Edible flowers as sources of phenolic compounds with bioactive potential

Ultrasound-assisted extraction versus traditional Soxhlet apparatus for the obtention of polyphenols, carotenoids and tocopherols from Tagetes erecta L. flowers

BACKGROUND

Tagetes erecta L., commonly known as American marigold, serves as a food plant used for the extraction of carotenoids such as lutein, employed both as culinary ingredient in certain dishes and for its ornamental and medicinal applications. Two extraction techniques, Soxhlet and ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE), were used on two cultivars (yellow and orange) of T. erecta. Polyphenols were quantified using HPLC-tandem mass spectrometry, whereas carotenoids and tocopherols were determined using HPLC-diode array detection. Biological activity for antioxidant and antiglycation properties was carried out.

RESULTS

The best extraction yield was obtained for UAE (7.51% and 6.83% for yellow and orange flowers), corresponding with the largest amounts of polyphenols quantified. The highest content of tocopherols was obtained in the yellow cultivar extracted by Soxhlet (6499.3 ± 21.2 and 4671.0 ± 92.9 mg kg-1 dry extract for α- and γ-tocopherol). The antioxidant potential resulted higher in the orange Soxhlet extract, whereas the yellow Soxhlet extract displayed the best antiglycation activity (median 50% inhibitory concentration of 25.3 ± 3.3 μg mL-1).

CONCLUSION

Both extraction techniques showed interesting results in terms of bioactivity and compounds obtention. © 2024 The Author(s). Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.

Phenolic Composition and Antioxidant Activity of Edible Flowers: Insights from Synergistic Effects and Multivariate Analysis

The phenolic composition and antioxidant activity of four edible flowers-Orange marigold, yellow marigold, rose geranium, and Rosa de Santa Teresinha-were evaluated to explore their potential as natural antioxidants. Rosa de Santa Teresinha exhibited the highest total phenol content (83.34 ± 2.09 mg GA g-1 DW) and ortho-diphenol content (168.91 ± 0.15 mg GA g-1 DW), while the marigolds showed significantly lower levels (~17 mg GA g-1 DW for total phenols). Antioxidant activity, determined via ABTS, DPPH, and FRAP assays, ranged from 0.11 to 0.96 mmol Trolox g-1 DW, with rose geranium and Rosa de Santa Teresinha achieving the highest values. Theoretical antioxidant contributions, calculated based on the identified phenolic compounds, accounted for only a small fraction of the measured activity, with observed values exceeding predictions by factors of 56 to 1416, indicating the presence of synergistic interactions and additional bioactive compounds. Multivariate analyses (PCA and PLS regression) identified luteolin-7-O-glucoside and quercetin-3-O-galactoside as primary contributors to antioxidant capacity. These results underscore the importance of synergistic effects in edible flowers and highlight their potential as functional ingredients for nutraceutical applications.

3'-Caffeoylquercetin Glycosides and 4'-Caffeoylkaempferol Glycosides-Novel Antioxidant Flavonoids Discovered in the Freesia Yellow Flowers

The petals of flowering plants should retain unique antioxidants that have not been found in the fruits, as the petals need to stay open to attract pollinators against photooxidation and devise a solution to avoid eating attacks. We reported that the yellow petals of freesia cultivars (Freesia x hybrida) accumulated original apocarotenoids, mono- and di-neapolitanosyl crocetin. Here, in the yellow petals, we discovered eight novel flavonoids by their structural determination, including four 3'-caffeoylquercetin 3,7-glycosides, one 3'-caffeoylquercetin 3-glycoside, and three 4'-caffeoylkaempferol 3,7-glycosides. The 3-carbon sugar part was a minor hexose dimer [D-glucosyl-D-glucoside or D-glucosyl-L-rhamnoside] with the β1,2-linkage, while the 7-carbon was usually O-glycosylated with D-glucose, L-rhamnose, or D-glucuronic acid. Such caffeoyl-flavonol glycosides were also present in freesia white petals, regardless of the cultivars and wild species. When dihydroflavonols, the last common precursors between flavonols and anthocyanins, switch to the flavonol route, these caffeoyl-flavonol glycosides are likely to be synthesized via quercetin or kaempferol. All the eight flavonoids exerted in vitro antioxidant activities against both lipid peroxidation and radical generation. Specifically, 3'-caffeoylquercetin 3-sophoroside and its 7-glucuronide showed superior antioxidant activity. Freesia yellow and white flowers have been utilized as edible flowers, indicating the importance of evaluating the human benefits and risks of newly identified flavonoids.

Lesser-Explored Edible Flowers as a Choice of Phytochemical Sources for Food Applications

Flowers have been commonly used in cooking to add color and flavor to dishes. In addition to enhancing the visual appeal of food, many edible flowers also contain bioactive compounds that promote good health. These compounds include antimicrobial, antihypertensive, nephroprotective, antiulcer, and anticancer agents. In the last 5 years, there have been 95 published reviews about edible flowers. Among these, 43% have concentrated on Food Science and Technology, while 32% have analyzed their effects on human health. Most of these edible flowers are commonly consumed, but some are less known due to limited distribution or seasonality. These lesser-explored flowers often contain compounds that offer significant health advantages. Therefore, this review focuses on exploring the characteristics, phytochemical composition, and bioactive compounds found in less commonly examined edible flowers. The flowers included in this review are peonies, forget-me-nots, frangipani, alpine roses, wild roses, hibiscus species, common lilacs, woodland geraniums, camellias, Aztec marigolds, kiri flowers, sunflowers, yucca flower, hollyhocks, and cornflowers. Due to their diverse biological activities, these flowers provide various health benefits and can be used to be incorporated into food and supplements or develop mainly cancer-fighting medications.

Physical and Functional Properties of Powders Obtained during Spray Drying of Cyani flos Extracts

Edible flowers are a potential source of bioactive ingredients and are also an area of scientific research. Particularly noteworthy are Cyani flos, which have a wide range of uses in herbal medicine. The below study aimed to investigate the influence of selected soluble fiber fractions on the selected properties of physical and biochemical powders obtained during spray drying a water extract of Cyani flos. The drying efficiency for the obtained powders was over 60%. The obtained powders were characterized by low moisture content (≤4.99%) and water activity (≤0.22). The increase in the addition of pectin by the amount of 2-8% in the wall material resulted in a decrease in hygroscopicity, water solubility, and protection of flavonoids and anthocyanins both before and after digestion in the tested powders in comparison to the sample with only inulin as a carrier. Additionally, it was noted that all samples were characterized by high bioaccessibility when determining antioxidant properties and xanthine oxidase inhibition.

HPLC-ESI/MS-MS metabolic profiling of white pitaya fruit and cytotoxic potential against cervical cancer: Comparative studies, synergistic effects, and molecular mechanistic approaches

Natural approach became a high demand for the prevention and treatment of such diseases for their proven safety and efficacy. This study is aimed to perform comparative phytochemical analysis of white pitaya (Hylocereus undatus) peel, pulp and seed extracts via determination of total flavonoid content, phenolic content, and antioxidant capacity, coupled with HPLC-ESI/MS-MS analysis. Further, we evaluated the synergistic cytotoxic potential with Cisplatin against cervical cancer cells with investigation of underlying mechanism. The highest content of phenolics and antioxidants were found in both seed and peel extracts. The HPLC-ESI/MS-MS revealed identification of flavonoids, phenolic acids, anthocyanin glycosides, lignans, stilbenes, and coumarins. The cytotoxicity effects were evaluated by MTT assay against prostate, breast and cervical (HeLa) and Vero cell lines. The seed and peel extracts showed remarkable cytotoxic effect against all tested cell lines. Moreover, the selectivity index confirmed high selectivity of pitaya extracts to cancer cells and safety on normal cells. The combined therapy with Cisplatin effectively enhanced its efficacy and optimized the treatment outcomes, through the apoptotic ability of pitaya extracts in HeLa cells, as evaluated by flow cytometry. Besides, RT-PCR and western blotting analysis showed downregulation of Bcl-2 and overexpression of P53, BAX among HeLa cells treated with pitaya extracts, which eventually activated apoptosis process. Thus, pitaya extract could be used as adjuvant therapy with cisplatin for treatment of cervical cancer. Furthermore, in-vivo extensive studies on the seed and peel extracts, and their compounds are recommended to gain more clarification about the required dose, and side effects.

Nutritional profiling, fiber content and in vitro bioactivities of wheat-based biscuits formulated with novel ingredients

This study evaluated the nutritional profile and fiber content of innovative formulations of wheat-based biscuits enriched with chia seeds, carob flour and coconut sugar. The in vitro antioxidant, cytotoxic, anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial activities were also investigated to understand the potential health advantages of the incorporation of these new ingredients. The novel biscuits demonstrated significant improvements in protein and mineral content, with increases of 50% and 100% in chia biscuits, and up to 20% and 40% in carob biscuits, respectively. Fiber also notably increased, particularly in samples containing 10% carob flour, which increased four times as compared to wheat-based samples. The new ingredients exhibited antibacterial and antifungal activity, particularly against Yersinia enterocolitica (minimum inhibitory concentration 1.25 mg mL-1 in coconut sugar) and Aspergillus fumigatus (minimum inhibitory concentration/minimum fungicidal concentrations 2.5/5 mg mL-1 in chia seeds). However, the final biscuits only displayed antifungal properties. Carob flour and chia seeds had a remarkably high capacity to inhibit the formation of TBARS and promoted greater antioxidant activity in biscuit formulations, with EC50 values decreasing from 23.25 mg mL-1 (control) to 4.54 mg mL-1 (15% defatted ground chia seeds) and 1.19 mg mL-1 (10% carob flour). Only chia seeds exhibited cellular antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and cytotoxic activity, attributes that were lost when seeds were added into the biscuits. These findings highlight the potential health benefits of these ingredients, particularly when incorporated in new wheat-based formulations.

Anti-Culex pipiens activity of different pomegranate cultivars and determination of their bioactive compounds using LC-MS profiling

INTRODUCTION

Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) peels are rich in various bioactive compounds. Characterization of these compounds is crucial for the utilization of peel waste in industrial processing.

OBJECTIVE

The study aimed (1) to establish and compare the metabolic profiles of the peel of seven pomegranate cultivars and (2) to identify bioactive compounds contributing to the larvicidal activity against the third instar larvae of Culex pipiens.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

UPLC-ESI-MS/MS was utilized to analyze peel methanol extracts of different pomegranate cultivars. The larvicidal activity was determined by calculating the larval mortality among the third instar larvae of C. pipiens. Multivariate data analysis was conducted to identify the metabolites that exhibited a larvicidal effect.

RESULTS

A total of 24 metabolites, including hydrolyzable tannins, flavonoids, and alkaloids, were tentatively identified in both negative and positive ionization modes. The extract of cultivar 'Black' exhibited the most potent larvicidal effect with LC50 values of 185.15, 156.84, and 138.12 ppm/mL after 24, 48, and 72 h of treatment, respectively. By applying chemometric techniques, the larvicidal activity could be directly correlated to the bioactive compounds punicalagin, quercetin-O-rhamnoside, quercetin-O-pentoside, and galloyl-HHDP-glucose.

CONCLUSION

The present study implemented UPLC-ESI-MS/MS and chemometric techniques as potential tools for metabolomics analysis and differentiation between peels of different pomegranate cultivars. In addition, cultivar 'Black' extract could be a promising natural insecticide against mosquitoes since it is rich in bioactive compounds with larvicidal activity.

Comparative metabolomic analysis reveals nutritional properties and pigmentation mechanism of tea-scented rosehips

BACKGROUND

The fruits of the genus Rosa, commonly known as rosehips, have attracted significant attention owing to their rich content of various bioactive compounds. However, their utility is generally secondary to the ornamental appeal of their flowers. This study aimed to explore the quality differences among tea-scented rosehips found in Yunnan, China, including those of Rosa odorata var. odorata (RO), Rosa odorata var. gigantea (RG), and Rosa yangii (RY). Morphological characteristics, chemical composition, and antioxidant activity of their fruits were evaluated.

RESULTS

The study revealed significant variability in composition and biological activities based on fruit color. RO exhibited the highest levels of polyphenols, flavonoids, anthocyanins, carotenoids, and vitamin C, with the strongest antioxidant activity (10.99 μmol Trolox·g-1 ), followed by RG (7.91 μmol Trolox·g-1 ) and RY (6.52 μmol Trolox·g-1 ). This supports RO's potential as a functional food source. Untargeted metabolomics identified and quantified 502 metabolites, with flavonoids (171) and phenolic acids (147) as the main metabolites. The differential metabolites among the fruits are primarily enriched for flavonoid biosynthesis and phenylpropanoid biosynthesis pathways. Insights into color formation supported the role of anthocyanins, flavones, and flavonols in fruit color variation.

CONCLUSION

Tea-scented rosehips offer vibrant colors and high nutritional value with potent biological activities. Rosa odorata var. odorata stands out as a functional food source owing to its rich bioactive compounds. These findings lay the groundwork for utilizing rosehips in functional foods, health supplements, and food additives, emphasizing the practical and beneficial applications of Rosa spp. independent of their ornamental value. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.

Argentinian Rose Petals as a Source of Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Compounds

The total phenolic, flavonoid, and anthocyanin contents were evaluated in 11 cultivars of Argentinian roses of different colors. HPLC-ESI-QTOF/MS was used to identify the components where ellagic and quinic acids, quercetin, and kaempferol glycosylated derivatives were found. The phenolic contents ranged from 78.8 ± 3.2 to 203.4 ± 3.1 mg GAE/g dw, the flavonoid content ranged from 19.1 ± 3.8 to 125.9 ± 6.5 mg QE/g dw, and the anthocyanin content ranged from less than 0.01 to 5.8 ± 0.1 mg CE/g dw. The dark red cultivars exhibited the greatest levels of the analyzed compounds and of the antioxidant activities, even higher than those of certain plants known for their high phenolic contents and antioxidant activity. Moreover, the addition of these extracts decreased the population of L. innocua and P. aeruginosa to undetectable levels 24 h after inoculation. Rose petal extracts, mainly those with a dark red color, can be used as natural additives in food, feed, and cosmetics, as they contain a high proportion of bioactive compounds with antioxidant and antimicrobial effects.

Cooking methods determine chemical composition and functional properties of squash blossoms: A study of microstructural and bioaccessibility changes

This research aimed to evaluate the effect of different cooking methods (boiling, stir-frying, and steaming) on the microstructure, moisture, fat, protein, and glucose-derived carbohydrate contents, and the bioactive compounds (total carotenoids: CAR, total chlorophyll: CHLO, and total phenolic compounds: TPC) and antioxidant capacity (AC) of squash blossoms. Furthermore, we characterized polyphenolic compounds using HPLC and evaluated their bioaccessibility via in vitro digestions. Our results show that steaming and boiling do not affect moisture content. Only stir-frying decreased (p < 0.05) this parameter by 8 %. Additionally, the cooking methods increased (p < 0.05) protein and glucose-derived carbohydrate contents. All cooking methods changed the microstructure of the blossoms, probably due to the thermal and mechanical variations that result in moisture loss and degradation of cell wall components. As for the functional properties, boiling caused a greater loss of TPC (up to 96 %) and AC (up to 91 %). Stir-frying caused the greatest loss of CAR (up to 81 %) and CHLO (up to 84 %). The in vitro digestion assays showed changes in the bioaccessibility of CAR, CHLO, TPC, and AC in the cooked flowers compared to the fresh ones. Finally, kaempferol and gallic acid were the most resistant polyphenols to the cooking methods and in vitro digestion.

Guabijú (Myrcianthes pungens): A comprehensive evaluation of anthocyanins and free, esterified, glycosylated, and insoluble phenolic compounds in its peel, pulp, and seeds

Guabijú (Myrcianthes pungens) is a Brazilian native fruit from the Myrtaceae family, with few studies on the presence of phenolic compounds. Free, esterified, glycosylated, and insoluble phenolic compounds were studied for the first time in guabijú peel, pulp, and seed, by liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-QTOF-MS/MS and LC-ESI-QqQ-MS/MS). Eighty-one phenolic compounds were tentatively identified in the three fractions, and eighteen were quantified using authentic standards. Furthermore, six anthocyanins were quantified in guabijú peel. Among the tentatively identified phenolic compounds, most belonged to the flavonols class. Major compounds quantified in the different fractions were ellagic and gallic acids, mainly in the hydrolyzed fractions. The peel presented the highest contents for most phenolic compounds, followed by the seed and pulp. This new data will add value to the fruit and facilitate the development of new products, as well as favoring and stimulating the consumption of the fruit.

Beneficial medicinal effects and material applications of rose

Rose is a beautiful and fragrant plant with a variety of medicinal and substance uses. Various parts of rose such as fruits, flowers, leaves, and bark can be used in various product development, including cosmetics, food, pharmaceuticals, and engineering. The medical benefits of roses include the treatment of inflammation, diabetes, dysmenorrhea, depression, stress, seizures, and aging. Rose water is precious beauty water for skin care and has antibacterial effects on various microbiota. The surface of a rose petal exhibits a hierarchical structure comprising microscale papillae, with each papilla further featuring intricate nanofolds. With this structural feature, rose petals have high water contact angles together with antagonistic wetting properties. The hierarchical structures of rose petals were shown to have anti-reflection and light-harvesting abilities, which have the potential to be materials for various electronic products. Rose petals are an excellent biomimetic/bioinspired material that can be applied to the popular material graphene. This paper reviews the medical function and material application of roses. During the COVID-19 pandemic, medical materials or food shortages have become a global issue. Natural biomaterials could be a good alternative. Roses, with so many benefits, definitely deserve more exploration and promotion.

PhInd-Database on Polyphenol Content in Agri-Food By-Products and Waste: Features of the Database

Timely access to topic-relevant datasets is of paramount importance for the development of any successful strategy (food waste reduction strategy), since datasets illuminate opportunities, challenges and development paths. PhInd is the first comprehensive database on polyphenol content in plant-based by-products from the agri-food sector or the wastewater sector and was developed using peer-reviewed papers published in the period of 2015-2021. In total, >450 scientific manuscripts and >6000 compound entries were included. Database inclusion criteria were polyphenol contents = determined using HPLC/UHPLC quantitative methods. PhInd can be explored through several criteria which are either 'open' or checkboxes. Criteria are given in subsections: (a) plant source; (b) by-product industrial processing; (c) pre-treatment of by-products before the isolation of polyphenols; and (d) the extraction step of polyphenols. Database search results could be explored on the website directly or by downloading Excel files and graphs. This unique database content is beneficial to stakeholders-the food industry, academia, government and citizens.

Nutritional, Fatty Acids, (Poly)phenols and Technological Properties of Flower Powders from Fuchsia hybrida and Alcea rosea

Fuchsia hybrida (pena pena) and Alcea rosea L. (malvagoma) are predominant flowers in the "Horchata" infusion, a traditional beverage in southern Ecuador, to which some medicinal properties are attributed. However, there is very little published information about these two flower species. The current study aimed to obtain two dehydrated powders of these flowers and to determine their chemical composition, physicochemical and technological properties, polyphenols, and fatty acids profile. In both powdered flowers, carbohydrates predominated, with a significant content of dietary fiber and fructose. The fat content was low, mainly comprising polyunsaturated fats (62% pena pena and 52% malvagoma), with a significant presence of omega-3 (C18:3n-3,6,9) and omega-6 (C18:2n-6,9) fatty acids, showing a better n-6/n-3 balance in the malvagoma flowers. Pena pena flowers are highlighted by high anthocyanin and ellagic acid amounts, whereas malvagoma contains a high content of flavanones. In conclusion, the studied powder flowers, could be used in the formulation of new foods or as source of anthocyanins as food colorants.

The In Vitro Assessment of Antibacterial and Antioxidant Efficacy in Rosa damascena and Hypericum perforatum Extracts against Pathogenic Strains in the Interplay of Dental Caries, Oral Health, and Food Microbiota

The rising demand for novel antibiotic agents prompts an investigation into natural resources, notably plant-derived compounds. In this study, various extracts (aqueous, ethanolic, aqueous-ethanolic, and enzymatic) of Rosa damascena and Hypericum perforatum were systematically evaluated against bacterial strains isolated from dental lesions (n = 6) and food sources (raw milk and broiler carcass, n = 2). Minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC), minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC), antibiofilm activity, and time-kill kinetics were assessed across a range of extract concentrations, revealing a dose-responsive effect. Notably, some extracts exhibited superior antibacterial efficacy compared to standard clinical antibiotics, and the time-kill kinetics demonstrated a rapid elimination of bacterial loads within 24 h. The susceptibility pattern proved strain-specific, contingent upon the extract type, yet all tested pathogens exhibited sensitivity. The identified extracts, rich in phenolic and polyphenolic compounds, as well as other antioxidant properties, contributed to their remarkable antibiotic effects. This comprehensive investigation not only highlights the potential of Rosa damascena and Hypericum perforatum extracts as potent antibacterial agents against diverse bacterial strains including caries pathogens, but also underscores their rapid action and dose-dependent efficacy. The findings suggest a promising avenue for harnessing plant-derived compounds in the development of novel antimicrobial strategies against dental caries and other oral inflammations, bridging the gap between natural resources and antibiotic discovery.

Phytochemical Profile, Antioxidant Potential, Antimicrobial Activity, and Cytotoxicity of Dry Extract from Rosa damascena Mill

Dry rose extract (DRE) obtained industrially by aqueous ethanol extraction from R. damascena flowers and its phenolic-enriched fraction, obtained by re-extraction with ethyl acetate (EAE) were the subject of this study. 1H NMR of DRE allowed the identification and quantitation of fructose and glucose, while the combined use of HPLC-DAD-ESIMS and HPLC-HRMS showed the presence of 14 kaempferol glycosides, 12 quercetin glycosides, 4 phenolic acids and their esters, 4 galloyl glycosides, 7 ellagitannins, and quinic acid. In addition, the structures of 13 of the flavonoid glycosides were further confirmed by NMR. EAE was found to be richer in TPC and TFC and showed better antioxidant activity (DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP) compared to DRE. Both extracts displayed significant activity against Propionibacterium acnes, Staphylococcus aureus, and S. epidermidis, but showed no activity against Candida albicans. Toxicity tests on normal human skin fibroblasts revealed low toxicity for both extracts with stronger effects observed at 24 hours of treatment that were compensated for over the following two days. Human hepatocarcinoma (HepG2) cells exhibited an opposite response after treatment with a concentration above 350 µg/mL for EAE and 500 µg/mL for DRE, showing increased toxicity after the third day of treatment. Lower concentrations were non-toxic and did not significantly affect the cell cycle parameters of either of the cell lines.

Exploring Plants with Flowers: From Therapeutic Nutritional Benefits to Innovative Sustainable Uses

Flowers have played a significant role in society, focusing on their aesthetic value rather than their food potential. This study's goal was to look into flowering plants for everything from health benefits to other possible applications. This review presents detailed information on 119 species of flowers with agri-food and health relevance. Data were collected on their family, species, common name, commonly used plant part, bioremediation applications, main chemical compounds, medicinal and gastronomic uses, and concentration of bioactive compounds such as carotenoids and phenolic compounds. In this respect, 87% of the floral species studied contain some toxic compounds, sometimes making them inedible, but specific molecules from these species have been used in medicine. Seventy-six percent can be consumed in low doses by infusion. In addition, 97% of the species studied are reported to have medicinal uses (32% immune system), and 63% could be used in the bioremediation of contaminated environments. Significantly, more than 50% of the species were only analysed for total concentrations of carotenoids and phenolic compounds, indicating a significant gap in identifying specific molecules of these bioactive compounds. These potential sources of bioactive compounds could transform the health and nutraceutical industries, offering innovative approaches to combat oxidative stress and promote optimal well-being.

Standardized Extract from Wastes of Edible Flowers and Snail Mucus Ameliorate Ultraviolet B-Induced Damage in Keratinocytes

Several studies have highlighted the ability of snail mucus in maintaining healthy skin conditions due to its emollient, regenerative, and protective properties. In particular, mucus derived from Helix aspersa muller has already been reported to have beneficial properties such as antimicrobial activity and wound repair capacity. In order to enhance the beneficial effects of snail mucus, a formulation enriched with antioxidant compounds derived from edible flower waste (Acmella oleracea L., Centaurea cyanus L., Tagetes erecta L., Calendula officinalis L., and Moringa oleifera Lam.) was obtained. UVB damage was used as a model to investigate in vitro the cytoprotective effects of snail mucus and edible flower extract. Results demonstrated that polyphenols from the flower waste extract boosted the antioxidant activity of snail mucus, providing cytoprotective effects in keratinocytes exposed to UVB radiation. Additionally, glutathione content, reactive oxygen species (ROS), and lipid peroxidation levels were reduced following the combined treatment with snail mucus and edible flower waste extract. We demonstrated that flower waste can be considered a valid candidate for cosmeceutical applications due to its potent antioxidant activity. Thus, a new formulation of snail mucus enriched in extracts of edible flower waste could be useful to design innovative and sustainable broadband natural UV-screen cosmeceutical products.

Yield, Chemical Composition and Bioactivity of Essential Oils from Common Juniper (Juniperus communis L.) from Different Spanish Origins

Essential oils (EOs) obtained from Juniperus communis L. are frequently used in the production of bioproducts. However, there are no studies regarding industrial crops' production, allowing for better control of the quality and production of juniper EOs. To select the plant material for developing future crops of this species in northern Spain, four locations where this shrub species grows in the wild were selected and samples of both genera were collected. The EOs were obtained by steam distillation, and their chemical composition and bioactivity were evaluated. The results showed that the yield of EOs from male and female samples were within the usual reported ranges, varying between 0.24 and 0.58% (dry basis, d.b.). However, limonene content in three locations varied between 15 and 25%, which is between 100% and 200% higher than the values usually reported for other European countries. The antibacterial activity was determined by broth microdilution and showed that gram-positive bacteria were more susceptible to the tested EOs since, in general, lower MIC values were obtained compared to gram-negatives. The EOs from location 1 (L1F) and 2 (L2M) inhibited the growth of six out of the eight clinical strains tested. Samples from location 1 were particularly effective, exhibiting MBC against two gram-negative (E. coli and P. mirabilis) and one gram-positive bacteria (E. faecalis). Moreover, the majority of the EOs tested showed anti-inflammatory activity. Cytotoxic effect has been demonstrated in tumor cell lines, with the best results observed against gastric carcinoma (AGS) cells (GI₅₀ between 7 to 77 µg/mL). Although generally presenting higher GI₅₀, most samples also inhibited the growth of non-tumoral cells, particularly hepatocytes (PLP2 cells). Therefore, its use for their anti-proliferative activity should consider specific conditions to avoid damaging normal cells. Finally, the results and conclusions obtained led to the selection of the female shrubs from location 1 (L1F) as the plant material to be propagated in order to produce plants for a future juniper crop.

In Vitro α-Amylase and α-Glucosidase Inhibitory Effects, Antioxidant Activities, and Lutein Content of Nine Different Cultivars of Marigold Flowers (Tagetes spp.)

Marigolds (Tagetes spp.) are major sources of bioactive compounds. The flowers are used to treat a variety of illnesses and have both antioxidant and antidiabetic effects. However, marigolds exhibit a wide range of genetic variations. Because of this, both the bioactive compounds and biological activities of the plants differ between cultivars. In the present study, nine marigold cultivars grown in Thailand were evaluated for their bioactive compound content, as well as for their antioxidant and antidiabetic activities, using spectrophotometric methods. The results showed that the Sara Orange cultivar possessed the highest total carotenoid content (431.63 mg/100 g). However, Nata 001 (NT1) had the highest amount of total phenolic compounds (161.17 mg GAE/g), flavonoids (20.05 mg QE/g), and lutein (7.83 mg/g), respectively. NT1 exhibited strong activities against the DPPH radical and ABTS radical cation, and had the highest FRAP value as well. Moreover, NT1 demonstrated the most significant (p < 0.05) α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitory effects (IC₅₀ values of 2.57 and 3.12 mg/mL, respectively). The nine marigold cultivars had reasonable correlations between lutein content and the capacity to inhibit α-amylase and α-glucosidase activities. Hence, NT1 may be a good source of lutein; it may also be beneficial in both functional food production and medical applications.

Effect of the Drying Method and Optimization of Extraction on Antioxidant Activity and Phenolic of Rose Petals

The effect of freeze and hot air drying methods on the retention of total phenolics, antioxidant activity (AA), and color of different cultivars of rose petals was analyzed. Both methods similarly preserved the phenolic content and AA, while freeze drying showed better red color retention. Furthermore, the conditions of total phenolics and AA extraction from two rose cultivars, Lovely Red and Malu, were optimized by response surface methodology through a Box–Behnken design. The solvent exhibited a major effect on the total phenolic content (TPC) and AA. The selected parameters were ethanol 38%, 75 °C, and 30 min. Under these conditions, the predicted values for Lovely Red were 189.3 mg GA/g dw (TPC) and 535.6 mg Trolox/g dw (AA), and those for Malu were 108.5 mg GA/g dw (TPC) and 320.7 mg Trolox/g dw (AA). The experimental values were close to the predicted values, demonstrating the suitability of the model. Ultrasound-assisted extraction increased the AA of the extracts but not the TPC. Fifteen compounds were identified in the Lovely Red cultivar, with no differences between the two drying methods. The results obtained suggest that the analyzed cultivars, particularly the red ones, can be considered a natural source of powerful antioxidant compounds.

Assessing the interlinkage between biodiversity and diet through the Mediterranean diet case

The adoption of healthy and sustainable diets, and the transition to sustainable food systems is of principal importance in order to counteract the double burden of climate change and non-communicable diseases. The Mediterranean diet (MD) has been widely recognized as a biodiversity and healthy nutrition resource to support sustainable development and food security. This study explored biodiversity in terms of food plants species, subspecies, varieties and races, and also addressed food-plant diversity differences between the MD and western-type consumption patterns. It was funded by the EU BioValue Project, aiming to promote the integration of underutilized crops into the food value chains. Using a two-stage scheme, data were selected from MEDUSA and Euro+Med databases (including 449 species, 2,366 subspecies, varieties, and races). Furthermore, 12 countries from North Africa and Europe were classified in two groups according to their sub-regional attributes and their traditionally most prevalent dietary pattern (MD or western-type diets). Statistical analysis showed that the mean of the majorly cultivated food plants in the MD was significantly higher than its counterpart in the Western-diet. Furthermore, no statistical difference was detected in the averages of native food plants between the MD group and the Western diet group, implying that the higher diversity in food plants observed in the MD seems to be attributed to crop utilization rather than crop availability. Our findings indicated the interlinkage between biodiversity and prevailing dietary patterns, and further underlined that biodiversity could constitute a prerequisite for dietary diversity, and hence nutrition security. In addition, this study demonstrated that diets and nutrition should be approached in a broader way within the context of both agro-food and ecological systems.

Aesculus hippocastanum L.: A Simple Ornamental Plant or a Source of Compelling Molecules for Industry?

Aesculus hippocastanum L., also known as horse chestnut, is an ornamental tree whose seeds are mostly discarded in landfills in the regions where they are grown. However, recent studies have shown that these seeds can be a source of interesting compounds for several industries. This work aimed to chemically characterize horse chestnut seeds at the level of compounds recognized for their wide bioactivity, i.e., organic acids, including phenolic compounds, using chromatographic methodologies (UFLC-DAD and LC-DAD-ESI/MSn). In addition, the bioactivity of these seeds was evaluated by in vitro methodologies, seeking to relate the respective (bio)activity to the compounds present in the endocarp (husk), seed coat (skin), and peeled seed (pulp). The antioxidant activity (lipid peroxidation inhibition and oxidative haemolysis inhibition), antibacterial potential (against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria) and cytotoxicity (in human tumour cell lines and porcine liver primary cells) were evaluated. Kaempferol-O-pentoside-O-hexoside-O-hexoside was the main phenolic identified in the pulp. At the same time, (-)-epicatechin and β-type (epi)catechin dimer were the major phenolics present in husk and skin, respectively. In general, A. hippocastanum extracts presented antioxidant and antibacterial potential, without toxicity up to the maximal tested dose. Overall, these findings anticipate potential applications of A. hippocastanum seeds in food- or pharmaceutical-related uses.

Color, Antioxidant Capacity and Flavonoid Composition in Hibiscus rosa-sinensis Cultivars

Hibiscus rosa-sinensis plants are mainly cultivated as ornamental plants, but they also have food and medicinal uses. In this work, 16 H. rosa-sinensis cultivars were studied to measure their colorimetric parameters and the chemical composition of hydroethanolic extracts obtained from their petals. These extracts were characterized using UHPLC-ESI⁺-Obitrap-MS, and their antioxidant activity was evaluated using the ORAC assay. The identified flavonoids included anthocyanins derived from cyanidin, glycosylated flavonols derived from quercetin and kaempferol, and flavan-3-ols such as catechin and epicatechin. Cyanidin-sophoroside was the anthocyanin present in extracts of lilac, pink, orange, and red flowers, but was not detected in extracts of white or yellow flowers. The total flavonol concentration in the flower extracts was inversely proportional to the total anthocyanin content. The flavonol concentration varied according to the cultivar in the following order: red < pink < orange < yellow ≈ white, with the extract from the red flower presenting the lowest flavonol concentration and the highest anthocyanin concentration. The antioxidant activity increased in proportion to the anthocyanin concentration, from 1580 µmol Trolox^®/g sample (white cultivar) to 3840 µmol Trolox^®/g sample (red cultivar).

Neuroprotectant Effects of Hibiscetin in 3-Nitropropionic Acid-Induced Huntington's Disease via Subsiding Oxidative Stress and Modulating Monoamine Neurotransmitters in Rats Brain

BACKGROUND

Previously reported data suggest that hibiscetin, isolated from roselle, contains delphinidin-3-sambubioside and cyanidin-3-sambubioside including anthocyanidins and has a broad range of physiological effects. In this study, we aim to analyze the effect of hibiscetin neuroprotective ability in rats against 3-nitropropionic acid (3-NPA)-induced Huntington's disease (HD).

METHODS

To investigate possible toxicities in animals, oral acute toxicity studies of hibiscetin were undertaken, and results revealed the safety of hibiscetin in animals with a maximum tolerated dose. Wistar rats were divided into four groups (n = 6); (group-1) treated with normal saline, (group-2) hibiscetin (10 mg/kg) only, (group-3) 3-NPA only, and (group-4) 3-NPA +10 mg/kg hibiscetin. The efficacy of hibiscetin 10 mg/kg was studied with the administration of 3-NPA doses for the induction of experimentally induced HD symptoms in rats. The mean body weight (MBW) was recorded at end of the study on day 22 to evaluate any change in mean body weight. Several biochemical parameters were assessed to support oxidative stress (GSH, SOD, CAT, LPO, GR, and GPx), alteration in neurotransmitters (DOPAC, HVA, 5-HIAA, norepinephrine, serotonin, GABA, and dopamine), alterations in BDNF and cleaved caspase (caspase 3) activity. Additionally, inflammatory markers, i.e., tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukins beta (IL-1β), and myeloperoxidase (MPO) were evaluated.

RESULTS

The hibiscetin-treated group exhibits a substantial restoration of MBW than the 3-NPA control group. Furthermore, 3-NPA caused a substantial alteration in biochemical, neurotransmitter monoamines, and neuroinflammatory parameters which were restored successfully by hibiscetin.

CONCLUSION

The current study linked the possible role of hibiscetin by offering neuroprotection in experimental animal models.

Catechol-O-methyltransferase Inhibitors from Calendula officinalis Leaf

Calendula officinalis is commonly known as marigold and its flowers are used in herbal medicines, cosmetics, perfumes, dyes, pharmaceutical preparations, and food products. However, the utility of its leaves has not been studied in depth. The purpose of the present study was to identify the major compounds in C. officinalis leaves and to determine the inhibitory properties of the isolated compounds toward human catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT), a key neurotransmitter involved in Parkinson's disease and depression. We isolated and identified ten compounds, including two phenylpropanoids and seven flavonoids, from C. officinalis leaf extracts, of which four flavonoids were identified from C. officinalis leaves for the first time. Eight compounds exhibited COMT inhibitory activities with IC₅₀ values of less than 100 μM. Our results indicate that compounds in C. officinalis leaves are potentially effective for preventing Parkinson's disease and depression. Thus, C. officinalis leaves may hold promise as dietary supplements.

The profiles of durian (Durio zibethinus Murr.) shell phenolics and their antioxidant effects on H2O2-treated HepG2 cells as well as the metabolites and organ distribution in rats

Durian is a nutritious tropical fruit with potent antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial and anti-cancer effects. However, the durian shell was mainly discarded as waste, while there were few studies on the characterization of its phenolic profiles, antioxidant activities, and in vivo metabolites. In the present study, a total of 17 compounds were identified in durian shell extract (DSE) by using an ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with linear ion trap quadrupole Orbitrap mass spectrometry (UHPLC-LTQ-Orbitrap-MS/MS), while 33 metabolites were found in rats' plasma, urine and organ. Moreover, DSE could effectively reduce H₂O₂-induced oxidative damage in HepG2 cells, reduce the expression of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS), Malondialdehyde (MDA) and Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH) and inhibit apoptosis by regulating the expression of Bcl-2-Associated X (BAX), B-Cell Lymphoma 2 (BCL-2), Caspase-3 and Caspase-9 genes and proteins related to mitochondrial pathway apoptosis. This is the first comprehensive report on Durian shell phenolics, their metabolic profiles and underlying mechanisms of the in vitro antioxidant activities.

Mediterranean Food Industry By-Products as a Novel Source of Phytochemicals with a Promising Role in Cancer Prevention

The Mediterranean diet is recognized as a sustainable dietary approach with beneficial health effects. This is highly relevant, although the production of typical Mediterranean food, i.e., olive oil or wine, processed tomatoes and pomegranate products, generates significant amounts of waste. Ideally, this waste should be disposed in an appropriate, eco-friendly way. A number of scientific papers were published recently showing that these by-products can be exploited as a valuable source of biologically active components with health benefits, including anticancer effects. In this review, accordingly, we elaborate on such phytochemicals recovered from the food waste generated during the processing of vegetables and fruits, typical of the Mediterranean diet, with a focus on substances with anticancer activity. The molecular mechanisms of these phytochemicals, which might be included in supporting treatment and prevention of various types of cancer, are presented. The use of bioactive components from food waste may improve the economic feasibility and sustainability of the food processing industry in the Mediterranean region and can provide a new strategy to approach prevention of cancer.

Evaluation of Radio Frequency-Assisted Enzymatic Extraction of Non-Anthocyanin Polyphenols from Akebia trifoliata Flowers and Their Biological Activities Using UPLC-PDA-TOF-ESI-MS and Chemometrics

A new radio frequency heating-assisted enzymatic extraction (RF-E) method is applied for the determination of phenolic compounds in Akebia trifoliata flowers, compared with hot water, acidified ethanol (EtOH), and enzymatic-assisted (EA) extractions. Non-anthocyanin polyphenol profiles, antibacterial, angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory, anti-inflammatory activities, and structures of extracts are evaluated. Results show no significant differences in the extraction of total flavonoid content (15.85-16.63 mg QEs/g) and ACE inhibitory activity (51.30-52.86%) between RF-E and EA extracts. RF-E extract shows the highest anti-inflammatory activities. FTIR and UV spectra reveal that acidified EtOH treatment has a significant effect on the structure of the extract due to its highest flavonoid content (20.33 mg QEs/g), thus it has the highest antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. Sixteen non-anthocyanin polyphenols are identified by UPLC-PDA-TOF-ESI-MS and RF pre-treatment did not cause significant compound degradation. The chemometric analysis shows that enzymatic hydrolysis significantly increased biological activities, and the presence of non-anthocyanin polyphenols correlates well with ACE inhibitory and anti-inflammatory activities. Accordingly, A trifoliata flowers have potential as reagents for the food and pharmaceutical industries due to their abundant polyphenols that could be extracted efficiently using RF-E.

Phenolic contents and antioxidant activities of solvent extracts from four edible flowers

In order to identify new sources of natural antioxidants, the antioxidant activities of various solvent extracts from four edible flower samples [Wisteria sinensis (Sims) DC., Benincasa hispida (Thunb.) Cogn, Luffa cylindrica (L.) Roem, and Cucurbita pepo L.) were systemically investigated. The total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC), and individual phenolic profile of each extract were investigated, and antioxidant activities were measured by the DPPH radical scavenging activity, superoxide radical scavenging activity, total reduction capability, and ferrous ions chelating activity. Results revealed that all flower extracts exhibited antioxidant activities, and contained certain amounts of phenolic compounds. Specifically, different solvents exhibited different efficiencies in the extraction of phenolics, flavonoids, and compounds with antioxidant activities. The 70% ethanolic extract from B. hispida yielded the highest TPC (49.92 mg GAE/g DW), superoxide radical scavenging activity (IC50, 0.073 mg/mL), and FRAP value (18.05 mg of GAE/g DW). The highest TFC was obtained with the ethanolic extract of W. sinensis (30.39 mg QE/g DW), and the contents of apigenin, luteolin, and myricetin in the ethanolic extract of W. sinensis were significantly higher than those in the other extracts. The 40% ethanolic extract of L. cylindrica yielded the highest DPPH scavenging capacity (IC50, 0.340 mg/mL), and water extract of B. hispida yielded the highest chelating activity (0.027 mg/mL). Correlation analysis indicated that total phenolics and flavonoids in the extracts were the major contributors to the DPPH scavenging activities and FRAP activities. Overall, results demonstrated that these edible flowers could serve as useful source of natural antioxidants, and be used as functional food ingredients.

From Tradition to Health: Chemical and Bioactive Characterization of Five Traditional Plants

Several scientific studies have been proving the bioactive effects of many aromatic and medicinal plants associated with the presence of a high number of bioactive compounds, namely phenolic compounds. The antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial capacities of these molecules have aroused high interest in some industrial sectors, including food, pharmaceuticals, and cosmetics. This work aimed to determine the phenolic profiles of the infusions and hydroethanolic extracts of five plants (Carpobrotus edulis, Genista tridentata, Verbascum sinuatum, Cytisus multiflorus, and Calluna vulgaris) that have been employed in many traditional preparations. In addition, the antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and anti-tumoral activity of each different preparation was evaluated using in vitro assays. The HPLC-DAD-ESI/MS profile revealed the presence of eighty phenolic compounds, belonging to seven different families of compounds. Regarding antioxidant properties, the hydroethanolic extract of C. edulis showed a potent effect in the TBARS assay (IC₅₀ = 1.20 µg/mL), while G. tridentata hydroethanolic extract achieved better results in the OxHLIA test (IC₅₀ = 76 µg/mL). For cytotoxic and anti-inflammatory results, V. sinuatum infusions stood out significantly, with GI₅₀ = 59.1–92.1 µg/mL and IC₅₀ = 121.1 µg/mL, respectively. Finally, C. edulis hydroethanolic extract displayed the most relevant antibacterial activity, showing MBC values of 0.25–1 mg/mL, while G. tridentata hydroethanolic extract exerted the greatest antifungal effects (MFC of 0.5–1 mg/mL). The results of this study deepen the knowledge of the phenolic profiles and also provide evidence on the bioactive properties of the species selected, which could be considered highly valuable options for research and application in several sectors, namely food, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals.

Edible Flower Species as a Promising Source of Specialized Metabolites

Eating habits are changing over time and new innovative nutrient-rich foods will play a great role in the future. Awareness of the importance of a healthy diet is growing, so consumers are looking for new creative food products rich in phytochemicals, i.e., specialized metabolites (SM). The consumption of fruits, vegetables and aromatic species occupies an important place in the daily diet, but different edible flower species are still neglected and unexplored. Flowers are rich in SM, have strong antioxidant capacities and also possess significant functional and biological values with favorable impacts on human health. The main aim of this study was to evaluate the content of SM and the antioxidant capacities of the edible flower species: Calendula officinalis L. (common marigold), Tagetes erecta L. (African marigold), Tropaeolum majus L. (nasturtium), Cucurbita pepo L. convar. giromontiina (zucchini) and Centaurea cyanus L. (cornflower). The obtained results showed the highest content of ascorbic acid (129.70 mg/100 g fw) and anthocyanins (1012.09 mg/kg) recorded for cornflower, phenolic compounds (898.19 mg GAE/100 g fw) and carotenoids (0.58 mg/g) for African marigold and total chlorophylls (0.75 mg/g) for common marigold. In addition to the esthetic impression of the food, they represent an important source of SM and thus can have a significant impact if incorporated in the daily diet.

Differential Metabolomic Fingerprinting of the Crude Extracts of Three Asteraceae Species with Assessment of Their In Vitro Antioxidant and Enzyme-Inhibitory Activities Supported by In Silico Investigations

The Asteraceae is a large family, rich in ornamental, economical, and medicinally valuable plants. The current study involves the analytical and pharmacological assessment of the methanolic extracts of three less investigated Asteraceae plants, namely Echinops ritro, Centaurea deflexa, and Tripleurospermum decipiens, obtained by three different extraction methodologies viz. maceration (MAC), ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE), and homogenizer-assisted extraction (HAE). LC-MS-MS analysis of E. ritro, C. deflexa, and T. decipiens extracts led to the identification of ca. 29, 20, and 33 metabolites, respectively, belonging to flavonoids, phenolic acids, and fatty acids/amides. Although there were significant differences in the quantitative metabolite profiles in the extracts of E. ritro and T. decipiens based on the used extraction method, no significant variation was observed in the extracts of C. deflexa in the three implemented extraction techniques. The antioxidant activities of the nine extracts were assessed in vitro using six different assays viz. DPPH, ABTS, CUPRAC, FRAP, PDA, and metal chelation assay (MCA). The HAE/UAE extracts of E. ritro and the UAE/ MAC extracts of C. deflexa displayed the highest antioxidant activity in the DPPH assay, while the UAE extract of T. decipiens showed the strongest antioxidant activity in both the CUPRAC and MCA assays. The enzyme inhibitory activities of the nine extracts were studied in vitro on five different enzymes viz. tyrosinase, α-amylase, α-glucosidase, acetylcholinesterase (AChE), and butyrylcholinestrase (BChE), affecting various pathological diseases. Concerning C. deflexa, its MAC /UAE extracts showed the strongest inhibition on α-amylase, while its UAE/HAE extracts displayed strong inhibitory power on AChE. However, no significant difference was observed on their effects on tyrosinase or BChE. For T. decipiens, its UAE/HAE showed potent inhibition to α-glucosidase, MAC/ HAE significantly inhibited AChE and BChE, while UAE could strongly inhibit tyrosinase enzyme. For E. ritro, all extracts equally inhibited α-amylase and α-glucosidase, MAC/HAE strongly affected tyrosinase, HAE/MAC best inhibited BChE, while HAE inhibited AChE to a greater extent. Chemometric analysis using PCA plot was able to discriminate between the plant samples and between the implemented extraction modes. The in vitro enzyme inhibitory activities of the extracts were supported by in silico data, where metabolites, such as the lignan arctiin and the flavonoid vicenin-2, dominating the extract of C. deflexa, displayed strong binding to AChE. Similarly, chlorogenic and dicaffeoyl quinic acids, which are some of the major metabolites in the extracts of E. ritro and T. decipiens, bound with high affinity to α-glucosidase.

Nutritional and bioactive oils from salmon (Salmo salar) side streams obtained by Soxhlet and optimized microwave-assisted extraction

The efficiency of the microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) technique on recovering nutritional and bioactive oils from salmon (Salmo salar) side streams was evaluated and compared to Soxhlet extraction. The response surface methodology (RSM) coupled with a central composite rotatable design was used to optimize time, microwave power, and solid/liquid ratio of the MAE process in terms of oil yield. The optimal MAE conditions were 14.6 min, 291.9 W, 80.1 g/L for backbones, 10.8 min, 50.0 W, 80.0 g/L for heads, and 14.3 min, 960.6 W, 99.5 g/L for viscera, which resulted in a recovery of 69% of the total lipid content for backbones and heads and 92% for viscera. The oils obtained under optimal MAE conditions showed a healthy lipid profile as well as cytotoxic, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, or antimicrobial properties. These results highlight that oils from underutilized salmon by-products could be exploited by different industrial sectors under the circular economy approach.

Effects of superfine grinding on the physicochemical properties, antioxidant capacity, and hygroscopicity of Rosa rugosa cv. Plena powders

BACKGROUND

Rosa rugosa cv. Plena (RP) is a commercially significant crop with edible flowers. Due to its high medicinal and nutritional value, it has recently attracted increasing attention in the food industry. In this study, the physicochemical properties, antioxidant capacity, and hygroscopicity of four RP powders produced by ball milling were compared.

RESULTS

The brightness, redness, and blueness of RP powders improved after superfine grinding. The water and oil holding capacity decreased with a reduction in the particle size but the water solubility index increased from 7.10% to 29.93%. The elements present in the powders were not significantly (P > 0.05) affected by particle size while phytochemicals were released and extracted more easily after superfine grinding, resulting in higher anthocyanin, polyphenol, and flavonoid content (3.06, 34.01, and 3.97 mg g^-1 , respectively), and stronger antioxidant capacity than was found with other powders (ABTS (2,2'-azinobis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) and DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) radical scavenging activities were 24.51 and 39.81 mM trolox equivalents (TE) g^-1 , respectively). Superfine grinding also improved the water-absorption capacity of RP powders under a high-RH environment.

CONCLUSION

Superfine grinding is a promising technique for the production of RP powders with stronger bioactive substances and bioactivity. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.

Mini-Review on the Enzymatic Lipophilization of Phenolics Present in Plant Extracts with the Special Emphasis on Anthocyanins

Different plant extracts have the potential to be important sources of phenolic compounds. Their antibacterial, antifungal and antioxidant properties are of interest to researchers due to various possibilities for use in the pharmacy, cosmetic and food industries. Unfortunately, the direct application of phenolics in food is limited because of their hydrophilic nature and low solubility. The review is devoted to the recent advances in the methods of lipophilization of phenolic extracts along with the use of enzymes. The concept of extract modification instead of single compound modification is based on the expected synergistic effect of many phenolic compounds. The main focus is on the phenolic compounds found in fruits, flowers and leaves of different common and underutilized as well as medicinal, folk-medicinal or endemic plants. The compiled papers point to the great interest in the modification of anthocyanins, highly active but often unstable phenolics. Some examples of other flavonoids are also outlined. The possible applications of the lipophilized plant extracts are presented for improving the stability of edible oils, decreasing the content of acrylamide, exhibiting higher color stability in thermal processing and increasing the nutritional value.

In Vitro and In Silico Studies to Assess Edible Flowers’ Antioxidant Activities

The incorporation of edible flowers in the human diet and culinary preparations dates back to ancient times. Nowadays, edible flowers have gained great attention due to their health-promoting and nutritive effects and their widespread acceptance by consumers. Therefore, edible flowers are ideal candidates for use in the design and development of functional foods and dietary supplements, representing a new and promising trend in the food industry. Thus, the present study attempts to assess the potential of various edible flowers against oxidative stress by applying a combination of in vitro, in silico and spectroscopic techniques. Specifically, the spectroscopic profiles of edible flower extracts were evaluated using ATR-FTIR spectroscopy, while their total phenolic contents and antioxidant/antiradical activities were determined spectrophotometrically. The most abundant phytochemicals in the studied flowers were examined as enzyme inhibitors through molecular docking studies over targets that mediate antioxidant mechanisms in vivo. Based on the results, the red China rose followed by the orange Mexican marigold exhibited the highest TPCs and antioxidant activities. All samples showed the characteristic FTIR band of the skeletal vibration of phenolic aromatic rings. Phenolic compounds seem to exhibit antioxidant activity with respect to NADPH oxidase, myeloperoxidase (MP), cytochrome P450 and, to a lesser extent, xanthine oxidase (XO) enzymes.

Effect of Petal Color, Water Status, and Extraction Method on Qualitative Characteristics of Rosa rugosa Liqueur

Flowers of Rosa rugosa Thunb. are a rich source of bioactive compounds with high antioxidant properties and are used for the production of jams, teas, juices, and wines. In the present paper, the petals of R. rugosa cv. Alba (white flowers) and Rubra (purple flowers) were evaluated for their morphological and phytochemical characteristics, and for the preparation of an alcoholic liqueur. In particular, the effect of two extraction procedures (conventional and maceration) of fresh and dry petals on the quality of a rose liqueur was determined. As expected, the concentration of the flower's bioactive compounds was affected by petal water content and by tested cultivars: dry petals showed higher total carotenoids and anthocyanins contents with respect to the fresh ones; cv. Rubra evidenced higher values compared to cv. Alba. As regards the quality of rose liqueur, the two petal extraction procedures did not affect the polyphenol content and higher values were recorded only on dry petals with respect to the fresh ones and, in particular, on those from cv. Rubra. The liqueur's flavonoid content was influenced by the petal extraction method, water content, and color as higher values were recorded on rose liqueur prepared after the maceration of cv. Rubra dry petals whereas lower values were observed on alcoholic drinks prepared after the conventional extraction of cv. Alba fresh petals. Our study shows that R. rugosa petals have a fair amount of secondary metabolites with antioxidant activity, making them suitable for use in the beverage industry.

Unravelling potential biomedical applications of the edible flower Tulbaghia violacea

Traditionally, edible flowers have been used as foods and for therapeutic purposes, today they have gained importance due to their bioactive compounds such as flavonols, anthocyanins or other phenolic compounds, which give them potential for biomedical applications. This work evaluated a methanolic extract of Tulbaghia violacea. Eleven individual phenolic compounds were found and quantified by mass spectrometry in the extract. Antioxidant activity tests (TEAC, FRAP and DPPH) and other characterization parameters were assayed (total phenolic content and total flavonoid content). In vitro studies showed antitumoral activity against ovarian tumoral cells mediated by the induction of non-dependent caspase cell death and by the activation of reactive oxygen species. The effect of the extract against features of Alzheimer disease was in vivo assayed in Caenorhabditis elegans. Tulbaghia extract led to a reduction in the 1-42 beta amyloid peptide formation and prevented oxidative stress. These results suggested that Tulbaghia violacea could be a new source of phenolic compounds for nutraceuticals and functional food development.

Edible Flowers as a Source of Dietary Fibre (Total, Insoluble and Soluble) as a Potential Athlete's Dietary Supplement

Edible flowers have been gaining popularity among researchers, nutritionists and chefs all around the world. Nowadays, flowers are used to make food look and/or taste better; however, they are also a very good source of valuable nutrients (antioxidants, vitamins, proteins, fats, carbohydrates, macro and microelements). The aim of our study was to determine the content of dietary fibre and total protein in selected edible flowers; we also compared the nutritional content of petals, differentiating between the representatives of the Oleaceae and Asteraceae families, as well as herbaceous vs. woody plants. The study material consisted of petals of 12 edible flower species (Magnolia × soulangeana, Sambucus nigra L., Syringa vulgaris L. (white and violet flowers), Robinia pseudoacacia, Forsythia × intermedia, Cichorium intybus L., Bellis perennis, Tussilago farfara L., Taraxacum officinale F.H. Wiggers coll., Centaurea cyanus L., Calendula officinalis). Dietary fibre content was determined by the enzymatic-gravimetric method and ranged from 13.22 (Magnolia × soulangeana) to 62.33 (Calendula officinalis L.) g/100 g. For insoluble dietary fibre (IDF), the values ranged from 8.69 (Magnolia × soulangeana) to 57.54 (Calendula officinalis L.) g/100 g, and the content of soluble dietary fibre (SDF) was between 1.35 (Syringa vulgaris L.-white flowers) and 7.46 (Centaurea cyanus L) g/100 g. Flowers were also shown to be a good, though underappreciated, source of plant protein, with content ranging from 8.70 (Calendula officinalis L.) to 21.61 (Magnolia × soulangeana) g/100 g dry matter (Kjeldahl method). Considerable amounts of protein were found in the flowers of the olive family (Oleaceae) and woody plants, which can enrich the daily diet, especially vegan and vegetarian. Edible flowers of the Asteraceae family, especially the herbaceous representatives, contained high levels of both total dietary fibre and its insoluble fraction; therefore, they can be a rich source of these nutrients in the daily diet of athletes, which would perform a prebiotic function for gut bacteria.

Biochemical Approaches on Commercial Strains of Agaricus subrufescens Growing under Two Environmental Cultivation Conditions

In the present work, the effect of the cultivation process, in the field and under a controlled environment, on biochemical parameters by using commercial strains of A. subrufescens were evaluated. The results obtained revealed that the strains cultivated in the field presented higher levels for most of the parameters evaluated (organic acids (20.5–48.0 g/100 g dw), tocopherols (107.0–198.6 µg/100 g dw), and phenolic acids and related compounds (245.2–359.0 µg/100 g dw and 10.6–23.7 µg/100 g dw, respectively)), except for the carbohydrates (53.4–72.6 g/100 g dw), energetic value (373–380 Kcal/100 g dw), and total free sugars (28.8–43.1 g/100 g dw), parameters in which the strains grown in a controlled environment present better results. For both cultivation systems, similar results were obtained regarding saturated, monounsaturated, and polyunsaturated fatty acids, as well as antioxidant and antimicrobial activities. These data contribute to the knowledge and highlight the characterized strains and the cultivation process, which can be used to obtain ingredients with potential applicability as a source of functional compounds.

Phenolic Composition and Antioxidant Properties of 2 Taxa of Macadamia Flowers

This study investigated the differences in phenolic composition and antioxidant properties among 4 extracts (eg,70% acetone, 70% methanol, 70% ethanol, and water) of 2 taxa of Macadamia flowers (“Nanya No.2” and “HAES695” cultivars). The results showed that the phenolic compounds and antioxidant properties of the extracts were taxa- and solvent-dependent. “Nanya No.2” flowers possessed remarkably more phenolics and flavonoids, with more robust antioxidant activities than “HAES695”. The 70% acetone extract exhibited the highest polyphenol levels and antioxidant capacities, indicating that 70% acetone would be the most efficient solvent for extracting phenolic antioxidants from macadamia flowers. The high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis revealed rutin and catechin as the richest compounds in the extracts of both cultivars. Ferulic acid, catechin, phlorizin, quercetin, and kaempferol positively correlated with the antioxidant properties of the macadamia flowers. These results provide valuable information for utilizing macadamia flowers in antioxidant foods.