In Vitro and Biological Evaluation of Oral Fast-Disintegrating Films Containing Ranitidine HCl and Syloid® 244FP-Based Ternary Solid Dispersion of Flurbiprofen

Flurbiprofen (FBP), a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), is commonly used to treat the pain of rheumatoid arthritis, but in prolonged use it causes gastric irritation and ulcer. To avoid these adverse events of NSAIDs, the simultaneous administration of H2 receptor antagonists such as ranitidine hydrochloride (RHCl) is obligatory. Here, we developed composite oral fast-disintegrating films (ODFs) containing FBP along with RHCl to provide a gastroprotective effect as well as to enhance the solubility and bioavailability of FBP. The ternary solid dispersion (TSD) of FBP was fabricated with Syloid® 244FP and poloxamer® 188 using the solvent evaporation technique. The synthesized FBP-TSD (coded as TSD) was loaded alone (S1) and in combination with plain RHCl (S2) in the composite ODFs based on hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose E5 (HPMC E5). The synthesized composite ODFs were evaluated by in vitro (thickness, folding endurance, tensile strength, disintegration, SEM, FTIR, XRD and release study) and in vivo (analgesic, anti-inflammatory activity, pro-inflammatory cytokines and gastroprotective assay) studies. The in vitro characterization revealed that TSD preserved its integrity and was effectively loaded in S1 and S2 with optimal compatibility. The films were durable and flexible with a disintegration time ≈15 s. The release profile at pH 6.8 showed that the solid dispersion of FBP improved the drug solubility and release when compared with pure FBP. After in vitro studies, it was observed that the analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity of S2 was higher than that of pure FBP and other synthesized formulations (TSD and S1). Similarly, the level of cytokines (TNF-α and IL-6) was also markedly reduced by S2. Furthermore, a gastroprotective assay confirmed that S2 has a higher safety profile in comparison to pure FBP and other synthesized formulations (TSD and S1). Thus, composite ODF (S2) can effectively enhance the FBP solubility and its therapeutic efficacy, along with its gastroprotective effect.

Foliar application of triacontanol ameliorates heat stress through regulation of the antioxidant defense system and improves yield of eggplant

Abstract Transplanting time and genotype contribute to improving crop yield and quality of eggplant (Solanum melongena L.). A field experiment was conducted to investigate the impact of foliar applied of triacontanol (TRIA) and eggplant genotypes 25919, Nirala, 28389 and Pak-10927,transplanted on 1 March,15 March, and 1 April on exposure to high air temperature conditions. The experiment was performed according to Randomized Complete Block Design and the data was analyzed by using Tuckey,s test . The TRIA was applied at 10µM at flowering stage; distilled water was used as the control. Rate of photosynthesis and transpiration, stomatal conductance, water use efficiency, and effects on antioxidative enzymes (superoxide dismutase, catalase and peroxidase) were evaluated. The 10µM TRIA increased photosynthesis rate and water use efficiency and yield was improved in all genotypes transplanted at the different dates. Foliar application of 10µM TRIA increased antioxidative enzyme activities (SOD, POD & CAT) and improved physiological as well as biochemical attributes of eggplant genotypes exposed to high heat conditions. Highest activity of dismutase enzyme 5.41mg/1g FW was recorded in Nirala genotype in second transplantation. Whereas, lowest was noted in PAK-10927 (2.30mg/g FW). Maximum fruit yield was found in accession 25919 (1.725kg per plant) at 1st transplantation with Triacontanol, whereas accession PAK-10927 gave the lowest yield (0.285 kg per plant) at control treatment on 3rd transplantation. Genotype, transplanting date and application of TRIA improved growth, yield and quality attributes under of heat stress in eggplant.

Nanosizing of Lavender, Basil, and Clove Essential Oils into Microemulsions for Enhanced Antioxidant Potential and Antibacterial and Antibiofilm Activities

Plant essential oils (EOs) possess significant bioactivities (antibacterial and antioxidant) and can be substituted for potentially harmful synthetic preservatives in the food industry. However, limited water solubility, bioavailability, volatility, and stability limit their use. Therefore, the goal of this research was nanosizing lavender essential oil (LEO), basil essential oil (BEO), and clove essential oil (CEO) in a microemulsion (ME) to improve their physicochemical attributes and bioefficacy. Tween 80 and Transcutol P were utilized for construction of pseudoternary phase diagrams. It was observed that the concentration of EOs had a great impact on the physicochemical and biological properties of MEs. A spherical droplet of MEs with a diameter of less than 20 nm with a narrower size distribution (polydispersity index (PDI) = 0.10-0.27) and a ζ potential of -0.27 to -9.03 was observed. ME formulations were also evaluated for viscosity, conductivity, and the refractive index. Moreover, the impact of delivery systems on the antibacterial property of EOs was assessed by determining the zone of inhibition and minimum inhibitory concentration against two distinct pathogen classes (S. aureus and E. coli). Crystal violet assay was used to measure the growth and development of biofilms. According to bioefficacy assays, ME demonstrated more efficient antibacterial activity against microorganisms at concentrations lower than pure EOs. CEO ME had superior activity againstS. aureus and E. coli. Similarly, dose-dependent antioxidant capacity was noted for MEs. Consequently, nanosized EO formulations with improved physicochemical properties and enhanced bioactivities can be employed in the food processing sector as a preservation agent.

Lipid Nanoparticles: An Effective Tool to Improve the Bioavailability of Nutraceuticals

Nano-range bioactive colloidal carrier systems are envisaged to overcome the challenges associated with treatments of numerous diseases. Lipid nanoparticles (LNPs), one of the extensively investigated drug delivery systems, not only improve pharmacokinetic parameters, transportation, and chemical stability of encapsulated compounds but also provide efficient targeting and reduce the risk of toxicity. Over the last decades, nature-derived polyphenols, vitamins, antioxidants, dietary supplements, and herbs have received more attention due to their remarkable biological and pharmacological health and medical benefits. However, their poor aqueous solubility, compromised stability, insufficient absorption, and accelerated elimination impede research in the nutraceutical sector. Owing to the possibilities offered by various LNPs, their ability to accommodate both hydrophilic and hydrophobic molecules and the availability of various preparation methods suitable for sensitive molecules, loading natural fragile molecules into LNPs offers a promising solution. The primary objective of this work is to explore the synergy between nature and nanotechnology, encompassing a wide range of research aimed at encapsulating natural therapeutic molecules within LNPs.

Effect of hydrophilic polymers on the solubility and dissolution enhancement of rivaroxaban/beta-cyclodextrin inclusion complexes

BCS class II drugs exhibit low aqueous solubility and high permeability. Such drugs often have an incomplete or erratic absorption profile. This study aimed to predict the effects of β-cyclodextrin (βCD) and different hydrophilic polymers (poloxamer 188 (PXM-188), polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) and soluplus (SOLO)) on the saturated solubility and dissolution profile of hydrophobic model drug rivaroxaban (RIV). Binary inclusion complex with βCD were prepared by kneading and solvent evaporation method, at drug to cyclodextrin weight molar ratios of 1:1, 1:2, and 1:4. Saturated solubility of the hydrophobic model moiety was evaluated with βCD to explore the increment in saturated solubility. Dissolution test was carried out to assess the drug release from the produced binary inclusion complex in the aqueous medium. Solid state analysis was performed using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) techniques. When compared to pure drug, the binary complex (Drug: βCD at molar ratio of 1:2 w/w) demonstrated the best performance in terms of enhanced solubility and drug release. Furthermore, ternary inclusion complex was prepared with hydrophilic polymers SOLO, PVP K-30 and PXM-188 at 0.5%,1%,2.5%,5% and 10% w/w to optimized binary formulation RIV:βCD (1:2) prepared by kneading (KN) and solvent evaporation (S.E) method. The findings demonstrated that among ternary formulations (1:2 Drug: βCD: SOLO 10% S.E) manifested greatest improvement in saturated solubility and dissolution rate. Results of solubility enhancement and improvement in dissolution profile of model drug by ternary inclusion complexation were also supported by FTIR, DSC, XRD, and SEM analysis. So, it can be concluded that the ternary inclusion systems were more effective compared to the binary combinations in improving solubility as well as dissolution of hydrophobic model drug rivaroxaban.

In Vitro and In Vivo Evaluation of Composite Oral Fast Disintegrating Film: An Innovative Strategy for the Codelivery of Ranitidine HCl and Flurbiprofen

Here, we evaluate the feasibility of co-loading plain ranitidine hydrochloride (RHCl) and microencapsulated flurbiprofen (FBP) in a Lycoat^® RS780-based oral fast disintegrating film (ODF). These films were developed by the solvent casting method to minimize the adverse effects of FBP and reduce the dosage form burden on patients. Optimized FBP microparticles (M3) with an average size of 21.2 ± 9.2 µm were loaded alone (F1) and in combination with plain RHCl (F2) in the composite ODF. All films were evaluated physicomechanically and physicochemically. These films were resilient, flexible, and disintegrated within thirty seconds. SEM images showed intact FBP microparticles in both formulations and, moreover, did not observe an interaction between the drug and film components. Microencapsulated FBP was released in a controlled manner over 48 h from the proposed formulations, while RHCl was released within 5 min from F2. After in vitro evaluation, formulations were also tested for in vivo anti-inflammatory activity, cytokine (TNF-α and IL-6) levels, and gastroprotective effects in rats. The anti-inflammatory activity and gastroprotective effect of F2 were markedly higher than pure FBP and other synthesized formulations (M3 and F1). The average score of gastric lesions was in the order of pure FBP (15.5 ± 1.32) > M3 (8 ± 2) > F1 (1 ± 0.5) > F2 (0.5 ± 0) > control (0). Additionally, F2 showed a sustained anti-inflammatory effect up to 10 h in the rat paw edema model. Furthermore, F2 also markedly reduced TNF-α and IL-6 levels. Conclusively, the Lycoat^® RS780-based composite film could be a promising carrier for the co-loading of microencapsulated FBP with RHCl. In the future, an optimized formulation (F2) could be capable of countering the issues related to multiple drug administration in geriatric patients and evading the gastric irritation associated with FBP.

Anti-inflammatory mechanisms of eucalyptol rich Eucalyptus globulus essential oil alone and in combination with flurbiprofen

Inflammation is the core contributor in the pathogenesis of various acute and chronic illness including appendicitis, bronchitis, arthritis, cancer and neurological diseases. NSAIDs, commonly used medications for inflammatory diseases, on prolonged use cause GI bleeding, ulcers and many more issues. Plant-based therapeutic agents including essential oils in combination with low-dose synthetic drugs have been shown to produce synergistic effects and reduce complications of synthetic drugs. This study was designed to evaluate the anti-inflammatory, analgesic and anti-pyretic properties of Eucalyptus globulus essential oil alone and in combination with flurbiprofen. GC-MS analysis was performed to screen chemical composition of oil. In vitro anti-inflammatory assay (membrane stabilization assay) and in vivo inflammatory acute (carrageenan and histamine-induced paw oedema) and chronic (cotton pellet-induced granuloma and Complete Freund's adjuvant-induced arthritis) models were performed to check anti-inflammatory properties. Acetic acid-induced algesia and yeast-induced pyrexia models were performed to check analgesic and anti-pyretic properties. qRT-PCR was performed to study the effect of treatments on the expression of inflammatory biomarkers. GC-MS analysis of E. globulus essential oil showed the presence of eucalyptol along with other active biomolecules. 500 + 10 mg/kg of oil-drug combination showed significantly (p < 0.05) better in vitro membrane stabilization effects as compared with groups treated with 500 mg/kg of E. globulus oil and 10 mg/kg of Flurbiprofen alone. 500 + 10 mg/kg of oil-drug combination showed significantly (p < 0.05) better anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic effects as compared to 500 mg/kg of E. globulus oil alone in all in vivo models. When comparison was done between 500 + 10 mg/kg of oil-drug combination-treated and 10 mg/kg Flurbiprofen-treated group, the former group showed significantly (p < 0.05) better anti-inflammatory and anti-pyretic effects, but there were non-significant differences in the analgesic model. Animal group treated with 10 mg/kg of Flurbiprofen showed significantly (p < 0.05) better anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects than group treated with 500 mg/kg of oil alone while, there were non-significant differences in anti-pyretic effects. qRT-PCR analysis showed significant (p < 0.05) down-regulation in the expression of IL-4 and TNF-α in serum samples of animals treated with 500 + 10 mg/kg of oil-drug combination as compared to the diseased control (arthritic) group. Overall, the current research demonstrates that Eucalyptus globulus essential oil in combination with flurbiprofen showed better anti-inflammatory, analgesic and anti-pyretic effects than oil and flurbiprofen alone which is attributed to the down-regulation of pro-inflammatory biomarkers (IL-4 and TNF-α). Further studies are required to formulate a stable dosage form and to check the anti-inflammatory efficacy in different inflammatory disorders.

Development and evaluation of pH sensitive semi-interpenetrating networks: assessing the impact of itaconic acid and aloe vera on network swelling and cetirizine release

Hydrogels are crosslinked three-dimensional networks, and their properties can be easily tuned to target the various segments of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT). Cetirizine HCl (CTZ HCl) is an antihistaminic drug, which when given orally can upset the stomach. Moreover, this molecule has shown maximum absorption in the intestine. To address these issues, we developed a pH-responsive semi-interpenetrating polymer network (semi-IPN) for the delivery of CTZ HCl to the lower part of the GIT. Initially, 10 different formulations of itaconic acid-grafted-poly (acrylamide)/aloe vera [IA-g-poly (AAm)/aloe vera] semi-IPN were developed by varying the concentration of IA and aloe vera using the free radical polymerization technique. Based on swelling and sol-gel analysis, formulation F5 containing 0.3%w/w aloe vera and 6%w/w IA was chosen as the optimum formulation. The solid-state characterization of the optimized formulation (F5) revealed a successful incorporation of CTZ HCl in semi-IPN without any drug-destabilizing interaction. The in vitro drug release from F5 showed limited release in acidic media followed by a controlled release in the intestinal environment for over 72 h. Furthermore, during the in vivo evaluation, formulation F5 did not affect the hematological parameters, kidney, and liver functions. Clinical observations did not reveal any signs of illness in rabbits treated with hydrogels. Histopathological images of vital organs of treated animals showed normal cellular architecture. Thus, the results suggest a non-toxic nature and overall potential of the developed formulation as a targeted drug carrier.

Curcumin-Loaded Bioactive Polymer Composite Film of PVA/Gelatin/Tannic Acid Downregulates the Pro-inflammatory Cytokines to Expedite Healing of Full-Thickness Wounds

Curcumin (Cur) entrapped poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA)/gelatin composite films were prepared by cross-linking with tannic acid (TA) as bioactive dressings for rapid wound closure. Films were evaluated for mechanical strength, swelling index, water vapor transmission rate (WVTR), film solubility, and in-vitro drug release studies. SEM revealed uniform and smooth surfaces of blank (PG9) and Cur-loaded composite films (PGC4). PGC4 exhibited excellent mechanical strength (tensile strength (TS) and Young's modulus (YM) were 32.83 and 0.55 MPa, respectively), swelling ability (600-800% at pH 5.4, 7.4, and 9), WVTR (2003 ± 26), and film solubility (27.06 ± 2.0). Sustained release (81%) of the encapsulated payload was also observed for 72 h. The antioxidant activity determined by DPPH free radical scavenging showed that the PGC4 possessed strong % inhibition. The PGC4 formulation displayed higher antibacterial potential against S. aureus (14.55 mm zone of inhibition) and E. coli (13.00 mm zone of inhibition) compared to blank and positive control by the agar well diffusion method. An in-vivo wound healing study was carried out on rats using a full-thickness excisional wound model. Wounds treated with PGC4 showed very rapid healing about 93% in just 10 days post wounding as compared to 82.75% by Cur cream and 80.90% by PG9. Furthermore, histopathological studies showed ordered collagen deposition and angiogenesis along with fibroblast formation. PGC4 also exerted a strong anti-inflammatory effect by downregulating the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α and IL-6 were lowered by 76% and 68% as compared to the untreated group, respectively). Therefore, Cur-loaded composite films can be an ideal delivery system for effective wound healing.

Design and evaluation of sodium alginate-based hydrogel dressings containing Betula utilis extract for cutaneous wound healing

Traditional wound dressings have a limited capacity to absorb exudates, are permeable to microbes, and may adhere to wounds, which leads to secondary injuries. Hydrogels are promising alternative dressings to overcome the above challenges. In this study, we developed sodium alginate-based hydrogel films loaded with Betula utilis bark extract. These films were prepared via solvent-casting crosslinking method and evaluated for wound healing activity. Prepared films were 0.05-0.083 mm thick, flexible with folding endurance ranging from 197-203 folds, which indicates good physical properties. Optimized formulations exhibited successful loading of extract in the film matrix without any interaction as confirmed by FTIR. Maximum zone of inhibition against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria was achieved by optimum formulation (B6), i.e., 19 mm and 9 mm, respectively, with > 90% scavenging activity. Furthermore, this optimum formulation (B6) was able to achieve 93% wound contraction in rats. Histograms of the optimized formulation treated group also revealed complete reepithelization of wounds. Conclusively, our extract-loaded hydrogel dressing successfully demonstrated its potential for cutaneous wound healing.

Recent advances in diverse nanosystems for nitric oxide delivery in cancer therapy

Gas therapy has been proven to be a promising and advantageous treatment option for cancers. Studies have shown that nitric oxide (NO) is one of the smallest structurally significant gas molecules with great potential to suppress cancer. However, there is controversy and concern about its use as it exhibits the opposite physiological effects based on its levels in the tumor. Therefore, the anti-cancer mechanism of NO is the key to cancer treatment, and rationally designed NO delivery systems are crucial to the success of NO biomedical applications. This review summarizes the endogenous production of NO, its physiological mechanisms of action, the application of NO in cancer treatment, and nano-delivery systems for delivering NO donors. Moreover, it briefly reviews challenges in delivering NO from different nanoparticles and the issues associated with its combination treatment strategies. The advantages and challenges of various NO delivery platforms are recapitulated for possible transformation into clinical applications.

Designing Deferoxamine-Loaded Flaxseed Gum and Carrageenan-Based Controlled Release Biocomposite Hydrogel Films for Wound Healing

In this study, biocomposite hydrogel films made from flaxseed gum (FSG)/kappa carrageenan (CGN) were fabricated, using potassium chloride as a crosslinker and glycerol as a plasticizer. The composite films were loaded with deferoxamine (DFX), an iron chelator that promotes neovascularization and angiogenesis for the healing of wounds. The properties of the biocomposite hydrogel films, including swelling, solubility, water vapor transmission rate, tensile strength, elongation at break, and Young’s modulus studies, were tested. The films were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). In addition, drug release studies in PBS at pH 7.2 were investigated. In vivo analysis was performed by assessing the wound contraction in a full-thickness excisional wound rat model. Hematoxylin & eosin (H & E) and Masson’s trichome staining were performed to evaluate the effect of the films on wound healing progress. The visual and micro-morphological analysis revealed the homogenous structure of the films; however, the elongation at break property decreased within the crosslinked film but increased for the drug-loaded film. The FTIR analysis confirmed the crosslinking due to potassium chloride. A superior resistance towards thermal degradation was confirmed by TGA for the crosslinked and drug-loaded films. Drug release from the optimum film was sustained for up to 24 h. In vivo testing demonstrated 100% wound contraction for the drug-loaded film group compared to 72% for the pure drug solution group. In light of the obtained results, the higher potential of the optimized biocomposite hydrogel film for wound healing applications was corroborated.

Acetylcholinesterase inhibitory potential of scorpion venom in Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae)

Scorpion venom contains a variety of neurotoxins which interact with ion channels and affect their activities. The present study was designed to evaluate the potential of scorpion venom as acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitor by using Aedes aegypti as model organism. Venoms of two species, Hottentota tamulus (Fabricus, 1798) and Androctonus finitimus (Pocock, 1897) were selected for this study. Two peptides (36 kDa from H. tamulus and 54 kDa from A. finitimus) were separated from scorpion venom by using HPLC. Selected peptides caused significantly higher mortality in larvae and adults of Aedes aegypti than control (no mortalities were observed in control groups). Significant acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitory potential of both peptides was recorded by spectrophotometer. The peptide of A. finitimus caused significantly higher mortality (95±1.53% in larvae and 100% in adults) than the peptide of H. tamulus (84.33±2.33% in larvae and 95.37±1.45% in adults). While H. tamulus peptide was more efficient in reducing AChE activity (0.029±0.012 in larvae and 0.03±0.003 in adults) than the peptide of A. finitimus (0.049±0.005 in larvae and 0.047±0.001 in adults). It was concluded that H. tamulus venom peptide was more efficiently reducing AChE activity, thus it could be a potential bio-insecticide which can be synthesized at industrial scale for the control of harmful insects.

Fabrication, In Vitro and In Vivo Evaluation of Non-Ordered Mesoporous Silica-Based Ternary Solid Dispersions for Enhanced Solubility of Flurbiprofen

The aim of this study was to improve the solubility and prevent the ulcerogenic effect of flurbiprofen. Initially, binary and ternary solid dispersions (BSDs and TSDs) of flurbiprofen were prepared by using non-ordered mesoporous silica and gelucire. After preformulation testing (solubility, flow properties, % yield, and entrapment efficiency), four formulations were selected for further detailed studies. Solid-state characterization of optimized formulations (S1, S6, S7, and S12) showed successful drug incorporation in the solid dispersion at the molecular state without any noticeable interactions. The in vitro solubility and release study showed an increase in solubility and 98–100% of drug release in 30–45 min. The in vivo gastro-protective effect of the optimized formulations containing flurbiprofen and silica (1:1) with 25% w/w gelucire (S6 and S12) showed a reduction in the gastric lesion index (GLI) after four days of treatment. Moreover, histological images of the stomach lining (S6 and S12) illustrated normal epithelial cells and a partially protected mucosal membrane. Thus, TSD exhibited a significant increase in solubility and the dissolution rate and reduced the gastric ulceration. Therefore, TSDs are dubbed as efficacious carriers to enhance the bioavailability of flurbiprofen while simultaneously reducing its side effects.

Physicochemical, rheological and antifungal evaluation of miconazole nitrate organogels for topical delivery

Topical preparations have a problem of being wiped off after a short time, which results in low activity of the active moiety. In this research, topical organogels (OGs) were prepared with different oils for the controlled action of miconazole nitrate. Various oils were checked for their gel-forming ability. Controlled release OGs were prepared with a 15% concentration of glyceryl monostearate. Differential scanning calorimetry was performed to study the thermal behavior of gels. X-ray diffraction revealed that the drug was changed into an amorphous form from the crystalline form. The absence of any interaction between the active ingredient and excipients was concluded by Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy. Permeability studies were carried out with cellulose acetate membrane by using Franz diffusion cell containing phosphate buffer saline pH 7.4. The release of drug followed the Weibull model. A frequency sweep test was performed to study the rheological behavior of optimized formulations. Rheology revealed the true nature of formulations whether they are gels or just viscous fluids. Images of scanning electron microscopy showed a network formed by the gelator molecules. The antifungal activity was checked against C. albicans and A. niger and it was best by the formulation made by TT. It was concluded that all the OGs gave controlled topical antifungal action.

Plant-derived nanotherapeutic systems to counter the overgrowing threat of resistant microbes and biofilms

Since antiquity, the survival of human civilization has always been threatened by the microbial infections. An alarming surge in the resistant microbial strains against the conventional drugs is quite evident in the preceding years. Furthermore, failure of currently available regimens of antibiotics has been highlighted by the emerging threat of biofilms in the community and hospital settings. Biofilms are complex dynamic composites rich in extracellular polysaccharides and DNA, supporting plethora of symbiotic microbial life forms, that can grow on both living and non-living surfaces. These enforced structures are impervious to the drugs and lead to spread of recurrent and non-treatable infections. There is a strong realization among the scientists and healthcare providers to work out alternative strategies to combat the issue of drug resistance and biofilms. Plants are a traditional but rich source of effective antimicrobials with wider spectrum due to presence of multiple constituents in perfect synergy. Other than the biocompatibility and the safety profile, these phytochemicals have been repeatedly proven to overcome the non-responsiveness of resistant microbes and films via multiple pathways such as blocking the efflux pumps, better penetration across the cell membranes or biofilms, and anti-adhesive properties. However, the unfavorable physicochemical attributes and stability issues of these phytochemicals have hampered their commercialization. These issues of the phytochemicals can be solved by designing suitably constructed nanoscaled structures. Nanosized systems can not only improve the physicochemical features of the encapsulated payloads but can also enhance their pharmacokinetic and therapeutic profile. This review encompasses why and how various types of phytochemicals and their nanosized preparations counter the microbial resistance and the biofouling. We believe that phytochemical in tandem with nanotechnological innovations can be employed to defeat the microbial resistance and biofilms. This review will help in better understanding of the challenges associated with developing such platforms and their future prospects.

Glimepiride-Loaded Nanoemulgel; Development, In Vitro Characterization, Ex Vivo Permeation and In Vivo Antidiabetic Evaluation

Glimepiride (GMP), an oral hypoglycemic agent is extensively employed in the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Transdermal delivery of GMP has been widely investigated as a promising alternative to an oral approach but the delivery of GMP is hindered owing to its low solubility and permeation. The present study was designed to formulate topical nanoemulgel GMP system and previously reported solubility enhanced glimepiride (GMP/βCD/GEL-44/16) in combination with anti-diabetic oil to enhance the hypoglycemic effect. Nanoemulsions were developed using clove oil, Tween-80, and PEG-400 and were gelled using xanthan gum (3%, w/w) to achieve the final nanoemulgel formulations. All of the formulations were evaluated in terms of particle size, zeta potential, pH, conductivity, viscosity, and in vitro skin permeation studies. In vivo hypoglycemic activity of the optimized nanoemulgel formulations was evaluated using a streptozocin-induced diabetes model. It was found that a synergistic combination of GMP with clove oil improved the overall drug permeation across the skin membrane and the hypoglycemic activity of GMP. The results showed that GMP/βCD/GEL-44/16-loaded nanoemulgel enhanced the in vitro skin permeation and improved the hypoglycemic activity in comparison with pure and marketed GMP. It is suggested that topical nano emulsion-based GMP gel and GMP/βCD/GEL-44/16 could be an effective alternative for oral therapy in the treatment of diabetes.

Preparation and evaluation of oral self-microemulsifying drug delivery system of Chlorophyll

OBJECTIVE

This study was aimed at improving the water solubility and oral bioavailability of Chl by self-microemulsifying drug delivery system (Chl-SMEDDS).

METHODS

Compatibility experiments, pseudo-ternary phase diagram and central composite design were used to optimize the formulation. The selected systems were further evaluated for physical characteristics, including particle size, zeta potential, and appearance. The stability, in vitro dispersion test, and in vivo intestinal perfusion experiments were used to evaluate the SMEDDS.

RESULTS

The optimal composition of Chl-SMEDDS included: Labrafil M 1944 CS (35%), kolliphor RH 40 (46%), Transcutol HP (19%) and 60 mg/g Chl. The appearance of water emulsified Chl-SMEDDS was green and transparent. The particle size, ζ-potential, and transmission electron microscopy studies showed that spherical globules of Chl-SMEDDS with a size of about 22.82 ± 1.29 nm and a negative surface charge of -24.21 ± 3.45 mV were obtained. Chl-SMEDDS could remain stable at 25 °C and 4 °C for at least 6 months. The dispersion test showed that Chl-SMEDDS dispersed spontaneously to form microemulsion after disintegration of capsule shell and 90% drug dispersed in just 30 min in pH 1.2 HCl without any drug precipitation during the test period. In vivo intestinal perfusion experiment revealed that the main absorption site for Chl-SMEDDS was duodenum.

CONCLUSIONS

This study indicates that SMEDDS formulation could be an effective strategy for the oral administration of Chl.

Advances in chlorin-based photodynamic therapy with nanoparticle delivery system for cancer treatment

Introduction: The treatment of tumors is one of the most difficult problems in the medical field at present. Patients often use a comprehensive therapy that combines surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has prominent potential for eradicating various cancers. Chlorin-based photosensitizers (PSs), as one of the most utilized photosensitizers, have many advantages over conventional photosensitizers; however, a successful chlorin-based PDT needs multi-functional nano-carriers for selective photosensitizer delivery. The number of researches about nanoparticles designed for improved chlorin-based PSs is increasing in the current era. In this article, we give a brief review focused on the recent research progress in design of chlorin-based nanoparticles for the treatment of malignant tumors with photodynamic therapy.Areas covered: This review focuses on the current nanoparticle platforms for PDT, and describes different strategies to achieve controllable PDT by chlorin-nano-delivery systems. The challenges and prospects of PDT in clinical applications are also discussed.Expert opinions: The requirement for PDT to eradicate cancers has increased exponentially in recent years. The major clinically used photosensitizers are hydrophobic. The main obstacles in effective delivery of PSs are associated with this intrinsic nature. The design of nano-delivery systems to load PSs is pivotal for PSs' widespread use.

Fabrication and characterization of itraconazole loaded anisotropic solid lipid-mannitol microstructures for enhanced antifungal activity

Anisotropic microparticles containing flower like morphologies have recently attracted significant attention due to their potentially varied application range. Aim of the present work was to build an anisotropic drug delivery system (ASLMMSs) for the encapsulation and enhancement of antifungal activity of a hydrophobic antifungal drug i.e. itraconazole (IRL) with the combination of lipophilic (lipids) as well as hydrophilic (mannitol) materials. Encapsulation efficiency (EE) due to glyceryl monosteatrate (G.ASLMMSs) was 89.02%, whereas Precirol ATO5 formulation (P.ASLMMSs) showed 96.98% EE. FTIR analysis discovered the hydrogen bonding and Vander Waal's forces between lipids and mannitol, while evaluation of XRD data revealed the detailed structural and microstructural characterization indicating the crystallinity of final formulations. Observation under SEM revealed that the final formulations grew in the form of flower like morphologies. These flower-like structures were more obvious for P.ASLMMSs. The increment in dissolution rate (>80% in 6h) could be attributed to the mannitol. Dilutions of Itraconazole loaded anisotropic solid lipid mannitol microstructures (ASLMMSs) in water at concentration range of (500μg/mL, 250μg/mL, 125μg/mL and 75μg/mL) exhibited increased antifungal activity, while free IRL dilution in water showed no zone of inhibition. Both formulations, specifically P.ASLMMSs could signify a promising drug delivery system for lipophilic antifungal drugs.

Development and evaluation of oral fast disintegrating film of ranitidine HCl by solvent casting method

Here, we developed oral fast disintegrating film (ODF) of ranitidine hydrochloride (RHCl) by solvent casting method and assessed the impact of various formulation ingredients i.e. polymer concentration, type of plasticizers and superdisintegrants. Optimized film was developed with hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (HPMC E5, 3% w/v) as film matrix, propylene glycol (PG) (10% w/w of polymer) as plasticizer and Pearlitol flash® (PF) (10% w/w of polymer) as release modifier. This film was chosen based on appearance, transparency, thickness, folding endurance and in vitro disintegration time (DT). Later on, optimized film was loaded with drug (50% w/w of polymer) (A12), which disintegrated within 15 seconds and released 81% of RHCl within two minutes. Furthermore, FTIR studies confirmed the absence of drug film ingredients interaction. SEM showed even distribution of RHCl and all excipients. Thus, A12 will be palatable for geriatric patients and helpful to avoid premature intestinal degradation.

Multifunctional nanorods based on self-assembly of biomimetic apolipoprotein E peptide for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease

Targeting a single molecule or a single pathway and poor drug delivery to the brain hamper the therapy of Alzheimer's disease (AD) based on abnormal metabolism of amyloid-β (Aβ). To solve these problems, we designed and synthesized a multi - strategy peptide (MOP), an ingenious apolipoprotein E mimetic peptide, which could reduce Aβ deposition via inhibiting Aβ aggregation and at the same time accelerate Aβ clearance. Meanwhile, MOP could be self-assembled into different nanostructure, thus we constructed a multifunctional delivery system (APND-3) based on MOP self-assembled nanorods (aspect ratios of 3) that was a favorable morphology to enhance the permeation across the blood brain barrier (BBB) to address the poor delivery to brain issues. Besides, the drug delivery system introduces polydopamine (PDA) and COG1410 ligand as a shell to keep the favorable morphology of core and enhance the BBB targeting efficiency. As a result, the delivery system significantly enhances the delivery of MOP to the brain, thus reducing Aβ deposition, mitigating the memory deficits, and ameliorating neurologic damage in AD model mice. Our findings suggest that our drug and carrier integrated multifunctional delivery system has the potential for AD treatment.

Optimization, in vitro release and toxicity evaluation of novel pH sensitive itaconic acid-g-poly(acrylamide)/sterculia gum semi-interpenetrating networks

BACKGROUND

In recent era, pH sensitive polymeric carriers that combines the materials engineering and medicine is gaining researcher's attention as they maximizes drug concentration at site of absorption and reduces side effects for e.g. orally administered cetirizine HCl (CTZ HCl) upsets the stomach and furthermore shows high intestinal absorption. Thus, development of pH sensitive hydrogels with sufficient mechanical strength will be good candidate to address this issue.

METHODS

Here, we developed pH sensitive itaconic acid-g-poly(acrylamide)/sterculia gum (IA-g-poly(AM)/sterculia gum) semi-interpenetrating network (semi-IPN) by free radical polymerization technique for intestinal delivery of CTZ HCL.

RESULTS

Optimized formulation (I5) with 6% w/w IA showed negligible swelling at pH 1.2, and maximum swelling at pH 7.4. Solid state characterization of optimized formulation showed successful development of semi-IPN structure and incorporation of drug without any noticeable drug-carrier interaction. In vitro release study showed biphasic pH dependent release of CTZ HCl, where initial burst release was observed at acidic pH followed by sustained release at basic pH. Acute oral toxicity and histopathological studies confirmed the non-toxic nature of IA-g-poly(AM)/sterculia gum.

CONCLUSION

Conclusively, developed biocompatible semi-IPN hydrogels with sufficient pH sensitivity and mechanical strength could serve as a potential carrier for intestinal delivery of CTZ HCL to maximize its absorption and reduce side effects.

Engineering Exosome-Like Nanovesicles Derived from Asparagus cochinchinensis Can Inhibit the Proliferation of Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cells with Better Safety Profile

BACKGROUND

Exosomes are a type of membrane vesicles secreted by living cells. Recent studies suggest exosome-like nanovesicles (ELNVs) from fruits and vegetables are involved in tissue renewal process and functional regulation against inflammatory diseases or cancers. However, there are few reports on ELNVs derived from medicinal plants.

METHODS

ELNVs derived from Asparagus cochinchinensis (Lour.) Merr. (ACNVs) were isolated and characterized. Cytotoxicity, antiproliferative and apoptosis-inducing capacity of ACNVs against hepatoma carcinoma cell were assessed. The endocytosis mechanism of ACNVs was evaluated on Hep G2 cells in the presence of different endocytosis inhibitors. In vivo distribution of ACNVs was detected in healthy and tumor-bearing mice after scavenger receptors (SRs) blockade. PEG engineering of ACNVs was achieved through optimizing the pharmacokinetic profiles. In vivo antitumor activity and toxicity were evaluated in Hep G2 cell xenograft model.

RESULTS

ACNVs were isolated and purified using a differential centrifugation method accompanied by sucrose gradient ultracentrifugation. The optimized ACNVs had an average size of about 119 nm and showed a typical cup-shaped nanostructure containing lipids, proteins, and RNAs. ACNVs were found to possess specific antitumor cell proliferation activity associated with an apoptosis-inducing pathway. ACNVs could be internalized into tumor cells mainly via phagocytosis, but they were quickly cleared once entering the blood. Blocking the SRs or PEGylation decoration prolonged the blood circulation time and increased the accumulation of ACNVs in tumor sites. In vivo antitumor results showed that PEGylated ACNVs could significantly inhibit tumor growth without side effects.

CONCLUSION

This study provides a promising functional nano platform derived from edible Asparagus cochinchinensis that can be used in antitumor therapy with negligible side effects.

Nanoemulgel, an Innovative Carrier for Diflunisal Topical Delivery with Profound Anti-Inflammatory Effect: in vitro and in vivo Evaluation

Purpose

Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune disorder that directly affects joints. However, other body organs including heart, eyes, skin, blood vessels and lungs may also be affected. The purpose of this study was to design and evaluate a nanoemulgel formulation of diflunisal (DIF) and solubility enhanced diflunisal (DIF-IC) for enhanced topical anti-inflammatory activity.

Methodology

Nanoemulsion formulations of both DIF and DIF-IC were prepared and incorporated in three different gelling agents, namely carboxymethylcellulose sodium (CMC-Na), sodium alginate (Na-ALG) and xanthan gum (XG). All the formulations were evaluated in term of particle size, pH, conductivity, viscosity, zeta potential and in vitro drug release. The formulation 2 (NE2) of both DIF and DIF-IC which expressed optimum release and satisfactory physicochemical properties was incorporated with gelling agents to produce final nanoemulgel formulations. The optimized nanoemulgel formulation was subjected to three different in vivo anti-inflammatory models including carrageenan-induced paw edema model, histamine-induced paw edema model and formalin-induced paw edema model.

Results

DIF-IC-loaded nanoemulgel formulations yielded significantly enhanced in vitro skin permeation than DIF-loaded nanoemulgel. The nanoemulgel formulation of DIF-IC formulated with XG produced improved in vivo anti-inflammatory activity.

Conclusion

It was recommended that DIF-IC-based nanoemulgel formulation prepared with XG could be a better option for effective topical treatment of inflammatory conditions.

Lactoferrin/phenylboronic acid-functionalized hyaluronic acid nanogels loading doxorubicin hydrochloride for targeting glioma

Herein, lactoferrin (Lf)/phenylboronic acid (PBA)-functionalized hyaluronic acid nanogels crosslinked with disulfide-bond crosslinker was developed as a reduction-sensitive dual-targeting glioma therapeutic platform for doxorubicin hydrochloride (DOX) delivery (Lf-DOX/PBNG). Spherical Lf-DOX/PBNG with optimized physicochemical properties was obtained, and it could rapidly release the encapsulated DOX under high glutathione concentration. Moreover, enhanced cytotoxicity, superior cellular uptake efficiency, and significantly improved brain permeability of Lf-DOX/PBNG were observed in cytological studies compared with those of DOX solution, DOX-loaded PBA functionalized nanogels (DOX/PBNG), and Lf modified DOX-loaded nanogels (Lf-DOX/NG). The pharmacokinetic study exhibited that the area under the curve of DOX/PBNG, Lf-DOX/NG, and Lf-DOX/PBNG increased by 8.12, 4.20 and 4.32 times compared with that of DOX solution, respectively. The brain accumulation of Lf-DOX/PBNG was verified in biodistribution study to be 12.37 and 4.67 times of DOX solution and DOX/PBNG, respectively. These findings suggest that Lf-DOX/PBNG is an excellent candidate for achieving effective glioma targeting.

A combination of receptor mediated transcytosis and photothermal effect promotes BBB permeability and the treatment of meningitis using itraconazole

Fungal infections of the central nervous system (CNS) may lead to life-threatening meningitis. Itraconazole (ITZ) is an effective antifungal agent that can be used to treat various fungal infections; however, its poor solubility along with poor permeability of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) prevents it from treating meningitis. Receptor mediated transcytosis (RMT) shows modest efficacy in BBB crossing, while affinity and saturability of interactions between ligands and receptors account for the limited efficacy of RMT in crossing the BBB. Mild hyperthermia could temporarily disrupt the BBB to increase its permeability. Therefore, we speculated that the combination of mild hyperthermia with RMT could potentially increase BBB permeability of ITZ leading to improved efficacy in fungal meningitis. Here, we have constructed for the first time, apolipoprotein E (Apo E) mimicked peptide COG1410 modified polydopamine (PDA)-coated bovine serum albumin nanoparticles (ApoE-PDA@ITZ-NPs). Different levels of COG1410-modified NPs were prepared and characterized. ApoE-PDA@ITZ-NPs have a superior photothermal effect under 808 nm light irradiation and exhibited favorable plasma stability and photothermal stability. Moreover, the cellular uptake of nanoparticles increased with an increase in COG1410. H-ApoE-PDA@ITZ-NPs increased cellular uptake and in vitro BBB permeability by 4.2-fold and 4.8-fold, respectively, compared to the ITZ-NPs. Live imaging implied that H-ApoE-PDA@ITZ-NPs could significantly increase the distribution of ITZ in the brain under 808 nm light irradiation. Histopathological analysis of periodic acid-Schiff-stained brain sections of the H-ApoE-PDA@ITZ-NP treated C. albicans meningitis model indicated that H-ApoE-PDA@ITZ-NPs showed superior antifungal activity after 808 nm light irradiation. Hence, we report ApoE-PDA@ITZ-NPs in tandem with 808 nm irradiation as a novel strategy of RMT combination with a photothermal effect in enhancing BBB permeability to facilitate drug accumulation in the brain region and enhance the therapeutic efficacy of ITZ in meningitis.

In vitro and in vivo evaluation of gellan gum hydrogel films: Assessing the co impact of therapeutic oils and ofloxacin on wound healing

Herein, we report co-encapsulation of ofloxacin with tea tree or lavender oil in gellan gum based hydrogel films by solvent casting ionotropic gelation method as wound dressing. Prepared films were transparent, flexible, and displayed antioxidant activity with superior antibacterial response against common inhabitants of wound i.e. gram positive and negative bacteria. Solid-state characterization of optimized formulation (OL3 and OT3) revealed successful incorporation of drug and oils in hydrogel structure without any noticeable interaction. In vitro release studies showed an initial burst release but remaining portion released in controlled manner over 48 h from the films and furthermore, presence of oils did not affected the ofloxacin release. Optimized formulation containing ofloxacin and 25% w/w lavender/tea tree oil showed 98% wound contraction in rats after ten days of treatment. Histological images displayed completely healed epidermis. Taken together, our prepared hydrogel films demonstrated favorable features with appreciable antibacterial, wound healing activity and could be useful for the treatment of full thickness wounds.

Binary inclusion complexes of diflunisal with β-cyclodextrin and hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin: Preparation and characterization

Low aqueous solubility and bioavailability is the limiting factor to achieve desired therapeutic efficacy for variety of new and existing drug moieties. The goal of the present study was to explore the effects of β-cyclodextrin (βCD) and hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HPβCD) on the solubility and dissolution profile of diflunisal (DIF) prepared by using two different methods (physical mixing and solvent evaporation) at DIF-cyclodextrins weight ratios of 1:1, 1:2 and 1:4. The phase solubility studies demonstrated that DIF solubility increased proportionally with an increase in βCD and HPβCD concentration. The inclusion complexes were subjected to characterization of scanning electron microscopy (SEM), fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and X-ray diffractometry (XRD). Solvent evaporation yielded higher DIF solubility than physical mixing method. HPβCD-DIF inclusion complexes yielded higher dissolution profile than βCD complexes when prepared under same experimental design. FTIR, DSC and XRD confirmed the successful inclusion of DIF into cyclodextrin (βCD/HPβCD) by both preparation methods with enhanced water solubility and drug release in comparison with pure drug.

The enhancement of N-acetylcysteine on intestinal absorption and oral bioavailability of hydrophobic curcumin

To solve the low oral bioavailability of curcumin (CUR) due to the limits imposed by gastrointestinal (GI) barrier, we constructed a nano delivery system to evaluate the effect of N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC) on intestinal absorption and oral bioavailability of CUR. CUR was first encapsulated in bovine serum albumin nanoparticles (CUR-BSA-NPs), and then was further modified by NAC (CUR-NBSA-NPs). In situ single-pass intestinal perfusion assay demonstrated that CUR-NBSA-NPs displayed excellent permeation and absorption rates in GI tract. Additionally, the distribution study in GI tract revealed that more NBSA-NPs were absorbed by intestinal segments compared to the BSA nanoparticles. Plasma concentration-time curves in rats showed that AUC_0-t, C_max and MRT_0-t values of CUR after oral administration of CUR-NBSA-NPs were increased to 3.25-, 4.42-, and 1.43-fold compared with that of CUR suspension. In conclusion, NAC promotes oral absorption of CUR, thereby improving its oral bioavailability.

Effect of Hydrophilic Polymers on Complexation Efficiency of Cyclodextrins in Enhancing Solubility and Release of Diflunisal

The effects of three hydrophilic polymers, namely, carboxymethyl cellulose sodium (CMC-Na), polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and poloxamer-188 (PXM-188) on the solubility and dissolution of diflunisal (DIF) in complexation with β-cyclodextrin (βCD) or hydroxypropyl β-cyclodextrin (HPβCD), were investigated. The kneading method was used at different drug to cyclodextrin weight ratios. Increases in solubility and drug release were observed with the DIF/βCD and DIF/HPβCD complexes. The addition of hydrophilic polymers at 2.5, 5.0 and 10.0% w/w markedly improved the complexation and solubilizing efficiency of βCD and HPβCD. Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) showed that DIF was successfully included into the cyclodextrin cavity. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and X-ray diffractometry (XRD) confirmed stronger drug amorphization and entrapment in the molecular cage of cyclodextrins. The addition of PVA, CMC-Na or PXM-188 reduced further the intensity of the DIF endothermic peak. Most of the sharp and intense peaks of DIF disappeared with the addition of hydrophilic polymers. In conclusion, PXM-188 at a weight ratio of 10.0% w/w was the best candidate in enhancing the solubility, stability and release of DIF.

Stability indicating RP-HPLC method of dexibuprofen in nanocream formulation: Identification and quantification

A stability indicating reverse phase-HPLC method was designed for determination of dexibuprofen in drug solution and in nanocream formulation. Chromatographic conditions were optimized simply by adjusting the content and different compositions of reverse phase associated with mobile phases. Different parameters like specificity, limit of quantification (LOQ), limit of detection, linearity, range, system suitability, precision and accuracy were determined. Stability studies of dexibuprofen in nanocream were taken under the stressed situations of alkali, acid, oxidation process, UV and heat degradation. Tailing factor and % RSD were found >2000 and <2% respectively. The method was identified linear over the range of 0.2-1.6mg/ml having co-efficient of correlation 0.9995. Intra-day and inter- day precision and accuracy values for dexibuprofen were < 0.6% and <1.1032 and < 0.3% and 1.10% respectively. Stability studies showed that dexibuprofen was stable in nanocream against alkali, acid, oxidation, UV light and heat. The developed validated method was precise and accurate for the evaluation of dexibuprofen in solution as well as in nanocream formulation.

Methanolic extract of Ephedra ciliata promotes wound healing and arrests inflammatory cascade in vivo through downregulation of TNF-α

Chronic wounds may lead to the development of various pathological conditions such as diabetic foot ulcers and pressure sores. The current study evaluated wound healing and anti-inflammatory potentials of methanolic extract of Ephedra ciliata using series of in vivo models. Methanolic extract of Ephedra ciliata was prepared by maceration (Ec.Me). Qualitative and quantitative (HPLC) phytochemical and metal analyses were conducted to explore the chemical and metal profiles of Ec.Me. Safety profile (behavioural) and, antimicrobial, antioxidant, wound healing, anti-inflammatory and anti-angiogenic potentials of Ec.Me were evaluated using well-established in vitro and in vivo models. ELISA assay was performed to estimate the effects of Ec.Me treatment on serum levels of TNF-α. HPLC analysis identified quercetin as one of the major compounds in Ec.Me. Safety study data showed that Ec.Me was safe up to the dose of 2000 mg/kg. Antimicrobial assay data showed that Ec.Me was active against bacterial (Staphylococcus aureus) as well as fungal (Candida albicans and Aspergillus niger) strains. Ec.Me showed modertate antioxidant potential in in vitro and in vivo models. Data of excision and burn wound healing models showed that Ec.Me, promoted wound closure in a dose and time-dependent manner. Treatment with 20% Ec.Me cream and heparin showed almost the same effects with no statistical differences (p > 0.05). Ec.Me also showed time-dependent anti-inflammatory activities in both acute and chronic models. In carrageenan model, treatment with 200 mg/kg of Ec.Me showed comparable anti-inflammatory effects (p > 0.05) with quercetin and indomethacin throughout the study. In cotton pellet granuloma model treatment with 200 mg/kg of Ec.Me and indomethacin inhibited granuloma formation significantly better (p < 0.05) as compared with the rest of the treatment groups. Histopathological examination of skin samples showed marked improvement in architecture with minimal infiltration of inflammatory cells. Data of in vivo angiogenesis assay showed marked improvement in vessels length, density, branching points, total segments and total nets after treatment with Ec.Me, indicating no toxic effects towards vasculature development. Significant (p < 0.05) downregulation of TNF-α was observed in serum samples of animals treated with Ec.Me. Based on data of the current study, it is concluded that quercetin-rich extract of Ephedra ciliata has wound healing and anti-inflammatory potentials via downregulation of TNF-α. Moreover, it is suggested that the antimicrobial activity of Ec.Me prevented microbial invasion, thus promoted natural wound healing mechanisms as well.

In-Vitro and In-Vivo Evaluation of Velpatasvir- Loaded Mesoporous Silica Scaffolds. A Prospective Carrier for Drug Bioavailability Enhancement

The limited aqueous solubility of many active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) is responsible for their poor performance and low drug levels in blood and at target sites. Various approaches have been adopted to tackle this issue. Most recently, mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSN) have gained attention of pharmaceutical scientists for bio-imaging, bio-sensing, gene delivery, drug solubility enhancement, and controlled and targeted drug release. Here, we have successfully incorporated the poorly water soluble antiviral drug velpatasvir (VLP) in MSN. These spherical particles were 186 nm in diameter with polydispersity index of 0.244. Blank MSN have specific surface area and pore diameter of 602.5 ± 0.7 m2/g and 5.9 nm, respectively, which reduced after successful incorporation of drug. Drug was in amorphous form in synthesized VLP-loaded silica particles (VLP-MSN) with no significant interaction with carrier. Pure VLP showed poor dissolution with progressive increment in pH of dissolution media which could limit its availability in systemic circulation after oral administration. After VLP loading in silica carriers, drug released rapidly over a wide range of pH values, i.e., 1.2 to 6.8, thus indicating an improvement in the solubility profile of VLP. These particles were biocompatible, with an LD50 of 448 µg/mL, and in-vivo pharmacokinetic results demonstrated that VLP-MSN significantly enhanced the bioavailability as compared to pure drug. The above results clearly demonstrate satisfactory in-vitro performance, biocompatibility, non-toxicity and in-vivo bioavailability enhancement with VLP-MSN.

Equilibrium, kinetics, thermodynamics and docking studies of Cu2+ ion adsorption over ion-exchange resin and kappa carrageenan blends in blood samples

Cupric ions are hazardous to human beings and their removal from the body is very necessary. The blends of IRP69H (AMBERLITE IRP-69 [H⁺] RESIN), DC20H (DOWEX^™ 20 [H+] Resin), DMSCH (DOWEX™ MARATHON™ MSC [H+] Resin) and Kappa Carrageenan (κ-) were utilized for the removal of ions of Cu²⁺ from the blood. They were subjected to docking studies which showed that there is no significant interaction with the blood albumin. IER dose of 0.5 mg/10mL of IRP69H/κ-, DMSCH/κ-, and DC20H/κ- was essential for the ²⁺ ion removal. At pH 5.4, optimal ²⁺ ions adsorption efficiency was attained. The adsorption capacities of ²⁺ were in the order of IRP69H/κ->DC20H/κ->DMSCH/κ-. While the data fitted well to Freundlich, Langmuir and Dubinin-Radushkevich. Pseudo-second order was followed for ²⁺ adsorption for DMSCH/κ- and DC20H/κ- while the pseudo-first order was demonstrated well for IRP69H/κ-.

Amino-decorated mesoporous silica nanoparticles for controlled sofosbuvir delivery

The present study describes synthesis of amino-decorated mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) for sustained delivery and enhanced bioavailability of sofosbuvir. Sofosbuvir is active against hepatitis C virus and pharmaceutically classified as class III drug according to biopharmaceutics classification system (BCS). MSNs were synthesized using modified sol-gel method and the surface was decorated with amino functionalization. Drug loaded MSNs were also grafted with polyvinyl alcohol in order to compare it with the amino-decorated MSNs for sustained drug release. The prepared MSNs were extensively characterized and the optimized formulation was toxicologically and pharmacokinetically evaluated. The functionalized MSNs of 196 nm size entrapped 29.13% sofosbuvir in the pores, which was also confirmed by the decrease in surface area, pore volume and pore size. The drug-loaded amino-decorated MSNs revealed an improved thermal stability as confirmed by thermal analysis. Amino-decorated MSNs exhibited Fickian diffusion controlled sofosbuvir release as compared with non-functionalized and PVA grafted MSNs. Amino-decorated MSNs were deemed safe to use in Sprague-Dawley rats after 14-days exposure as confirmed by the toxicological studies. More interestingly, we achieved a 2-fold higher bioavailability of sofosbuvir in Sprague-Dawley rats in comparison with sofosbuvir alone, and the T_max was delayed 3-times indicating a sustained release of sofosbuvir.

Probing the effect of various lipids and polymer blends on clopidogrel encapsulated floating microcarriers

BACKGROUND

Clopidogrel (CLOP) is an antiplatelet drug with poor solubility in intestinal fluid, which limits its bioavailability after oral administration.

OBJECTIVES

Current study focuses on developing site-specific floating microcarriers of CLOP using solvent diffusion evaporation method (SDEM) for retaining the drug in the stomach, thus improving the solubility of drug for better absorption.

METHODS

SDEM was employed to formulate floating microcarriers using lipidic excipients, namely Gelucires (GL) to impart floating properties, in combination with ethyl cellulose as release retarding polymer.

RESULTS

Prepared particles were 169 ± 6 μm to 375 ± 13 μm in size, whilst encapsulation efficiency was ranged from 39.6 ± 0.60% to 96.50 ± 3.50%. Electron micrographs depicted discrete spherical microcarriers with porous structure, which amplified with increasing HLB value of GL and concentration of Eudragit E100. FTIR study confirmed absence of major drug polymer interactions while DSC and XRD studies revealed the presence of non-crystalline nature of drug in all formulations. Drug release at pH 1.2 enhanced more than 2-folds with increasing HLB value with 32% cumulative drug release for GL 43/01 and 69% for GL 50/13. More interestingly, adding various proportions of Eudragit E100 to GL 43/01 based formulations resulted in increased drug release as high as 71%. In all formulations, the drug release followed diffusion dependent process.

CONCLUSION

It is envisaged that this formulation strategy for CLOP is promising and could possibly be tested in future for its in vivo performance. Graphical abstract Lipid based floating microcarriers of clopidogrel.

Clove oil based co-surfactant free microemulsion of flurbiprofen: Improved solubility with ameliorated drug-induced gastritis

Flurbiprofen, an NSAID, is a water insoluble drug that is also notorious for gastric irritation and inflammation. This study was aimed at using a natural gastrprotective oil as the internal phase to develop flurbiprofen micro emulsion (ME) to improve it solubility and ameliorate its gastric side effects. Upon screening of ME components for drug solubility, clove oil, tween 80 and transcutol were identified as the oil, surfactant and co surfactant, respectively, with higher flurbiprofen solubility. Pseudo-ternary phase diagrams revealed that the ME made with surfactant only and without co-surfactant displayed the similar ME region as made with the mixture of surfactant and co-surfactant. Furthermore, drug loaded oil was also used to draw pseudo-ternary phase diagram and a very little decrease in the ME region was observed. Therefore, co-surfactant free flurbiprofen loaded ME was developed to avoid side effects associated with the use of excessive surfactant quantities. ME were found to possess size in the range of 11-41 nm with PDI <0.5 and a slightly negative charge. Conductivity, pH and refractive indices of the selected MEs were well in the range. Drug release studies indicated maximum drug release from MEs within 5 min. Analysis of the gastric mucosa of rats after oral administration of drug solution and drug loaded ME confirmed that clove oil based ME provided significant protection against the NSAIDs induced gastric damage.

Hepatoprotective and Renoprotective Properties of Lovastatin-Loaded Ginger and Garlic Oil Nanoemulsomes: Insights into Serum Biological Parameters

Background and Objectives: Dyslipidemia is gaining much attention among healthcare professionals because of its high association with the malfunctioning of a number of normal physiological and metabolic processes in the body. Obesity is directly interconnected with dyslipidemia and is said to be a denouement of hyperlipidemia and, if left untreated, may lead to intense damage to organs that are directly involved in fat metabolism. The objective of this study was to investigate the synergistic antiobesity and anti-hyperlipidemic activities along with hepato- and renoprotective potential of nanoemulsomes (NES) of lovastatin (LTN)-loaded ginger (GR) and garlic (GL) oils. Materials and Methods: LTN nanoemulsomes co-encapsulated with GR oil and GL oil were prepared by a thin hydration technique. Eight-week-old male Wistar rats weighing 200-250 g were induced with hyperlipidemia via a high-fat diet (HFD) comprising 40% beef tallow. Body weight, serum biochemical lipid parameters, and those for liver and kidney functions, serum TC, LDL-C, vLDL-C, HDL-C, TG, atherogenic index (AI), ALT, AFT, ALP, γ-GT, total protein (TP), serum albumin and globulin ratio (A/G), serum creatinine, blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and blood urea, and histopathology of hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) stained liver and kidney sections of all aforementioned groups were examined in the treated animals. Results: Nanoemulsomes of LTN-loaded GR and GL oils provided synergistic effects with LTN, exerted better ameliorative actions in reducing serum TC, LDL-C, vLDL-C, triglycerides, and AI, and improved serum HDL-C levels. Serum ALT, AST, ALP, and γ-GT levels were in the normal range for nanoemulsome groups. H&E stained liver and kidney sections of these animals confirmed better hepatoprotective and renoprotective effects than LTN alone. Serum biochemical parameters for renal functions also claimed to be in the moderate range for nanoemulsome-treated groups. Conclusion: This study demonstrated that nanoemulsomes of LTN-loaded GR and GL oils synergistically provided better antihyperlipidemic, hepatoprotective, and renoprotective effects as compared to LTN alone.

BSA Nanoparticles Modified with N-Acetylcysteine for Improving the Stability and Mucoadhesion of Curcumin in the Gastrointestinal Tract

A major obstacle to the clinical use of curcumin (CUR) is its reduced bioavailability because of the drug's hydrophobic nature, low intestinal absorption, and rapid metabolism. In this study, a novel oral drug delivery system was constructed for improving the stability and enhancing mucoadhesion of CUR in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. First, CUR was encapsulated in the bovine serum albumin nanoparticles (CUR-BSA-NPs). Then, N-acetyl cysteine (NAC)-modified CUR-BSA-NPs (CUR-NBSA-NPs) were obtained. The average particle size and zeta potential of CUR-NBSA-NPs were 251.6 nm and -30.66 mV, respectively; encapsulation efficiency and drug loading were 85.79 and 10.9%, respectively. CUR-NBSA-NPs exhibited a sustained release property and prominently enhanced stability in simulated GI conditions. Additionally, enhanced mucoadhesion of CUR-NBSA-NPs was also observed. An MTT study showed that the CUR-NBSA-NPs were safe for oral administration. Overall, NAC-modified BSA-NPs may potentially serve as an oral vehicle for improving CUR stability in the GI tract and enhancing mucoadhesion.

Facile synthesis of mesoporous silica nanoparticles using modified sol-gel method: Optimization and in vitro cytotoxicity studies

The present study describes the synthesis of mesoporous silica nanoparticles using a modified sol-gel method. Various proportions of acetonitrile-water mixtures were utilized so as to optimize the reaction mixture for facile synthesis of mesoporous silica nanoparticles with controlled particle size for the very first time. After carefully adjusting the water and acetonitrile contents i.e. to 1:1 v/v ratio, a more uniform and small sized nanoparticles were achieved. The resultant particles were 140 nm in size having pore size of approximately 5.9 nm and were safe to be used in the cellular system, as confirmed by the in vitro cytotoxicity studies.