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Yang SQ, Zhao X, Zhang J, Liao DY, Wang YH, Wang YG. Ferroptosis in renal fibrosis: a mini-review. J Drug Target 2024; 32:785-793. [PMID: 38721679 DOI: 10.1080/1061186x.2024.2353363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2024] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Ferroptosis is a novel form of programmed cell death that is iron-dependent and distinct from autophagy, apoptosis, and necroptosis. It is primarily characterised by a decrease in glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4) activity, or by the accumulation of lipid peroxidation and reactive oxygen species (ROS). Renal fibrosis is a common pathological change in the progression of various primary and secondary renal diseases to end-stage renal disease and poses a serious threat to human health with high morbidity and mortality. Multiple pathways contribute to the development of renal fibrosis, with ferroptosis playing a crucial role in renal fibrosis pathogenesis due to its involvement in the production of ROS. Ferroptosis is related to several signalling pathways, including System Xc-/GPX4, abnormal iron metabolism and lipid peroxidation. A number of studies have indicated that ferroptosis is closely involved in the process of renal fibrosis caused by various kidney diseases such as glomerulonephritis, renal ischaemia-reperfusion injury, diabetic nephropathy and renal calculus. Identifying the underlying molecular mechanisms that determine cell death would open up new insights to address a therapeutic strategy to renal fibrosis. The review aimed to browse and summarise the known mechanisms of ferroptosis that may be associated with biological reactions of renal fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si-Qi Yang
- Department of Nephrology, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, TianJin, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, TianJin, China
| | - Xi Zhao
- Department of Nephrology, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, TianJin, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, TianJin, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, TianJin, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, TianJin, China
| | - Dong-Ying Liao
- National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, TianJin, China
- Department of Oncology, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, TianJin, China
| | - Yu-Han Wang
- Department of Nephrology, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, TianJin, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, TianJin, China
| | - Yao-Guang Wang
- Department of Nephrology, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, TianJin, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, TianJin, China
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Nakanishi M, Goto A, Iwasaki T, Nakanishi T, Kuma A, Nanami M, Kuragano T. Effect of iron administration on the aortic iron content and vascular calcification in phosphorus-loaded chronic kidney disease rats. BMC Nephrol 2023; 24:373. [PMID: 38102596 PMCID: PMC10725022 DOI: 10.1186/s12882-023-03426-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and could be related to oxidative stress. Vascular calcification (VC) has been established as a critical risk factor for accelerated CVD. In CKD, phosphorus (Pi), iron (Fe) and Nrf2 are modulators of VC and important agonists and antagonists of oxidative stress. The aim of this study was to determine whether Fe administration, which is commonly used to treat renal anemia, affects aortic Fe overload and VC, and whether Nrf2 and its related genes, ferritin H and HIF-1α, are involved in the development of VC. METHODS A CKD model was created in rats by administering adenine and simultaneously feeding a high-Pi diet. In addition to control and CKD rats without Fe administration (No-Fe group), Fe was administered orally (PO-Fe group) or intraperitoneally (IP-Fe group) to CKD animals to clarify the effects of Fe administration on the aortic Fe and calcium (Ca) contents and the involvement of Nrf2 and its induced antioxidative proteins, ferritin H and HIF-1α, in VC. RESULTS The aortic Fe content increased significantly in the IP-Fe group, which was closely correlated with liver HAMP (hepcidin) expression in all animals. Fe administration had no significant effect on the aortic Ca and Pi contents regardless of the route of Fe administration. The aortic mRNA level of Nrf2 was significantly increased in the IP-Fe group and correlated with serum Pi levels and aortic Fe contents, which could respond to oxidative stress. Notably, the mRNA level of Nrf2 was also significantly correlated with the mRNA levels of ferritin H and HIF-1α. Since we could not measure Nrf2 protein levels in this study, we confirmed the upregulation of HMOX1 and NQO1 mRNA expression in parallel with Nrf2 mRNA. CONCLUSION Parenteral Fe administration increased aortic Fe in parallel with the liver HAMP mRNA level but did not affect VC. Aortic Nrf2 mRNA levels correlated significantly with aortic Fe and serum Pi levels and with aortic mRNA levels of ferritin H and HIF-1α as well as HMOX1 and NQO1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masa Nakanishi
- Division of Kidney, Dialysis and Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hyogo Medical University, Nishinomiya, 663-8501, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Ayako Goto
- Division of Kidney, Dialysis and Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hyogo Medical University, Nishinomiya, 663-8501, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Takahide Iwasaki
- Division of Kidney, Dialysis and Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hyogo Medical University, Nishinomiya, 663-8501, Hyogo, Japan.
| | - Takeshi Nakanishi
- Division of Kidney, Dialysis and Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hyogo Medical University, Nishinomiya, 663-8501, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Akihiro Kuma
- Division of Kidney, Dialysis and Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hyogo Medical University, Nishinomiya, 663-8501, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Nanami
- Division of Kidney, Dialysis and Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hyogo Medical University, Nishinomiya, 663-8501, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Takahiro Kuragano
- Division of Kidney, Dialysis and Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hyogo Medical University, Nishinomiya, 663-8501, Hyogo, Japan
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Zhu F, Song Z, Zhang S, Zhang X, Zhu D. The Renoprotective Effect of Shikonin in a Rat Model of Diabetic Kidney Disease. Transplant Proc 2023; 55:1731-1738. [PMID: 37391330 DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2023.04.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In diabetes mellitus, diabetic nephropathy (DN) is a typical complication and pivotal cause of chronic kidney disease. The DN disease burden is among the highest in the world and is associated with high morbidity, mortality, and disease burden. Safe and effective medications are urgently needed for the treatment of DN. Interest has been increasing in Shikonin, extracted from the naphthoquinone plant, particularly in determining its renal protective effect. METHODS In this study, we explored Shikonin's effects and potential mechanisms on a streptozotocin (STZ)-induced DN experimental model. An STZ-induced rat diabetic model was established, and the rats were treated with different doses of Shikonin (10/50 mg/kg) for 4 weeks. Blood, urine, and renal tissue samples were collected after the last administration. Renal tissues were examined to detect each group's physiologic, biochemical, histopathologic, and molecular changes. RESULTS The results showed that Shikonin administration could significantly alleviate the STZ-induced elevation of blood urea nitrogen, serum creatinine, urinary protein content, and renal pathologic injury. Furthermore, Shikonin significantly decreased oxidative stress, inflammation, and Toll-like receptor 4/myeloid differentiation primary response 88/nuclear factor-κB expression levels in DN kidney tissues. Shikonin showed a dose-dependent effect, with the best outcome at 50 mg/kg. CONCLUSION Shikonin could effectively alleviate DN-related nephropathy damage and reveal the underlying pharmacologic mechanism. Based on the results, a Shikonin combination can be used in clinical treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Zhu
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital of Jinggangshan University, Ji'an City, China
| | - Zhengyi Song
- Department of General Surgery, Third Clinical Medical College of China Three Gorges University, Gezhouba Central Hospital of Sinopharm, Yichang, China
| | - Shuang Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Third Clinical Medical College of China Three Gorges University, Gezhouba Central Hospital of Sinopharm, Yichang, China
| | - Xueqin Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, Third Clinical Medical College of China Three Gorges University, Gezhouba Central Hospital of Sinopharm, Yichang, China
| | - Dan Zhu
- Department of Endocrinology, Third Clinical Medical College of China Three Gorges University, Gezhouba Central Hospital of Sinopharm, Yichang, China.
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High Glucose-Induced Kidney Injury via Activation of Necroptosis in Diabetic Kidney Disease. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2023; 2023:2713864. [PMID: 36756299 PMCID: PMC9902134 DOI: 10.1155/2023/2713864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2022] [Revised: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is a major microvascular complication of diabetes mellitus (DM) and is closely associated to programmed cell death. However, the complex mechanisms of necroptosis, an alternative cell death pathway, in DKD pathogenesis are yet to be elucidated. This study indicates that necroptosis is involved in DKD induced by high glucose (HG) both in vivo and in vitro. HG intervention led to the activation of RIPK1/RIPK3/MLKL signaling, resulting in renal tissue necroptosis and proinflammatory activation in streptozotocin/high-fat diet- (STZ/HFD-) induced diabetic mice and HG-induced normal rat kidney tubular cells (NRK-52E). We further found that in HG-induced NRK-52E cell, necroptosis might, at least partly, depend on the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Meanwhile, ROS participated in necroptosis via a positive feedback loop involving the RIPK1/RIPK3 pathway. In addition, blocking RIPK1/RIPK3/MLKL signaling by necrostatin-1 (Nec-1), a key inhibitor of RIPK1 in the necroptosis pathway, or antioxidant N-acetylcysteine (NAC), an inhibitor of ROS generation, could effectively protect the kidney against HG-induced damage, decrease the release of proinflammatory cytokines, and rescue renal function in STZ/HFD-induced diabetic mice. Inhibition of RIPK1 effectively decreased the activation of RIPK1-kinase-/NF-κB-dependent inflammation. Collectively, we demonstrated that high glucose induced DKD via renal tubular epithelium necroptosis, and Nec-1 or NAC treatment downregulated the RIPK1/RIPK3/MLKL pathway and finally reduced necroptosis, oxidative stress, and inflammation. Thus, RIPK1 may be a therapeutic target for DKD.
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Chen L, Zhao Q, Du X, Chen X, Jiao Q, Jiang H. Effects of oxidative stress caused by iron overload on arachidonic acid metabolites in MES23.5 cells. J Biosci 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12038-022-00321-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Iso T, Matsue Y, Mizukami A, Tokano T, Isoda K, Suwa S, Miyauchi K, Yanagisawa N, Okumura Y, Minamino T. Daprodustat for anaemia in patients with heart failure and chronic kidney disease: A randomized controlled study. ESC Heart Fail 2022; 9:4291-4297. [PMID: 35983622 PMCID: PMC9773652 DOI: 10.1002/ehf2.14109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS Hypoxia-inducible factor-prolyl hydroxylase (HIF-PH) inhibitors have been developed for the treatment of renal anaemia; however, no study has evaluated the safety and efficacy of HIF-PH inhibitors in patients with heart failure (HF). This study was designed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of daprodustat, a HIF-PH inhibitor, in patients with HF and renal anaemia. METHODS AND RESULTS We designed a pilot, multi-centre, open-label, randomized controlled study, in which 50 patients with HF complicated with chronic kidney disease and anaemia will be randomized 1:1 to either the daprodustat or control group at seven sites in Japan. Study entry requires New York Heart Association Class II HF symptoms or a history of hospitalization due to HF, an estimated glomerular filtration rate of <60 mL/min/1.73 m2 , and a haemoglobin level of 7.5 to <11.0 g/dl. Patients randomized to the daprodustat group will be treated with oral daprodustat, and the dose will be uptitrated according to the changes in the haemoglobin level from previous visits. In this study, we will evaluate the impact of HIF-PH inhibitors on cardiac function using advanced cardiovascular imaging modalities, including cardiac magnetic resonance imaging. The primary outcome is the haemoglobin level at 16 weeks of randomization, and all adverse events will be recorded and evaluated for any association with daprodustat treatment. CONCLUSION Considering the hypothetical upside and downside of using HIF-PH inhibitors in anaemic patients with HF and chronic kidney disease, and because there are virtually no safe and effective treatments for patients with anaemia not caused by iron deficiency, our study results will contribute significantly to this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Iso
- Department of Cardiovascular Biology and MedicineJuntendo University Graduate School of MedicineTokyoJapan
| | - Yuya Matsue
- Department of Cardiovascular Biology and MedicineJuntendo University Graduate School of MedicineTokyoJapan
| | - Akira Mizukami
- Department of CardiologyKameda Medical CenterKamogawaJapan
| | - Takashi Tokano
- Department of CardiologyJuntendo University Urayasu HospitalUrayasuJapan
| | - Kikuo Isoda
- Department of CardiologyJuntendo University Nerima HospitalTokyoJapan
| | - Satoru Suwa
- Department of Acute Critical Care Medicine, Shizuoka HospitalJuntendo UniversityTokyoJapan
| | - Katsumi Miyauchi
- Department of Cardiovascular MedicineJuntendo Tokyo Koto Geriatric Medical CenterTokyoJapan
| | | | - Yasuo Okumura
- Division of Cardiology, Department of MedicineNihon University School of MedicineTokyoJapan
| | - Tohru Minamino
- Department of Cardiovascular Biology and MedicineJuntendo University Graduate School of MedicineTokyoJapan,Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development‐Core Research for Evolutionary Medical Science and Technology (AMED‐CREST), Japan Agency for Medical Research and DevelopmentTokyoJapan
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Stępniak J, Rynkowska A, Karbownik-Lewińska M. Membrane Lipids in the Thyroid Comparing to Those in Non-Endocrine Tissues Are Less Sensitive to Pro-Oxidative Effects of Fenton Reaction Substrates. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:901062. [PMID: 35720119 PMCID: PMC9203968 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.901062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Iron is an essential microelement for the proper functioning of many organs, among others it is required for thyroid hormone synthesis. However, its overload contributes to the increased formation of reactive oxygen species via Fenton chemistry (Fe2++H2O2→Fe3++˙OH + OH−), and it is potentially toxic. Individual organs/tissues are affected differently by excess iron. The excessive absorption of iron with subsequent deposition in various organs is associated with diseases such as hemochromatosis. Such an iron deposition also occurs in the thyroid gland where it can disturb thyroid hormone synthesis. In turn, melatonin is an effective antioxidant, which protects against oxidative damage. This study aims to check if lipid peroxidation resulting from oxidative damage to membrane lipids, is caused by Fenton reaction substrates, and if protective effects of melatonin differ between the thyroid and various non-endocrine porcine tissues (liver, kidney, brain cortex, spleen, and small intestine). To mimic the conditions of iron overload, Fe2+ was used in extremely high concentrations. Homogenates of individual tissues were incubated together with Fenton reaction substrates, i.e., FeSO4 (9.375, 18.75, 37.5, 75, 150, 300, 600, 1,200, 1,800, 2,100, 2,400, 3,000, 3,600, 4,200, and 4,800 µM)+H2O2 (5 mM), either without or with melatonin (5 mM). The concentration of malondialdehyde+4-hydroxyalkenals (MDA+4-HDA), as the LPO index, was evaluated by a spectrophotometrical method. Fenton reaction substrates increased concentrations of LPO products in all chosen tissues. However, in the thyroid, compared to non-endocrine tissues, the damaging effect was generally weaker, it was not observed for the two lowest concentrations of iron, and the LPO peak occurred with higher concentrations of iron. Melatonin reduced experimentally induced LPO in all examined tissues (without differences between them), and these protective effects did not depend on iron concentration. In conclusion, membrane lipids in the thyroid compared to those in non-endocrine tissues are less sensitive to pro-oxidative effects of Fenton reaction substrates, without differences regarding protective effects of melatonin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Stępniak
- Department of Oncological Endocrinology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Rynkowska
- Department of Oncological Endocrinology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Karbownik-Lewińska
- Department of Oncological Endocrinology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
- Polish Mother’s Memorial Hospital—Research Institute, Lodz, Poland
- *Correspondence: Małgorzata Karbownik-Lewińska, ,
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Reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome after intravenous iron substitution: a case report. J Neurol 2022; 269:3918-3922. [PMID: 35152334 PMCID: PMC9217862 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-022-11011-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Peng L, He Y, Zhang J, Hong D, Li G. Erythropoietin and iron for anemia in HIV-infected patients undergoing maintenance hemodialysis in China: a cross-sectional study. BMC Nephrol 2022; 23:60. [PMID: 35135490 PMCID: PMC8827246 DOI: 10.1186/s12882-022-02693-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Anemia is a common complication of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and HIV infection. The number of people living with HIV on hemodialysis (HD) is increasing. However, there is no data about anemia and related therapies in this kind of patients in China. We aim to assess the difference in hemoglobin (Hgb) and treatments like erythropoietin and iron between HIV-HD patients and HD patients in Chengdu, China. Methods This cross-sectional study was conducted with data collection from January 2020 to June 2020. Thirty-four HIV-infected HD patients and thirty-five non-HIV-infected HD patients were included. Age, gender, dialysis vintage, single-pool (sp) Kt/V, Hgb, the dose of erythropoietin, ferritin, use of iron preparations, and serum albumin were collected in all patients. Time since HIV diagnosis, counts of CD4 + T cells, HIV RNA, and antiretroviral therapy for HIV infection were collected in HIV-infected patients. T-test, Mann–Whitney U test, and chi-square statistics were applied in SPSS. Results The Hgb of HIV-HD and HD groups were 105.70 (95.93–112.08) g/L and 112.00 (93.00–126.00) g/L respectively (P = 0.064). There was a statistically significant higher erythropoietin dosage used in the HIV-HD population (222.55 ± 115.47 U/kg/week) compared to the HIV-negative HD group (161.86 ± 110.31 U/kg/week) (P = 0.029). 16/34 (47.06%) HIV-HD patients and 5/35 (14.29%) HD patients were treated with iron preparations (P = 0.003). The ferritin levels were 316.50 (117.38–589.75) ng/ml and 272.70 (205.00–434.00) ng/ml in HIV-HD and HD groups respectively. Conclusions A higher erythropoietin dosage and a higher probability of iron preparations may be required to maintain Hgb in HIV-HD patients compared with HD patients. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12882-022-02693-y.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Peng
- Department of Nephrology, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 611731, China.,School of Automation Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 611731, China
| | - Yanan He
- Public Health Clinical Center of Chengdu, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiong Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 611731, China
| | - Daqing Hong
- Department of Nephrology, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 611731, China.
| | - Guisen Li
- Department of Nephrology, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 611731, China
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Ungur RA, Borda IM, Codea RA, Ciortea VM, Năsui BA, Muste S, Sarpataky O, Filip M, Irsay L, Crăciun EC, Căinap S, Jivănescu DB, Pop AL, Singurean VE, Crișan M, Groza OB, Martiș (Petruț) GS. A Flavonoid-Rich Extract of Sambucus nigra L. Reduced Lipid Peroxidation in a Rat Experimental Model of Gentamicin Nephrotoxicity. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:772. [PMID: 35160718 PMCID: PMC8837157 DOI: 10.3390/ma15030772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2021] [Revised: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
The use of gentamicin (GM) is limited due to its nephrotoxicity mediated by oxidative stress. This study aimed to evaluate the capacity of a flavonoid-rich extract of Sambucus nigra L. elderflower (SN) to inhibit lipoperoxidation in GM-induced nephrotoxicity. The HPLC analysis of the SN extract recorded high contents of rutin (463.2 ± 0.0 mg mL-1), epicatechin (9.0 ± 1.1 µg mL-1), and ferulic (1.5 ± 0.3 µg mL-1) and caffeic acid (3.6 ± 0.1 µg mL-1). Thirty-two Wistar male rats were randomized into four groups: a control group (C) (no treatment), GM group (100 mg kg-1 bw day-1 GM), GM+SN group (100 mg kg-1 bw day-1 GM and 1 mL SN extract day-1), and SN group (1 mL SN extract day-1). Lipid peroxidation, evaluated by malondialdehyde (MDA), and antioxidant enzymes activity-superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GPX)-were recorded in renal tissue after ten days of experimental treatment. The MDA level was significantly higher in the GM group compared to the control group (p < 0.0001), and was significantly reduced by SN in the GM+SN group compared to the GM group (p = 0.021). SN extract failed to improve SOD, CAT, and GPX activity in the GM+SN group compared to the GM group (p > 0.05), and its action was most probably due to the ability of flavonoids (rutin, epicatechin) and ferulic and caffeic acids to inhibit synthesis and neutralize reactive species, to reduce the redox-active iron pool, and to inhibit lipid peroxidation. In this study, we propose an innovative method for counteracting GM nephrotoxicity with a high efficiency and low cost, but with the disadvantage of the multifactorial environmental variability of the content of SN extracts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodica Ana Ungur
- Department of Medical Specialties, Faculty of Medicine, “Iuliu Hațieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 8 Victor Babeș Street, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (R.A.U.); (V.M.C.); (L.I.)
| | - Ileana Monica Borda
- Department of Medical Specialties, Faculty of Medicine, “Iuliu Hațieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 8 Victor Babeș Street, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (R.A.U.); (V.M.C.); (L.I.)
| | - Răzvan Andrei Codea
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agricultural Science and Veterinary Medicine, 3-5 Mănăștur Street, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
| | - Viorela Mihaela Ciortea
- Department of Medical Specialties, Faculty of Medicine, “Iuliu Hațieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 8 Victor Babeș Street, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (R.A.U.); (V.M.C.); (L.I.)
| | - Bogdana Adriana Năsui
- Department of Community Health, Faculty of Medicine, “Iuliu Hatieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 8 Victor Babeș Street, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
| | - Sevastița Muste
- Food Engineering Department, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, 64 Calea Floresti, 400509 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (S.M.); (G.S.M.)
| | - Orsolya Sarpataky
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agricultural Science and Veterinary Medicine, 3-5 Mănăștur Street, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
| | - Miuța Filip
- Raluca Ripan Institute for Research in Chemistry, Babeş-Bolyai University, 30 Fântânele Street, 400294 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
| | - Laszlo Irsay
- Department of Medical Specialties, Faculty of Medicine, “Iuliu Hațieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 8 Victor Babeș Street, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (R.A.U.); (V.M.C.); (L.I.)
| | - Elena Cristina Crăciun
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry and Clinical Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy, “Iuliu Hatieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 6 Pasteur Street, 400349 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
| | - Simona Căinap
- Department of Mother and Child, Faculty of Medicine, “Iuliu Hatieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 8 Victor Babeș Street, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
| | - Delia Bunea Jivănescu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, “Iuliu Hatieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 8 Victor Babeș Street, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
| | - Anca Lucia Pop
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Food Safety, Nutrition, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 6 Traian Vuia Street, 020945 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Victoria Emilia Singurean
- Department of Morphological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, “Iuliu Hatieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 8 Victor Babeș Street, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (V.E.S.); (M.C.); (O.B.G.)
| | - Maria Crișan
- Department of Morphological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, “Iuliu Hatieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 8 Victor Babeș Street, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (V.E.S.); (M.C.); (O.B.G.)
| | - Oana Bianca Groza
- Department of Morphological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, “Iuliu Hatieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 8 Victor Babeș Street, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (V.E.S.); (M.C.); (O.B.G.)
| | - Georgiana Smaranda Martiș (Petruț)
- Food Engineering Department, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, 64 Calea Floresti, 400509 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (S.M.); (G.S.M.)
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Nie J, Li Q, Guo M, Li J, Yang J, Chang Q, Cai Y. The correlation between fibroblast growth factor-23 and ESRD patients with hearing impairment. PeerJ 2021; 9:e12295. [PMID: 34721981 PMCID: PMC8520394 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.12295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background End-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients often experience hearing impairment, resulting in a high rate of disability and a decline in their quality of life. Fibroblast growth factor-23 (FGF23) is a diagnostic biomarker for chronic kidney disease (CKD) and a pathogenic contributor to CKD progression. However, the correlation between FGF23 level and CKD patients with hearing impairment remains elusive. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between the FGF23 and ESRD accompanied with hearing impairment. Methods A total of 144 ESRD patients, who were admitted to the First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University from November to December 2020, were enrolled in this study. Firstly, 144 ESRD patients underwent pure-tone audiometry (PTA). Secondly, it was attempted to randomly select 20 ESRD patients with normal hearing, and 20 ESRD patients with hearing impairment (match ratio, 1:1). Age- and gender-matched healthy people (n = 20) were also recruited as controls group. The expression levels of FGF23 was detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results The results of pure-tone audiometry showed that the prevalence of hearing impairment in ESRD patients was 80.5%. Male ESRD patients were more likely to develop hearing impairment compared to female patients. The incidence rate of hearing impairment at a high frequency was significantly higher than that at a low frequency (P < 0.01). The serum levels of FGF23, phosphorus, and parathyroid hormone (PTH) in ESRD patients with hearing impairment significantly increased compared with those with normal hearing and healthy controls. Conclusion ESRD patients had a higher risk of hearing loss, especially high-frequency hearing impairment. As FGF23 level increased, the risk of hearing loss was also elevated. The hearing impairment in ESRD patients was associated with the degree of kidney injury, and serum FGF23 level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingwen Nie
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Qing Li
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Min Guo
- Department of Otolaryngology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Jiaqing Li
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Jiahui Yang
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Qing Chang
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Yaping Cai
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
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12
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Jia Q, Han L, Zhang X, Yang W, Gao Y, Shen Y, Li B, Wang S, Qin M, Lowe S, Qin J, Hao G. Tongluo Yishen Decoction Ameliorates Renal Fibrosis via Regulating Mitochondrial Dysfunction Induced by Oxidative Stress in Unilateral Ureteral Obstruction Rats. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:762756. [PMID: 34712143 PMCID: PMC8545824 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.762756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Tongluo Yishen (TLYS) decoction is an herb that is extensively applied for the treatment of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in traditional Chinese medicine. In this study, 37 different dominant chemical constituents of TLYS were identified. Rats with unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) were used as animal models, and TLYS decoction was administered orally for 14 days. TLYS decoction reduced the levels of renal function indicators, serum creatinine levels and blood urea nitrogen levels and alleviated renal pathological changes. Gene Ontology (GO) and KEGG pathway analyses of RNA sequencing data showed that TLYS decoction had significant effects on biological processes, cellular components and molecular functions in UUO rats and that the phagosome (a membrane source in the early stages of autophagy), lysosome (an important component of autolysosome), and oxidation pathways (which contribute to mitochondrial function) might be related to the antifibrotic effects of TLYS decoction. Moreover, we found significant mitochondrial function impairment, including a decreased mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) and an imbalance in mitochondrial dynamics, excessive oxidative stress, and activation of Pink1/Parkin-mediated mitophagy in UUO rats. Treatment with TLYS decoction significantly increased the MMP, normalized mitochondrial dynamics and ameliorated renal injury. Moreover, TLYS alleviated the mitophagy clearance deficiency. In conclusion, our study showed that TLYS decoction can ameliorate mitochondrial dynamics by reducing oxidative stress and regulating mitophagy, thereby relieving renal injury, protecting renal function, and reducing renal fibrosis. This study provides support for the application of and further research on TLYS decoction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Jia
- Department of Nephropathy, Dongfang Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Lin Han
- School of Basic Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoyu Zhang
- Department of Nephropathy, Dongfang Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Wenning Yang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yushan Gao
- School of Basic Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yifan Shen
- Emergency Department, Shanghai Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shang Hai, China
| | - Bing Li
- Beijing First Hospital of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Shuyan Wang
- School of Basic Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Mingzhen Qin
- Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Scott Lowe
- Kansas City University of Medicine and Biosciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Kansas City, MO, United States
| | - Jianguo Qin
- Department of Nephropathy, Dongfang Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Gaimei Hao
- Institute of Basic Theory for Chinese Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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13
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Afsar RE, Kanbay M, Ibis A, Afsar B. In-depth review: is hepcidin a marker for the heart and the kidney? Mol Cell Biochem 2021; 476:3365-3381. [PMID: 33942218 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-021-04168-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Iron is an essential trace element involved in oxidation-reduction reactions, oxygen transport and storage, and energy metabolism. Iron in excess can be toxic for cells, since iron produces reactive oxygen species and is important for survival of pathogenic microbes. There is a fine-tuning in the regulation of serum iron levels, determined by intestinal absorption, macrophage iron recycling, and mobilization of hepatocyte stores versus iron utilization, primarily by erythroid cells in the bone marrow. Hepcidin is the major regulatory hormone of systemic iron homeostasis and is upregulated during inflammation. Hepcidin metabolism is altered in chronic kidney disease. Ferroportin is an iron export protein and mediates iron release into the circulation from duodenal enterocytes, splenic reticuloendothelial macrophages, and hepatocytes. Systemic iron homeostasis is controlled by the hepcidin-ferroportin axis at the sites of iron entry into the circulation. Hepcidin binds to ferroportin, induces its internalization and intracellular degradation, and thus inhibits iron absorption from enterocytes, and iron release from macrophages and hepatocytes. Recent data suggest that hepcidin, by slowing or preventing the mobilization of iron from macrophages, may promote atherosclerosis and may be associated with increased cardiovascular disease risk. This article reviews the current data regarding the molecular and cellular pathways of systemic and autocrine hepcidin production and seeks the answer to the question whether changes in hepcidin translate into clinical outcomes of all-cause and cardiovascular mortality, and cardiovascular and renal end-points.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rengin Elsurer Afsar
- Department of Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine, Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey.
| | - Mehmet Kanbay
- Department of Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine, Koc University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Avsin Ibis
- Department of Nephrology, Afyon Kocatepe Devlet Hastanesi, Afyon, Turkey
| | - Baris Afsar
- Department of Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine, Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey
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14
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Gu X, Zhang S, Zhang T. Abnormal Crosstalk between Endothelial Cells and Podocytes Mediates Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor (TKI)-Induced Nephrotoxicity. Cells 2021; 10:cells10040869. [PMID: 33921219 PMCID: PMC8070074 DOI: 10.3390/cells10040869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 04/04/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA) and its receptor VEGFR2 are the main targets of antiangiogenic therapies, and proteinuria is one of the common adverse events associated with the inhibition of the VEGFA/VEGFR2 pathway. The proteinuric kidney damage induced by VEGFR2 tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) is characterized by podocyte foot process effacement. TKI therapy promotes the formation of abnormal endothelial‒podocyte crosstalk, which plays a key role in TKI-induced podocyte injury and proteinuric nephropathy. This review article summarizes the underlying mechanism by which the abnormal endothelial‒podocyte crosstalk mediates podocyte injury and discusses the possible molecules and signal pathways involved in abnormal endothelial‒podocyte crosstalk. What is more, we highlight the molecules involved in podocyte injury and determine the essential roles of Rac1 and Cdc42; this provides evidence for exploring the abnormal endothelial‒podocyte crosstalk in TKI-induced nephrotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ti Zhang
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-21-6417-5590
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15
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Kuriyama S, Maruyama Y, Honda H. A new insight into the treatment of renal anemia with HIF stabilizer. RENAL REPLACEMENT THERAPY 2020. [DOI: 10.1186/s41100-020-00311-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractThe long-term clinical experiences with recombinant human erythropoietin (rHuEPO) and its analog derivatives have clearly proven that correction of anemia with erythropoiesis stimulating agent (ESA) not only reduces blood transfusion and improves patients’ QOL but has multiple benefits for the concurrent complications of CKD such as Cardio-Renal–Anemia (CRA) syndrome and/or malnutrition-inflammation-atherosclerosis (MIA) syndrome.Unlike ESA, the newly available agent, hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) stabilizer, stimulates endogenous erythropoietin (EPO) by mimicking hypoxia with HIF prolyl hydroxylase domain enzyme (HIF-PHD) inhibition. The phase 2 and 3 clinical studies have shown that HIF stabilizers are as efficacious as ESA in ameliorating renal anemia. Whether the same clinical benefits on CRA and MIA syndrome hold true in patients given HIF stabilizers is a matter for future debate. Given that HIF stabilizers act on the multiple target genes, the use of this novel agent may lead to unwanted adverse events.Launching HIF stabilizers into the treatment of renal anemia provokes a concern about how this alternative treatment will be taken up in the daily clinical practice. However, guideline-oriented strategies on how to use HIF stabilizer is not available at this limited point due to scant clinical information. Nevertheless, this opinion-based review provides a future insight into the management of renal anemia with HIF stabilizer by reference to the past experiences with ESA. HIF stabilizers can preferably be indicated for CRA syndrome at pre-dialysis stage, ESA resistant anemia at advanced CKD stage, and perhaps for dysregulated iron metabolism akin to MIA syndrome in patients on dialysis.
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16
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Dias GF, Grobe N, Rogg S, Jörg DJ, Pecoits-Filho R, Moreno-Amaral AN, Kotanko P. The Role of Eryptosis in the Pathogenesis of Renal Anemia: Insights From Basic Research and Mathematical Modeling. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:598148. [PMID: 33363152 PMCID: PMC7755649 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.598148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Red blood cells (RBC) are the most abundant cells in the blood. Despite powerful defense systems against chemical and mechanical stressors, their life span is limited to about 120 days in healthy humans and further shortened in patients with kidney failure. Changes in the cell membrane potential and cation permeability trigger a cascade of events that lead to exposure of phosphatidylserine on the outer leaflet of the RBC membrane. The translocation of phosphatidylserine is an important step in a process that eventually results in eryptosis, the programmed death of an RBC. The regulation of eryptosis is complex and involves several cellular pathways, such as the regulation of non-selective cation channels. Increased cytosolic calcium concentration results in scramblase and floppase activation, exposing phosphatidylserine on the cell surface, leading to early clearance of RBCs from the circulation by phagocytic cells. While eryptosis is physiologically meaningful to recycle iron and other RBC constituents in healthy subjects, it is augmented under pathological conditions, such as kidney failure. In chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients, the number of eryptotic RBC is significantly increased, resulting in a shortened RBC life span that further compounds renal anemia. In CKD patients, uremic toxins, oxidative stress, hypoxemia, and inflammation contribute to the increased eryptosis rate. Eryptosis may have an impact on renal anemia, and depending on the degree of shortened RBC life span, the administration of erythropoiesis-stimulating agents is often insufficient to attain desired hemoglobin target levels. The goal of this review is to indicate the importance of eryptosis as a process closely related to life span reduction, aggravating renal anemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Ferreira Dias
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
- Renal Research Institute, New York, NY, United States
| | - Nadja Grobe
- Renal Research Institute, New York, NY, United States
| | - Sabrina Rogg
- Fresenius Medical Care Deutschland GmbH, Bad Homburg, Germany
| | - David J. Jörg
- Fresenius Medical Care Deutschland GmbH, Bad Homburg, Germany
| | - Roberto Pecoits-Filho
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
- Arbor Research Collaborative for Health, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | | | - Peter Kotanko
- Renal Research Institute, New York, NY, United States
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
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17
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Hu X, Xie Y, Xiao Y, Zeng W, Gong Z, Du J. Longitudinal analysis of fecal microbiome and metabolome during renal fibrotic progression in a unilateral ureteral obstruction animal model. Eur J Pharmacol 2020; 886:173555. [PMID: 32937112 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2020.173555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Renal fibrosis is a major pathological process in the progression of various chronic kidney diseases to end-stage renal disease (ESRD). Growing evidence has suggested that gut microbiota dysbiosis is closely related to ESRD. However, the interplay between altered fecal microbiome and metabolome during the renal fibrotic process remains unclear. Herein, an integrated approach of 16S ribosomal DNA sequencing combined with an ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry-based metabolomics platform was applied to investigate the dynamic changes of fecal microbiota and metabolites throughout renal fibrosis progression in a mouse model of unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO). The composition of gut microbiota changed markedly before and after UUO surgery. UUO mice showed a decrease in short-chain fatty acids-producing genera, including Bacteroides, Prevotellaceae_UCG-001, Roseburia, and Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136_group, as well as an increase in the genera Parasutterella and Alistipes, which changed dynamically over time. Additionally, 41 differential metabolites, mainly involved in 12 metabolic pathways, including inositol phosphate metabolism, primary bile acid biosynthesis, biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids, taurine and hypotaurine metabolism, purine metabolism, were identified in the UUO mice before and after surgery. Four fecal metabolites, myo-inositol, dodecanoic acid, N-acetylputrescine, and anthranilic acid, were positively associated with the progression of renal fibrosis. Moreover, by using multi-omics analyses, we found the alteration in UUO-related gut microbiota was correlated with a change in fecal metabolites. Therefore, our results provide insights into disturbances of the microbiome-metabolome interface in the progression of UUO-related renal fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofang Hu
- Department of Pharmacy, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China; The Hunan Institute of Pharmacy Practice and Clinical Research, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Yuhong Xie
- Department of Pharmacy, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China; The Hunan Institute of Pharmacy Practice and Clinical Research, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Yi Xiao
- Department of Pharmacy, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China; The Hunan Institute of Pharmacy Practice and Clinical Research, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Wenjing Zeng
- Department of Pharmacy, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China; The Hunan Institute of Pharmacy Practice and Clinical Research, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Zhicheng Gong
- Department of Pharmacy, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China; The Hunan Institute of Pharmacy Practice and Clinical Research, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China.
| | - Jie Du
- Department of Pharmacy, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China; The Hunan Institute of Pharmacy Practice and Clinical Research, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China.
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18
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Thévenod F, Lee WK, Garrick MD. Iron and Cadmium Entry Into Renal Mitochondria: Physiological and Toxicological Implications. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:848. [PMID: 32984336 PMCID: PMC7492674 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulation of body fluid homeostasis is a major renal function, occurring largely through epithelial solute transport in various nephron segments driven by Na+/K+-ATPase activity. Energy demands are greatest in the proximal tubule and thick ascending limb where mitochondrial ATP production occurs through oxidative phosphorylation. Mitochondria contain 20-80% of the cell's iron, copper, and manganese that are imported for their redox properties, primarily for electron transport. Redox reactions, however, also lead to reactive, toxic compounds, hence careful control of redox-active metal import into mitochondria is necessary. Current dogma claims the outer mitochondrial membrane (OMM) is freely permeable to metal ions, while the inner mitochondrial membrane (IMM) is selectively permeable. Yet we recently showed iron and manganese import at the OMM involves divalent metal transporter 1 (DMT1), an H+-coupled metal ion transporter. Thus, iron import is not only regulated by IMM mitoferrins, but also depends on the OMM to intermembrane space H+ gradient. We discuss how these mitochondrial transport processes contribute to renal injury in systemic (e.g., hemochromatosis) and local (e.g., hemoglobinuria) iron overload. Furthermore, the environmental toxicant cadmium selectively damages kidney mitochondria by "ionic mimicry" utilizing iron and calcium transporters, such as OMM DMT1 or IMM calcium uniporter, and by disrupting the electron transport chain. Consequently, unraveling mitochondrial metal ion transport may help develop new strategies to prevent kidney injury induced by metals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Thévenod
- Faculty of Health, Centre for Biomedical Education and Research, Institute of Physiology, Pathophysiology and Toxicology, Witten/Herdecke University, Witten, Germany
| | - Wing-Kee Lee
- Faculty of Health, Centre for Biomedical Education and Research, Institute of Physiology, Pathophysiology and Toxicology, Witten/Herdecke University, Witten, Germany
| | - Michael D Garrick
- Department of Biochemistry, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
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19
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Nakanishi T, Nanami M, Kuragano T. The pathogenesis of CKD complications; Attack of dysregulated iron and phosphate metabolism. Free Radic Biol Med 2020; 157:55-62. [PMID: 31978539 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2020.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Revised: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients have a tremendously higher risk of developing cardiovascular disease (CVD) and infection than the non-CKD population, which could be caused by intertwining actions of hyperphosphatemia and CKD associated misdistribution of iron. CVD is often associated with vascular calcification, which has been attributed to hyperphosphatemia, and could be initiated in mitochondria, inducing apoptosis, and accelerated by reactive oxygen species (ROS). The production of ROS is principally linked to intracellular ferrous iron. For infection, the virulence and pathogenicity of a pathogen is directly related to its capacity to acquire iron for proliferation and to escape or subvert the host's immune response. Iron administration for renal anemia can sometimes be overdosed, which could decrease host immune mechanisms through its direct effect on neutrophils, macrophages and T cell function. Hyperphosphatemia has been demonstrated to be associated with an increased incidence of infection. We hypothesized two possible mechanisms: 1) fibroblast growth factor-23 levels are increased in parallel with serum phosphate levels and directly impair leukocyte recruitment and host defense mechanisms, and 2) circulating non-transferrin-bound iron (NTBI) is increased due to decreased iron binding capacity of the carrier protein transferrin in high-phosphate conditions. From these observations, maintaining an adequate serum range of phosphate levels and minimizing intracellular iron accumulation could attenuate the development of CKD complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Nakanishi
- Department of Nephrology, Sumiyoshigawa Hospital, Japan; Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Kidney and Dialysis, Hyogo College of Medicine, Japan.
| | - Masayoshi Nanami
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Kidney and Dialysis, Hyogo College of Medicine, Japan.
| | - Takahiro Kuragano
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Kidney and Dialysis, Hyogo College of Medicine, Japan.
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20
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Scicchitano P, Tucci M, Bellino MC, Cortese F, Cecere A, De Palo M, Massari F, Caldarola P, Silvestris F, Ciccone MM. The Impairment in Kidney Function in the Oral Anticoagulation Era. A Pathophysiological Insight. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 2020; 35:505-519. [PMID: 32535717 DOI: 10.1007/s10557-020-07004-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The need for anticoagulation in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) is fundamental to prevent thromboembolic events. Direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) recently demonstrated to be superior, or at least equal, to Warfarin in reducing the risk for stroke/systemic embolism and preventing major bleeding and intracranial hemorrhages. The AF population often suffers from chronic kidney disease (CKD). Indeed, the relationship between AF and renal function is bidirectional: AF can trigger kidney failure, while kidney impairment can promote alterations able to enhance AF. Therefore, there are concerns regarding prescriptions of anticoagulants to patients with AF and CKD. The worsening in kidney function can be effectively due to anticoagulants administration. Warfarin has been recognized to promote acute kidney injury in case of excessive anticoagulation levels. Nevertheless, further mechanisms can induce the chronic worsening of renal function, thus leading to terminal kidney failure as observed in post-hoc analysis from registration trials and dedicated observational studies. By contrast, DOACs seem to protect kidneys from injuries more efficiently than Warfarin, although they still continue to play a role in promoting some kidney lesions. However, the exact mechanisms remain unknown. This narrative review aimed to discuss the influence of oral anticoagulants on renal impairment as well as to overview potential pathophysiological mechanisms related to this clinical complication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pietro Scicchitano
- Cardiology Department, Hospital "F. Perinei", SS. 96 Altamura - Gravina in Puglia Km. 73,800, 70022, Altamura, BA, Italy. .,Cardiology Department, University of Bari, Bari, Italy.
| | - Marco Tucci
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy.,National Cancer Research Center, Tumori Institute Giovanni Paolo II, Bari, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | - Francesco Massari
- Cardiology Department, Hospital "F. Perinei", SS. 96 Altamura - Gravina in Puglia Km. 73,800, 70022, Altamura, BA, Italy
| | | | - Francesco Silvestris
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
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21
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Maciejczyk M, Szulimowska J, Taranta-Janusz K, Wasilewska A, Zalewska A. Salivary Gland Dysfunction, Protein Glycooxidation and Nitrosative Stress in Children with Chronic Kidney Disease. J Clin Med 2020; 9:E1285. [PMID: 32365532 PMCID: PMC7287576 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9051285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
This study is the first to evaluate protein glycooxidation products, lipid oxidative damage and nitrosative stress in non-stimulated (NWS) and stimulated whole saliva (SWS) of children with chronic kidney disease (CKD) divided into two subgroups: normal salivary secretion (n = 18) and hyposalivation (NWS flow < 0.2 mL min-1; n = 12). Hyposalivation was observed in all patients with severe renal failure (4-5 stage CKD), while saliva secretion > 0.2 mL/min in children with mild-moderate CKD (1-3 stage) and controls. Salivary amylase activity and total protein content were significantly lower in CKD children with hyposalivation compared to CKD patients with normal saliva secretion and control group. The fluorescence of protein glycooxidation products (kynurenine, N-formylkynurenine, advanced glycation end products), the content of oxidative damage to lipids (4-hydroxynonneal, 8-isoprostanes) and nitrosative stress (peroxynitrite, nitrotyrosine) were significantly higher in NWS, SWS, and plasma of CKD children with hyposalivation compared to patients with normal salivary secretion and healthy controls. In CKD group, salivary oxidation products correlated negatively with salivary flow rate, -amylase activity and total protein content; however, salivary oxidation products do not reflect their plasma level. In conclusion, children with CKD suffer from salivary gland dysfunction. Oxidation of salivary proteins and lipids increases with CKD progression and deterioration of salivary gland function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mateusz Maciejczyk
- Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Ergonomics, Medical University of Bialystok, 2c Mickiewicza Street, 15-233 Bialystok, Poland
| | - Julita Szulimowska
- Department of Pedodontics, Medical University of Bialystok, 24a M. Sklodowskiej-Curie Street, 15-274 Bialystok, Poland;
| | - Katarzyna Taranta-Janusz
- Department of Pediatrics and Nephrology, Medical University of Bialystok, 24a M. Sklodowskiej-Curie Street, 15-274 Bialystok, Poland; (K.T.-J.); (A.W.)
| | - Anna Wasilewska
- Department of Pediatrics and Nephrology, Medical University of Bialystok, 24a M. Sklodowskiej-Curie Street, 15-274 Bialystok, Poland; (K.T.-J.); (A.W.)
| | - Anna Zalewska
- Experimental Dentistry Laboratory, Medical University of Bialystok, 24a M. Sklodowskiej-Curie Street, 15-274 Bialystok, Poland or
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Permana AD, Utami RN, Courtenay AJ, Manggau MA, Donnelly RF, Rahman L. Phytosomal nanocarriers as platforms for improved delivery of natural antioxidant and photoprotective compounds in propolis: An approach for enhanced both dissolution behaviour in biorelevant media and skin retention profiles. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2020; 205:111846. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2020.111846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2019] [Revised: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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23
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Zengin G, Cvetanović A, Gašić U, Tešić Ž, Stupar A, Bulut G, Sinan KI, Uysal S, Picot-Allain MCN, Mahomoodally MF. A comparative exploration of the phytochemical profiles and bio-pharmaceutical potential of Helichrysum stoechas subsp. barrelieri extracts obtained via five extraction techniques. Process Biochem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2019.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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24
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Maciejczyk M, Szulimowska J, Taranta-Janusz K, Werbel K, Wasilewska A, Zalewska A. Salivary FRAP as A Marker of Chronic Kidney Disease Progression in Children. Antioxidants (Basel) 2019; 8:E409. [PMID: 31540400 PMCID: PMC6769502 DOI: 10.3390/antiox8090409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Revised: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is one of the most common modern-age diseases in children. Kidney failure does not reveal any symptoms for a long time; therefore, new biomarkers are sought, preferably those reflecting an early stage of CKD. The aim of our study was to evaluate total antioxidant potential as a biomarker differentiating the degree of CKD advancement. The study included 30 children with CKD and a control group matched by age and gender. Non-stimulated saliva (NWS), stimulated saliva (SWS), plasma and urine were used as study material. Total antioxidant potential was determined spectrophotometrically using the FRAP method (ferric ion reducing antioxidant parameter) by measuring total FRAP and uric acid (UA)-independent FRAP (FRAP-UA). We demonstrated that total FRAP, FRAP-UA and UA were significantly higher in stimulated saliva, as well as urine of CKD patients compared to the controls. These biomarkers increase with the progression of chronic kidney disease and their concentration in SWS reflects their content in urine. Interestingly, salivary FRAP and uric acid clearly differentiate between various stages of CKD as well as between healthy and ill children. Special attention should be paid to total FRAP which-measured in SWS-distinguishes patients with mildly to moderately decreased kidney function from those with severe renal impairment (AUC = 1, sensitivity = 100%, specificity = 100%). Although salivary FRAP may be a potential CKD biomarker in children, further studies are needed in a larger group of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mateusz Maciejczyk
- Department of Hygiene, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-233 Bialystok, Poland.
| | - Julita Szulimowska
- Department of Pedodontics, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-274 Bialystok, Poland.
| | - Katarzyna Taranta-Janusz
- Department of Pediatrics and Nephrology, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-274 Bialystok, Poland.
| | - Katarzyna Werbel
- Department of Pediatrics and Nephrology, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-274 Bialystok, Poland.
| | - Anna Wasilewska
- Department of Pediatrics and Nephrology, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-274 Bialystok, Poland.
| | - Anna Zalewska
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-274 Bialystok, Poland.
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25
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Wyatt CM, Drueke TB. High-dose IV iron for anemia correction in chronic kidney disease. Kidney Int 2019; 95:727-730. [PMID: 30904057 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2019.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christina M Wyatt
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Duke University and Duke Clinical Research Institute, Durham, North Carolina, USA.
| | - Tilman B Drueke
- Inserm U-1018, Team 5, CESP, Hôpital Paul Brousse, Paris-Sud University (UPS), Paris, France; Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines University (Paris-Ile-de-France-Ouest University, UVSQ), Villejuif, France
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26
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Hydrogen Gas Alleviates Chronic Intermittent Hypoxia-Induced Renal Injury through Reducing Iron Overload. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24061184. [PMID: 30917568 PMCID: PMC6471060 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24061184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Revised: 03/23/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Iron-induced oxidative stress has been found to be a central player in the pathogenesis of kidney injury. Recent studies have indicated H2 can be used as a novel antioxidant to protect cells. The present study was designed to investigate the protective effects of H2 against chronic intermittent hypoxia (CIH)-induced renal injury and its correlation mechanism involved in iron metabolism. We found that CIH-induced renal iron overloaded along with increased apoptosis and oxidative stress. Iron accumulates mainly occurred in the proximal tubule epithelial cells of rats as showed by Perl’s stain. Moreover, we found that CIH could promote renal transferrin receptor and divalent metal transporter-1 expression, inhibit ceruloplasmin expression. Renal injury, apoptosis and oxidative stress induced by CIH were strikingly attenuated in H2 treated rats. In conclusion, hydrogen may attenuate CIH-induced renal injury at least partially via inhibiting renal iron overload.
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Harigae H, Hino K, Toyokuni S. Iron as Soul of Life on Earth Revisited: From Chemical Reaction, Ferroptosis to Therapeutics. Free Radic Biol Med 2019; 133:1-2. [PMID: 30736912 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2019.01.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hideo Harigae
- Department of Hematology and Rheumatology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan.
| | - Keisuke Hino
- Department of Hepatology and Pancreatology, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki, Japan.
| | - Shinya Toyokuni
- Department of Pathology and Biological Responses, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan.
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28
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Parsanathan R, Jain SK. Glutathione deficiency alters the vitamin D-metabolizing enzymes CYP27B1 and CYP24A1 in human renal proximal tubule epithelial cells and kidney of HFD-fed mice. Free Radic Biol Med 2019; 131:376-381. [PMID: 30578920 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2018.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a worldwide public health problem with an estimated prevalence of 8.2%. This study reports glutathione deficiency, excess oxidative stress, and altered vitamin D metabolism in the kidney of mice fed a high-fat diet (HFD). The levels of GCLC and GCLM gene expression were significantly downregulated and the protein carbonylation level, a hallmark of oxidative damage, was significantly increased in the kidney of HFD-fed mice. While the levels of VD-regulatory genes 1-alpha-hydroxylase (CYP27B1), VDR, and RXRα were significantly downregulated in the kidney of mice fed a HFD, those of 24-hydroxylase (CYP24A1) were significantly elevated. In vitro, GSH deficiency per se causes excess oxidative damage (protein carbonylation), and significantly decreases the levels of VD-regulatory genes (CYP27B1, VDR, and RXRα), but increases levels of CYP24A1 in human renal proximal tubule epithelial cells (RPTEC), similar to findings in the kidney of HFD-fed diabetic mice. L-cysteine supplementation restores GSH and prevents oxidative damage in RPTEC. These studies suggest a potential role of GSH precursor in reducing excess oxidative stress and renal injury that commonly accompanies obesity/diabetes.
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MESH Headings
- 25-Hydroxyvitamin D3 1-alpha-Hydroxylase/genetics
- 25-Hydroxyvitamin D3 1-alpha-Hydroxylase/metabolism
- Animals
- Cysteine/pharmacology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/enzymology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/etiology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/genetics
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/pathology
- Diet, High-Fat/adverse effects
- Epithelial Cells/drug effects
- Epithelial Cells/metabolism
- Epithelial Cells/pathology
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Glutamate-Cysteine Ligase/genetics
- Glutamate-Cysteine Ligase/metabolism
- Glutathione/deficiency
- Humans
- Kidney Tubules, Proximal/metabolism
- Kidney Tubules, Proximal/pathology
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Oxidative Stress
- Primary Cell Culture
- Protein Carbonylation
- Receptors, Calcitriol/genetics
- Receptors, Calcitriol/metabolism
- Renal Insufficiency, Chronic/enzymology
- Renal Insufficiency, Chronic/etiology
- Renal Insufficiency, Chronic/genetics
- Renal Insufficiency, Chronic/pathology
- Retinoid X Receptor alpha/genetics
- Retinoid X Receptor alpha/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
- Vitamin D3 24-Hydroxylase/genetics
- Vitamin D3 24-Hydroxylase/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh Parsanathan
- Department of Pediatrics and Center for Cardiovascular Diseases and Sciences, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, 1501 Kings Highway, Shreveport, Louisiana 71130, USA
| | - Sushil K Jain
- Department of Pediatrics and Center for Cardiovascular Diseases and Sciences, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, 1501 Kings Highway, Shreveport, Louisiana 71130, USA.
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29
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Protective Role of Histidine Supplementation Against Oxidative Stress Damage in the Management of Anemia of Chronic Kidney Disease. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2018; 11:ph11040111. [PMID: 30347874 PMCID: PMC6315830 DOI: 10.3390/ph11040111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Revised: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Anemia is a major health condition associated with chronic kidney disease (CKD). A key underlying cause of this disorder is iron deficiency. Although intravenous iron treatment can be beneficial in correcting CKD-associated anemia, surplus iron can be detrimental and cause complications. Excessive generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), particularly by mitochondria, leads to tissue oxidation and damage to DNA, proteins, and lipids. Oxidative stress increase in CKD has been further implicated in the pathogenesis of vascular calcification. Iron supplementation leads to the availability of excess free iron that is toxic and generates ROS that is linked, in turn, to inflammation, endothelial dysfunction, and cardiovascular disease. Histidine is indispensable to uremic patients because of the tendency toward negative plasma histidine levels. Histidine-deficient diets predispose healthy subjects to anemia and accentuate anemia in chronic uremic patients. Histidine is essential in globin synthesis and erythropoiesis and has also been implicated in the enhancement of iron absorption from human diets. Studies have found that L-histidine exhibits antioxidant capabilities, such as scavenging free radicals and chelating divalent metal ions, hence the advocacy for its use in improving oxidative stress in CKD. The current review advances and discusses evidence for iron-induced toxicity in CKD and the mechanisms by which histidine exerts cytoprotective functions.
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30
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Salivary Biomarkers of Oxidative Stress in Children with Chronic Kidney Disease. J Clin Med 2018; 7:jcm7080209. [PMID: 30103431 PMCID: PMC6111793 DOI: 10.3390/jcm7080209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Revised: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
There are still missing non-invasive biomarkers of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in children. Therefore, the aim of the study was to evaluate oxidative stress indicators in the non-stimulated (NWS) and stimulated saliva (SWS) of CKD children (n = 25) and healthy controls (n = 25). Salivary antioxidants (catalase (CAT), peroxidase (Px), superoxide dismutase (SOD), uric acid (UA), reduced glutathione (GSH), albumin), redox status (total antioxidant capacity (TAC), total oxidant status (TOS), oxidative stress index (OSI)), and oxidative damage products (advanced glycation end products (AGE), advanced oxidation protein products (AOPP), malondialdehyde (MDA)) were evaluated. We have demonstrated the significantly higher activity of SWS GPx and SOD, as well as elevated concentrations of UA and albumin in NWS and SWS of CKD children vs. the control group. TAC, TOS and OSI were significantly higher only in SWS, while oxidative damage products (AGE, AOPP and MDA) were significantly higher in both NWS and SWS of CKD children. ROC analysis showed a considerably high diagnostic value of AOPP in both NWS and SWS of CKD children compared to controls (AUC = 0.92; 0.98). CKD is responsible for disturbances in salivary antioxidant systems and oxidative damage to proteins and lipids. Salivary AOPP can be a potential biomarker of CKD in children.
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