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Yamauchi K, Matsuoka Y, Takahashi M, Izumi Y, Naka H, Taniguchi Y, Kawai K, Bamba T, Yamada KI. Detection and structural analysis of pyrimidine-derived radicals generated on DNA using a profluorescent nitroxide probe. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 58:56-59. [PMID: 34897335 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc04998d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The oxidative damage of DNA is associated with aging and the development of various diseases. Although nucleoside-derived radicals play an important role in DNA oxidation, their analysis methods are limited. Herein, we propose a fluorometric detection and structural analysis of radicals on the surface of oxidatively damaged DNA using a profluorescent nitroxide probe combined with liquid chromatography-fluorometry and high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kosho Yamauchi
- Physical Chemistry for Life Science Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan.
| | - Yuta Matsuoka
- Physical Chemistry for Life Science Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan.
| | - Masatomo Takahashi
- Metabolomics Laboratory, Research Center for Transomics Medicine, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Izumi
- Metabolomics Laboratory, Research Center for Transomics Medicine, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Hideto Naka
- Physical Chemistry for Life Science Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan.
| | - Yosuke Taniguchi
- Frontier in Biofunction of Nucleic Acid and Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Kazuaki Kawai
- Department of Environmental Oncology, Institute of Industrial Ecological Sciences, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, 1-1 Iseigaoka, Yahatanishi-ku, Kitakyushu, 807-8555, Japan
| | - Takeshi Bamba
- Metabolomics Laboratory, Research Center for Transomics Medicine, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Yamada
- Physical Chemistry for Life Science Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan.
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Bai ZZ, Tang JM, Ni J, Zheng TT, Zhou Y, Sun DY, Li GN, Liu P, Niu LX, Zhang YL. Comprehensive metabolite profile of multi-bioactive extract from tree peony (Paeonia ostii and Paeonia rockii) fruits based on MS/MS molecular networking. Food Res Int 2021; 148:110609. [PMID: 34507753 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2021.110609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/11/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Tree peony seed, traditionally used for edible oil production, is rich in α-linolenic acid. However, little attention is given to the fruit by-products during seed oil production. The present work aimed to comprehensively investigate the phytochemical constituents and multiple biological activities of different parts of tree peony fruits harvested from Paeonia ostii and Paeonia rockii. 130 metabolites were rapidly identified through UPLC-Triple-TOF-MS on the basis of MS/MS molecular networking. Metabolite quantification was performed through the targeted approach of HPLC-ESI-QQQ-MS. Eight chemical markers were screened via principal component analysis (PCA) for distinguishing species and tissues. Interestingly, two dominant compounds, paeoniflorin and trans-resveratrol, are specially localized in seed kernel and seed coat, respectively. Unexpectedly, the extracts of fruit pod and seed coat showed significantly stronger antioxidant, antibacterial, and anti-neuroinflammatory activities than seed kernel from both P. ostii and P. rockii. Our work demonstrated that tree peony fruit is promising natural source of bioactive components and provided its potential utilization in food and pharmaceutical industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhang-Zhen Bai
- National Engineering Technology Research Center for Oil Peony, College of Landscape Architecture and Arts, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Jun-Man Tang
- National Engineering Technology Research Center for Oil Peony, College of Landscape Architecture and Arts, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Jing Ni
- National Engineering Technology Research Center for Oil Peony, College of Landscape Architecture and Arts, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Tian-Tian Zheng
- National Engineering Technology Research Center for Oil Peony, College of Landscape Architecture and Arts, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Yang Zhou
- National Engineering Technology Research Center for Oil Peony, College of Landscape Architecture and Arts, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Dao-Yang Sun
- National Engineering Technology Research Center for Oil Peony, College of Landscape Architecture and Arts, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | | | - Pu Liu
- Chemical Engineering & Pharmaceutical College, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China.
| | - Li-Xin Niu
- National Engineering Technology Research Center for Oil Peony, College of Landscape Architecture and Arts, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China.
| | - Yan-Long Zhang
- National Engineering Technology Research Center for Oil Peony, College of Landscape Architecture and Arts, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China.
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3
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Hydroxyl Radical Generation by the H2O2/CuII/Phenanthroline System under Both Neutral and Alkaline Conditions: An EPR/Spin-Trapping Investigation. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/app11020687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The copper–phenanthroline complex CuI(Phen)2 was the first artificial nuclease studied in biology. The mechanism responsible for this activity involves CuII(Phen)2 and H2O2. Even if H2O2/Cu systems have been extensively studied in biology and oxidative chemistry, most of these studies were carried out at physiological pH only, and little information is available on the generation of radicals by the H2O2/CuII-Phen system. In the context of paper pulp bleaching to improve the bleaching ability of H2O2, this system has been investigated, mostly at alkaline pH, and more recently at near-neutral pH in the case of dyed cellulosic fibers. Hence, this paper aims at studying the production of radicals with the H2O2/CuII-Phen system at near-neutral and alkaline pHs. Using the EPR/spin-trapping method, HO• formation was monitored to understand the mechanisms involved. DMPO was used as a spin-trap to form DMPO–OH in the presence of HO•, and two HO• scavengers were compared to identify the origin of the observed DMPO–OH adduct, as nucleophilic addition of water onto DMPO leads to the same adduct. H2O2 decomposition was enhanced by the addition of CuII–Phen (and only slightly by addition of CuSO4), reaching a level similar to the Fenton reagent at near-neutral pH. This evidences the role of Phen, which improves the effect of CuII by tuning the electronic structure and structural properties of the corresponding CuII complexes.
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4
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Huang K, Nitin N. Food-Grade Microscale Dispersion Enhances UV Stability and Antimicrobial Activity of a Model Bacteriophage (T7) for Reducing Bacterial Contamination ( Escherichia coli) on the Plant Surface. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:10920-10927. [PMID: 32845633 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c02795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
To reduce the use of conventional chemical pesticides, naturally occurring biopesticides such as bacteriophages have emerged as a promising solution, but effectiveness of these biopesticides can be limited because of their UV and desiccation instability. This study developed a biopolymer formulation to improve the phage stability, enhance the antimicrobial activity of phages, and prevent bacterial contaminations on a leaf surface in the presence of UV-A. The mixture of microscale polydopamine (PDA) particles with whey protein isolate (WPI)-glycerol formulation was effective for enhancing the stability of T7 phages in spraying solution and on a model leaf surface during 4 h exposure to UV-A and 1 h exposure to the simulated sunlight, respectively. The T7 phages incorporated with the biopolymer formulation effectively improved the antimicrobial activity of phages, as exhibited by greater than 2.8 log reduction in model bacteria Escherichia coli BL21 and also illustrated by significant potential of this formulation to prevent bacterial contamination and colonization of the plant surface. In summary, this study illustrates that phages combined with a biopolymer formulation can be an effective approach for a field deployable biocontrol solution of bacterial contamination in the agricultural environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang Huang
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California-Davis, Davis, California 95616, United States
- School of Chemical Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Nitin Nitin
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California-Davis, Davis, California 95616, United States
- Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, University of California-Davis, Davis, California 95616, United States
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5
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Zhu BZ, Xu D, Qin L, Huang CH, Xie LN, Mao L, Shao J, Kalyanaraman B. An unexpected new pathway for nitroxide radical production via more reactve nitrogen-centered amidyl radical intermediate during detoxification of the carcinogenic halogenated quinones by N-alkyl hydroxamic acids. Free Radic Biol Med 2020; 146:150-159. [PMID: 31302229 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2019.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2019] [Revised: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
We found previously that nitroxide radical of desferrioxamine (DFO•) could be produced from the interaction between the classic iron chelating agent desferrioxamine (DFO, an N-alkyl trihydroxamic acid) and tetrachlorohydroquinone (TCHQ), one of the carconogenic quinoind metabolites of the widely used wood preservative pentachlorophenol. However, the underlying molecular mechanism remains unclear. Here N-methylacetohydroxamic acid (N-MeAHA) was synthesized and used as a simple model compound of DFO for further mechanistic study. As expected, direct ESR studies showed that nitroxide radical of N-MeAHA (Ac-(CH3)NO•) can be produced from N-MeAHA/TCHQ. Interestingly and unexpectedly, when TCHQ was substituted by its oxidation product tetrachloro-1,4-benzoquinone (TCBQ), although Ac-(CH3)NO• could also be produced, no concurrent formation of tetrachlorosemiquinone radical (TCSQ•) and TCHQ was detected, suggesting that Ac-(CH3)NO• did not result from direct oxidation of N-MeAHA by TCSQ• or TCBQ as proposed previously. To our surprise, a new nitrogen-centered amidyl radical was found to be generated from N-MeAHA/TCBQ, which was observed by ESR with the spin-trapping agents and further unequivacally identified as Ac-(CH3)N• by HPLC-MS. The final product of amidyl radical was isolated and identified as its corresponding amine. Analogous radical homolysis mechanism was observed with other halogenated quinoid compounds and N-alkyl hydroxamic acids including DFO. Interestingly, amidyl radicals were found to induce both DNA strand breaks and DNA adduct formation, suggesting that N-alkyl hydroxamic acids may exert their potential side-toxic effects via forming the reactive amidyl radical species. This study represents the first report of an unexpected new pathway for nitroxide radical production via hydrogen abstration reaction of a more reactive amidyl radical intermediate during the detoxification of the carcinogenic polyhalogenated quinones by N-alkyl hydroxamic acids, which provides more direct experimental evidence to better explain not only our previous finding that excess DFO can provide effective but only partial protection against TCHQ (or TCBQ)-induced biological damage, and also the potential side-toxic effects induced by DFO and other N-alkyl hydroxamic acid drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben-Zhan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, PR China; Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA.
| | - Dan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, PR China
| | - Li Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, PR China
| | - Chun-Hua Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, PR China.
| | - Lin-Na Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, PR China
| | - Li Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, PR China
| | - Jie Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, PR China
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6
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Gomez-Mejiba SE, Ramirez DC. Trapping of DNA radicals with the nitrone spin trap 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline N-oxide and genotoxic damage: Recent advances using the immuno-spin trapping technology. MUTATION RESEARCH-REVIEWS IN MUTATION RESEARCH 2019; 782:108283. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2019.108283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Revised: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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7
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Mason RP, Ganini D. Immuno-spin trapping of macromolecules free radicals in vitro and in vivo - One stop shopping for free radical detection. Free Radic Biol Med 2019; 131:318-331. [PMID: 30552998 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2018.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2018] [Revised: 11/03/2018] [Accepted: 11/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The only general technique that allows the unambiguous detection of free radicals is electron spin resonance (ESR). However, ESR spin trapping has severe limitations especially in biological systems. The greatest limitation of ESR is poor sensitivity relative to the low steady-state concentration of free radical adducts, which in cells and in vivo is much lower than the best sensitivity of ESR. Limitations of ESR have led to an almost desperate search for alternatives to investigate free radicals in biological systems. Here we explore the use of the immuno-spin trapping technique, which combine the specificity of the spin trapping to the high sensitivity and universal use of immunological techniques. All of the immunological techniques based on antibody binding have become available for free radical detection in a wide variety of biological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald P Mason
- Inflammation, Immunity and Disease Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, 111 T.W. Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA.
| | - Douglas Ganini
- Inflammation, Immunity and Disease Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, 111 T.W. Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA.
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8
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Xie LN, Shao J, Huang CH, Li F, Xu D, Kalyanaraman B, Zhu BZ. An unusual double radical homolysis mechanism for the unexpected activation of the aldoxime nerve-agent antidotes by polyhalogenated quinoid carcinogens under normal physiological conditions. Free Radic Biol Med 2019; 130:1-7. [PMID: 30352302 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2018.10.425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Revised: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
We have recently shown that the pyridinium aldoximes, best-known as therapeutic antidotes for chemical warfare nerve-agents, could markedly detoxify the carcinogenic tetrachloro-1,4-benzoquinone (TCBQ) via an unusual double Beckmann fragmentation mechanism. However, it is still not clear why pralidoxime (2-PAM) cannot provide full protection against TCBQ-induced biological damages even when 2-PAM was in excess. Here we show, unexpectedly, that TCBQ can also activate pralidoxime to generate a reactive iminyl radical intermediate in two-consecutive steps, which was detected and unequivocally characterized by the complementary application of ESR spin-trapping, HPLC/MS and nitrogen-15 isotope-labeling studies. The same iminyl radical was observed when TCBQ was substituted by other halogenated quinones. The end product of iminyl radical was isolated and identified as its corresponding reactive and toxic aldehyde. Based on these data, we proposed that the reaction of 2-PAM and TCBQ might be through the following two competing pathways: a nucleophilic attack of 2-PAM on TCBQ forms an unstable transient intermediate, which can decompose not only heterolytically to form 2-CMP via double Beckmann fragmentation, but also homolytically leading to the formation of a reactive iminyl radical in double-steps, which then via H abstraction and further hydrolyzation to form its corresponding more toxic aldehyde. Analogous radical homolysis mechanism was observed with other halogenated quinones and pyridinium aldoximes. This study represents the first detection and identification of reactive iminyl radical intermediates produced under normal physiological conditions, which provides direct experimental evidence to explain only the partial protection by 2-PAM against TCBQ-induced biological damages, and also the potential side-toxic effects induced by 2-PAM and other pyridinium aldoxime nerve-agent antidotes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin-Na Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Jie Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Chun-Hua Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Feng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Dan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | | | - Ben-Zhan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China.
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9
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Zuin Fantoni N, Molphy Z, Slator C, Menounou G, Toniolo G, Mitrikas G, McKee V, Chatgilialoglu C, Kellett A. Polypyridyl‐Based Copper Phenanthrene Complexes: A New Type of Stabilized Artificial Chemical Nuclease. Chemistry 2018; 25:221-237. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201804084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicoló Zuin Fantoni
- School of Chemical Sciences and National Institute for Cellular, BiotechnologyDublin City University 9 Glasnevin, Dublin Ireland
| | - Zara Molphy
- School of Chemical Sciences and National Institute for Cellular, BiotechnologyDublin City University 9 Glasnevin, Dublin Ireland
| | - Creina Slator
- School of Chemical Sciences and National Institute for Cellular, BiotechnologyDublin City University 9 Glasnevin, Dublin Ireland
| | - Georgia Menounou
- ISOF-CNR Area della Ricerca di Bologna Via P. Gobetti 101 40129 Bologna Italy
| | - Gianluca Toniolo
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, N.C.S.R. Demokritos Agia Paraskevi Attikis P.O. Box 60037, 15341 Athens Greece
| | - George Mitrikas
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, N.C.S.R. Demokritos Agia Paraskevi Attikis P.O. Box 60037, 15341 Athens Greece
| | - Vickie McKee
- School of Chemical Sciences and National Institute for Cellular, BiotechnologyDublin City University 9 Glasnevin, Dublin Ireland
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and PharmacyUniversity of Southern Denmark Campusvej 55 5230 Odense M Denmark
| | - Chryssostomos Chatgilialoglu
- ISOF-CNR Area della Ricerca di Bologna Via P. Gobetti 101 40129 Bologna Italy
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, N.C.S.R. Demokritos Agia Paraskevi Attikis P.O. Box 60037, 15341 Athens Greece
| | - Andrew Kellett
- School of Chemical Sciences and National Institute for Cellular, BiotechnologyDublin City University 9 Glasnevin, Dublin Ireland
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A powerful on line ABTS +-CE-DAD method to screen and quantify major antioxidants for quality control of Shuxuening Injection. Sci Rep 2018; 8:5441. [PMID: 29615669 PMCID: PMC5883040 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-23748-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel method of on-line 2,2'-Azinobis-(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonate)-Capillary Electrophoresis-Diode Array Detector (on-line ABTS+-CE-DAD) was developed to screen the major antioxidants from complex herbal medicines. ABTS+, one of well-known oxygen free radicals was firstly integrated into the capillary. For simultaneously detecting and separating ABTS+ and chemical components of herb medicines, some conditions were optimized. The on-line ABTS+-CE-DAD method has successfully been used to screen the main antioxidants from Shuxuening injection (SI), an herbal medicines injection. Under the optimum conditions, nine ingredients of SI including clitorin, rutin, isoquercitrin, Quercetin-3-O-D-glucosyl]-(1-2)-L-rhamnoside, kaempferol-3-O-rutinoside, kaempferol-7-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, apigenin-7-O-Glucoside, quercetin-3-O-[2-O-(6-O-p-hydroxyl-E-coumaroyl)-D-glucosyl]-(1-2)-L-rhamnoside, 3-O-{2-O-[6-O-(p-hydroxyl-E-coumaroyl)-glucosyl]}-(1-2) rhamnosyl kaempfero were separated and identified as the major antioxidants. There is a linear relationship between the total amount of major antioxidants and total antioxidative activity of SI with a linear correlation coefficient of 0.9456. All the Relative standard deviations of recovery, precision and stability were below 7.5%. Based on these results, these nine ingredients could be selected as combinatorial markers to evaluate quality control of SI. It was concluded that on-line ABTS+-CE-DAD method was a simple, reliable and powerful tool to screen and quantify active ingredients for evaluating quality of herbal medicines.
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11
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Zi Y, Zhang B, Jiang B, Yang X, Liang Z, Liu W, He C, Liu L. Antioxidant action and protective and reparative effects of lentinan on oxidative damage in HaCaT cells. J Cosmet Dermatol 2018; 17:1108-1114. [PMID: 29473282 DOI: 10.1111/jocd.12488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lentinus edodes is one of the largest edible fungi. Lentinan, extracted from its fruiting body has clinically significant anticancer, antibacterial, antiviral, and anticoagulant effects; however, its preventive effects on skin oxidative damage are unclear. AIMS We aimed to evaluate the in vitro antioxidation capability of lentinan and its protective and reparative effects on a model of cell oxidative damage. METHODS We evaluated the in vitro antioxidant potential of lentinan by assessing its free-radical quenching ability using DPPH and ABTS and superoxide anions. Using the HaCaT cell line as the experimental system, we tested the protective and reparative effects of lentinan on a model of H2 O2 -induced cellular oxidative damage through assessment of cell survival rate, malondialdehyde (MDA) content, and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity. RESULTS Lentinan displayed high antioxidant potential: DDPH and ABTS quenching rates were above 60%; superoxide anions, approximately 18%. Furthermore, lentinan could dose-dependently prevent the reduction of activity in HaCaT cells by H2 O2 , reduce MDA formation, and increase SOD activity. Moreover, lentinan showed not only a protective effect against oxidative damage but also reparative effects to a certain extent, in HaCaT cells. CONCLUSIONS Our findings demonstrated the ability of lentinan to enhance cellular tolerance to oxidative damage, stress resistance, and to have protective and reparative effects on damaged cells. Therefore, with L. edodes as a source for antiaging substances, cosmetics with homology to foods have great potential clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusha Zi
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Research and Development, School of Science, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China
| | - Bo Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Research and Development, School of Science, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China
| | - Biao Jiang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Research and Development, School of Science, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China
| | - Xingyao Yang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Research and Development, School of Science, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China
| | - Zilu Liang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Research and Development, School of Science, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China
| | - Weiyi Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Research and Development, School of Science, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China
| | - Congfen He
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Research and Development, School of Science, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Research and Development, School of Science, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China
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12
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Zheng L, Griesser M, Pratt DA, Greenberg MM. Aminyl Radical Generation via Tandem Norrish Type I Photocleavage, β-Fragmentation: Independent Generation and Reactivity of the 2'-Deoxyadenosin- N6-yl Radical. J Org Chem 2017; 82:3571-3580. [PMID: 28318253 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.7b00093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Formal hydrogen atom abstraction from the nitrogen-hydrogen bonds in purine nucleosides produces reactive intermediates that are important in nucleic acid oxidation. Herein we describe an approach for the independent generation of the purine radical resulting from hydrogen atom abstraction from the N6-amine of 2'-deoxyadenosine (dA•). The method involves sequential Norrish Type I photocleavage of a ketone (7b) and β-fragmentation of the initially formed alkyl radical (8b) to form dA• and acetone. The formation of dA• was followed by laser flash photolysis, which yields a transient with λmax ≈ 340 nm and a broader weaker absorption centered at ∼560 nm. This transient grows in at ≥2 × 105 s-1; however, computations and reactivity data suggest that β-fragmentation occurs much faster, implying the consumption of dA• as it is formed. Continuous photolysis of 7b in the presence of ferrous ion or thiophenol produces good yields of dA, whereas less reactive thiols afford lower yields presumably due to a polarity mismatch. This tandem photochemical, β-fragmentation method promises to be useful for site-specific production of dA• in nucleic acid oligomers and/or polymers and also for the production of aminyl radicals, in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liwei Zheng
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University , 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Markus Griesser
- Department of Chemistry & Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa , 10 Marie Curie Pvt., Ottawa, Canada
| | - Derek A Pratt
- Department of Chemistry & Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa , 10 Marie Curie Pvt., Ottawa, Canada
| | - Marc M Greenberg
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University , 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
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Choi YJ, Chang SJ, Gibala KS, Resendiz MJE. 8-Oxo-7,8-dihydroadenine and 8-Oxo-7,8-dihydroadenosine-Chemistry, Structure, and Function in RNA and Their Presence in Natural Products and Potential Drug Derivatives. Chemistry 2017; 23:6706-6716. [PMID: 27960050 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201605163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
A description and history of the role that 8-oxo-7,8-dihydroadenine (8-oxoAde) and 8-oxo-7,8-dihydroadenosine (8-oxoA) have in various fields has been compiled. This Review focusses on 1) the formation of this oxidatively generated modification in RNA, its interactions with other biopolymers, and its potential role in the development/progression of disease; 2) the independent synthesis and incorporation of this modified nucleoside into oligonucleotides of RNA to display the progress that has been made in establishing its behavior in biologically relevant systems; 3) reported synthetic routes, which date back to 1890, along with the progress that has been made in the total synthesis of the nucleobase, nucleoside, and their corresponding derivatives; and 4) the isolation, total synthesis, and biological activity of natural products containing these moieties as the backbone. The current state of research regarding this oxidatively generated lesion as well as its importance in the context of RNA, natural products, and potential as drug derivatives is illustrated using all available examples reported to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Jung Choi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Denver, Science Building, 1151 Arapahoe St., Denver, CO, 80204, USA
| | - Stephanie J Chang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Denver, Science Building, 1151 Arapahoe St., Denver, CO, 80204, USA
| | - Krzysztof S Gibala
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Denver, Science Building, 1151 Arapahoe St., Denver, CO, 80204, USA
| | - Marino J E Resendiz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Denver, Science Building, 1151 Arapahoe St., Denver, CO, 80204, USA
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Xu Y, Qian S. Techniques for Detecting Reactive Oxygen Species in Pulmonary Vasculature Redox Signaling. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 967:361-372. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-63245-2_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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15
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Mason RP. Imaging free radicals in organelles, cells, tissue, and in vivo with immuno-spin trapping. Redox Biol 2016; 8:422-9. [PMID: 27203617 PMCID: PMC4878322 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2016.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Revised: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 04/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The accurate and sensitive detection of biological free radicals in a reliable manner is required to define the mechanistic roles of such species in biochemistry, medicine and toxicology. Most of the techniques currently available are either not appropriate to detect free radicals in cells and tissues due to sensitivity limitations (electron spin resonance, ESR) or subject to artifacts that make the validity of the results questionable (fluorescent probe-based analysis). The development of the immuno-spin trapping technique overcomes all these difficulties. This technique is based on the reaction of amino acid- and DNA base-derived radicals with the spin trap 5, 5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline N-oxide (DMPO) to form protein- and DNA-DMPO nitroxide radical adducts, respectively. These adducts have limited stability and decay to produce the very stable macromolecule-DMPO-nitrone product. This stable product can be detected by mass spectrometry, NMR or immunochemistry by the use of anti-DMPO nitrone antibodies. The formation of macromolecule-DMPO-nitrone adducts is based on the selective reaction of free radical addition to the spin trap and is thus not subject to artifacts frequently encountered with other methods for free radical detection. The selectivity of spin trapping for free radicals in biological systems has been proven by ESR. Immuno-spin trapping is proving to be a potent, sensitive (a million times higher sensitivity than ESR), and easy (not quantum mechanical) method to detect low levels of macromolecule-derived radicals produced in vitro and in vivo. Anti-DMPO antibodies have been used to determine the distribution of free radicals in cells and tissues and even in living animals. In summary, the invention of the immuno-spin trapping technique has had a major impact on the ability to accurately and sensitively detect biological free radicals and, subsequently, on our understanding of the role of free radicals in biochemistry, medicine and toxicology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald Paul Mason
- Immunity, Inflammation, and Disease Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA.
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Claxton DP, Kazmier K, Mishra S, Mchaourab HS. Navigating Membrane Protein Structure, Dynamics, and Energy Landscapes Using Spin Labeling and EPR Spectroscopy. Methods Enzymol 2015; 564:349-87. [PMID: 26477257 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2015.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
A detailed understanding of the functional mechanism of a protein entails the characterization of its energy landscape. Achieving this ambitious goal requires the integration of multiple approaches including determination of high-resolution crystal structures, uncovering conformational sampling under distinct biochemical conditions, characterizing the kinetics and thermodynamics of transitions between functional intermediates using spectroscopic techniques, and interpreting and harmonizing the data into novel computational models. With increasing sophistication in solution-based and ensemble-oriented biophysical approaches such as electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy, atomic resolution structural information can be directly linked to conformational sampling in solution. Here, we detail how recent methodological and technological advances in EPR spectroscopy have contributed to the elucidation of membrane protein mechanisms. Furthermore, we aim to assist investigators interested in pursuing EPR studies by providing an introduction to the technique, a primer on experimental design, and a description of the practical considerations of the method toward generating high quality data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek P Claxton
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.
| | - Kelli Kazmier
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Smriti Mishra
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Hassane S Mchaourab
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.
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Neier K, Marchlewicz EH, Dolinoy DC, Padmanabhan V. Assessing Human Health Risk to Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals: a Focus on Prenatal Exposures and Oxidative Stress. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 3. [PMID: 27231701 DOI: 10.1080/23273747.2015.1069916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the health risk posed by endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) is a challenge that is receiving intense attention. The following study criteria should be considered to facilitate risk assessment for exposure to EDCs: 1) characterization of target health outcomes and their mediators, 2) study of exposures in the context of critical periods of development, 3) accurate estimates of human exposures and use of human-relevant exposures in animal studies, and 4) cross-species comparisons. In this commentary, we discuss the importance and relevance of each of these criteria in studying the effects of prenatal exposure to EDCs. Our discussion focuses on oxidative stress as a mediator of EDC-related health effects due to its association with both EDC exposure and health outcomes. Our recent study (Veiga-Lopez et al. 2015)1 addressed each of the four outlined criteria and demonstrated that prenatal bisphenol-A exposure is associated with oxidative stress, a risk factor for developing diabetes and cardiovascular diseases in adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kari Neier
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Elizabeth H Marchlewicz
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Dana C Dolinoy
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109; Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Vasantha Padmanabhan
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109; Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor 48109
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Bian YY, Guo J, Majeed H, Zhu KX, Guo XN, Peng W, Zhou HM. Ferulic acid renders protection to HEK293 cells against oxidative damage and apoptosis induced by hydrogen peroxide. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2015; 51:722-9. [PMID: 25678463 DOI: 10.1007/s11626-015-9876-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2014] [Accepted: 01/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The application of antioxidants has been considered as an important and effective approach against conditions in which oxidative stress occurs. Especially, ferulic acid (FA) is an important antioxidant which exerts potency against cellular damage in the presence of oxidants. In the current study, the resistance effect of FA on hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-stressed human embryonic kidney 293 cells (HEK293) in vitro was investigated. FA (1 mM) increased HEK293 cells' viability and significantly reduced H2O2-induced cellular apoptosis, which was confirmed with flow cytometry and morphological results. Cell cycle analysis indicated low percentage of sub-G0 population of FA-treated HEK293 cells that confirmed its resistance effect. The FA-treated HEK293 cells followed by H2O2 exposure resulted in decreased ROS levels compared to control (H2O2-treated only). The results indicated that pretreatment of FA on cell prior to H2O2 exposure could significantly improve cell survival and increase catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) levels. On the other hand, reduction in the levels of MDA and ROS was obvious. It can be concluded that FA may protect HEK293 cells from injury induced by H2O2 through regulation of intracellular antioxidant enzyme activities and cell cycle distribution. The reduction in mitochondrial membrane potential was also inhibited by FA treatment. These results suggested the importance of naturally occurring antioxidants such as FA in therapeutic intervention methodology against oxidative stress-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Yuan Bian
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
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Bian YY, Guo J, Zhu KX, Guo XN, Peng W, Zhou HM. Resistance investigation of wheat bran polyphenols extracts on HEK293 cells against oxidative damage. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra13602k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress has been considered as a major cause of cellular injury in a variety of clinical abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Yuan Bian
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology
- School of Food Science and Technology
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety
- Jiangnan University
- Wuxi-214122, PR China
| | - Jia Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology
- School of Food Science and Technology
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety
- Jiangnan University
- Wuxi-214122, PR China
| | - Ke-Xue Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology
- School of Food Science and Technology
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety
- Jiangnan University
- Wuxi-214122, PR China
| | - Xiao-Na Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology
- School of Food Science and Technology
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety
- Jiangnan University
- Wuxi-214122, PR China
| | - Wei Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology
- School of Food Science and Technology
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety
- Jiangnan University
- Wuxi-214122, PR China
| | - Hui-Ming Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology
- School of Food Science and Technology
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety
- Jiangnan University
- Wuxi-214122, PR China
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Dalsgaard TK, Triquigneaux M, Deterding L, Summers FA, Mortensen G, Mason RP. Oxidation of α-lactalbumin after a lactoperoxidase-catalysed reaction: An oxidomics approach applying immuno-spin trapping and mass spectrometry. Int Dairy J 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2013.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Lin J, Li X, Chen L, Lu W, Chen X, Han L, Chen D. Protective Effect Against Hydroxyl Radical-induced DNA Damage and Antioxidant Mechanism of [6]-gingerol: A Chemical Study. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2014. [DOI: 10.5012/bkcs.2014.35.6.1633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Sinha BK, Leinisch F, Bhattacharjee S, Mason RP. DNA cleavage and detection of DNA radicals formed from hydralazine and copper (II) by ESR and immuno-spin trapping. Chem Res Toxicol 2014; 27:674-82. [PMID: 24502259 DOI: 10.1021/tx500011m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Metal ion-catalyzed oxidation of hydrazine and its derivatives leads to the formation of the hydrazyl radical and subsequently to oxy-radicals in the presence of molecular oxygen. Here, we have examined the role of Cu(2+)-catalyzed oxidation of hydralazine in the induction of DNA damage. Neither 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline-N-oxide (DMPO) nor dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) was effective in inhibiting hydralazine-Cu(2+)-induced DNA damage. Singlet oxygen did not appear to participate in this DNA cleavage. The one-electron oxidation of hydralazine also leads to the formation of DNA radicals as confirmed by immuno-spin trapping with 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline-N-oxide. Electron spin resonance (ESR) and spin-trapping studies further confirmed the formation of DNA radicals; predominantly, 2'-deoxyadenosine radical adducts were detected, while some radicals were also detected with other nucleosides. Our results suggest that free hydroxyl radicals may not be the main damaging species causing DNA cleavage and that possibly Cu-peroxide complexes, formed from Cu(+)-H2O2, are responsible for this hydralazine-Cu(2+)-induced DNA cleavage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birandra K Sinha
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Pharmacology, National Institutes of Environmental Health Sciences , Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, United States
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23
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Hawkins CL, Davies MJ. Detection and characterisation of radicals in biological materials using EPR methodology. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2014; 1840:708-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2013.03.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2013] [Accepted: 03/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Summers FA, Mason RP, Ehrenshaft M. Development of immunoblotting techniques for DNA radical detection. Free Radic Biol Med 2013; 56:64-71. [PMID: 23142572 PMCID: PMC3577963 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2012.10.550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2012] [Revised: 10/16/2012] [Accepted: 10/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Radical damage to DNA has been implicated in cell death, cellular dysfunction, and cancer. A recently developed method for detecting DNA radicals uses the nitrone spin trap DMPO (5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline N-oxide) to trap radicals. The trapped radicals then decay into stable nitrone adducts detectable with anti-DMPO antibodies and quantifiable by ELISA or dot-blot assay. However, the sequences of DNA that are damaged are likely to be as important as the total level of damage. Therefore, we have developed immunoblotting methods for detection of DNA nitrone adducts on electrophoretically separated DNA, comparable to Western blotting for proteins. These new techniques not only allow the assessment of relative radical adduct levels, but can reveal specific DNA fragments, and ultimately nucleotides, as radical targets. Moreover, we have determined that denaturation of samples into single-stranded DNA enhances the detection of DNA-DMPO adducts in our new blotting methods and also in ELISA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona A Summers
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Pharmacology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA.
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Li X, Huang Y, Chen D. Protective Effect against Hydroxyl-induced DNA Damage and Antioxidant Activity of Citri reticulatae Pericarpium. Adv Pharm Bull 2013; 3:175-81. [PMID: 24312832 PMCID: PMC3846041 DOI: 10.5681/apb.2013.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2012] [Revised: 11/21/2012] [Accepted: 11/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE As a typical Chinese herbal medicine, Citri reticulatae pericarpium (CRP) possesses various pharmacological effects involved in antioxidant ability. However, its antioxidant effects have not been reported yet. The objective of this work was to investigate its antioxidant ability, then further discuss the antioxidant mechanism. METHODS CRP was extracted by ethanol to obtain ethanol extract of Citri reticulatae pericarpium (ECRP). ECRP was then measured by various antioxidant methods, including DNA damage assay, DPPH assay, ABTS assay, Fe(3+)-reducing assay and Cu(2+)-reducing assay. Finally, the content of total flavonoids was analyzed by spectrophotometric method. RESULTS Our results revealed that ECRP could effectively protect against hydroxyl-induced DNA damage (IC50 944.47±147.74 μg/mL). In addition, it could also scavenge DPPH· radical (IC50349.67±1.91 μg/mL) and ABTS(+)• radical (IC5011.33±0.10 μg/mL), reduce Fe(3+) (IC50 140.95±2.15 μg/mL) and Cu(2+) (IC50 70.46±1.77 μg/mL). Chemical analysis demonstrated that the content of total flavonoids in ECRP was 198.29±12.24 mg quercetin/g. CONCLUSION Citri reticulatae pericarpium can effectively protect against hydroxyl-induced DNA damage. One mechanism of protective effect may be radical-scavenging which is via donating hydrogen atom (H·), donating electron (e). Its antioxidant ability can be mainly attributed to the flavonoids, especially hesperidin and narirutin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xican Li
- School of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Waihuang East Road No.232, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, 510006, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanping Huang
- School of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Waihuang East Road No.232, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, 510006, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dongfeng Chen
- School of Basic Medical Science, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, China
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Li X, Chen W, Chen D. Protective Effect against Hydroxyl-induced DNA Damage and Antioxidant Activity of Radix Glycyrrhizae (Liquorice Root). Adv Pharm Bull 2013; 3:167-73. [PMID: 24312831 DOI: 10.5681/apb.2013.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2012] [Revised: 11/21/2012] [Accepted: 11/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE As a typical Chinese herbal medicine, Radix Glycyrrhizae (RG) possesses various pharmacological effects involved in antioxidant ability. However, its antioxidant has not been explored so far. The aim of the study was to investigate its antioxidant ability, then further discuss the antioxidant mechanism. METHODS RG was extracted by ethanol to obtain ethanolic extract of Radix Glycyrrhizae (ERG). ERG was then determined by various antioxidant methods, including DNA damage assay, DPPH assay, ABTS assay, Fe(3+)-reducing assay and Cu(2+)-reducing assay. Finally, the contents of total phenolics and total flavonoids were analyzed by spectrophotometric methods. RESULTS Our results revealed that ERG could effectively protect against hydroxyl-induced DNA damage (IC50 517.28±26.61μg/mL). In addition, ERG could scavenge DPPH· radical (IC50165.18±6.48μg/mL) and ABTS(+)• radical (IC507.46±0.07μg/mL), reduce Fe(3+) (IC50 97.23±2.88 μg/mL) and Cu(2+) (IC50 59.21±0.18 μg/mL). Chemical analysis demonstrated that the contents of total phenolics and flavonoids in ERG were 111.48±0.88 and 218.26±8.57 mg quercetin/g, respectively. CONCLUSION Radix Glycyrrhizae can effectively protect against hydroxyl-induced DNA damage. One mechanism of protective effect may be radical-scavenging which is via donating hydrogen atom (H·), donating electron (e). Its antioxidant ability can be mainly attributed to the flavonoids or total phenolics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xican Li
- School of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
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Cadet J, Wagner JR. DNA base damage by reactive oxygen species, oxidizing agents, and UV radiation. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2013; 5:5/2/a012559. [PMID: 23378590 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a012559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 520] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Emphasis has been placed in this article dedicated to DNA damage on recent aspects of the formation and measurement of oxidatively generated damage in cellular DNA in order to provide a comprehensive and updated survey. This includes single pyrimidine and purine base lesions, intrastrand cross-links, purine 5',8-cyclonucleosides, DNA-protein adducts and interstrand cross-links formed by the reactions of either the nucleobases or the 2-deoxyribose moiety with the hydroxyl radical, one-electron oxidants, singlet oxygen, and hypochlorous acid. In addition, recent information concerning the mechanisms of formation, individual measurement, and repair-rate assessment of bipyrimidine photoproducts in isolated cells and human skin upon exposure to UVB radiation, UVA photons, or solar simulated light is critically reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Cadet
- Direction des Sciences de la Matière, Institut Nanosciences et Cryogénie, CEA/Grenoble, 38054 Grenoble, France.
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Li X, Lin J, Gao Y, Han W, Chen D. Antioxidant activity and mechanism of Rhizoma Cimicifugae. Chem Cent J 2012; 6:140. [PMID: 23173949 PMCID: PMC3557226 DOI: 10.1186/1752-153x-6-140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2012] [Accepted: 11/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Background As a typical Chinese herbal medicine, rhizoma Cimicifugae (RC, 升麻 in Chinese) possesses various pharmacological effects involved in antioxidant activity. However, its antioxidant activity has not been reported so far. The aim of the present study was to systematically evaluate the antioxidant ability of RC in vitro, then discuss the mechanism. Methods Firstly, five RC extracts (i.e. petroleum ether extract PERC, ethyl acetate extract EARC, absolute ethanol extract AERC, 95% ethanol extract 95ERC, and water extract WRC) were prepared and determined by various antioxidant methods, including anti-lipidperoxidation, protection against DNA damage, ·OH scavenging, ·O2- scavenging, DPPH· (1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazl radical) scavenging, ABTS+· (2,2’-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzo- thiazoline-6-sulfonic acid radical ion) scavenging, Cu2+-chelating, and Fe3+ reducing assays. Subsequently, we measured the chemical contents of five RC extracts, including total phenolics, total saponins, total sugars, caffeic acid, ferulic acid and isoferulic acid. Finally, we quantitatively analyzed the correlations between antioxidant levels (1/IC50 values) and chemical contents. Results In the study, the antioxidant levels and chemical contents (including total phenolics, total saponins, total sugars, caffeic acid, ferulic acid and isoferulic acid) of five RC extracts were determined by various methods. In all antioxidant assays, five RC extracts increased the antioxidant levels in a dose-dependent manner. However, their antioxidant levels (IC50 values) and chemical contents significantly differed from each other. Quantitative analysis of the correlation showed that total phenolic was of significant positive correlations (average R value was 0.56) with antioxidant levels; In contrast, total sugars and total saponins had no positive correlation with antioxidant (the average R values were −0.20 and −0.26, for total sugars and total saponins, respectively); Among total phenolics, three phenolic acids (caffeic acid, ferulic acid and isoferulic acid) also displayed positive correlations (the average R values were 0.51, 0.50, and 0.51, for caffeic acid, ferulic acid and isoferulic acid, respectively). Conclusions As an effective antioxidant, Rhizoma Cimicifugae can protect DNA and lipids against oxidative damage. Its antioxidant ability can be responsible for its various pharmacological effects and may be mainly attributed to the existence of total phenolics, among which caffeic acid, ferulic acid and isoferulic acid are regarded as main bioactive components. Rhizoma Cimicifugae exerts its antioxidant effect through metal-chelating, and radical-scavenging which is via donating hydrogen atom (H·) and donating electron (e).
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Affiliation(s)
- Xican Li
- School of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Waihuang East Road No,232, Guangzhou 510006, China.
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Li X, Lin J, Han W, Mai W, Wang L, Li Q, Lin M, Bai M, Zhang L, Chen D. Antioxidant ability and mechanism of rhizoma Atractylodes macrocephala. Molecules 2012; 17:13457-72. [PMID: 23149564 PMCID: PMC6268131 DOI: 10.3390/molecules171113457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2012] [Revised: 11/07/2012] [Accepted: 11/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhizoma Atractylodes macrocephala (AM) has been used in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) for about 2,000 years. In the study, we firstly determined the antioxidant levels of five AM extracts by •OH-scavenging, •O2−-scavenging, Fe2+-chelating, Cu2+-chelating, DPPH·-scavenging, and ABTS+·-scavenging assays. After measurement of the chemical contents in five AM extracts, we quantitatively analyzed the correlations between antioxidant levels and chemical contents. It was observed that total phenolics and total flavonoids had significant positive correlations with antioxidant levels (R = 0.685 and 0.479, respectively). In contrast, total sugars and total saponins presented lower correlations with antioxidant levels (R = −0.272 and 0.244, respectively). It means that antioxidant activity of AM should be attributed to total phenolics (including phenolic acids and flavonoids), and not total sugars and total saponins. Further analysis indicated that phenolic acids exhibited higher R values with radical-scavenging assays (R = 0.32–1.00), while flavonoids showed higher R values with metal-chelating assays (R= 0.86 and 0.90). In conclusion, AM exerts its antioxidant effect through metal-chelating, and radical-scavenging which is via donating hydrogen atom and donating electron. Its metal-chelating may result from flavonoids, while its radical-scavenging can be attributed to phenolic acids, especially caffeic acid, ferulic acid, and protocatechuic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xican Li
- School of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; (X.L.); (D.C.); Tel.: +86-20-3935-8076 (X.L.); Fax: +86-20-3889-2690 (X.L.)
| | - Jian Lin
- School of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; (X.L.); (D.C.); Tel.: +86-20-3935-8076 (X.L.); Fax: +86-20-3889-2690 (X.L.)
| | - Weijuan Han
- School of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Wenqiong Mai
- School of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Li Wang
- School of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Qiang Li
- School of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Miaofang Lin
- School of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Mingsong Bai
- School of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Lishan Zhang
- School of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Dongfeng Chen
- School of Basic Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; (X.L.); (D.C.); Tel.: +86-20-3935-8076 (X.L.); Fax: +86-20-3889-2690 (X.L.)
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An advanced Electron Spin Resonance (ESR) spin-trapping and LC/(ESR)/MS technique for the study of lipid peroxidation. Int J Mol Sci 2012. [PMID: 23203086 PMCID: PMC3509602 DOI: 10.3390/ijms131114648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
There are two types of nutritionally important polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), namely ω-6s and ω-3s. PUFAs and their metabolites generated from lipid peroxidation via cyclooxygenase (COX) and lipoxygenase (LOX) are believed to be involved in a variety of physiological and pathological processes in the human body. Both COX- and LOX-catalyzed PUFA peroxidation are complex events that generate a series of radicals, which may then bind proteins, target DNA/RNA, and lead to a number of biological changes. However, due to the lack of an appropriate method, it was not possible until recently to identify the short-lived PUFA-derived radicals in COX-/LOX-catalyzed peroxidation. Failure to characterize free radicals during peroxidation has greatly restricted our knowledge about COX/LOX biology in human health. Here we review the development and refinement of combined ESR spin trapping and LC/ESR/MS to characterize PUFA-derived radicals formed from in vitro (cell-free) peroxidation. We also present the most recent approach for studying peroxidation in cells which allows us to directly assess the potential bioactivity of PUFA-derived free radicals. This advanced technique has resulted in a major breakthrough in radical structural characterization, as well as assessment of free radical-associated cell growth response, thereby greatly improving our knowledge of PUFAs, COX-/LOX-catalyzed lipid peroxidation, and their related biological consequences.
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Cadet J, Douki T, Ravanat JL, Wagner JR. Measurement of oxidatively generated base damage to nucleic acids in cells: facts and artifacts. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s12566-012-0029-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Bhattacharjee S, Chatterjee S, Jiang J, Sinha BK, Mason RP. Detection and imaging of the free radical DNA in cells--site-specific radical formation induced by Fenton chemistry and its repair in cellular DNA as seen by electron spin resonance, immuno-spin trapping and confocal microscopy. Nucleic Acids Res 2012; 40:5477-86. [PMID: 22387463 PMCID: PMC3384307 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gks180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress-related damage to the DNA macromolecule produces lesions that are implicated in various diseases. To understand damage to DNA, it is important to study the free radical reactions causing the damage. Measurement of DNA damage has been a matter of debate as most of the available methods measure the end product of a sequence of events and provide limited information on the initial free radical formation. We report a measurement of free radical damage in DNA induced by a Cu(II)-H2O2 oxidizing system using immuno-spin trapping supplemented with electron paramagnetic resonance. In this investigation, the short-lived radical generated is trapped by the spin trap 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline N-oxide (DMPO) immediately upon formation. The DMPO adduct formed is initially electron paramagnetic resonance active, but is subsequently oxidized to the stable nitrone adduct, which can be detected and visualized by immuno-spin trapping and has the potential to be further characterized by other analytical techniques. The radical was found to be located on the 2′-deoxyadenosine (dAdo) moiety of DNA. The nitrone adduct was repaired on a time scale consistent with DNA repair. In vivo experiments for the purpose of detecting DMPO–DNA nitrone adducts should be conducted over a range of time in order to avoid missing adducts due to the repair processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suchandra Bhattacharjee
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Chemistry, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA.
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