonoids Improve Long-Term Bonding to Caries-Affected Dentin

OBJECTIVES

To determine the presence of nano-encapsulated flavonoids and their effect in universal adhesives on resin-dentin bond-strength (μTBS) and nanoleakage (NL) on artificial caries-affected dentin (CAD) after 24-h and 6 months of water storage (WS).

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Artificial CAD was created on the occlusal dentin surfaces of 60 human third molars by a microbiological assay. Nanoencapsulated quercetin (Q) and naringin (N) were incorporated into Prime&Bond Universal (PBU; Dentsply-Sirona) and Single Bond Universal (SBU, 3M ESPE). The adhesive systems with and without (control) flavonoids were applied to the CAD surface, and a 4-mm resin composite block (TPH Spectrum, Dentsply Sirona) was built up and light-cured. Specimens were sectioned into resin-dentin beams (0.8 mm2). The hybrid layer (HL) was subjected to micro-Raman analysis to detect N and Q. The specimens were tested in tension in a universal testing machine at 0.5 mm/min. μTBS and NL tests were performed after 24-h and WS. μTBS and NL data were analyzed using a nonparametric three-way ANOVA test followed by Bonferroni's test (α = 5%).

RESULTS

Q and N were detected within the HL. N and Q nanocapsules increased μTBS and reduced NL values after WS. At 24 h, the PBU group showed higher NL values than the SBU group, and the values decreased after WS.

CONCLUSIONS

Incorporating nanoencapsulated flavonoids may improve the longevity of universal bonding systems applied to CAD.

CLINICAL RELEVANCE

Adhesive restorations incorporating nanoencapsulated quercetin or naringin might be a promising alternative for achieving long-term bonding stability.

Application of spectroscopic technology with machine learning in Chinese herbs from seeds to medicinal materials: The case of genus Paris

To ensure the safety and efficacy of Chinese herbs, it is of great significance to conduct rapid quality detection of Chinese herbs at every link of their supply chain. Spectroscopic technology can reflect the overall chemical composition and structural characteristics of Chinese herbs, with the multi-component and multitarget characteristics of Chinese herbs. This review took the genus Paris as an example, and applications of spectroscopic technology with machine learning (ML) in supply chain of the genus Paris from seeds to medicinal materials were introduced. The specific contents included the confirmation of germplasm resources, identification of growth years, cultivar, geographical origin, and original processing and processing methods. The potential application of spectroscopic technology in genus Paris was pointed out, and the prospects of combining spectroscopic technology with blockchain were proposed. The summary and prospects presented in this paper will be beneficial to the quality control of the genus Paris in all links of its supply chain, so as to rationally use the genus Paris resources and ensure the safety and efficacy of medication.

Valorization of Onion By-Products Bioactive Compounds by Spray Drying Encapsulation Technique

The increasing interest in sustainability has driven research into the utilization of food by-products. Onion by-products, rich in bioactive compounds, represent a valuable resource for developing functional ingredients; however, they are prone to degradation due to environmental factors such as light, heat, and oxygen, leading to reduced efficacy and increased spoilage. Microencapsulation represents an effective approach to meet important goals in the formulation of food products such as the protection against degradation or the control of interactions with other ingredients that may modify and impair their functionality. This study explores the microencapsulation of flavonoid-rich onion by-product extract through spray drying, employing various wall materials (maltodextrin and a mixture of maltodextrin/trehalose and maltodextrin/trehalose/inulin) and their effect on the chemical and physical properties of the powders such as encapsulation efficiency, total flavonoids content, moisture content, water activity, bulk density, and bulk tapped density. The storage stability was further evaluated. This research supports waste reduction and suggests strategies for developing functional ingredients with extended shelf life and controlled release properties.

Insights into the Corrosion Inhibition Performance of Plant Extracts of Different Genera in the Asteraceae Family for Q235 Steel in H2SO4 Medium

Nowadays, the development of plant extracts as corrosion inhibitors to protect metals from corrosion is a popular research direction. However, given the vast diversity of plant species in nature, it is imperative to explore effective methods to improve screening efficiency in order to quickly identify the corrosion inhibition potential of plants. In this work, a new strategy for developing plant-extracted eco-friendly corrosion inhibitors based on the family and genus of plants is proposed. Three plants of different genera in the Asteraceae family, including Artemisia argyi extract (AAE), Chrysanthemum indicum extract (CIE), and Centipeda minima extract (CME), were selected and successfully prepared as novel corrosion inhibitors for Q235 steel in a sulfuric acid solution. The corrosion inhibition behavior and corresponding mechanism were systematically investigated by using some electrochemical tests (open circuit potential, potentiodynamic polarization, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy) and surface characterizations (Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy). The experimental results illustrated that the main components of the three extracts were similar and that when combined with KI as mixed-type corrosion inhibitors, they could dramatically slow down the metal corrosion rate. The maximum value of the corrosion inhibition efficiency reached 96.29%, 96.50%, and 97.52%, respectively, at 200 mg/L and could increase to 98.64%, 97.65%, and 99.06%, respectively, with a prolonged immersion time. A synergistic effect exists between the three plant extracts and KI, leading to the firm adsorption of the three plant extract molecules onto a Q235 steel surface, thereby forming a robust protective film. This work demonstrated that plants of different genera in the Asteraceae family possessed similar corrosion inhibition capabilities, providing a novel way to select potential corrosion inhibitors from numerous plants based on family and genus classification.

Antifungal potential of silver nanoparticles stabilized with the flavonoid naringenin

Introduction. Fungal infections caused by yeast have increased in recent decades, becoming a major threat to public health.Hypothesis/Gap Statement. Antifungal therapy represents a challenging problem because, in addition to presenting many side effects, fungal resistance has been increasing in recent years. As a result, the search for new therapeutic agents has advanced with the use of new technologies such as nanoparticles (NPs).Aim. Synthesize, characterize and evaluate the antifungal potential of naringenin (NAR)-stabilized silver NPs.Methodology. The biosynthesis of NPs was stabilized using the NAR molecule and an aqueous solution of silver nitrate. The characterization of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) was performed using different methods, which include UV-visible spectroscopy, powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy, zeta potential measurements and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Antifungal activity was evaluated against clinical isolates of Candida albicans by determining the MIC and the minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC).Results. The AgNP NAR showed a colloidal appearance with an average size of 14.71 nm and zeta potential measured at -33.3 mV, indicating a highly stable suspension. XRD analysis confirmed the crystal structure. FTIR spectra showed the presence of several functional groups of plant compounds, which play an important role in the coating and bioreduction processes. The antifungal activity against C. albicans showed an MIC of 3.55 µg ml-1 and an MFC of 7.1 µg ml-1. According to the growth kinetic assay in 12 h, there was a reduction of ~50% (<3 log10). Furthermore, AgNP NAR did not show mutagenic potential.Conclusion. The AgNP NAR obtained presented ideal characteristics for biomedical applications, good stability and promising antimicrobial activity.

Insulin-Sensitizing Properties of Decoctions from Leaves, Stems, and Roots of Cucumis prophetarum L

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic disease characterized by insulin resistance and impaired beta-cell secretory function. Since existing treatments often present side effects based on different mechanisms, alternative therapeutic options are needed. In this scenario, the present study first evaluates the cytotoxicity of decoctions from the leaves, stems, and roots of Cucumis prophetarum L. on HepG2 and L6C5 cells. The extracts were chemically investigated by UV-Vis and ATR-FTIR spectroscopic techniques and by ultra high-performance chromatographic techniques, coupled with high-resolution mass spectrometry. Briefly, decoctions from the leaves and stems were mainly composed of apigenin C-glycosides, while the root decoction was rich in raffinose and cucumegastigmane II. To evaluate the insulin-sensitizing properties of the extracts in insulin-resistant L6 myoblasts, an evaluation by Western blot analysis of the proteins in the insulin signaling pathway was then performed. Particularly, key proteins of insulin signaling were investigated, i.e., insulin receptor substrate (IRS-1), protein kinase B (PKB/AKT), and glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3β), which have gained considerable attention from scientists for the treatment of diabetes. Under all conditions tested, the three decoctions showed low cytotoxicity. The stem and root decoction (300 μg/mL) resulted in a significant increase in the levels of p-IRS-1 (Tyr612), GSK3β (Ser9), and p-AMPK (Thr172) compared to those of the palmitic acid-treated group, and the leaf decoction resulted an increase in the level of p-IRS-1 (Tyr612) and p-AMPK (Thr172) and a decrease in p-GSK3β (Ser9) compared to the levels for the palmitic acid-treated group. The root decoction also reduced the level of p-mToR (Ser2448). Overall, the acquired data demonstrate the effect of reducing insulin resistance induced by the investigated decoctions, opening new scenarios for the evaluation of these effects aimed at counteracting diabetes and related diseases in animal models.

Anti-Inflammatory, Antithrombotic, and Antioxidant Properties of Amphiphilic Lipid Bioactives from Shrimp

Background/Objectives: Marine organisms, including shrimps, have gained research interest due to containing an abundance of bioactive lipid molecules.This study evaluated the composition and the in vitro biological activities of amphiphilic bioactive compounds from four different wild shrimp species: Litopenaeus vannamei, Penaeus kerathurus, Aristaeomorpha foliacea, and Parapenaeus longirostris. Methods: Total lipid (TL) extracts were obtained from shrimp and separated into total amphiphilic (TAC) and total lipophilic (TLC) compounds. Phenolic (TPC) and carotenoid (TCC) contents, antioxidant activities (DPPH, ABTS, FRAP assays), and biological effects on platelet-activating factor (PAF) and ADP-induced platelet activation were evaluated. Structural analyses were performed using ATR-FTIR spectroscopy, while LC-MS was used to elucidate the fatty acid composition and overall structure of polar lipids (PLs) present in shrimp TAC extracts. Results: TAC extracts, rich in phenolics, carotenoids, PL, and unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs), exhibited stronger anti-inflammatory and antithrombotic activities compared with TLC extracts, which showed potent antioxidant capacity. Significant amounts of UFAs, such as the monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) oleic acid (C18:1n9) and omega-3 (n3) polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) like eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA; C20:5n3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; C22:6n3), were detected in the PLs of shrimp TAC extracts, with favorable anti-inflammatory values for their n6/n3 PUFA ratio. Shrimp amphiphilic bioactives present in the TAC extracts provide anti-inflammatory effects against the PAF pathway and antithrombotic effects against ADP and eicosanoid pathways. Conclusions: The overall findings support further study on the use of shrimp extracts rich in anti-inflammatory, anti-thrombotic, and antioxidant amphiphilic bioactives as ingredients to produce new bio-functional health-promoting products, in the context of sustainable development and circular economy.

Ethanolic Extract of Averrhoa carambola Leaf Has an Anticancer Activity on Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Cells: An In Vitro Study

Background/Objectives: Averrhoa carambola, or star fruit, is a shrub known for its medicinal properties, especially due to bioactive metabolites identified in its roots and fruit with anti-cancer activity. However, the biological effects of its leaves remain unexplored. This study aimed to assess the effects of ethanolic extract from A. carambola leaves on triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), an aggressive subtype lacking specific therapy. Methods: Phytochemical analysis and HPLC profile and additional cell line evaluation employing MDA-MB-231 were carried out. Results: Phytochemical screening revealed that the ethanolic extract was rich in flavonoids, saponins, and steroids, demonstrating an antioxidant capacity of 45%. 1H NMR analysis indicated the presence of flavonoids, terpenes, and glycoside-like compounds. Cell viability assays showed a concentration-dependent decrease in viability, with an IC50 value of 20.89 μg/mL at 48 h. Clonogenic assays indicated significant inhibition of replicative immortality, with only 2.63% survival at 15 μg/mL. Migration, assessed through a wound healing assay, was reduced to 3.06% at 100 μg/mL, with only 16.23% of cells remaining attached. An additive effect was observed when combining lower concentrations of the extract with doxorubicin, indicating potential synergy. Conclusions: These results suggest that the ethanolic extract of A. carambola leaves contains metabolites with anti-cancer activity against TNBC cells, supporting further research into their bioactive compounds and therapeutic potential.

Comparative Analysis of Infusions and Ethanolic Extracts of Annona muricata Leaves from Colima, Mexico: Phytochemical Profile and Antioxidant Activity

BACKGROUND

Annona muricata L. (guanabana) leaves are rich in bioactive compounds with potential antioxidant properties. In the state of Colima, both ethanolic extracts and infusions are traditionally used in folk medicine to address various ailments. This study aimed to evaluate and compare the phytochemical composition and antioxidant activities of ethanolic extracts and infusions of A. muricata leaves from three geographic regions in Colima, Mexico, with a focus on how geographic origin affects their bioactive properties.

METHODS

Ethanolic extracts and infusions were prepared from A. muricata leaves and analyzed using phytochemical screening; DPPH, total antioxidant capacity (TAC), and total phenolic content (TPC) measurements; and HPLC. TLC was also conducted to examine the presence of specific compounds, such as flavonoids and phenols.

RESULTS

Both the ethanolic extracts and infusions contained significant levels of alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, and phenolic compounds. The infusions demonstrated superior antioxidant capacity, with DPPH inhibition values of 72.5%, 68.3%, and 65.1% in the northern, central, and southern regions, respectively, compared to the ethanolic extracts' values of 50.3%, 48.9%, and 45.0%. HPLC identified quercetin as a major compound across all samples. Geographically, the northern region exhibited higher concentrations of bioactive compounds, particularly total flavonoid content (TFC) and iron-reducing power (FRPA).

CONCLUSIONS

Both the ethanolic extracts and infusions of A. muricata leaves exhibited significant antioxidant properties, with the infusions showing superior performance. The results suggest that A. muricata infusions may have potential applications in managing oxidative stress-related diseases such as cancer and diabetes. Exploring their use in traditional medicine and employing this type of approach can help discern the metabolite profile responsible for these bioactivities. Geographic factors influence the bioactive profile of the plant, and further research is needed to isolate specific bioactive compounds and elucidate their therapeutic mechanisms.

Polyphenols and Microbiota Modulation: Insights from Swine and Other Animal Models for Human Therapeutic Strategies

High consumption of ultra-processed foods, rich in sugar and unhealthy fats, has been linked to the onset of numerous chronic diseases. Consequently, there has been a growing shift towards a fiber-rich diet, abundant in fruits, vegetables, seeds, and nuts, to enhance longevity and quality of life. The primary bioactive components in these plant-based foods are polyphenols, which exert significant effects on modulating the gastrointestinal microbiota through their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. This modulation has preventive effects on neurodegenerative, metabolic, and cardiovascular diseases, and even cancer. The antimicrobial properties of polyphenols against pathogenic bacteria have significantly reduced the need for antibiotics, thereby lowering the risk of antibiotic resistance. This paper advances the field by offering novel insights into the beneficial effects of polyphenols, both directly through the metabolites produced during digestion and indirectly through changes in the host's gastrointestinal microbiota, uniquely emphasizing swine as a model highly relevant to human health, a topic that, to our knowledge, has not been thoroughly explored in previous reviews. This review also addresses aspects related to both other animal models (mice, rabbits, and rats), and humans, providing guidelines for future research into the benefits of polyphenol consumption. By linking agricultural and biomedical perspectives, it proposes strategies for utilizing these bioactive compounds as therapeutic agents in both veterinary and human health sciences.

Isolation, Characterization, In Vitro and In Silico Assessment of Undescribed Bioactive Constituents from Pterocarpus santalinus L. Heartwood

Pterocarpus santalinus heartwood is well acknowledged for its medicinal properties and use in the furniture and handicraft industries. Owing to its medicinal properties, the present investigation aims to isolate and characterize the secondary metabolites from the heartwood. The investigation led to the isolation of one undescribed dehydropterocarpan and eleven known compounds. P. santalinusheartwood is found to be a new source for six compounds. Interestingly, the undescribed dehydropterocarpan is transformed into an artifact, which led us to understand the biosynthetic correlations. The isolated compounds displayed moderate inhibition of α-glucosidase and α-amylase. The enzymatic assay outcome is further complimented with the in silico docking analysis. We have also evaluated the compounds for their drug-likeness properties, which align with the desired characteristics of potential drug candidates.

Silver nanoparticles from orange peel extract: Colorimetric detection of Pb2+ and Cd2+ ions with a chemometric approach

Green silver nanoparticles (AgNPs@OPE) were obtained by using orange (citrus sinensis) peel water extract (OPE) that acts as a reducing and capping agent. This procedure permits the valorisation of waste as orange peel, and lowers the environmental impact of the process, with respect to the conventional synthetic procedure. The OPE extract reduced Ag(I) to Ag(0) in alkaline conditions, and stabilised the produced nanoparticles as a capping agent. The AgNPs@OPE were deeply characterized by UV-Vis spectroscopy, FT-IR, SEM analysis and DLS analysis and successively used as colorimetric sensors for different metals in aqueous solution. The colourimetric assay showed that AgNPs@OPE were able to detect Pb2+ and Cd2+, as demonstrated by the splits of surface plasmon resonance (SPR) band accompanied by the formation of a second new band; these spectral modification resulted in a colour change, from pristine nanoparticles' yellow to brown, due to the aggregation process. For the quantification of each of the two target cations, a calibration was performed by using the univariate linear regression, within the linearity ranges, exploiting the absorbance ratio between the main SPR band and the new band relative to the aggregate formation. Then a multivariate approach was followed to perform both Cd2+ and Pb2+ quantification by means of Partial Least Square regression (PLS) and target cations distinction by Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA) applied on Principal Components Analysis (PCA) outputs, in both cases using the entire UV-Vis spectra (350-800 nm) as input data. Finally, the ability to quantify and distinguish between Cd2+ and Pb2+ was tested in tap water samples spiked with the two cations in order to confirm the application of the AgNPs@OPE as selective sensor in real samples.

Machine learning approach for high-throughput phenolic antioxidant screening in black Rice germplasm collection based on surface FTIR

Pigmented rice contains beneficial phenolic antioxidants but analysing them across germplasm collections is laborious and time-consuming. Here we utilised rapid surface Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and machine learning algorithms (ML) to predict and classify polyphenolic antioxidants. Total phenolics, flavonoids, anthocyanins, and proanthocyanidins were quantified biochemically from 270 diverse global coloured rice collection and attenuated total reflectance (ATR) FTIR spectra were obtained by scanning whole grain surfaces at 800-4000 cm-1. Five ML classification models were optimised using the biochemical and spectral data which performed predictions with 93.5%-100% accuracy. Random Forest and Support Vector Machine models identified key FTIR peaks linked to flavonols, flavones and anthocyanins as important model predictors. This research successfully established direct and non-destructive surface chemistry spectroscopy of the aleurone layer of pigmented rice integrated with ML models as a viable high-throughput platform to accelerate the analysis and profiling of nutritionally valuable coloured rice varieties.

Evaluation of Nutritional and Functional Properties of Chasubi - A Traditional Food

Chasubi, a rice flour-based flatbread is an ethnic delicacy in the Kakching district of Manipur, India. The present study explored the nutritional and functional properties of chasubi. Chasubi was prepared by mixing rice flour with, Allium tuberosum Rottl ex Spreng, Allium hookeri Thw, Zanthoxylum armatum DC, and fermented fish. A dough was prepared, rolled into round flatbread, transferred to banana leaves, and cooked. The proximate composition, antioxidant properties, physicochemical properties, texture profile and biochemical composition of chasubi were determined. The moisture content of the chasubi was in the range of intermediate moisture foods. The protein content of chasubi was 10.17 ± 1.46%. Chasubi was low in fat content (0.40 ± 0.07%) and had crude fibre in good amounts (1.28 ± 0.61%). The carbohydrate content and energy value of chasubi were 48.08% and 236.6 kcal/100 g. The antioxidant properties of chasubi are presented as 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50). Chasubi showed a high concentration of total phenolics (IC50 5.41 ± 0.37 mg gallic acid equivalent/g) and the IC50 values of ferric reducing power assay and total flavonoid were 9.31 ± 1.69 mg ferrous sulphate equivalent/g and 60.81 ± 11.70 mg quercetin equivalent/g, respectively. The hardness and adhesiveness of the chasubi were 72.43 N and 0.0589 mJ, respectively. The Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy of chasubi showed phenolic peaks indicating that phenolics were preserved after cooking. In conclusion, chasubi is a high-protein, low-fat snack with good antioxidant properties. The physical properties of chasubi make it shelf-stable.

Synthesis and characterization of selenium nanoparticles stabilized with oxyethylated alkylphenol (neonol) for potential modification of fabric materials

This work demonstrates the first time synthesis of selenium nanoparticles (Se NPs) stabilized with neonol. The synthesis method was optimized using a multifactorial experiment with three input parameters. The most stable sample had a radius of 15 nm and a ζ-potential of -36.76 mV. It was found that the optimal parameters for the synthesis of Se NPs stabilized with neonol are the following concentration values: 0.12 mol/L selenic acid, 0.095 mol/L neonol and 0.95 mol/L ascorbic acid. Quantum chemical modeling of Se-neonol molecular complex formation showed that interaction of Se with neonol occurs through a hydroxyl group. Difference in the total energy of the neonol molecule and Se-neonol molecular complex is more than 2399 kcal/mol, which indicates that formation of chemical bond between Se and neonol is energetically advantageous. It was found that all samples exhibit stability over the entire pH range from 1.81 to 11.98, and the particle size is in the range of 25-30 nm. The analysis of the study of the influence of the ionic force showed that cations do not significantly affect the Se NPs radius, but anions have a significant effect, increasing the average hydrodynamic radius up to 2750 nm. For modification with Se NPs, silk, gauze, wool, cotton and cardboard samples were used. Elemental mapping of the samples showed an ambiguous distribution of Se NPs over the surface of fabric material. Assessment of potential antibacterial activity of modified fabric materials revealed inhibition zones of Micrococcus luteus growth from 12 to 16 mm for silk, gauze, wool and cotton. Notably, the most intense inhibition of Micrococcus luteus was observed in wool treated be Se NPs stabilized with neonol. Cardboard did not express Micrococcus luteus growth inhibition action because of weak interaction of cellulose filaments with Se NPs and neonol and possible microbial digestion of cellulose and xylan.

Synthesis and characterization of fluorenone derivatives with electrical properties explored using density functional theory (DFT)

This study provides thorough computational and experimental assessments of four types of novel synthesized thiosemicarbazones. The compounds were effectively synthesized using a condensation reaction between thiosemicarbazide and fluorenone, producing a remarkable range of 70-88%. Additional chemical structures were examined utilizing spectroscopic methods, including Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), NMR spectroscopy, and ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy. The computational analyses utilized DFT using the M06/6-311G (d, p) technique. The electrical characteristics, including the stability of orbitals via energy exchange between a donor and acceptor, can be evaluated by natural bond orbital (NBO) analysis. The nonlinear optical (NLO) properties were analyzed to detect any prohibited energy gaps. FTIR and UV-visible data were computed using the identical M06/6-311G (d, p) level of theory. The NBO test has confirmed the occurrence of charge separation due to the efficient transfer of electrons from the donor to the acceptor unit over the π bridge. The molecular chemical softness and hardness are dependable indications of a molecule's chemical stability. A significant magnitude of the absolute value of polarizability and hyper-polarizability indicates considerable dispersion of electric charge. The outcomes derived from Density Functional Theory (DFT) generally align well with experimental findings.

The galactomannan-EGCG physical complex: Effect of branching degree and molecular weight on structural and physiological properties

Polysaccharides and polyphenols are bioactive components that co-exist in many plant foods. Their binary interaction in terms of the structure-function relationships, however, has not been well clarified. This study elucidated the correlation between the structural and physiological properties of galactomannan (GM) -catechin monomer complexes and GM with different branching or molecular weight (Mw). Results indicated that locus bean gum with lower branching degree (Gal/Man is 0.259) bound more readily to EGCG with adsorption rate of 19.42 %. EGCG and ECG containing galloyl groups were more inclined to form hydrogen bonds with GMs, significantly improving the adsorption by GMs. The introduction of EGCG could enhance the antioxidant activity and starch digestion inhibition of GM, which positively correlated with the adsorption capacity of EGCG. The guar gum (GG) with higher Mw (7384.3 kDa) could transport 71.51 % EGCG into the colon, while the retention rate of EGCG reaching the colon alone was only 46.33 %. Conversely, GM-EGCG complex with lower Mw (6.9 kDa) could be readily utilized by gut microbiota, and increased production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). This study elucidated the structure-properties relationship of GM-EGCG complexes, and provide a new idea for the development and precision nutrition of polysaccharides-polyphenol complexes fortified functional foods.

Rheological and Textural Investigation to Design Film for Packaging from Potato Peel Waste

The recovery of potato waste for circular-economy purposes is a growing area of industrial research. This waste, rich in nutrients and potential for reuse, can be a valuable source of starch for packaging applications. Rheology plays a crucial role in characterizing film-forming solutions before casting. In this work, packaging film was prepared from potato waste using rheological information to formulate the film-forming solution. To this aim, rheological measurements were carried out on starch/glycerol-only samples, and the data obtained were used to optimize the formulation from the waste. The polyphenol content of the peels was analyzed, and the resulting films were comprehensively characterized. This included assessments of color, extensibility, Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, surface microscopy, and contact angle. Polyphenol-loaded films, suitable for packaging applications, were developed from potato waste. These films exhibited distinct properties compared to those made with pure starch, including an improved wettability of about 75° for the best sample and a high elastic modulus of about 36 MPa, which reduces the deformability but enhances the resistance against the stress. Through rheological studies, we were able to design films from potato peel waste. These films demonstrated promising mechanical performance.

Dual-Function Femtosecond Laser: β-TCP Structuring and AgNP Synthesis via Photoreduction with Azorean Green Tea for Enhanced Osteointegration and Antibacterial Properties

β-Tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) is a well-established biomaterial for bone regeneration, highly regarded for its biocompatibility and osteoconductivity. However, its clinical efficacy is often compromised by susceptibility to bacterial infections. In this study, we address this limitation by integrating femtosecond (fs)-laser processing with the concurrent synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) mediated by Azorean green tea leaf extract (GTLE), which is known for its rich antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. The fs laser was employed to modify the surface of β-TCP scaffolds by varying scanning velocities, fluences, and patterns. The resulting patterns, formed at lower scanning velocities, display organized nanostructures, along with enhanced roughness and wettability, as characterized by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), optical profilometry, and contact angle measurements. Concurrently, the femtosecond laser facilitated the photoreduction of silver ions in the presence of GTLE, enabling the efficient synthesis of small, spherical AgNPs, as confirmed by UV-vis spectroscopy, Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). The resulting AgNP-embedded β-TCP scaffolds exhibited a significantly improved cell viability and elongation of human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (hBM-MSCs), alongside significant antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus). This study underscores the transformative potential of combining femtosecond laser surface modification with GTLE-mediated AgNP synthesis, presenting a novel and effective strategy for enhancing the performance of β-TCP scaffolds in bone-tissue engineering.

Insight into Romanian Wild-Grown Heracleum sphondylium: Development of a New Phytocarrier Based on Silver Nanoparticles with Antioxidant, Antimicrobial and Cytotoxicity Potential

Background: Heracleum sphondylium, a medicinal plant used in Romanian ethnopharmacology, has been proven to have remarkable biological activity. The escalating concerns surrounding antimicrobial resistance led to a special attention being paid to new efficient antimicrobial agents based on medicinal plants and nanotechnology. We report the preparation of a novel, simple phytocarrier that harnesses the bioactive properties of H. sphondylium and silver nanoparticles (HS-Ag system). Methods: H. sphondylium's low metabolic profile was determined through gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and electrospray ionization-quadrupole time-of-flight-mass spectrometry. The morphostructural properties of the innovative phytocarrier were analyzed by X-ray diffraction, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering, scanning electron microscopy, and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The antioxidant activity was evaluated using total phenolic content, ferric reducing antioxidant power, and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) in vitro assays. The antimicrobial activity screening against Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Escherichia coli was conducted using the agar well diffusion method. The 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay estimated the in vitro potential cytotoxicity on normal human dermal fibroblasts (NHDF) and cervical cancer (HeLa) cells. Results: A total of 88 biomolecules were detected, such as terpenoids, flavonoids, phenolic acids, coumarins, phenylpropanoids, iridoids, amino acids, phytosterols, fatty acids. The HS-Ag phytocarrier heightened efficacy in suppressing the growth of all tested bacterial strains compared to H. sphondylium and exhibited a significant inhibition of HeLa cell viability. Conclusions: The new HS-Ag phytocarrier system holds promise for a wide range of medical applications. The data confirm the capacity to augment the pertinent theoretical understanding in the innovative field of antimicrobial agents.

Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticle from Anadenanthera colubrina Extract and Its Antimicrobial Action against ESKAPEE Group Bacteria

Given the urgent need for novel methods to control the spread of multidrug-resistant microorganisms, this study presents a green synthesis approach to produce silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using the bark extract from Anadenanthera colubrina (Vell.) Brenan var. colubrina. The methodology included obtaining the extract and characterizing the AgNPs, which revealed antimicrobial activity against MDR bacteria. A. colubrina species is valued in indigenous and traditional medicine for its medicinal properties. Herein, it was employed to synthesize AgNPs with effective antibacterial activity (MIC = 19.53-78.12 μM) against clinical isolates from the ESKAPEE group, known for causing high hospitalization costs and mortality rates. Despite its complexity, AgNP synthesis is an affordable method with minimal environmental impacts and risks. Plant-synthesized AgNPs possess unique characteristics that affect their biological activity and cytotoxicity. In this work, A. colubrina bark extract resulted in the synthesis of nanoparticles measuring 75.62 nm in diameter, with a polydispersity index of 0.17 and an average zeta potential of -29 mV, as well as low toxicity for human erythrocytes, with a CC50 value in the range of 961 μM. This synthesis underscores its innovative potential owing to its low toxicity, suggesting applicability across several areas and paving the way for future research.

Ethanolic Extract of Salvia officinalis Leaves Affects Viability, Survival, Migration, and the Formation and Growth of 3D Cultures of the Tumourigenic Murine HPV-16+-Related Cancer Cell Line

Salvia officinalis (SO) is one of the most widely used plants in traditional medicine worldwide. In the present study, the effect of an ethanolic extract of S. officinalis leaves on hallmarks of cancer of HPV-16-positive cancer tumorigenic cells, TC-1, was analyzed in vitro. Phytochemical and spectroscopic analysis were performed. Additionally, the extract's flavonoid content, reducing iron, and antioxidant capacity were determined. In regard to the in vitro tests, the cytotoxic activity and its effect on the replicative capacity and on the cell migration of TC-1 cells were analyzed by viability and clonogenic, survival, and wound healing assays. The effect of a pre-treatment or treatment on 3D culture formation, growth, and reversion capacity was also examined. The results of the phytochemical analysis allowed the detection of tannins, saponins, steroids, and flavonoids. The flavonoids content was found to be 153.40 ± 10.68 µg/mg of extract. Additionally, the extract exhibited an antioxidant capacity and a ferric-reducing capacity of around 40% compared to the ascorbic acid. Thin layer chromatographic (TLC) analysis and spectroscopic tests showed the presence of compounds similar to quercetin and catechin flavonoids in the extract. In the in vitro assays, the SO extract induced in a concentration-dependent way changes in cell morphology, the decrease of cell viability, survival, and migration. At a concentration of 125 µg/mL, the extract inhibited spheroid formation, reduced their growth, and affected their reversion to 2D. Ethanolic extract of S. officinalis leaves had inhibitory effects on hallmarks of the cancer line HPV-16+. This suggests that the phytochemicals present in it may be a source of chemotherapeutics against cervical cancer.

Exploring the therapeutic potential of Thai medicinal plants: in vitro screening and in silico docking of phytoconstituents for novel anti-SARS-CoV-2 agents

BACKGROUND

The high virulence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), responsible for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), has triggered global health and economic concerns. The absence of specific antiviral treatments and the side effects of repurposed drugs present persistent challenges. This study explored a promising antiviral herbal extract against SARS-CoV-2 from selected Thai medicinal plants based on in vitro efficacy and evaluated its antiviral lead compounds by molecular docking.

METHODS

Twenty-two different ethanolic-aqueous crude extracts (CEs) were rapidly screened for their potential activity against porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) as a surrogate using a plaque reduction assay. Extracts achieving ≥ 70% anti-PEDV efficacy proceeded to the anti-SARS-CoV-2 activity test using a 50% tissue culture infectious dose method in Vero E6 cells. Molnupiravir and extract-free media served as positive and negative controls, respectively. Potent CEs underwent water/ethyl acetate fractionation to enhance antiviral efficacy, and the fractions were tested for anti-SARS-CoV-2 performance. The fraction with the highest antiviral potency was identified using liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS). Molecular docking analyses of these compounds against the main protease (Mpro) of SARS-CoV-2 (6LU7) were performed to identify antiviral lead molecules. The top three hits were further evaluated for their conformational stability in the docked complex using molecular dynamics (MD) simulation.

RESULTS

The water fraction of mulberry (Morus alba Linn.) leaf CE (WF-MLCE) exhibited the most potent anti-SARS-CoV-2 efficacy with low cytotoxicity profile (CC50 of ~ 0.7 mg/mL), achieving 99.92% in pre-entry mode and 99.88% in postinfection treatment mode at 0.25 mg/mL. Flavonoids and conjugates were the predominant compounds identified in WF-MLCE. Molecular docking scores of several flavonoids against SARS-CoV-2 Mpro demonstrated their superior antiviral potency compared to molnupiravir. Remarkably, myricetin-3-O-β-D-galactopyranoside, maragrol B, and quercetin 3-O-robinobioside exhibited binding energies of ~  - 9 kcal/mol. The stability of each ligand-protein complex of these compounds with the Mpro system showed stability during MD simulation. These three molecules were pronounced as antiviral leads of WF-MLCE. Given the low cytotoxicity and high antiviral potency of WF-MLCE, it holds promise as a candidate for future therapeutic development for COVID-19 treatment, especially considering its economic and pharmacological advantages.

Hybrid chiral nanocellulose-cyanidin composite with pH and humidity response for visual inspection and real-time tracking of shrimp quality and freshness

Biobased multi-stimulation materials have received considerable attention for intelligent packaging and anti-counterfeiting applications. Cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) and cyanidins are good material candidates for monitoring food freshness as they are eco-friendly natural substances. This work incorporated cyanidin with a CNC-hosting substrate to develop a simple, environment-friendly colorimetric device to visualize food freshness. Across the pH range of 2-13, the indicator exhibited noticeable color changes ranging from red to gray and eventually to orange. The CNC-cyanidin (CC) film exhibited a dramatic color change from blue to dark red and high sensitivity at a relative humidity of 30 %-100 %. In corresponding to the total volatile elemental nitrogen (TVB-N) level of shrimp, the indicator showed distinguishable colors at different stages of shrimp. The findings imply that the samples have substantial potential for use as an intelligent indicator for tracking shrimp freshness.

In Situ Synthesis of Cu2O Nanoparticles Using Eucalyptus globulus Extract to Remove a Dye via Advanced Oxidation

Water pollution, particularly from organic contaminants like dyes, is a pressing issue, prompting exploration into advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) as potential solutions. This study focuses on synthesizing Cu2O on cellulose-based fabric using Eucalyptus globulus leaf extracts. The resulting catalysts effectively degraded methylene blue through photocatalysis under LED visible light and heterogeneous Fenton-like reactions with H2O2, demonstrating reusability. Mechanistic insights were gained through analyses of the extracts before and after Cu2O synthesis, revealing the role of phenolic compounds and reducing sugars in nanoparticle formation. Cu2O nanoparticles on cellulose-based fabric were characterized in terms of their morphology, structure, and bandgap via SEM-EDS, XRD, Raman, FTIR, UV-Vis DRS, and TGA. The degradation of methylene blue was pH-dependent; photocatalysis was more efficient at neutral pH due to hydroxyl and superoxide radical production, while Fenton-like reactions showed greater efficiency at acidic pH, primarily generating hydroxyl radicals. Cu2O used in Fenton-like reactions exhibited lower reusability compared to photocatalysis, suggesting deterioration. This research not only advances understanding of catalytic processes but also holds promise for sustainable water treatment solutions, contributing to environmental protection and resource conservation.

SERSomes for metabolic phenotyping and prostate cancer diagnosis

Molecular phenotypic variations in metabolites offer the promise of rapid profiling of physiological and pathological states for diagnosis, monitoring, and prognosis. Since present methods are expensive, time-consuming, and still not sensitive enough, there is an urgent need for approaches that can interrogate complex biological fluids at a system-wide level. Here, we introduce hyperspectral surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) to profile microliters of biofluidic metabolite extraction in 15 min with a spectral set, SERSome, that can be used to describe the structures and functions of various molecules produced in the biofluid at a specific time via SERS characteristics. The metabolite differences of various biofluids, including cell culture medium and human serum, are successfully profiled, showing a diagnosis accuracy of 80.8% on the internal test set and 73% on the external validation set for prostate cancer, discovering potential biomarkers, and predicting the tissue-level pathological aggressiveness. SERSomes offer a promising methodology for metabolic phenotyping.

A novel source of biologically active compounds - The leaves of Serbian herbaceous peonies

In order to gain further insight into how various extraction techniques (maceration, microwave-, and ultrasound-assisted extractions) affect the chemical profile and biological activities of leaf extracts from Paeonia tenuifolia L., Paeonia peregrina Mill., and Paeonia officinalis L., this research was performed. The targeted chemical characterization of the extracts was achieved using the Ultra-High-Performance-Liquid-Chromatography-Linear-Trap-Mass-Spectrometry OrbiTrap instrumental technique, while Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy was conducted to investigate the structural properties of the examined leaf extracts. According to the results, the species P. officinalis, Božurna locality as the origin of the plant material, and microwave-assisted extraction produced the maximum polyphenol yield, (491.9 ± 2.7 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/mL). The ethanolic extracts exhibited moderate antioxidant activity as evaluated by DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) and phosphomolybdenum tests. With MIC values of 0.125 mg/mL, the leaf extracts produced by ultrasound-assisted extraction and maceration (Deliblato sands and Bogovo gumno) had the best antibacterial activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Salmonella Typhimurium. Ultrasound-assisted extraction has proven to produce the most effective antimicrobial agents. Inhibitory potential towards glucosidase, amylase, cholinesterases, and tyrosinase was evaluated in enzyme inhibition assays and molecular docking simulations. Results show that leaves of P. tenuifolia L. obtained by ultrasound-assisted extraction had the highest acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase inhibitory activity. Namely, the complexity of the polyphenol structures, the extraction method, the used locality, and the different mechanisms of the reactions between bioactives from leaf extracts and other components (free radicals, microorganisms, and enzymes) are the main factors that influence the results of the antioxidant tests, as well as the antibacterial and enzyme-inhibitory activities of the extracts. Hydroxymethyl-phenyl pentosyl-hexoside and acetyl-hydroxyphenyl-hexoside were the first time identified in the leaf extract of the Paeonia species. Due to their proven biological activities and the confirmed existence of bioactive compounds, leaf extracts may find use in foodstuffs, functional foods, and pharmaceutical products.

The influence of unique interfacial networks based on egg white proteins for the stabilization of high internal phase Pickering emulsions: Physical stability and free fatty acid release kinetics

This study was oriented towards the impacts of unique interfacial networks, formed by glycosylated and non-glycosylated egg white proteins, on the characteristics of high internal phase Pickering emulsions (HIPPEs). Glycosylated egg white protein particles (EWPG) manifested a more compact protein tertiary structure and amplified surface hydrophobicity, forming durable coral-like networks at the oil-water interface. The non-glycosylated egg white protein particles (EWP) could form spherical cluster interfacial networks. Raman spectroscopy analysis illuminated that EWPG could exhibit better interactions with aliphatic amino acids via hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic interactions. The release of free fatty acid (FFA) from both HIPPEs followed the first-order kinetic model with a combination of diffusion. EWPG-stabilized HIPPEs demonstrated superior physical stability and cellular antioxidant activity. This research shed light on the promising prospects of HIPPEs as promising amphiphilic delivery systems with capabilities to co-deliver hydrophilic and hydrophobic nutraceuticals and amplify their intracellular biological potency.

Structural investigation of interactions between halogenated flavonoids and the lipid membrane along with their role as cytotoxic agents

This study focuses on understanding the structural and molecular changes in lipid membranes under the influence of six halogenated flavonoid derivatives differing in the number and position of substitution of chlorine and bromine atoms (D1-D6). Utilizing various analytical techniques, including fluorometric methods, dynamic light scattering (DLS), attenuated Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR- FTIR), and FT-Raman spectroscopy, the research aims to elucidate the mechanisms underlying the interaction of flavonoids with cell membranes. Additionally, the study includes in silico analyses to explore the physicochemical properties of these compounds and their potential pharmaceutical applications, along with toxicity studies to assess their effects on cancer, normal, and red blood cells. Our study showed the ability of halogenated derivatives to interact mostly with the outer part of the membrane, especially in the lipid heads region however, some of them were able to penetrate deeper into the membrane and affect the fluidity of hydrocarbon chains. The potential to reduce cancer cell viability, the lack of toxicity towards erythrocytes, and the favourable physicochemical and pharmacokinetic properties suggest these halogenated flavonoids potential candidates for exploring their potential for medical use.

ResD-Net: A model for rapid prediction of antioxidant activity in gentian root using FT-IR spectroscopy

Gentian, an herb resource known for its antioxidant properties, has garnered significant attention. However, existing methods are time-consuming and destructive for assessing the antioxidant activity in gentian root samples. In this study, we propose a method for swiftly predicting the antioxidant activity of gentian root using FT-IR spectroscopy combined with chemometrics. We employed machine learning and deep learning models to establish the relationship between FT-IR spectra and DPPH free radical scavenging activity. The results of model fitting reveal that the deep learning model outperforms the machine learning model. The model's performance was enhanced by incorporating the Double-Net and residual connection strategy. The enhanced model, named ResD-Net, excels in feature extraction and also avoids gradient vanishing. The ResD-Net model achieves an R2 of 0.933, an RMSE of 0.02, and an RPD of 3.856. These results support the accuracy and applicability of this method for rapidly predicting antioxidant activity in gentian root samples.

Differential Effects of Soy Isoflavones on the Biophysical Properties of Model Membranes

The effects that the main soy isoflavones, genistein and daidzein, have upon the biophysical properties of a model lipid bilayer composed of 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DOPC) or DOPC with cholesterol (4 to 1 mol ratio) have been investigated by transbilayer water permeability, differential scanning calorimetry, and confocal Raman microspectroscopy. Genistein is found to increase water permeability, decrease phase transition temperature, reduce enthalpy of transition, and induce packing disorder in the DOPC membrane with an increasing concentration. On the contrary, daidzein decreases water permeability and shows negligible impact on thermodynamic parameters and packing disorder at comparable concentrations. For a cholesterol-containing DOPC bilayer, both genistein and daidzein exhibit an overall less pronounced effect on transbilayer water permeability. Their respective differential abilities to modify the physical and structural properties of biomembranes with varying lipid compositions signify a complex and sensitive nature to isoflavone interactions, which depends on the initial state of bilayer packing and the differences in the molecular structures of these soy isoflavones, and provide insights in understanding the interactions of these molecules with cellular membranes.

Romanian Wild-Growing Chelidonium majus-An Emerging Approach to a Potential Antimicrobial Engineering Carrier System Based on AuNPs: In Vitro Investigation and Evaluation

Novel nanotechnology based on herbal products aspires to be a high-performing therapeutic platform. This study reports the development of an original engineering carrier system that jointly combines the pharmacological action of Chelidonium majus and AuNPs, with unique properties that ensure that the limitations imposed by low stability, toxicity, absorption, and targeted and prolonged release can be overcome. The metabolite profile of Romanian wild-grown Chelidonium majus contains a total of seventy-four phytochemicals belonging to eight secondary metabolite categories, including alkaloids, amino acids, phenolic acids, flavonoids, carotenoids, fatty acids, sterols, and miscellaneous others. In this study, various techniques (XRD, FTIR, SEM, DLS, and TG/DTG) were employed to investigate his new carrier system's morpho-structural and thermal properties. In vitro assays were conducted to evaluate the antioxidant potential and release profile. The results indicate 99.9% and 94.4% dissolution at different pH values for the CG-AuNPs carrier system and 93.5% and 85.26% for greater celandine at pH 4 and pH 7, respectively. Additionally, three in vitro antioxidant assays indicated an increase in antioxidant potential (flavonoid content 3.8%; FRAP assay 24.6%; and DPPH 24.4%) of the CG-AuNPs carrier system compared to the herb sample. The collective results reflect the system's promising perspective as a new efficient antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory candidate with versatile applications, ranging from target delivery systems, oral inflammation (periodontitis), and anti-age cosmetics to extending the shelf lives of products in the food industry.

Impact of Fermentation on the Phytochemical Content and Biological Properties of Moringa oleifera Lam. Shoot Teas

This work examined the variation in chemical and biological properties of Moringa oleifera Lam. shoot (MOS) teas prepared under different degrees of fermentation, viz: non-fermented, semi-fermented and fermented. The chemical composition was ascertained via FTIR, GC-MS, total phenolic and total flavonoid content. Also determined were the biological properties, including antioxidant, antimicrobial and alpha-amylase inhibitory activities. The data confirmed that MOS teas were rich in phenolic and flavonoid compounds, with fermented MOS tea displaying the highest phenolic and flavonoid contents. With respect to antioxidant property, all tea extracts exhibited good radical scavenging activities against DPPH⋅, ABTS⋅+ and NO⋅, and the radical scavenging capacity was in the order of non-fermented>semi-fermented>fermented MOS teas. The same trend was also observed for the antimicrobial activities against Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis. In contrast, the fermented MOS tea exhibited better α-amylase inhibitory activity compared to the non-fermented and semi-fermented MOS teas.

Regulatory mechanism and therapeutic potentials of naringin against inflammatory disorders

Naringin is a natural flavonoid with therapeutic properties found in citrus fruits and an active natural product from herbal plants. Naringin has become a focus of attention in recent years because of its ability to actively participate in the body's immune response and maintain the integrity of the immune barrier. This review aims to elucidate the mechanism of action and therapeutic efficacy of naringin in various inflammatory diseases and to provide a valuable reference for further research in this field. The review provided the chemical structure, bioavailability, pharmacological properties, and pharmacokinetics of naringin and found that naringin has good therapeutic potential for inflammatory diseases, exerting anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, anti-oxidative stress, anti-ulcerative and detoxifying effects in the disease. Moreover, we found that the great advantage of naringin treatment is that it is safe and can even alleviate the toxic side effects associated with some of the other drugs, which may become a highlight of naringin research. Naringin, an active natural product, plays a significant role in systemic diseases' anti-inflammatory and antioxidant regulation through various signaling pathways and molecular mechanisms.

Natural deep eutectic solvents (NADES)-Extracted Anthocyanins: Bioaccessibility in electrospun PEO microfibers

Anthocyanins extracted with deep eutectic solvent (NADES) (chlorine-chloride: xylitol, 5:2) were used to produce polyethylene oxide (PEO) composites through electrospinning technique, analyzing their microscopic and physical characteristics. The coated anthocyanins were then subjected to in vitro gastrointestinal digestion to evaluate their bioaccessibility compared to lyophilized jussara pulp. The remaining total anthocyanin content (TAC) after intestinal in vitro digestion did not change significantly among the assessed samples, and both showed around 30% recovery. The TAC recovery after the gastric phase, on the other hand, showed a major difference (70.84% vs. 48.13%), revealing that the composites fabricated by the electrospinning technique can significantly maintain anthocyanins NADES-extracted stability during the gastric phase of digestion, potentially allowing better absorption trough stomach wall. The results can be considered a first step to applying anthocyanins-encapsulated in foodstuff as a natural pigment.

Identification of Marker Molecules in Aqueous Plant Extracts Affecting the Gold Nanostructures' Morphology and Size

This work was performed as a comparative study using nine different aqueous pollen grain extracts from eight different genera (Juniperus, Biota, Cupressus, Abies, Pinus, Cedrus, Populus and Corylus) to synthesize gold nanostructures (AuNSs) to understand if there is any possible marker that helps to predict the final morphology and size of the AuNSs. Principal component analysis (PCA) revealed that Apigenin and Pinoresinol compounds are the marker molecules in determination of the AuNSs physical characteristics while total protein, reducing carbohydrate, flavonoid and phenol contents did not show any statistically meaningful outcome. The "dominancy hypothesis" was tested by paying attention to the most concentrated phenolic acids and flavonoids in the control of AuNSs morphology and size, for which correlation analysis were performed. The statistical findings were tested using two new more pollen extracts to validate the models. Three main findings of the study were (i) determination of Apigenin and Pinoresinol levels in pollen extract can give an insight into the AuNSs physical characters, (ii) the most concentrated phenolic acids and flavonoids don't need to be same to pose same dictative effect on AuNSs morphology and size, rather relatively abundant ones in the extract play the key role and (iii) differences in the polymeric structures (e. g. lignin, cellulosic compounds etc.) have minor effect on the final morphology and size of the AuNSs.

An Innovative Approach to a Potential Neuroprotective Sideritis scardica-Clinoptilolite Phyto-Nanocarrier: In Vitro Investigation and Evaluation

The cutting-edge field of nanomedicine combines the power of medicinal plants with nanotechnology to create advanced scaffolds that boast improved bioavailability, biodistribution, and controlled release. In an innovative approach to performant herb nanoproducts, Sideritis scardica Griseb and clinoptilolite were used to benefit from the combined action of both components and enhance the phytochemical's bioavailability, controlled intake, and targeted release. A range of analytical methods, such as SEM-EDX, FT-IR, DLS, and XDR, was employed to examine the morpho-structural features of the nanoproducts. Additionally, thermal stability, antioxidant screening, and in vitro release were investigated. Chemical screening of Sideritis scardica Griseb revealed that it contains a total of ninety-one phytoconstituents from ten chemical categories, including terpenoids, flavonoids, amino acids, phenylethanoid glycosides, phenolic acids, fatty acids, iridoids, sterols, nucleosides, and miscellaneous. The study findings suggest the potential applications as a promising aspirant in neurodegenerative strategy.

First ATR-FTIR Characterization of Black, Green and White Teas (Camellia sinensis) from European Tea Gardens: A PCA Analysis to Differentiate Leaves from the In-Cup Infusion

ATR-FTIR (Attenuated Total Reflectance Fourier Transform InfraRed) spectroscopy, combined with chemometric, represents a rapid and reliable approach to obtain information about the macromolecular composition of food and plant materials. With a single measurement, the chemical fingerprint of the analyzed sample is rapidly obtained. Hence, this technique was used for investigating 13 differently processed tea leaves (green, black and white) all grown and processed in European tea gardens, and their vacuum-dried tea brews, prepared using both hot and cold water, to observe how the components differ from tea leaf to the in-cup infusion. Spectra were collected in the 1800-600 cm-1 region and were submitted to Principal Component Analysis (PCA). The comparison of the spectral profiles of leaves and hot and cold infusions of tea from the same country, emphasizes how they differ in relation to the different spectral regions. Differences were also noted among the different countries. Furthermore, the changes observed (e.g., at ~1340 cm-1) due to catechin content, confirm the antioxidant properties of these teas. Overall, this experimental approach could be relevant for rapid analysis of various tea types and could pave the way for the industrial discrimination of teas and of their health properties without the need of time-consuming, lab chemical assays.

Unlocking Therapeutic Potential: Comprehensive Extraction, Profiling, and Pharmacological Evaluation of Bioactive Compounds from Eclipta alba (L.) Hassk. for Dermatological Applications

Herbal medicine has been studied as an alternate approach to modern medicine as it is more cost-effective and accessible via natural sources. Eclipta alba (E. alba, L.) Hassk. is a weed plant abundantly distributed throughout different regions of the world and contains abundant bioactive compounds used for various skin conditions. In this review, we aimed to gather information from the literature about the extraction, separation, and identification of these bioactive compounds and their potential in skin diseases. Relevant studies published before August 2023 were identified and selected from electronic databases, including Scopus, SciFinder, ScienceDirect, Google Scholar, and Wiley Library, using the following keywords: Eclipta alba, Eclipta prostrata, phytochemicals, extraction, separation, isolation, identification, characterization, pharmacological activity, and skin conditions. Up-to-date extraction, separation, and identification methods of bioactive compounds from E. alba and their skin-related pharmacological activities are discussed in this review. As there are limitations regarding extraction, separation, and identification methods, and in-depth mechanistic and human studies of the skin-related pharmacological activities of bioactive compounds, these gaps are areas for future research to expand our understanding and broaden the potential applications of this medicinal weed plant, including the development of cosmeceutical and skincare products, anti-inflammatory agents, and formulations for dermatological treatments.

Applications of some advanced sequencing, analytical, and computational approaches in medicinal plant research: a review

The potential active chemicals found in medicinal plants, which have long been employed as natural medicines, are abundant. Exploring the genes responsible for producing these compounds has given new insights into medicinal plant research. Previously, the authentication of medicinal plants was done via DNA marker sequencing. With the advancement of sequencing technology, several new techniques like next-generation sequencing, single molecule sequencing, and fourth-generation sequencing have emerged. These techniques enshrined the role of molecular approaches for medicinal plants because all the genes involved in the biosynthesis of medicinal compound(s) could be identified through RNA-seq analysis. In several research insights, transcriptome data have also been used for the identification of biosynthesis pathways. miRNAs in several medicinal plants and their role in the biosynthesis pathway as well as regulation of the disease-causing genes were also identified. In several research articles, an in silico study was also found to be effective in identifying the inhibitory effect of medicinal plant-based compounds against virus' gene(s). The use of advanced analytical methods like spectroscopy and chromatography in metabolite proofing of secondary metabolites has also been reported in several recent research findings. Furthermore, advancement in molecular and analytic methods will give new insight into studying the traditionally important medicinal plants that are still unexplored.

Formulation and characterization of choline oleate-based micelles for co-delivery of luteolin, naringenin, and quercetin

Flavonoids have diverse beneficial roles that potentiate their application as nutraceutical agents in nutritional supplements and as natural antimicrobial agents in food preservation. To address poor solubility and bioactivity issues, we developed water-soluble micellar formulations loaded with single and multiple flavonoids using the biocompatible surface-active ionic liquid choline oleate. The food preservation performance was investigated using luteolin, naringenin, and quercetin as model bioactive compounds. The micellar formulations formed spherical micelles with particle sizes of <150 nm and exhibited high aqueous solubility (>5.15 mg/mL). Co-delivery of multiple flavonoids (luteolin, naringenin, and quercetin in LNQ-MF) resulted in 84.85% antioxidant activity at 100 μg/mL. The effects on Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella enterica were synergistic with fractional inhibitory concentration indices of 0.87 and 0.71, respectively. LNQ-MF hindered the growth of S. aureus in milk (0.83-0.89 log scale) compared to the control. Co-delivered encapsulated flavonoids are a promising alternative to chemical preservatives.

PEGylation of Chrysin Improves Its Water Solubility while Preserving the In Vitro Biological Activity

Chrysin is a natural flavonoid that despite having numerous biological properties, its therapeutic value is limited due to its very low solubility in aqueous media. In this work, chrysin was conjugated with methoxypolyethylene glycols (mPEGs) of different molecular weights (350, 500, 750, and 2000 g/mol), affording PEGylated chrysins with high yields and excellent purities. In all cases, an increase in the water solubility of the conjugates was observed, which was highest when 500 g/mol of mPEG was used in the PEGylation reaction. Furthermore, in aqueous solution, PEGylated chrysins formed aggregates of ellipsoid shape. Electrochemical studies showed that the redox properties were conserved after PEGylation. While in vitro antibacterial and antifungal studies probed that the intrinsic activity was conserved, in vitro antitumor activities against HepG2 (liver carcinoma cells) and PC3 (prostate cancer cell) showed that PEGylated chrysins retained the cytotoxic activity and the ability of induction of apoptosis for the evaluated human cancer cells.