PEGylated liposomes enhance the effect of cytotoxic drug: A review

ECM-responsive PEGylated liposomal biomaterial for enhanced tumor penetration through Dual-Mechanism microenvironment remodeling in lung cancer

This study aimed to develop a self-facilitating PEGylated liposomal system co-delivering ceritinib (anticancer) and telmisartan (antifibrotic) to overcome the extracellular matrix (ECM) barrier limiting therapeutic efficacy in solid tumors. Dual drug-loaded liposomes were prepared by thin film hydration using an optimized 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DPPC):cholesterol:1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine-polyethylene glycol 2000 (DSPE-PEG(2000)) ratio (6:1:0.1). Formulations were characterized for particle size, zeta potential, drug encapsulation, and release kinetics. Physicochemical characteristics were evaluated using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Therapeutic efficacy was assessed in A549 lung cancer cells and A549 xenograft mouse models. The optimized formulation exhibited nanoscale dimensions (77.7 ± 3.54 nm) with a zeta potential of -23.9 ± 8.73 mV and high encapsulation efficiencies for ceritinib (69.61 ± 2.30 %) and telmisartan (63.43 ± 1.12 %). Drug release followed Korsmeyer-Peppas kinetics (R2 > 0.98) with diffusional exponents of 0.45-0.48. The liposomal system demonstrated remarkable stability for 12 months under refrigeration with < 18 % size increase and > 89 % drug retention. In vivo studies revealed 4.85-fold greater tumor reduction compared to ceritinib-only liposomes, with 67.3 ± 5.2 % reduction in collagen density creating enhanced penetration pathways. Caspase-3/7 assays confirmed 5.3-fold increased apoptotic activity. The dual drug-loaded PEGylated liposomal system offers a promising pharmaceutical platform for overcoming ECM barriers in cancer therapy, with excellent stability characteristics and significant advantages over conventional approaches.

Evaluation of Liposome Encapsulated Propolis Nanoparticles on Cell Proliferation and Apoptosis in A375 Melanoma Cancer Cell Line

Malignant melanoma is the deadliest type of skin cancer, and its global incidence has increased in the last decades. Recent studies have shown that propolis has an antitumor effect against various types of cancers. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of Qazvin propolis nanoparticles encapsulated in liposomes on the A375 and HDF cell lines. For this purpose, the thin film hydration method was used to encapsulate nanopropolis within the liposomal formulation. Then, the physicochemical properties of the prepared liposomes were determined using DLS, FTIR, and SEM. In addition, the effects of this formulation on cell apoptosis, cell adhesion, cancer cell migration, and BAX, Bcl-2, and Caspase-3 gene expressions were evaluated using flow cytometry, atomic force microscopy, scratch, and q-real time PCR, respectively. According to the results, propolis nanoparticle-liposomes have a cytotoxic effect on the A375 cell line in a dose- and time-dependent manner through the induction of apoptosis, without having a toxic effect on the HDF cell line. The drug release results showed that more than 75% of the drug was released after 48 h at pH 5.4. The AFM and scratch analyses showed that Young's modulus and adhesion force values were increased. Therefore, this formulation significantly decreased the expression of Bcl-2 and increased the expression of BAX and Caspase-3 genes.

More than a delivery system: the evolving role of lipid-based nanoparticles

Lipid-based nanoparticles, including liposomes and lipid nanoparticles (LNPs), make up an important class of drug delivery systems. Their modularity enables encapsulation of a wide range of therapeutic cargoes, their ease of functionalization allows for incorporation of targeting motifs and anti-fouling coatings, and their scalability facilitates rapid translation to the clinic. While the discovery and early understanding of lipid-based nanoparticles is heavily rooted in biology, formulation development has largely focused on materials properties, such as how liposome and lipid nanoparticle composition can be altered to maximize drug loading, stability and circulation. To achieve targeted delivery and enable improved accumulation of therapeutics at target tissues or disease sites, emphasis is typically placed on the use of external modifications, such as peptide, protein, and polymer motifs. However, these approaches can increase the complexity of the nanocarrier and complicate scale up. In this review, we focus on how our understanding of lipid structure and function in biological contexts can be used to design intrinsically functional and targeted nanocarriers. We highlight formulation-based strategies, such as the incorporation of bioactive lipids, that have been used to modulate liposome and lipid nanoparticle properties and improve their functionality while retaining simple nanocarrier designs. We also highlight classes of naturally occurring lipids, their functions, and how they have been incorporated into lipid-based nanoparticles. We will additionally position these approaches into the historical context of both liposome and LNP development.

Recent Cutting-Edge Technologies for the Delivery of Peptide Nucleic Acid

Peptide nucleic acids (PNAs) have garnered significant attention due to their enhanced chemical, physical, and binding properties in comparison to natural nucleic acids. This prompted their application in antigene/antisense approach, assigning them a pivotal role in gene editing and, more recently, showing their potential as "bilingual" molecules being able "to speak" both nucleic acid and protein language. However, to expand the applications of PNAs in therapy, the challenge of effectively delivering PNAs to cells needs to be addressed. Among several delivery approaches employed so far, the nanotechnology-based ones showed great potential. In this review, we provide an overview of the latest in the field (2019 to present), beginning from peptide-based delivery systems, as well as cutting-edge approaches involving nanoparticles, liposomes, and calixarene, showing how they have inspired the development of smarter delivery approaches to boost PNAs applications.

Nanotherapeutic Formulations for the Delivery of Cancer Antiangiogenics

Antiangiogenic medications for cancer treatment have generally failed in showing substantial benefits in terms of prolonging life on their own; their effects are noticeable only when combined with chemotherapy. Moreover, treatments based on prolonged antiangiogenics administration have demonstrated to be ineffective in stopping tumor progression. In this scenario, nanotherapeutics can address certain issues linked to existing antiangiogenic treatments. More specifically, they can provide the ability to target the tumor's blood vessels to enhance drug accumulation and manage release, ultimately decreasing undesired side effects. Additionally, they enable the administration of multiple angiogenesis inhibitors at the same time as chemotherapy. Key reports in this field include the design of polymeric nanoparticles, inorganic nanoparticles, vesicles, and hydrogels for loading antiangiogenic substances like endostatin and interleukin-12. Furthermore, nanoformulations have been proposed to efficiently control relevant pro-angiogenic pathways such as VEGF, Tie2/Angiopoietin-1, HIF-1α/HIF-2α, and TGF-β, providing powerful approaches to block tumor growth and metastasis. In this article, we outline a selection of nanoformulations for antiangiogenic treatments for cancer that have been developed in the past ten years.

Breaking barriers: Smart vaccine platforms for cancer immunomodulation

Despite significant advancements in cancer treatment, current therapies often fail to completely eradicate malignant cells. This shortfall underscores the urgent need to explore alternative approaches such as cancer vaccines. Leveraging the immune system's natural ability to target and kill cancer cells holds great therapeutic potential. However, the development of cancer vaccines is hindered by several challenges, including low stability, inadequate immune response activation, and the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment, which limit their efficacy. Recent progress in various fields, such as click chemistry, nanotechnology, exosome engineering, and neoantigen design, offer innovative solutions to these challenges. These achievements have led to the emergence of smart vaccine platforms (SVPs), which integrate protective carriers for messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) with functionalization strategies to optimize targeted delivery. Click chemistry further enhances SVP performance by improving the encapsulation of mRNA antigens and facilitating their precise delivery to target cells. This review highlights the latest developments in SVP technologies for cancer therapy, exploring both their opportunities and challenges in advancing these transformative approaches.

Co-Encapsulation of Multiple Antineoplastic Agents in Liposomes by Exploring Microfluidics

The inherent complexity of cancer proliferation and malignancy cannot be addressed by the conventional approach of relying on high doses of a single powerful anticancer agent, which is associated with poor efficacy, higher toxicity, and the development of drug resistance. Multiple drug therapy (MDT) rationally designed to target tumor heterogeneity, block alternative survival pathways, modulate the tumor microenvironment, and reduce toxicities would be a viable solution against cancer. Liposomes are the most suitable carrier for anticancer MDT due to their ability to encapsulate both hydrophilic and hydrophobic agents, biocompatibility, and controlled release properties; however, an adequate manufacturing method is important for effective co-encapsulation. Microfluidics involves the manipulation of fluids at the microscale for the controlled synthesis of liposomes with desirable properties. This work critically reviews the use of microfluidics for the synthesis of anticancer MDT liposomes. MDT success not only relies on the identification of synergistic dose combinations of the anticancer modalities but also warrants the loading of multiple therapeutic entities within liposomes in optimal ratios, the protection of the drugs by the nanocarrier during systemic circulation, and the synchronous release at the target site in the same pattern as confirmed in preliminary efficacy studies. Prospects have been identified for the bench-to-bedside translation of anticancer MDT liposomes using microfluidics.

Using Immunoliposomes as Carriers to Enhance the Therapeutic Effectiveness of Macamide N-3-Methoxybenzyl-Linoleamide

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES

Epilepsy is one of the most common chronic neurological disorders, characterized by alterations in neuronal electrical activity that result in recurrent seizures and involuntary body movements. Anticonvulsants are the primary treatment for this condition, helping patients improve their quality of life. However, the development of new drugs with fewer side effects and greater economic accessibility remains a key focus in nanomedicine. Macamides, secondary metabolites derived from Maca (Lepidium meyenii), represent a promising class of novel drugs with diverse therapeutic applications, particularly in the treatment of neurological disorders.

METHODS

In this study, we optimized the potential of the macamide N-3-methoxybenzyl-linoleamide (3-MBL) as an anticonvulsant agent through its encapsulation in PEGylated liposomes conjugated with OX26 F(ab')2 fragments.

RESULTS

These immunoliposomes exhibited a size of 120.52 ± 9.46 nm and a zeta potential of -8.57 ± 0.80 mV. Furthermore, in vivo tests using a pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus model revealed that the immunoliposomes provided greater efficacy against epileptic seizures compared to the free form of N-3-methoxybenzyl-linoleamide at the same dose. Notably, the observed anticonvulsant effect was comparable to that of carbamazepine, a traditional FDA-approved antiepileptic drug.

CONCLUSIONS

This pioneering work employs liposomal nanocarriers to deliver macamides to the brain, aiming to set a new standard for the use of modified liposomes in anticonvulsant epilepsy treatment.

Dual ligand functionalized pH-sensitive liposomes for metastatic breast cancer treatment: in vitro and in vivo assessment

This research demonstrates the design and development of a novel dual-targeting, pH-sensitive liposomal (pSL) formulation of 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU), i.e., (5-FU-iRGD-FA-pSL) to manage breast cancer (BC). The motivation to explore this formulation is to overcome the challenges of systemic toxicity and non-specific targeting of 5-FU, a conventional chemotherapeutic agent. The proposed formulation also combines folic acid (FA) and iRGD peptides as targeting ligands to enhance tumor cell specificity and penetration, while the pH-sensitive liposomes ensure the controlled drug release in the acidic tumor microenvironment. The physicochemical characterization revealed that 5-FU-iRGD-FA-pSL possesses optimal size, low polydispersity index, and favorable zeta potential, enhancing its stability and targeting capabilities. In vitro studies demonstrated significantly enhanced cellular uptake, cytotoxicity, and inhibition of cell migration in MCF-7 BC cells compared to free 5-FU and non-targeted liposomal formulations. DAPI staining revealed significant apoptotic features, including chromatin condensation (CC) and nuclear fragmentation (NF), with 5-FU-iRGD-FA-pSL inducing more pronounced apoptosis compared to 5-FU-pSL. Furthermore, in vivo analysis in a BC rat model showed superior anti-tumor efficacy, reduced systemic toxicity, and improved safety profile of the 5-FU-iRGD-FA-pSL formulation. This dual-targeting pSL system presents a promising approach for enhancing the therapeutic index of 5-FU, offering a potential strategy for more effective BC treatment.

PEGylated Nanoliposomes Encapsulated with Anticancer Drugs for Breast and Prostate Cancer Therapy: An Update

There are different types of cancer treatments, including surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy. However, the complexity of cancer has resulted in treatment challenges to medicinal scientists and a socio-economic burden to the public health system globally. The pharmacological limitations associated with the current conventional anticancer drugs include lack of specificity, poor bioavailability, toxicity, drug resistance, and poor delivery mechanisms, which make cancer treatment challenging. Thus, the number of cancer cases is escalating rapidly, especially breast and prostate cancer in women and men, respectively. The application of nanoformulations is gaining momentum for treating different cancer types. However, they also exhibit challenges that must be addressed for effective cancer treatment. Nanoliposomes are nanoformulations that are widely explored for cancer treatment with interesting therapeutic outcomes. They have been functionalized with PEG to further improve their therapeutic outcomes. Hence, this review provides an update on PEGylated nanoliposomes loaded with anticancer drugs for the treatment of breast and prostate cancer, focusing on pre-clinical studies published in the last decade (2015 to 2024) to reflect the recent advancements made in the design of PEGylation nanoliposomes. Highlights of the clinically and commercially available PEGylation nanoliposomes are also presented in this review.

Drug-loaded liposomes for macrophage targeting in Mycobacterium tuberculosis: development, characterization and macrophage infection study

This study investigates drug-loaded liposomes targeting macrophages as a promising strategy to enhance Tuberculosis (TB) treatment. The focus is on optimizing liposomal formulations for encapsulating OX-23, a previously identified anti-mycobacterial agent with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 1.56 µg/ml, and assessing their efficacy in macrophage infection models. Liposomal formulations were characterized for particle size, polydispersity index (PDI), and zeta potential using dynamic light scattering (DLS), with morphology analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Macrophage infection assays, including those with the THP-1 macrophage cell line, were performed to evaluate the targeting efficiency and therapeutic potential of the formulations. Results showed that OX-23 could be successfully encapsulated in liposomes with various charges, achieving high encapsulation efficiency, optimal particle size, and acceptable PDI values. In-vitro studies with the THP-1 cell line demonstrated sustained release of the drug from the liposomes, with morphological analysis confirming that the liposomes were spherical and non-aggregated. The formulations exhibited significant penetration into infected macrophages and effectively inhibited the growth of intracellular Mycobacterium tuberculosis at the tested concentrations. These findings support the potential of liposomal OX-23 in targeting both extracellular and intracellular M. tuberculosis, offering a promising approach to TB treatment.

The modification of conventional liposomes for targeted antimicrobial delivery to treat infectious diseases

Some of the most crucial turning points in the treatment strategies for some major infectious diseases including AIDS, malaria, and TB, have been reached with the introduction of antimicrobials and vaccines. Drug resistance and poor effectiveness are key limitations that need to be overcome. Conventional liposomes have been explored as a delivery system for infectious diseases bioactives to treat infectious diseases to provide an efficient approach to maximize the therapeutic outcomes, drug stability, targetability, to reduce the side-effects of antimicrobials, and enhance vaccine performance where necessary. However, as the pathological understanding of infectious diseases become more known, the need for more advanced liposomal technologies was born to continue having a profound effect on targeted chemotherapy for infectious diseases. This review therefore provides a concise incursion into the most recent and vogue liposomal formulations used to treat infectious diseases. An appraisal of immunological, stimuli-responsive, biomimetic and functionalized liposomes and other novel modifications to conventional liposomes is assimilated in sync with mutations of resistant pathogens.

Artificial intelligence-driven hydrogel microneedle patches integrating 5-fluorouracil inclusion complex-loaded flexible pegylated liposomes for enhanced non-melanoma skin cancer treatment

The current study focused on the development of crosslinked hydrogel microneedle patches (cHMNs) incorporating 5-FU-hydroxypropyl beta-cyclodextrin inclusion complex-loaded flexible PEGylated liposomes (5-FU-HPβCD-loaded FP-LPs) to enhance treatment efficacy and reduce drug toxicity. The research utilized artificial intelligence (AI) algorithms to design, optimize, and evaluate the cHMNs. Various AI models were assessed for accuracy, with metrics such as root mean square error and coefficient of determination guiding the selection of the most effective formulation. The physicochemical and mechanical properties, swelling behavior, in vitro skin permeation, and safety of the chosen cHMNs were tested. The results demonstrated that the 5-FU-HPβCD-loaded FP-LPs, stabilized with limonene, had an optimal particle size of 36.23 ± 2.42 nm, narrow size distribution, and zeta potential of -10.24 ± 0.37 mV, with high encapsulation efficiency. The cHMNs exhibited a conical needle shape with sufficient mechanical strength to penetrate the stratum corneum up to approximately 467.87 ± 65.12 μm. The system provided a high skin permeation rate of 41.78 ± 4.26 % and significant drug accumulation in the skin. Additionally, the formulation was proven safe in cell culture while effectively inhibiting cancer growth and promoting apoptosis. This study highlights the potential of AI-enhanced cHMNs for delivering 5-FU-HPβCD-loaded FP-LPs transdermally, offering a promising new treatment avenue for non-melanoma skin cancers.

Recent trends and therapeutic potential of phytoceutical-based nanoparticle delivery systems in mitigating non-small cell lung cancer

Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death globally, with non-small cell lung cancer accounting for the majority (85%) of cases. Standard treatments including chemotherapy and radiotherapy present multiple adverse effects. Medicinal plants, used for centuries, are traditionally processed by methods such as boiling and oral ingestion, However, water solubility, absorption, and hepatic metabolism reduce phytoceutical bioavailability. More recently, isolated molecular compounds from these plants can be extracted with these phytoceuticals administered either individually or as an adjunct with standard therapy. Phytoceuticals have been shown to alleviate symptoms, may reduce dosage of chemotherapy and, in some cases, enhance pharmaceutical mechanisms. Research has identified many phytoceuticals' actions on cancer-associated pathways, such as oncogenesis, the tumour microenvironment, tumour cell proliferation, metastasis, and apoptosis. The development of novel nanoparticle delivery systems such as solid lipid nanoparticles, liquid crystalline nanoparticles, and liposomes has enhanced the bioavailability and targeted delivery of pharmaceuticals and phytoceuticals. This review explores the biological pathways associated with non-small cell lung cancer, a diverse range of phytoceuticals, the cancer pathways they act upon, and the pros and cons of several nanoparticle delivery systems.

Recent Advancements in Nanopharmaceuticals for Novel Drug Delivery Systems

Nanoparticles have found applications across diverse sectors, including agriculture, food, cosmetics, chemicals, mechanical engineering, automotive, and oil and gas industries. In the medical field, nanoparticles have garnered considerable attention due to their great surface area, high solubility, rapid dissolution, and enhanced bioavailability. Nanopharmaceuticals are specifically designed to precisely deliver drug substances to targeted tissues and cells, aiming to optimize therapeutic efficacy while minimizing potential adverse effects. Furthermore, nanopharmaceuticals offer advantages, such as expedited therapeutic onset, reduced dosages, minimized variability between fed and fasted states, and enhanced patient compliance. The increasing interest in nanopharmaceuticals research among scientists and industry stakeholders highlights their potential for various medical applications from disease management to cancer treatment. This review examines the distinctive characteristics of ideal nanoparticles for efficient drug delivery, explores the current types of nanoparticles utilized in medicine, and delves into the applications of nanopharmaceuticals, including drug and gene delivery, as well as transdermal drug administration. This review provides insights into the nanopharmaceuticals field, contributing to the development of novel drug delivery systems and enhancing the potential of nanotechnology in healthcare.

Berberine chloride loaded nano-PEGylated liposomes attenuates imidacloprid-induced neurotoxicity by inhibiting NLRP3/Caspase-1/GSDMD-mediated pyroptosis

Concerns have been expressed about imidacloprid (IMI), one of the most often used pesticides, and its potential neurotoxicity to non-target organisms. Chronic neuroinflammation is central to the pathology of several neurodegenerative disorders. Hence, exploring the molecular mechanism by which IMI would trigger neuroinflammation is particularly important. This study examined the neurotoxic effects of oral administration of IMI (45 mg/kg/day for 30 days) and the potential neuroprotective effect of berberine (Ber) chloride loaded nano-PEGylated liposomes (Ber-Lip) (10 mg/kg, intravenously every other day for 30 days) using laboratory rat. The histopathological changes, anti-oxidant and oxidative stress markers (GSH, SOD, and MDA), proinflammatory cytokines (IL1β and TNF-α), microglia phenotype markers (CD86 and iNOS for M1; CD163 for M2), the canonical pyroptotic pathway markers (NLRP3, caspase-1, GSDMD, and IL-18) and Alzheimer's disease markers (Neprilysin and beta amyloid [Aβ] deposits) were assessed. Oral administration of IMI resulted in apparent cerebellar histopathological alterations, oxidative stress, predominance of M1 microglia phenotype, significantly upregulated NLRP3, caspase-1, GSDMD, IL-18 and Aβ deposits and significantly decreased Neprilysin expression. Berberine reduced the IMI-induced aberrations in the measured parameters and improved the IMI-induced histopathological and ultrastructure alterations brought on by IMI. This study highlights the IMI neurotoxic effect and its potential contribution to the development of Alzheimer's disease and displayed the neuroprotective effect of Ber-Lip.

Advances in nano-delivery of phytochemicals for glioblastoma treatment

Glioblastoma (GBM) is an aggressive brain tumor characterized by cellular and molecular diversity. This diversity presents significant challenges for treatment and leads to poor prognosis. Surgery remains the primary treatment of choice for GBMs, but it often results in tumor recurrence due to complex interactions between GBM cells and the peritumoral brain zone. Phytochemicals have shown promising anticancer activity in in-vitro studies and are being investigated as potential treatments for various cancers, including GBM. However, some phytochemicals have failed to translate their efficacy to pre-clinical studies due to limited penetration into the tumor microenvironment, leading to high toxicity. Thus, combining phytochemicals with nanotechnology has emerged as a promising alternative for treating GBM. This review explores the potential of utilizing specific nanoparticles to deliver known anticancer phytochemicals directly to tumor cells. This method has demonstrated potential in overcoming the challenges of the complex GBM microenvironment, including the tight blood-brain barrier while minimizing damage to healthy brain tissue. Therefore, employing this interdisciplinary approach holds significant promise for developing effective phyto-nanomedicines for GBM and improving patient outcomes.

Calcein release from DPPC liposomes by phospholipase A2 activity: Effect of cholesterol and amphipathic copolymers

In this study, we evaluated the impact of incorporating diblock and triblock amphiphilic copolymers, as well as cholesterol into DPPC liposomes on the release of a model molecule, calcein, mediated by exogenous phospholipase A2 activity. Our findings show that calcein release slows down in the presence of copolymers at low concentration, while at high concentration, the calcein release profile resembles that of the DPPC control. Additionally, calcein release mediated by exogenous PLA2 decreases as the amount of solubilized cholesterol increases, with a maximum between 18 mol% and 20 mol%. At concentrations higher than 24 mol%, no calcein release was observed. Studies conducted on HEK-293 and HeLa cells revealed that DPPC liposomes reduced viability by only 5% and 12%, respectively, after 3 hours of incubation, while DPPC liposome in presence of 33 mol% of Cholesterol reduced viability by approximately 11% and 23%, respectively, during the same incubation period. For formulations containing copolymers at low and high concentrations, cell viability decreased by approximately 20% and 40%, respectively, after 3 hours of incubation. Based on these preliminary results, we can conclude that the presence of amphiphilic copolymers at low concentration can be used in the design of new DPPC liposomes, and together with cholesterol, they can modulate liposome stabilization. The new formulations showed low cytotoxicity in HEK-293 cells, and it was observed that calcein release depended entirely on PLA2 activity and the presence of calcium ions.

M. Advances in nanomaterials for precision drug delivery: Insights into pharmacokinetics and toxicity

By integrating the cutting-edge principles of nanotechnology with medical science, nanomedicine offers unprecedented opportunities to develop advanced drug delivery systems that surpass the limitations of conventional therapies. These nanoscale systems are designed to enhance treatments' efficacy, specificity, and safety by optimizing pharmacokinetics and biodistribution, ensuring that therapeutic agents reach their intended targets with minimal side effects. The article provides an in-depth analysis of nanomaterials' pivotal role in overcoming challenges related to drug delivery, including the ability to bypass biological barriers, improve bioavailability, and achieve controlled release of drugs. Despite these promising advancements, the transition of nanomedicine from research to clinical practice faces significant hurdles. The review highlights key obstacles such as patient heterogeneity, physiological variability, and the complex ADME (Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Excretion) profiles of nanocarriers, which complicate treatment predictability and effectiveness. Moreover, the article addresses the issues of limited tissue penetration, variable patient responses, and the need for standardized protocols in nanomaterial characterization, all of which hinder the widespread clinical adoption of nanomedicine. Nevertheless, the potential of nanomedicine in revolutionizing personalized cancer therapy remains immense. The article advocates for increased translational research and international collaboration to overcome these challenges, paving the way for fully realizing nanomedicine's capabilities in precision oncology and beyond.

Multiple strategies approach: A novel crosslinked hydrogel forming chitosan-based microneedles chemowrap patch loaded with 5-fluorouracil liposomes for chronic wound cancer treatment

Untreated or poorly managed chronic wounds can progress to skin cancer. Topically applied 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), a nonspecific cytostatic agent, can cause various side effects. Its high polarity also results in low cell membrane affinity and bioavailability. Hydrogel, used for its occlusive effect, is one platform for treating chronic wounds combined with PEGylated liposomes (LPs), developed to increase drug-skin affinity. This research aimed to develop a novel hydrogel forming chitosan-based microneedles (HFM) chemowrap patch containing 5-FU PEGylated LPs, improving 5-FU efficiency for pre-carcinogenic and carcinogenic skin lesions. The results indicated that the 5-FU-PEGylated LPs-loaded HFM chemowrap patch exhibited desirable physical and mechanical characteristics with complete penetration ability. Furthermore, in vivo skin permeation studies demonstrated the highest percentage of 5-FU permeated the skin (42.06 ± 11.82 %) and skin deposition (75.90 ± 1.13 %) compared to the other treatments, with demonstrated superior percentages of complete wound healing in in vivo (47.00 ± 5.77 % wound healing at day 7) and in NHF cells (92.79 ± 7.15 % at 48 h). Furthermore, 5-FU-PEGylated LPs-loaded HFM chemowrap patches exhibit efficient anticancer activity while maintaining safety for normal cells. The results also show that the developed formulation of a 5-FU-PEGylated LPs-loaded HFM chemowrap patch could enhance apoptosis higher than that of the 5-FU solution. Consequently, 5-FU PEGylated LPs-loaded HFM chemowrap patch represented a promising drug delivery approach for treating pre-carcinogenic and carcinogenic skin lesions.

Brain-targeting liposome-based APOE2 gene delivery exacerbates soluble amyloid-β accumulation in App NL-G-F mice

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common cause of late-life dementia characterized by progressive neurodegeneration and brain deposition of amyloid-β (Aβ) and phosphorylated tau. The APOE ε2 encoding apolipoprotein E (APOE2) is a protective allele against AD among the three genotypes (APOE ε2, ε3, ε4), while APOE4 is the strongest genetic factor substantially increasing AD risk. APOE regulates brain lipid homeostasis and maintaining synaptic plasticity and neuronal function, where APOE2 has a superior function compared to APOE3 and APOE4. Gene therapy that increases APOE2 levels in the brain is, therefore, a promising therapeutic strategy for AD treatment. We previously reported that PEGylated liposomes conjugated with transferrin and a cell-penetrating peptide Penetratin sufficiently deliver chitosan-APOE2 cDNA plasmid complex into the brain of wild-type mice. Here, we investigated how brain-targeting liposome-based APOE2 gene delivery influences Aβ-related pathologies in amyloid model App NL-G-F knockin mice at 12-month-old. We found a trend of reductions of insoluble Aβ levels in the mouse cortices 1 month after APOE2 gene therapy. Furthermore, in the App NL-G-F knockin mice that received the APOE2 gene therapy, brain transcriptome analysis through RNA-sequencing identified the upregulation of genes/pathways related to neuronal development. This was supported by increases of Dlg4 and Syp mRNAs coding synaptic proteins in the experimental group. On the other hand, we found that APOE2 gene delivery increased soluble Aβ levels, including oligomers, as well as exacerbated neurite dystrophy and decreased synaptophysin. Together, our results suggest that brain-targeting liposome-based APOE2 gene therapy is potentially beneficial for synaptic formation at the transcriptional level. Forced APOE2 expressions, however, may exacerbate Aβ toxicity by increasing the dissociation of Aβ oligomers from aggregates in the presence of considerable amyloid burden.

Liposomal quercetin: A promising strategy to combat hepatic insulin resistance and inflammation in type 2 diabetes mellitus

In type 2 diabetes mellitus, hepatic insulin resistance is intricately associated with oxidative stress and inflammation. Nonetheless, the lack of therapeutic interventions directly targeting hepatic dysfunction represents a notable gap in current treatment options. Flavonoids have been explored due to their potential antidiabetic effects. However, these compounds are associated with low bioavailability and high metabolization. In the present study, four flavonoids, kaempferol, quercetin, kaempferol-7-O-glucoside and quercetin-7-O-glucoside, were studied in a cellular model of hepatic insulin resistance using HepG2 cells. Quercetin was selected as the most promising flavonoid and incorporated into liposomes to enhance its therapeutic effect. Quercetin liposomes had a mean size of 0.12 µm, with an incorporation efficiency of 93 %. Quercetin liposomes exhibited increased efficacy in modulating insulin resistance. This was achieved through the modulation of Akt expression and the attenuation of inflammation, particularly via the NF-κB pathway, as well as the regulation of PGE2 and COX-2 expression. Furthermore, quercetin liposomes displayed a significant advantage over free quercetin in attenuating the production of reactive pro-oxidant species. These findings open new avenues for developing innovative therapeutic strategies to manage diabetes, emphasizing the potential of quercetin liposomes as a promising approach for targeting both hepatic insulin resistance and associated inflammation.

Unveiling Trends: Nanoscale Materials Shaping Emerging Biomedical Applications

The realm of biomedical materials continues to evolve rapidly, driven by innovative research across interdisciplinary domains. Leveraging big data from the CAS Content Collection, this study employs quantitative analysis through natural language processing (NLP) to identify six emerging areas within nanoscale materials for biomedical applications. These areas encompass self-healing, bioelectronic, programmable, lipid-based, protein-based, and antibacterial materials. Our Nano Focus delves into the multifaceted utilization of nanoscale materials in these domains, spanning from augmenting physical and electronic properties for interfacing with human tissue to facilitating intricate functionalities like programmable drug delivery.

Looking back, moving forward: protein corona of lipid nanoparticles

Lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) are commonly employed for drug delivery owing to their considerable drug-loading capacity, low toxicity, and excellent biocompatibility. Nevertheless, the formation of protein corona (PC) on their surfaces significantly influences the drug's in vivo fate (such as absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination) upon administration. PC denotes the phenomenon wherein one or multiple strata of proteins adhere to the external interface of nanoparticles (NPs) or microparticles within the biological milieu, encompassing ex vivo fluids (e.g., serum-containing culture media) and in vivo fluids (such as blood and tissue fluids). Hence, it is essential to claim the PC formation behaviors and mechanisms on the surface of LNPs. This overview provided a comprehensive examination of crucial aspects related to such issues, encompassing time evolution, controllability, and their subsequent impacts on LNPs. Classical studies of PC generation on the surface of LNPs were additionally integrated, and its decisive role in shaping the in vivo fate of LNPs was explored. The mechanisms underlying PC formation, including the adsorption theory and alteration theory, were introduced to delve into the formation process. Subsequently, the existing experimental outcomes were synthesized to offer insights into the research and application facets of PC, and it was concluded that the manipulation of PC held substantial promise in the realm of targeted delivery.

Tracking Drugs and Lipids: Quantitative Mass Spectrometry Imaging of Liposomal Doxorubicin Delivery and Bilayer Fate in Three-Dimensional Tumor Models

Targeted therapy to the tumor would greatly advance precision medicine. Many drug delivery vehicles have emerged, but liposomes are cited as the most successful to date. Recent efforts to develop liposomal drug delivery systems focus on drug distribution in tissues and ignore liposomal fate. In this study, we developed a novel method to elucidate both drug and liposomal bilayer distribution in a three-dimensional cell culture model using quantitative matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry imaging (MALDI qMSI) alongside fluorescence microscopy. Imaging liposomal distribution in a cell culture model is challenging, as lipids forming the bilayer are endogenous to the model system. To resolve this issue, we functionalized the bilayer by chemically cross-linking a fluorescent tag to the alkyne-containing lipid hexynoyl phosphoethanolamine (HPE). We synthesized liposomes incorporating the tagged HPE lipid and encapsulated within them doxorubicin, yielding a theranostic liposome capable of both drug delivery and monitoring liposomal uptake. We employed an "in-tissue" MALDI qMSI approach to generate a calibration curve with R2 = 0.9687, allowing for quantification of doxorubicin within spheroid sections at multiple time points. After 72 h of treatment with the theranostic liposomes, full doxorubicin penetration was observed. The metabolites doxorubicinone and 7-deoxydoxorubicinone were also detected after 48 h. Modification of the bilayer allowed for fluorescence microscopy tracking of liposomes, while MALDI MSI simultaneously permitted the imaging of drugs and metabolites. While we demonstrated the utility of our method with doxorubicin, this system could be applied to examine the uptake, release, and metabolism of many other liposome-encapsulated drugs.

Growth inhibitory effect of Leptospermum scoparium (manuka) chloroform extract on breast and liver cancer cell lines

Objective

Research has demonstrated that Leptospermum scoparium possesses various therapeutic benefits. This study set out to determine whether or not L. scoparium extracts had any effect on the ability of HepG2 and MCF-7 breast cancer cells to survive.

Materials and Methods

The antiproliferative activity of L. scoparium extracts was explored using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide and lactate dehydrogenase assays. The most active fraction was selected to investigate its effects on apoptosis induction using flow cytometry and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. The constituents of this fraction were characterized using GC-MS analysis.

Results

Research demonstrated that the chloroform fraction of L. scoparium (LSCF) significantly impacted the HepG2 and MCF-7 cancer cell lines. Treatment with LSCF led to a notable rise in both early and late apoptotic cells. Furthermore, there was an upregulation in the mRNA levels of P53, Bax, and caspases, while the expression of Bcl-2 mRNA saw a decrease. The analysis of LSCF revealed the primary components to be cis-calamenene, beta-eudesmol, cyclododecane, and alpha-muurolene.

Conclusion

The study showed the promising antiproliferative activity of L. scoparium, suggesting its potential application for cancer treatment.

Drug Delivery Systems of Betulin and Its Derivatives: An Overview

Natural origin products are regarded as promising for the development of new therapeutic therapies with improved effectiveness, biocompatibility, reduced side effects, and low cost of production. Betulin (BE) is very promising due to its wide range of pharmacological activities, including its anticancer, antioxidant, and antimicrobial properties. However, despite advancements in the use of triterpenes for clinical purposes, there are still some obstacles that hinder their full potential, such as their hydrophobicity, low solubility, and poor bioavailability. To address these concerns, new BE derivatives have been synthesized. Moreover, drug delivery systems have emerged as a promising solution to overcome the barriers faced in the clinical application of natural products. The aim of this manuscript is to summarize the recent achievements in the field of delivery systems of BE and its derivatives. This review also presents the BE derivatives mostly considered for medical applications. The electronic databases of scientific publications were searched for the most interesting achievements in the last ten years. Thus far, it is mostly nanoparticles (NPs) that have been considered for the delivery of betulin and its derivatives, including organic NPs (e.g., micelles, conjugates, liposomes, cyclodextrins, protein NPs), inorganic NPs (carbon nanotubes, gold NPs, silver), and complex/hybrid and miscellaneous nanoparticulate systems. However, there are also examples of microparticles, gel-based systems, suspensions, emulsions, and scaffolds, which seem promising for the delivery of BE and its derivatives.

Dynamic Simulations of Interaction of the PEG-DPPE Micelle-Encapsulated Short-Chain Ceramides with the Raft-Included Membrane

The lipid raft subdomains in cancer cell membranes play a key role in signal transduction, biomolecule recruitment, and drug transmembrane transport. Augmented membrane rigidity due to the formation of a lipid raft is unfavorable for the entry of drugs, a limiting factor in clinical oncology. The short-chain ceramide (CER) has been reported to promote drug entry into membranes and disrupt lipid raft formation, but the underlying mechanism is not well understood. We recently explored the carrier-membrane fusion dynamics of PEG-DPPE micelles in delivering doxorubicin (DOX). Based on the phase-segregated membrane model composed of DPPC/DIPC/CHOL/GM1/PIP2, we aim to explore the dynamic mechanism of the PEG-DPPE micelle-encapsulating DOXs in association with the raft-included cell membrane modulated by C8 acyl tail CERs. The results show that the lipid raft remains integrated and DOX-resistant subjected to free DOXs and the micelle-encapsulating ones. Addition of CERs disorganizes the lipid raft by pushing CHOL aside from DPPC. It subsequently allows for a good permeability for PEG-DPPE micelle-encapsulated DOXs, which penetrate deeper as CER concentration increases. GM1 is significant in guiding drugs' redistributing between bilayer phases, and the anionic PIP2 further helps DOXs attain the inner bilayer surface. These results elaborate on the perturbing effect of CERs on lipid raft stability, which provides a new comprehensive approach for further design of drug delivery systems.

Novel Therapeutic Hybrid Systems Using Hydrogels and Nanotechnology: A Focus on Nanoemulgels for the Treatment of Skin Diseases

Topical and transdermal drug delivery are advantageous administration routes, especially when treating diseases and conditions with a skin etiology. Nevertheless, conventional dosage forms often lead to low therapeutic efficacy, safety issues, and patient noncompliance. To tackle these issues, novel topical and transdermal platforms involving nanotechnology have been developed. This review focuses on the latest advances regarding the development of nanoemulgels for skin application, encapsulating a wide variety of molecules, including already marketed drugs (miconazole, ketoconazole, fusidic acid, imiquimod, meloxicam), repurposed marketed drugs (atorvastatin, omeprazole, leflunomide), natural-derived compounds (eucalyptol, naringenin, thymoquinone, curcumin, chrysin, brucine, capsaicin), and other synthetic molecules (ebselen, tocotrienols, retinyl palmitate), for wound healing, skin and skin appendage infections, skin inflammatory diseases, skin cancer, neuropathy, or anti-aging purposes. Developed formulations revealed adequate droplet size, PDI, viscosity, spreadability, pH, stability, drug release, and drug permeation and/or retention capacity, having more advantageous characteristics than current marketed formulations. In vitro and/or in vivo studies established the safety and efficacy of the developed formulations, confirming their therapeutic potential, and making them promising platforms for the replacement of current therapies, or as possible adjuvant treatments, which might someday effectively reach the market to help fight highly incident skin or systemic diseases and conditions.

Curcumin, its derivatives, and their nanoformulations: Revolutionizing cancer treatment

Curcumin is a natural compound derived from turmeric and can target malignant tumor molecules involved in cancer propagation. It has potent antioxidant activity, but its effectiveness is limited due to poor absorption and rapid elimination from the body. Various curcumin derivatives have also shown anticancer potential in in-vitro and in-vivo models. Curcumin can target multiple signaling pathways involved in cancer development/progression or induce cancer cell death through apoptosis. In addition, curcumin and its derivatives could also enhance the effectiveness of conventional chemotherapy, radiation therapy and reduce their associated side effects. Lately, nanoparticle-based delivery systems are being developed/explored to overcome the challenges associated with curcumin's delivery, increasing its overall efficacy. The use of an imaging system to track these formulations could also give beneficial information about the bioavailability and distribution of the nano-curcumin complex. In conclusion, curcumin holds significant promise in the fight against cancer, especially in its nanoform, and could provide precise delivery to cancer cells without affecting normal healthy cells.

Material and Design Toolkit for Drug Delivery: State of the Art, Trends, and Challenges

The nanomaterial and related toolkit have promising applications for improving human health and well-being. Nanobased drug delivery systems use nanoscale materials as carriers to deliver therapeutic agents in a targeted and controlled manner, and they have shown potential to address issues associated with conventional drug delivery systems. They offer benefits for treating various illnesses by encapsulating or conjugating biological agents, chemotherapeutic drugs, and immunotherapeutic agents. The potential applications of this technology are vast; however, significant challenges exist to overcome such as safety issues, toxicity, efficacy, and insufficient capacity. This article discusses the latest developments in drug delivery systems, including drug release mechanisms, material toolkits, related design molecules, and parameters. The concluding section examines the limitations and provides insights into future possibilities.

Nanoparticle-Based Approaches for Treatment of Hematological Malignancies: a Comprehensive Review

Blood cancer, also known as hematological malignancy, is one of the devastating types of cancer that has significantly paved its mortality mark globally. It persists as an extremely deadly cancer type and needs utmost attention owing to its negligible overall survival rate. Major challenges in the treatment of blood cancer include difficulties in early diagnosis, as well as severe side effects resulting from chemotherapy. In addition, immunotherapies and targeted therapies can be prohibitively expensive. Over the past two decades, scientists have devised a few nanoparticle-based drug delivery systems aimed at overcoming this challenge. These therapeutic strategies are engineered to augment the cellular uptake, pharmacokinetics, and effectiveness of anticancer drugs. However, there are still numerous types of nanoparticles that could potentially improve the efficacy of blood cancer treatment, while also reducing treatment costs and mitigating drug-related side effects. To the best of our knowledge, there has been limited reviews published on the use of nano-based drug delivery systems for the treatment of hematological malignancies. Therefore, we have made a concerted effort to provide a comprehensive review that draws upon recent literature and patents, with a focus on the most promising results regarding the use of nanoparticle-based approaches for the treatment of hematological malignancies. All these crucial points covered under a common title would significantly help researchers and scientists working in the area.