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Wang J, Zhang M, Fu H, Zhang W, Xiong Y, Jin S, Qiao H, Jiang S. Regulation Roles of Juvenile Hormone Epoxide Hydrolase Gene 2 in the Female River Prawn Macrobrachium nipponense Reproductive Process. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2024; 46:13456-13470. [PMID: 39727931 PMCID: PMC11726744 DOI: 10.3390/cimb46120803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2024] [Revised: 11/19/2024] [Accepted: 11/22/2024] [Indexed: 12/28/2024] Open
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the regulatory roles of the juvenile hormone epoxide hydrolase (JHEH) gene in the reproductive process of female Macrobrachium nipponense. Its total cDNA length was 1848 bp, encoding for 460 amino acids. It contained conserved domains typical of epoxide hydrolases, such as the Abhydrolase family domain, the EHN epoxide hydrolase superfamily domain, and the "WWG" and "HGWP" motifs. The qPCR results showed that the expression of Mn-JHEH was the highest in hepatopancreas. Mn-JHEH was expressed at all stages of the embryonic and larval stages. The expression of Mn-JHEH at different developmental periods of the ovary was positively correlated with ovarian maturation. In situ hybridization showed that it was mainly located in the cytoplasmic membrane and nucleus of oocytes. The RNA interference technique was used to study the role of Mn-JHEH in the process of ovarian maturation. The knockdown of Mn-JHEH with dsRNA in the experimental group resulted in a significant decrease in the percentage of ovaries exceeding stage O-III and the gonadal index compared with the control group. On day 14 (the second molt), the molt frequency was significantly higher in the control group than in the experimental group. The results showed that Mn-JHEH played an important role in ovarian maturation and molting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jisheng Wang
- Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi 214081, China; (J.W.); (M.Z.); (H.F.)
| | - Mengying Zhang
- Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi 214081, China; (J.W.); (M.Z.); (H.F.)
| | - Hongtuo Fu
- Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi 214081, China; (J.W.); (M.Z.); (H.F.)
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi 214081, China; (W.Z.); (Y.X.); (S.J.)
| | - Wenyi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi 214081, China; (W.Z.); (Y.X.); (S.J.)
| | - Yiwei Xiong
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi 214081, China; (W.Z.); (Y.X.); (S.J.)
| | - Shubo Jin
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi 214081, China; (W.Z.); (Y.X.); (S.J.)
| | - Hui Qiao
- Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi 214081, China; (J.W.); (M.Z.); (H.F.)
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi 214081, China; (W.Z.); (Y.X.); (S.J.)
| | - Sufei Jiang
- Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi 214081, China; (J.W.); (M.Z.); (H.F.)
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi 214081, China; (W.Z.); (Y.X.); (S.J.)
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Kaur G, Quilici DR, Woolsey RJ, Petereit J, Nuss AB. Starvation-Induced Changes to the Midgut Proteome and Neuropeptides in Manduca sexta. INSECTS 2024; 15:325. [PMID: 38786882 PMCID: PMC11121805 DOI: 10.3390/insects15050325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2024] [Revised: 04/27/2024] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Starvation is a complex physiological state that induces changes in protein expression to ensure survival. The insect midgut is sensitive to changes in dietary content as it is at the forefront of communicating information about incoming nutrients to the body via hormones. Therefore, a DIA proteomics approach was used to examine starvation physiology and, specifically, the role of midgut neuropeptide hormones in a representative lepidopteran, Manduca sexta. Proteomes were generated from midguts of M. sexta fourth-instar caterpillars, starved for 24 h and 48 h, and compared to fed controls. A total of 3047 proteins were identified, and 854 of these were significantly different in abundance. KEGG analysis revealed that metabolism pathways were less abundant in starved caterpillars, but oxidative phosphorylation proteins were more abundant. In addition, six neuropeptides or related signaling cascade proteins were detected. Particularly, neuropeptide F1 (NPF1) was significantly higher in abundance in starved larvae. A change in juvenile hormone-degrading enzymes was also detected during starvation. Overall, our results provide an exploration of the midgut response to starvation in M. sexta and validate DIA proteomics as a useful tool for quantifying insect midgut neuropeptide hormones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gurlaz Kaur
- Cell and Molecular Biology Graduate Program, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA;
| | - David R. Quilici
- Mick Hitchcock, Ph.D. Nevada Proteomics Center, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA; (D.R.Q.); (R.J.W.)
| | - Rebekah J. Woolsey
- Mick Hitchcock, Ph.D. Nevada Proteomics Center, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA; (D.R.Q.); (R.J.W.)
| | - Juli Petereit
- Nevada Bioinformatics Center, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA;
| | - Andrew B. Nuss
- Department of Agriculture, Veterinary & Rangeland Sciences, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA
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Gokulanathan A, Mo HH, Park Y. Insights on reproduction-related genes in the striped fruit fly, Zeugodacus scutellata (Hendel) (Diptera: Tephritidae). ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 115:e22064. [PMID: 37929852 DOI: 10.1002/arch.22064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/22/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
The striped fruit fly, Zeugodacus scutellata is a significant pest in East and Southeast Asia by damaging Cucurbitaceae blossoms and fruits. To control this pest, a novel strategy to suppress the gene(s) associated with sexually dimorphic phenotypes has been devised and implemented in a laboratory scale. However, comprehensive transcriptomic analysis related to this sex differentiation of Z. scutellata was necessary to determine effective target genes for the genetic control. We performed de novo assembly of the transcript obtained by paired-end sequencing using an Illumina HiSeq platform and let to 217,967 unigenes (i.e., unique genes) with a minimum length of 200 bp. The female produced 31, 604, 442 reads with 97.93% of Q20, 94.76% of Q30, and the male produced 130, 592, 828 reads with 97.93% of Q20 and 94.76 of Q30%. The differentially expressed genes were used to predict genetic factors associated with sex differentiation, which included Rho1, extra-macrochaetae (emc), hopscotch (hop), doublesex (dsx), sex-lethal (sxl), transformer-2 (tra-2), testis-specific serine/threonine-protein kinase (tssk1), tektin1 (tkt1) and 2 (tkt2), odorant binding proteins (OBPs), fruitless (fru), vitellogenin receptor, and hormone receptors in Z. scutellata. In addition, this transcriptome analysis provides the additional gene associated with sex determination and mating behaviors, which would be applied to develop a novel sterile insect technique against Z. scutellata.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hyoung-Ho Mo
- Plant Quarantine Technology Center, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon, South Korea
| | - Youngjin Park
- Department of Plant Medicals, Andong National University, Andong, South Korea
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Semchuchot W, Chotwiwatthanakun C, Santimanawong W, Kruangkum T, Thaijongrak P, Withyachumnarnkul B, Vanichviriyakit R. Sesquiterpenoid pathway in the mandibular organ of Penaeus monodon: Cloning, expression, characterization of PmJHAMT and its alteration response to eyestalk ablation. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2023; 331:114176. [PMID: 36410448 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2022.114176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Methyl farnesoate (MF), a crustacean equivalent of juvenile hormone (JH) of insects, is known to be produced from the mandibular organ (MO). This study reports transcriptome analysis of Penaeus monodon MO and identifies putative genes encoding enzymes in the sesquiterpenoid pathway. A total of 44,490,420 clean reads were obtained and utilized for subsequent analysis. De novo assembly created 31,201 transcripts and 31,167 unigenes. To archive the functional annotation, all unigenes were annotated with KOG, KEGG, and GO. Putative genes encoding enzymes and regulatory proteins involved in the sesquiterpenoid pathway were obtained from the MO transcriptome data based on the conserved domains and sequence homology. They included S-adenosylmethionine synthetase, farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase, short chain dependent dehydrogenase/reductase (SDR), NAD(P) + -dependent aldehyde dehydrogenase, S-adenosylmethionine-dependent methyltransferases or juvenile hormone acid-O-methyl transferase (JHAMT), farnesoic acid O-methyl transferase (FAMeT), juvenile hormone binding protein, cytochrome C/P-450 family 15 (CRYP15A1)/methylfarnesoate epoxidase (MFE), juvenile hormone epoxide hydrolase (JHEH), and juvenile hormone esterase (JHE). We first identified and characterized JHAMT orthologs inP. monodon(PmJHAMT). The complete cDNA sequence ofPmJHAMTconsisted of 1,221 nt encoded 271 amino acids with a conserved S-adenosyl methionine (SAM) binding domain. Phylogenetic analysis clusteredPmJHAMTinto the group JHAMT with the same clade of the crabPortunus trituberculausJHAMT. Moreover, the predicted three-dimensional structure of PmJHAMT showed remarkable similarity with the recent crystal structure ofthe Bombyx moriJHAMT homodimer. RT-PCR analysis revealed that PmJHAMT was exclusively expressed in MO and initially expressed at stage 3 postlarvae. In situ hybridization with a specific probe to PmJHAMT validated the specific expression of this gene in MO cells. Finally, we evaluated the regulation of MO by eyestalk inhibitory peptides. Diminishing MO inhibitory hormone through unilateral eyestalk ablation resulted in a significantly higher expression ofPmJHAMTin MO by quantitative PCR. This result indicated that the eyestalk inhibitory hormone inhibited MF synthesis byPmJHAMTgene suppression in the MO. This finding provides insight into the crustacean sesquiterpenoid pathway and improves our understanding of crustacean endocrinology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanita Semchuchot
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand; Center of Excellence for Shrimp Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (Centex Shrimp), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand; Department of Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Prince of Songkla University, Pattani 94000, Thailand
| | - Charoonroj Chotwiwatthanakun
- Center of Excellence for Shrimp Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (Centex Shrimp), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand; Mahidol University, Nakhonsawan Campus, Nakhonsawan 60130, Thailand
| | - Wanida Santimanawong
- Center of Excellence for Shrimp Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (Centex Shrimp), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Thanapong Kruangkum
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand; Center of Excellence for Shrimp Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (Centex Shrimp), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Prawporn Thaijongrak
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand
| | - Boonsirm Withyachumnarnkul
- Center of Excellence for Shrimp Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (Centex Shrimp), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand; Faculty of Science and Industrial Technology, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90110, Thailand
| | - Rapeepun Vanichviriyakit
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand; Center of Excellence for Shrimp Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (Centex Shrimp), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand.
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Zhu C, Li H, Xu X, Zhou S, Zhou B, Li X, Xu H, Tian Y, Wang Y, Chu Y, Zhang X, Zhu X. The mushroom body development and learning ability of adult honeybees are influenced by cold exposure during their early pupal stage. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1173808. [PMID: 37153230 PMCID: PMC10157483 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1173808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The honeybees are the most important pollinator in the production of crops and fresh produce. Temperature affects the survival of honeybees, and determines the quality of their development, which is of great significance for beekeeping production. Yet, little was known about how does low temperature stress during development stage cause bee death and any sub-lethal effect on subsequent. Early pupal stage is the most sensitive stage to low temperature in pupal stage. In this study, early pupal broods were exposed to 20°C for 12, 16, 24, and 48 h, followed by incubation at 35°C until emergence. We found that 48 h of low temperature duration cause 70% of individual bees to die. Although the mortality at 12 and 16 h seems not very high, the association learning ability of the surviving individuals was greatly affected. The brain slices of honeybees showed that low temperature treatment could cause the brain development of honeybees to almost stop. Gene expression profiles between low temperature treatment groups (T24, T48) and the control revealed that 1,267 and 1,174 genes were differentially expressed respectively. Functional enrichment analysis of differentially expressed genes showed that the differential expression of Map3k9, Dhrs4, and Sod-2 genes on MAPK and peroxisome signaling pathway caused oxidative damage to the honeybee head. On the FoxO signal pathway, InsR and FoxO were upregulated, and JNK, Akt, and Bsk were downregulated; and on the insect hormone synthesis signal pathway, Phm and Spo genes were downregulated. Therefore, we speculate that low temperature stress affects hormone regulation. It was detected that the pathways related to the nervous system were Cholinergic synapse, Dopaminergic synapse, GABAergic synapse, Glutamatergic synapse, Serotonergic synapse, Neurotrophin signaling pathway, and Synaptic vesicle cycle. This implies that the synaptic development of honeybees is quite possibly greatly affected by low temperature stress. Understanding how low temperature stress affects the physiology of bee brain development and how it affects bee behavior provide a theoretical foundation for a deeper comprehension of the temperature adaptation mechanism that underlies the "stenothermic" development of social insects, and help to improve honeybee management strategies to ensure the healthy of colony.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenyu Zhu
- College of Animal Science (College of Bee Science), Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Han Li
- College of Animal Science (College of Bee Science), Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xinjian Xu
- College of Animal Science (College of Bee Science), Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Honeybee Research Institute, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Shujing Zhou
- College of Animal Science (College of Bee Science), Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Honeybee Research Institute, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Bingfeng Zhou
- College of Animal Science (College of Bee Science), Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Honeybee Research Institute, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xiang Li
- College of Animal Science (College of Bee Science), Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Hongzhi Xu
- College of Animal Science (College of Bee Science), Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yuanmingyue Tian
- College of Animal Science (College of Bee Science), Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yanxin Wang
- College of Animal Science (College of Bee Science), Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yu Chu
- College of Animal Science (College of Bee Science), Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xianlan Zhang
- College of Animal Science (College of Bee Science), Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xiangjie Zhu
- College of Animal Science (College of Bee Science), Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Honeybee Research Institute, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Xiangjie Zhu,
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Borovsky D, Van Ekert E, Buytaert E, Peeters T, Rougé P. Cloning and characterization of Aedes aegypti juvenile hormone epoxide hydrolases (JHEHs). ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 112:e21977. [PMID: 36254855 DOI: 10.1002/arch.21977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Juvenile hormone epoxide hydrolase (JHEH) plays an important role in the metabolism of juvenile hormone III (JH III) in insects. To study the role that JHEH plays in female Aedes aegypti JHEH 1, 2, and 3 complementary DNA (cDNAs) were cloned and sequenced. Northern blot analyses show that the three transcripts are expressed in the head thorax, the gut, the ovaries, and the fat body of females. Molecular modeling shows that the enzyme is a homodimer that binds JH III acid (JH IIIA) at the catalytic groove better than JH III. The cDNA of JHEH 1 and 2 are very similar indicating close relationship. Knocking down of jheh 1, 2, and 3 in adult female and larval Ae. aegypti using double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) did not affect egg development or caused adult mortality. Larvae that were fed bacterial cells expressing dsRNA against jheh 1, 2, and 3 grew normally. Treating blood-fed female Ae. aegypti with [12-3 H](10R) JH III and analyzing the metabolites by C18 reversed phase chromatography showed that JHEH preferred substrate is not JH III but JH IIIA. Genomic analysis of jheh 1, 2, and 3 indicate that jheh 1 and 2 are transcribed from a 1.53 kb DNA whereas jheh 3 is transcribed from a 10.9 kb DNA. All three genes are found on chromosome two at distinct locations. JHEH 2 was expressed in bacterial cells and purified by Ni affinity chromatography. Sequencing of the recombinant protein by MS/MS identified JHEH 2 as the expressed recombinant protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dov Borovsky
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | | | | | - Tom Peeters
- Open BioLab Brussels, Erasmushogeschool, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Pierre Rougé
- Faculte des Sciences Pharmaceutiques, Toulouse, France
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Chen J, Guo P, Li Y, He W, Chen W, Shen Z, Zhang M, Mao J, Zhang L. Cathepsin L Contributes to Reproductive Diapause by Regulating Lipid Storage and Survival of Coccinella septempunctata (Linnaeus). Int J Mol Sci 2022; 24:ijms24010611. [PMID: 36614060 PMCID: PMC9820742 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Cathepsin L protease, which belongs to the papain-like cysteine proteases family, is an important player in many physiological and pathological processes. However, little was known about the role of cathepsin L in ladybird beetles (Coccinella septempuctata Linnaeus) during diapause. Here, we analyzed the characteristics of cathepsin L (CsCatL) in the females of C. septempunctata and its role during the diapause of the ladybeetle. CsCatL was cloned and identified from beetle specimens by rapid amplification of cDNA-ends (RACE). The cDNA sequence of CsCatL was 971 bp in length, including an 843 bp open reading frame encoding a protein of 280 amino acids. It was identified as the cathepsin L group by phylogenetic analysis. Knockdown of CsCatL by RNA interference led to decreased expression levels of fatty acid synthase 2 (fas 2) genes and suppressed lipid accumulation. Furthermore, silencing the CsCatL gene distinctly reduced diapause-related features and the survival of female C. spetempunctata under diapause-inducing conditions. The results suggested that the CsCatL gene was involved in fatty acid biosynthesis and played a crucial role in the survival of adult C. septempunctata during the diapause preparation stage.
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Sarkar S, Kalia VK. Silencing of juvenile hormone epoxide hydrolase gene in Spodoptera litura (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) by oral delivery of double-stranded RNA. Biologia (Bratisl) 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11756-022-01150-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Onur H, Tülek A, Yildirim D, Aslan ES, Binay B. A new highly enantioselective stable epoxide hydrolase from Hypsibius dujardini: Expression in Pichia pastoris and immobilization in ZIF-8 for asymmetric hydrolysis of racemic styrene oxide. Biochem Eng J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2022.108726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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He P, Wei E, Wang R, Wang Q, Zhang Y, Tang X, Zhu F, Shen Z. The spirotetramat inhibits growth and reproduction of silkworm by interfering with the fatty acid metabolism. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 188:105282. [PMID: 36464337 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2022.105282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Spirotetramat is a novel insecticide and acaricide that can effectively control many species of piercing-sucking pests by inhibiting lipid synthesis. The silkworm is an economically important insect and a model organism for genetics and biochemical research. However, the toxic effect on their development and reproduction remain unclear. In this study, we demonstrated the negative effects of spirotetramat on the development, vitality, silk protein synthesis, and fecundity of silkworm. We also compared expression changes of silkworm genes using digital gene expression (DGE). A total of 1567 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were detected, of which 874 genes were downregulated and 693 genes were upregulated. Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analysis showed that the DEGs were enriched in the oxidation-reduction process, oxidoreductase activity, and fatty-acyl-CoA reductase activity. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analysis showed that the DEGs were mainly enriched in fatty acid metabolism and lysosome pathways. We detected the relative expression of silkworm genes related to fatty acid synthesis and decomposition pathways and the degradation pathway of juvenile hormone by quantitative real-time PCR. The expression levels of Acetyl CoA carboxylase (ACC), fatty acyl-CoA reductase (FACR), Enoyl-CoA hydratase (ECH), very-long-chain (3R)-3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydratase (LCHAD), juvenile hormone epoxide hydrolase (JHEH), and phytanoyl-CoA dioxygenase (PCD) genes were downregulated. These data demonstrate the effects of spirotetramat on silkworm and its effects on genes involved in fatty acid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping He
- Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Erjun Wei
- Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Runpeng Wang
- Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiang Wang
- Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, People's Republic of China; Sericulture Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Yiling Zhang
- Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, People's Republic of China; Sericulture Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Xudong Tang
- Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, People's Republic of China; Sericulture Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Feng Zhu
- College of Life Sciences, Zaozhuang University, Zaozhuang, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zhongyuan Shen
- Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, People's Republic of China; Sericulture Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang, People's Republic of China.
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Gao X, Zhang J, Wu P, Shu R, Zhang H, Qin Q, Meng Q. Conceptual framework for the insect metamorphosis from larvae to pupae by transcriptomic profiling, a case study of Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). BMC Genomics 2022; 23:591. [PMID: 35963998 PMCID: PMC9375380 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-022-08807-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Insect metamorphosis from larvae to pupae is one of the most important stages of insect life history. Relatively comprehensive information related to gene transcription profiles during lepidopteran metamorphosis is required to understand the molecular mechanism underlying this important stage. We conducted transcriptional profiling of the brain and fat body of the cotton bollworm Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) during its transition from last instar larva into pupa to explore the physiological processes associated with different phases of metamorphosis. RESULTS During metamorphosis, the differences in gene expression patterns and the number of differentially expressed genes in the fat body were found to be greater than those in the brain. Each stage had a specific gene expression pattern, which contributed to different physiological changes. A decrease in juvenile hormone levels at the feeding stage is associated with increased expression levels of two genes (juvenile hormone esterase, juvenile hormone epoxide hydrolase). The expression levels of neuropeptides were highly expressed at the feeding stage and the initiation of the wandering stage and less expressed at the prepupal stage and the initiation of the pupal stage. The transcription levels of many hormone (or neuropeptide) receptors were specifically increased at the initiation of the wandering stage in comparison with other stages. The expression levels of many autophagy-related genes in the fat body were found to be gradually upregulated during metamorphosis. The activation of apoptosis was probably related to enhanced expression of many key genes (Apaf1, IAP-binding motif 1 like, cathepsins, caspases). Active proliferation might be associated with enhanced expression levels in several factors (JNK pathway: jun-D; TGF-β pathway: decapentaplegic, glass bottom boat; insulin pathway: insulin-like peptides from the fat body; Wnt pathway: wntless, TCF/Pangolin). CONCLUSIONS This study revealed several vital physiological processes and molecular events of metamorphosis and provided valuable information for illustrating the process of insect metamorphosis from larvae to pupae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinxin Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jihong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Peipei Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ruihao Shu
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Huan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qilian Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qian Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
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12
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Liu Z, Huang Z, Zheng X, Zheng Z, Yao D, Zhang Y, Aweya JJ. The juvenile hormone epoxide hydrolase homolog in Penaeus vannamei plays immune-related functions. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 132:104410. [PMID: 35398160 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2022.104410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2022] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Juvenile hormone epoxide hydrolase (JHEH) participates in the degradation of juvenile hormone and also involved in the development and molting process in insects. Here, the JHEH homolog in Pennaus vannamei was cloned and found to consist of a full-length cDNA of 2543 bp and an open reading frame (ORF) of 1386 bp. Transcripts of PvJHEH1 were expressed in most tissues of healthy shrimp with the highest found in the hepatopancreas and lowest in hemocytes. Both Gram-negative (Vibrio parahaemolyticus) and Gram-positive (Streptococcus iniae) bacteria induced PvJHEH1 expression in shrimp hemocytes and hepatopancreas, suggesting the involvement of PvJHEH1 in P. vannamei immune responses. Moreover, the mRNA levels of ecdysone inducible nuclear transcription factor PvE75 and crustacean hyperglycemic hormone (PvCHH), two endocrine-related genes with roles in shrimp innate immune response, decreased significantly in shrimp hemocytes after PvJHEH1 knockdown. Shrimp survival was also affected after PvJHEH1 knockdown followed by V. parahaemolyticus challenge, indicating that JHEH1 plays an essential role in shrimp survival during bacterial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuoyan Liu
- Institute of Marine Sciences and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China; STU-UMT Joint Shellfish Research Laboratory, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China
| | - Zishu Huang
- Institute of Marine Sciences and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China; STU-UMT Joint Shellfish Research Laboratory, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China
| | - Xiaoyu Zheng
- Institute of Marine Sciences and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China; STU-UMT Joint Shellfish Research Laboratory, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China
| | - Zhihong Zheng
- Institute of Marine Sciences and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China; STU-UMT Joint Shellfish Research Laboratory, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China
| | - Defu Yao
- Institute of Marine Sciences and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China; STU-UMT Joint Shellfish Research Laboratory, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China
| | - Yueling Zhang
- Institute of Marine Sciences and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China; STU-UMT Joint Shellfish Research Laboratory, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou, 511458, China
| | - Jude Juventus Aweya
- Institute of Marine Sciences and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China; STU-UMT Joint Shellfish Research Laboratory, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China; College of Ocean Food and Biological Engineering, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Enzyme Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen, 361021, Fujian, China.
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13
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Li YY, Chen JJ, Liu MY, He WW, Reynolds JA, Wang YN, Wang MQ, Zhang LS. Enhanced Degradation of Juvenile Hormone Promotes Reproductive Diapause in the Predatory Ladybeetle Coccinella Septempunctata. Front Physiol 2022; 13:877153. [PMID: 35574499 PMCID: PMC9099232 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.877153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Improved knowledge on the regulation of reproductive diapause in Coccinella septempunctata, an important predator of aphids, is crucial for improving shelf-life and mass production of the ladybeetles. In many insects, the absence of juvenile hormone (JH) is a central regulator of reproductive diapause. JH is principally degraded by JH esterase (JHE) and JH epoxide hydrolase (JHEH). Previous studies have shown that genes encoding these enzymes were upregulated in early diapause of C. septempunctata, but whether increased JH degradation contributes to the reduction of JH levels and facilitates reproductive diapause remains unknown. Here, we investigate the role of JH and JH degradation genes during reproductive diapause in C. septempunctata females. Applying methoprene, a JH analogue, to the diapause preparation females clearly elevated JH signaling and reversed diapause program, suggesting that a lower level of JH is critical for the induction of reproductive diapause in the ladybeetle. Full-length cDNA sequences of JHE and JHEH were cloned and characterized, and their deduced proteins contain all the conserved active domains and typical motifs as identified in other insects. The expressions of JHE and JHEH were both significantly increased in diapause preparation and remained at a high level for a period throughout diapause, and then decreased after the termination of diapause. Knocking down these JH degradation genes clearly increased the expression levels of JH-inducible genes Krüppel-homolog 1 (Kr-h1) and vitellogenin (Vg), indicating an elevated JH level. Simultaneously, silencing JH degradation genes distinctly reduced diapause-related features and promotes reproduction, indicated by accelerated ovary growth, yolk deposition, and suppressed lipid accumulation. These results indicate that the enhanced JH degradation plays a critical role in regulating reproductive diapause of C. septempunctata.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Yan Li
- Key Laboratory of Natural Enemy Insects, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jun-Jie Chen
- Key Laboratory of Natural Enemy Insects, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Meng-Yao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Natural Enemy Insects, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wei-Wei He
- Key Laboratory of Natural Enemy Insects, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Julie A Reynolds
- Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Evolutionary Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Ya-Nan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Natural Enemy Insects, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Meng-Qing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Natural Enemy Insects, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Li-Sheng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Natural Enemy Insects, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Li-Sheng Zhang,
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14
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Pezenti LF, Levy SM, de Souza RF, Sosa-Gómez DR, da Rosa R. Testes morphology and the identification of transcripts of the hormonal pathways of the velvetbean caterpillar Anticarsia gemmatalis Hübner, 1818 (Lepidoptera: Erebidae). ARTHROPOD STRUCTURE & DEVELOPMENT 2021; 65:101111. [PMID: 34571334 DOI: 10.1016/j.asd.2021.101111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Anticarsia gemmatalis is one of the main defoliating pests of soybeans in Brazil. In the current study, we characterized the histomorphology of the testes and the spermatogenesis process in A. gemmatalis. We also identified transcripts involved in the biosynthesis, metabolism, and signaling of juvenile and ecdysteroid hormones, in order to provide information about potential mechanisms of regulation of hormonal pathways in this species. Our analyses revealed that the A. gemmatalis larvae have a pair of kidney-shaped testicles. These are divided into four testicular follicles, where there are germ cell cysts at different stages of development. In the pupal stage, the testicles are fused, so adults have a single spherical testis, with a variable number of follicles. The A. gemmatalis has centripetal spermatogenesis and exhibits spermatic dimorphism. We identified 31 transcripts that encode proteins involved in juvenile hormone and ecdysteroid pathways, such as mevalonate kinase, CYP14A1, ecdysone receptor, among others. Our results on the morphology of the testes and spermatogenesis process, as well as identification of the genes involved in hormonal pathways in A. gemmatalis, provide important data for understanding the biology of this agricultural pest, which can be used as a basis for further research in other economically important lepidopterans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa Forim Pezenti
- Laboratório de Citogenética Animal, Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil; Laboratório de Bioinformática, Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil.
| | - Sheila Michele Levy
- Laboratório de Insetos, Departamento de Histologia, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil.
| | - Rogério Fernandes de Souza
- Laboratório de Bioinformática, Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil.
| | - Daniel Ricardo Sosa-Gómez
- Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária/Centro Nacional de Pesquisa de Soja (Embrapa Soja), Londrina, Paraná, Brazil.
| | - Renata da Rosa
- Laboratório de Citogenética Animal, Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil.
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15
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Xu H, Zhang Y, Zhang L, Wang Z, Guo P, Zhao P. Structural characterization and functional analysis of juvenile hormone diol kinase from the silkworm, Bombyx mori. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 167:570-577. [PMID: 33249150 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.11.138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 11/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Juvenile hormone diol kinase (JHDK) is an important enzyme involved in the juvenile hormone metabolism pathway, which catalyzes the phosphorylation of juvenile hormone diol to form the polar metabolite JH diol phosphate. Here, we reported the first crystal structure of insect JHDK from Bombyx mori, BmJHDK-L2, determined at a resolution of 1.22 Å. The structure of BmJHDK-L2 mainly comprises of eight α-helical segments linked with loops, forming four helix-loop-helix motifs. In these four helix-loop-helix motifs with only one calcium ion bound in the first motif. Circular dichroism spectra indicated that BmJHDK-L2 has strong thermal stability, which is independent of the divalent cation. The structure of BmJHDK-L2 further allowed us to define an ATP-binding site using computational simulation and binding assays, providing a structural basis for development of inhibitor of JHDK. Moreover, the expression profile of BmJHDK-L2 indicated a predominant role in juvenile hormone metabolism in the Malpighian tubules of silkworm. Collectively, these findings expand our knowledge regarding the structural and biochemical features of insect JHDK proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Yunshi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Li Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Zhan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Pengchao Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Sericultural Science, Chongqing Engineering and Technology Research Center for Novel Silk Materials, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.
| | - Ping Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Sericultural Science, Chongqing Engineering and Technology Research Center for Novel Silk Materials, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.
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16
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Genetic Underpinnings of Host Manipulation by Ophiocordyceps as Revealed by Comparative Transcriptomics. G3-GENES GENOMES GENETICS 2020; 10:2275-2296. [PMID: 32354705 PMCID: PMC7341126 DOI: 10.1534/g3.120.401290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Ant-infecting Ophiocordyceps fungi are globally distributed, host manipulating, specialist parasites that drive aberrant behaviors in infected ants, at a lethal cost to the host. An apparent increase in activity and wandering behaviors precedes a final summiting and biting behavior onto vegetation, which positions the manipulated ant in a site beneficial for fungal growth and transmission. We investigated the genetic underpinnings of host manipulation by: (i) producing a high-quality hybrid assembly and annotation of the Ophiocordyceps camponoti-floridani genome, (ii) conducting laboratory infections coupled with RNAseq of O. camponoti-floridani and its host, Camponotus floridanus, and (iii) comparing these data to RNAseq data of Ophiocordyceps kimflemingiae and Camponotus castaneus as a powerful method to identify gene expression patterns that suggest shared behavioral manipulation mechanisms across Ophiocordyceps-ant species interactions. We propose differentially expressed genes tied to ant neurobiology, odor response, circadian rhythms, and foraging behavior may result by activity of putative fungal effectors such as enterotoxins, aflatrem, and mechanisms disrupting feeding behaviors in the ant.
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17
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Guo S, Sun D, Tian Z, Liu W, Zhu F, Wang XP. The limited regulatory roles of juvenile hormone degradation pathways in reproductive diapause preparation of the cabbage beetle, Colaphellus bowringi. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 119:103967. [PMID: 31634472 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2019.103967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Revised: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The absence of juvenile hormone (JH) induces reproductive diapause in many insects. Downregulated JH biosynthesis is considered the critical factor that decreases the JH level. However, whether upregulated JH degradation could also contribute to JH deficiency and then induce reproductive diapause remains poorly known. In this work, we used the cabbage beetle, Colaphellus bowringi, as the model and investigated the function of JH degradation genes in reproductive diapause preparation via RNAi-mediated loss-of-function. Three JH degradation genes, including JH epoxide hydrolase 1 (JHEH1), JHEH2, and JH diol kinase (JHDK), were cloned, and the deduced proteins contained the conserved domains and motifs well-identified in the same proteins of other insects. JHEH1, JHEH2, and JHDK were all highly expressed in the diapause-destined (DD) females compared to the non-diapause-destined (NDD) females. Knocking down these JH degradation genes in DD females elevated JH signaling, indicated by increased expressions of JH-inducible genes and vitellogenin genes, but did not induce ovary development. Meanwhile, the knockdown of JH degradation genes significantly suppressed diapause-associated phenotypic traits, including fat storage, and the expression of genes related to fat storage and stress tolerance. A photoperiodic transfer experiment suggested that high expression of JHEH2 in DD female was preprogrammed by long day during the larval stage. Knockdown of JH signaling through Methoprene-tolerant and Krüppel homolog 1 induced high expression of JHEH2 in DD females. Considering that RNAi of JH degradation genes affected some diapause-related traits in DD females but failed to induce the non-diapause phenotype in full, we conclude that JH degradation pathways play limited regulatory roles in the reproductive diapause preparation of C. bowringi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Guo
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Insect Resources Utilization and Sustainable Pest Management, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Dan Sun
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Insect Resources Utilization and Sustainable Pest Management, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Zhong Tian
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Insect Resources Utilization and Sustainable Pest Management, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Wen Liu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Insect Resources Utilization and Sustainable Pest Management, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China.
| | - Fen Zhu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Insect Resources Utilization and Sustainable Pest Management, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Xiao-Ping Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Insect Resources Utilization and Sustainable Pest Management, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
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18
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Lyu Z, Li Z, Cheng J, Wang C, Chen J, Lin T. Suppression of Gene Juvenile Hormone Diol Kinase Delays Pupation in Heortia vitessoides Moore. INSECTS 2019; 10:insects10090278. [PMID: 31480643 PMCID: PMC6780227 DOI: 10.3390/insects10090278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Revised: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 08/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Juvenile hormone diol kinase (JHDK) is a critical enzyme involved in juvenile hormone degradation in insects. In this study, HvJHDK in the Heortia vitessoides Moore (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) transcriptional library was cloned. Stage-specific expression patterns of HvJHDK, HvJHEH, and HvJHE as well as juvenile hormone titers were determined. The three tested enzymes participated in juvenile hormone degradation. Moreover, juvenile hormone titers peaked after larval–larval molts, consistent with a role for juvenile hormone in inhibition of metamorphosis. HvJHDK was subsequently suppressed using RNA interference (RNAi) to reveal its functions. Different concentrations of dsJHDK elicited the optimal interference efficiency at different life stages of H. vitessoides. Suppression of HvJHDK decreased HvJHDK content and increased the juvenile hormone titer, thereby resulting in reduced triglyceride content, sharply declined survival rate, clearly lethal phenotypes, and extended larval growth. Moreover, suppression of HvJHDK upregulated HvJHEH and HvJHE expression levels, suggesting that there is feedback regulation in the juvenile hormone metabolic pathway. Taken together, our findings provide molecular references for the selection of novel insecticidal targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zihao Lyu
- College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Zhixing Li
- College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Jie Cheng
- College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Chunyan Wang
- College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Jingxiang Chen
- College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Tong Lin
- College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
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19
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Chanchay P, Vongsangnak W, Thancharoen A, Sriboonlert A. Reconstruction of insect hormone pathways in an aquatic firefly, Sclerotia aquatilis (Coleoptera: Lampyridae), using RNA-seq. PeerJ 2019; 7:e7428. [PMID: 31396456 PMCID: PMC6681800 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.7428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Insect hormones: ecdysteroids and juvenile hormones have crucial functions during the regulation of different developmental pathways in insects. Insect metamorphosis is one of the primary pathways regulated by these hormones. The insect hormone biosynthetic pathway is conserved among arthropods, including insects, with some variations in the form of hormones used among each group of insects. In this study, the candidate genes involved in the insect hormone pathways and their functional roles were assessed in an aquatic firefly, Sclerotia aquatilis using a high-throughput RNA sequencing technique. Illumina next-generation sequencing (NGS) was used to generate transcriptome data for the different developmental stages (i.e., larva, pupa, and adult) of S. aquatilis. A total of 82,022 unigenes were generated across all different developmental stages. Functional annotation was performed for each gene, based on multiple biological databases, generating 46,230 unigenes. These unigenes were subsequently mapped using KEGG pathways. Accordingly, 221 protein-encoding genes involved in the insect hormone pathways were identified, including, JHAMT, CYP15A1, JHE, and Halloween family genes. Twenty potential gene candidates associated with the biosynthetic and degradation pathways for insect hormones were subjected to real-time PCR, reverse transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR) and sequencing analyses. The real-time PCR results showed similar expression patterns as those observed for transcriptome expression profiles for most of the examined genes. RT-PCR and Sanger sequencing confirmed the expressed coding sequences of these gene candidates. This study is the first to examine firefly insect hormone pathways, facilitating a better understanding of firefly growth and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pornchanan Chanchay
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Wanwipa Vongsangnak
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Omics Center for Agriculture, Bioresources, Food, and Health, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Anchana Thancharoen
- Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
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20
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Erban T, Sopko B, Kadlikova K, Talacko P, Harant K. Varroa destructor parasitism has a greater effect on proteome changes than the deformed wing virus and activates TGF-β signaling pathways. Sci Rep 2019; 9:9400. [PMID: 31253851 PMCID: PMC6599063 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-45764-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Honeybee workers undergo metamorphosis in capped cells for approximately 13 days before adult emergence. During the same period, Varroa mites prick the defenseless host many times. We sought to identify proteome differences between emerging Varroa-parasitized and parasite-free honeybees showing the presence or absence of clinical signs of deformed wing virus (DWV) in the capped cells. A label-free proteomic analysis utilizing nanoLC coupled with an Orbitrap Fusion Tribrid mass spectrometer provided a quantitative comparison of 2316 protein hits. Redundancy analysis (RDA) showed that the combination of Varroa parasitism and DWV clinical signs caused proteome changes that occurred in the same direction as those of Varroa alone and were approximately two-fold higher. Furthermore, proteome changes associated with DWV signs alone were positioned above Varroa in the RDA. Multiple markers indicate that Varroa activates TGF-β-induced pathways to suppress wound healing and the immune response and that the collective action of stressors intensifies these effects. Furthermore, we indicate JAK/STAT hyperactivation, p53-BCL-6 feedback loop disruption, Wnt pathway activation, Wnt/Hippo crosstalk disruption, and NF-κB and JAK/STAT signaling conflict in the Varroa–honeybee–DWV interaction. These results illustrate the higher effect of Varroa than of DWV at the time of emergence. Markers for future research are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomas Erban
- Crop Research Institute, Drnovska 507/73, Prague 6-Ruzyne, CZ-161 06, Czechia.
| | - Bruno Sopko
- Crop Research Institute, Drnovska 507/73, Prague 6-Ruzyne, CZ-161 06, Czechia
| | - Klara Kadlikova
- Crop Research Institute, Drnovska 507/73, Prague 6-Ruzyne, CZ-161 06, Czechia.,Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague 6-Suchdol, CZ-165 00, Czechia
| | - Pavel Talacko
- Proteomics Core Facility, Faculty of Science, Charles University, BIOCEV, Prumyslova 595, Vestec, CZ-25242, Czechia
| | - Karel Harant
- Proteomics Core Facility, Faculty of Science, Charles University, BIOCEV, Prumyslova 595, Vestec, CZ-25242, Czechia
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21
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Guo Y, Fu B, Qin G, Song H, Wu W, Shao Y, Altaye SZ, Yu L. Proteome analysis reveals a strong correlation between olfaction and pollen foraging preference in honeybees. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 121:1264-1275. [PMID: 30352230 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.10.140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
To gain a deeper understanding of the molecular basis of pollen foraging preference, we characterized the proteomes of antennae and brains of bees foraging on pear and rapeseed flowers, and the volatile compounds from nectar, anther, and inflorescence of both plants. Bees foraging on the pollen of the two plants have shaped the distinct proteome arsenals in the antenna and brain to drive olfactory and brain function. In antennae, bees foraging on pear (PA) pollen pathways associated with protein metabolism were induced to synthesize new proteins for modulation of synaptic structures via stabilizing and consolidating specific memory traces. Whereas, bees foraging on rapeseed (BA) pollen pathways implicated in energy metabolism were activated to provide metabolic fuels critical for neural activity. These findings suggest that the distinct biochemical route is functionally enhanced to consolidate the divergent olfaction in PA and BA. In brain, although the uniquely induced pathways in bees forging on both plants are likely to cement selective roles in learning and memory, pollen foraging preference in bees is mainly drived by olfaction. Furthermore, both plants have shaped different repertoires of signal odors and food rewards to attract pollinators. The suggested markers are potentially useful for selection of bees to improve their olfaction for better pollination of the plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Guo
- Institute of Horticulture, Shanxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Taiyuan 030031, China.
| | - Baochun Fu
- Institute of Horticulture, Shanxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Taiyuan 030031, China
| | - Guojie Qin
- Institute of Horticulture, Shanxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Taiyuan 030031, China
| | - Huailei Song
- Institute of Horticulture, Shanxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Taiyuan 030031, China
| | - Wenqing Wu
- Institute of Horticulture, Shanxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Taiyuan 030031, China
| | - Youquan Shao
- Institute of Horticulture, Shanxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Taiyuan 030031, China
| | - Solomon Zewdu Altaye
- Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research, PO Box 2003, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Linsheng Yu
- Anhui Agricultural University, Anhui 230036, China.
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Wen R, Wang B, Wang B, Ma L. Characterization and Expression Profiles of Juvenile Hormone Epoxide Hydrolase From Lymantria dispar (Lepidoptera: Lymantridae) and RNA Interference by Ingestion. JOURNAL OF INSECT SCIENCE 2018; 18:13. [PMCID: PMC5806408 DOI: 10.1093/jisesa/iey002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Juvenile hormone epoxide hydrolase (JHEH) is an important enzyme in the degradation pathways of juvenile hormone (JH) in insects. It converts JH to JH diol and hydrolyses JH acid to JH acid diol. JHEH titers regulate the entire process of insect development. In this study, full length ldjheh cDNA (2101 bp) was cloned from the Asian gypsy moth Lymantria dispar (L.; Lepidoptera: Lymantridae), and provisionally designated ldjheh1. LdJHEH1 was characterized by predicted molecular weight of 52.64 kDa, theoretical isoelectric points of 6.87 and contains a transmembrane domain at the N-terminus. The transcriptional profiles of ldjheh1 were detected by qRT-PCR. The ldjheh1 was found to be expressed throughout all developmental stages with maximum expression levels occurring in fourth instar larvae. The ldjheh1 mRNA was detected in the heads, thoraces, and abdomens of gypsy moth larvae on day 2 of the third instar. The ldjheh1 was also detected in bodies of third instar larvae stage, with the highest peaks occurring at 24 h after ecdysis. The ldjheh1 gene was successfully knocked down by oral delivery dsRNA in the third instar larvae of L. dispar. The dsRNA targeting ldjheh1 was produced in vitro. Ingesting dsRNA for ldjheh1 only slightly delayed larval development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongrong Wen
- School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, PR China
- College of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Heze University, Heze, PR China
| | - Buyong Wang
- College of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Heze University, Heze, PR China
| | - Bowen Wang
- School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, PR China
| | - Ling Ma
- School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, PR China
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Zhao J, Zhou Y, Li X, Cai W, Hua H. Silencing of juvenile hormone epoxide hydrolase gene (Nljheh) enhances short wing formation in a macropterous strain of the brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 102:18-26. [PMID: 28867330 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2017.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Revised: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The rice brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens, is an important migratory pest in many rice planting areas of Asia. The typical wing dimorphism of N. lugens gives them flexibility to adapt to different environmental cues. As an important hormone in the insect's endocrine regulation, juvenile hormone (JH) has previously been shown to participate in the wing morph determination of N. lugens. In this paper, we investigated the possible wing morph determination roles of two JH metabolic enzymes, JH esterase (JHE) and JH epoxide hydrolase (JHEH). A 1957-bp full-length cDNA sequence encoding JHEH in N. lugens (NlJHEH) was first cloned from a hemipteran insect. Except for an uncertain transmembrane segment prediction, the deduced 454-amino-acid sequence of Nljheh has all of the conserved domains of JHEHs such as the H147GWP150, Tyr293 and Tyr368 motif corresponding to the oxyanion hole and the residues Asp222, Glu398, and His425 in the catalytic triad. qRT-PCR results showed that both Nljhe and Nljheh had different expression timeframes between a predominantly brachypterous strain (BS) and a macropterous strain (MS) of N. lugens, indicating that these two enzymes may participate in wing dimorphism regulation in brown planthopper. Silencing Nljheh expression by dsRNA injection enhanced short wing formation in the macropterous strain of N. lugens, while the brachypterizing individuals were mainly females. Compared to the dsgfp injection control, silencing Nljhe had no brachypterizing effect. Our results indicated that NlJHEH plays an important role in the wing morph determination of N. lugens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhao
- Hubei Insect Resources Utilisation and Sustainable Pest Management Key Laboratory, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Yunlong Zhou
- Hubei Insect Resources Utilisation and Sustainable Pest Management Key Laboratory, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Xiang Li
- Hubei Insect Resources Utilisation and Sustainable Pest Management Key Laboratory, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Wanlun Cai
- Hubei Insect Resources Utilisation and Sustainable Pest Management Key Laboratory, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Hongxia Hua
- Hubei Insect Resources Utilisation and Sustainable Pest Management Key Laboratory, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China.
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Characterization of Juvenile Hormone Related Genes Regulating Cantharidin Biosynthesis in Epicauta chinensis. Sci Rep 2017; 7:2308. [PMID: 28536442 PMCID: PMC5442126 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-02393-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Cantharidin is a defensive toxin biosynthesized by blister beetles. It is well known for medical applications and toxicity. However, the biosynthesis process of cantharidin is still not well understood. In the present study, three genes (methyl farnesoate epoxidase (EcMFE), juvenile hormone acid O-methyltransferase (EcJHAMT) and juvenile hormone epoxide hydrolase (EcJHEH)) were identified from Epicauta chinensis. The temporal and spatial expression patterns of these three genes revealed that the expression levels of EcMFE and EcJHEH were high in the first instar larval stage of E. chinensis with EcJHEH transcripts highest in the fifth larval instar. The expression level of EcJHAMT was significantly higher in the 2nd and 3rd larval instars. The transcripts of EcMFE, EcJHEH and EcJHAMT showed a similar tendency with the cantharidin production in male blister beetles after mating. We verified the functions of these three genes in cantharidin biosynthesis using the RNA interference method. Interference of EcMFE and EcJHEH significantly inhibited the biosynthesis of cantharidin in male E. chinensis after mating, but interference of EcJHAMT has no apparent influence on cantharidin biosynthesis. We propose that EcMFE and EcJHEH may be involved in the biosynthesis of cantharidin, but JH III might not be the direct precursor of cantharidin.
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Zeng BJ, Lv Y, Zhang LL, Huang LH, Feng QL. Cloning and structural characterization of juvenile hormone diol kinase in Spodoptera litura. INSECT SCIENCE 2016; 23:819-828. [PMID: 25959665 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.12236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/01/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Juvenile hormone (JH) is one of the key insect hormones that regulate metamorphosis. Juvenile hormone diol kinase (JHDK) is an enzyme involved in JH metabolism and catalyzes JH diol to form a polar end product, JH diol phosphate that has no JH activity. In this study, a JHDK complementary DNA (cDNA) was cloned from Spodoptera litura and the structure and expression of the gene was characterized. The cDNA was 714 base pairs in length and encoded a protein of 183 amino acids with a molecular mass of 21 kDa and an isoelectric point of 4.55. Based on the structure, three putative calcium binding motifs and guanosine triphosphate-binding motifs were predicted in the protein. Modeling of the 3-D structure showed that the protein consisted of eight α-helixes linked with loops, with no β-sheets. The gene was expressed in the epidermis, fat body and midgut of fifth and sixth instar larvae. The expression level in the epidermis was lower than in the fat body and midgut. The gene was expressed at higher levels at the early stages than in the later stages of fifth and sixth instar midgut and fat body. The results suggest that this gene may be involved in the regulation of the JH titer in larvae of S. litura.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bao-Juan Zeng
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Insect Development Regulation and Application Research, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China
| | - Yuan Lv
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Insect Development Regulation and Application Research, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China
| | - Li-Li Zhang
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Insect Development Regulation and Application Research, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China
| | - Li-Hua Huang
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Insect Development Regulation and Application Research, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China
| | - Qi-Li Feng
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Insect Development Regulation and Application Research, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China
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Synchronous vitellogenin expression and sexual maturation during migration are negatively correlated with juvenile hormone levels in Mythimna separata. Sci Rep 2016; 6:33309. [PMID: 27629246 PMCID: PMC5024112 DOI: 10.1038/srep33309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Annual migration of pests between different seasonal habitats can lead to serious crop damage. Reproductive immaturity is generally associated with the migratory process (oogenesis-flight syndrome), but the mechanism of reproductive development during migration varies unpredictably. Here, the vitellogenin gene (MsVg) and three key regulatory enzyme genes (MsJhamt, MsJheh and MsJhe) related to juvenile hormone (JH) synthesis and degradation were identified and characterized in Mythimna separata. The relative expression of MsVg varied significantly in response to seasonal changes and was significantly correlated with stages of ovarian development. The relatively low levels of JH titer did not differ significantly in male moths but slightly increased in female adults during the migratory season, which was consistent with changes in mRNA levels for MsJhamt, MsJheh and MsJhe. JH titer was negatively associated with relative seasonal levels of vitellogenin mRNA transcripts and with ovarian development in migrating M. separata. The synchrony of MsVg expression with sexual maturation highlighted the potential of MsVg transcript levels to serve as an index to monitor the adult reproductive status. In addition, the level of JH and sexual maturity were correlated with the extent of JH in regulating the MsVg expression and reproduction during seasonal northern and southern migration.
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Huang Y, Wang Z, Zha S, Wang Y, Jiang W, Liao Y, Song Z, Qi Z, Yin Y. De Novo Transcriptome and Expression Profile Analysis to Reveal Genes and Pathways Potentially Involved in Cantharidin Biosynthesis in the Blister Beetle Mylabris cichorii. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0146953. [PMID: 26752526 PMCID: PMC4709229 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0146953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 12/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The dried body of Mylabris cichorii is well-known Chinese traditional medicine. The sesquiterpenoid cantharidin, which is secreted mostly by adult male beetles, has recently been used as an anti-cancer drug. However, little is known about the mechanisms of cantharidin biosynthesis. Furthermore, there is currently no genomic or transcriptomic information for M. cichorii. In this study, we performed de novo assembly transcriptome of M. cichorii using the Illumina Hiseq2000. A single run produced 9.19 Gb of clean nucleotides comprising 29,247 sequences, including 23,739 annotated sequences (about 81%). We also constructed two expression profile libraries (20–25 day-old adult males and 20–25 day-old adult females) and discovered 2,465 significantly differentially-expressed genes. Putative genes and pathways involved in the biosynthesis of cantharidin were then characterized. We also found that cantharidin biosynthesis in M. cichorii might only occur via the mevalonate (MVA) pathway, not via the methylerythritol 4-phosphate/deoxyxylulose 5-phosphate (MEP/DOXP) pathway or a mixture of these. Besides, we considered that cantharidin biosynthesis might be related to the juvenile hormone (JH) biosynthesis or degradation. The results of transcriptome and expression profiling analysis provide a comprehensive sequence resource for M. cichorii that could facilitate the in-depth study of candidate genes and pathways involved in cantharidin biosynthesis, and may thus help to improve our understanding of the mechanisms of cantharidin biosynthesis in blister beetles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Huang
- Key Laboratory of Genetic Function and Regulation, School of Life Science, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Zhongkang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Genetic Function and Regulation, School of Life Science, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Shenfang Zha
- Key Laboratory of Genetic Function and Regulation, School of Life Science, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Genetic Function and Regulation, School of Life Science, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China
- Panzhihua University, Panzhihua 617000, China
| | - Wei Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Genetic Function and Regulation, School of Life Science, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Yufeng Liao
- Clinical Medicine college of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300270, China
| | - Zhangyong Song
- Key Laboratory of Genetic Function and Regulation, School of Life Science, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Zhaoran Qi
- Key Laboratory of Genetic Function and Regulation, School of Life Science, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Youping Yin
- Key Laboratory of Genetic Function and Regulation, School of Life Science, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China
- * E-mail:
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Fu KY, Lü FG, Guo WC, Li GQ. CHARACTERIZATION AND FUNCTIONAL STUDY OF A PUTATIVE JUVENILE HORMONE DIOL KINASE IN THE COLORADO POTATO BEETLE Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say). ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 90:154-167. [PMID: 26280246 DOI: 10.1002/arch.21251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Juvenile hormone diol kinase (JHDK) is an enzyme involved in JH degradation. In the present article, a putative JHDK cDNA (LdJHDK) was cloned from the Colorado potato beetle Leptinotarsa decemlineata. The cDNA consists of 814 bp, containing a 555 bp open reading frame encoding a 184 amino acid protein. LdJHDK reveals a high degree of identity to the previously reported insect JHDKs. It possesses three conserved purine nucleotide-binding elements, and contains three EF-hand motifs (helix-loop-helix structural domains). LdJHDK mRNA was mainly detected in hindgut and Malpighian tubules. Besides, a trace amount of LdJHDK mRNA was also found in thoracic muscles, brain-corpora cardiaca-corpora allata complex, foregut, midgut, ventral ganglia, fat body, epidermis, and hemocytes. Moreover, LdJHDK was expressed throughout all developmental stages. Within the first, second, and third larval instar, the expression levels of LdJHDK were higher just before and right after the molt, and were lower in the intermediate instar. In the fourth larval instar, the highest peak of LdJHDK occurred 56 h after ecdysis. Ingestion of double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) against LdJHDK successfully knocked down the target gene, increased JH titer, and significantly upregulated LdKr-h1 mRNA level. Knockdown of LdJHDK significantly impaired adult emergence. Thus, we provide a line of experimental evidence in L. decemlineata to support that LdJHDK encodes function protein involved in JH degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai-Yun Fu
- Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Feng-Gong Lü
- Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wen-Chao Guo
- Department of Plant Protection, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Urumqi, China
| | - Guo-Qing Li
- Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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Lü FG, Fu KY, Guo WC, Li GQ. Characterization of two juvenile hormone epoxide hydrolases by RNA interference in the Colorado potato beetle. Gene 2015; 570:264-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2015.06.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2015] [Revised: 04/29/2015] [Accepted: 06/11/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Saito Y, Kamita SG, Hammock BD, Kunimi Y, Inoue MN, Nakai M. Juvenile hormone (JH) esterase activity but not JH epoxide hydrolase activity is downregulated in larval Adoxophyes honmai following nucleopolyhedroviruses infection. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 80:71-80. [PMID: 25727179 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2015.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2014] [Revised: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 02/13/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Juvenile hormones (JHs) and ecdysteroids are critical insect developmental hormones. JH esterase (JHE) and JH epoxide hydrolase (JHEH) are JH-selective enzymes that metabolize JH and thus regulate the titer of JH. Baculoviruses are known to alter host endocrine regulation. The nucleopolyhedroviruses, AdhoNPV and AdorNPV, are known to have slow and fast killing activity against Adoxophyes honmai (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), respectively. Here we found that when penultimate (4th) instar A. honmai are inoculated with AdhoNPV or AdorNPV, the mean survival time is 9.7 and 8.2 days, respectively. The larvae molted once but did not pupate. The AdhoNPV- or AdorNPV-infected larvae did not show a dramatic increase in JHE activity as was found in mock-infected larvae, instead they showed a marked decrease in JHE activity. In contrast, both viral infections had no effect on JHEH activity. In order to further characterize the JHE activity, the JHE-coding sequence of A. honmai (ahjhe) was cloned and confirmed to encode a biologically active JHE. Quantitative real-time PCR analysis of ahjhe expression in 4th and 5th instar A. honmai revealed that AdhoNPV and AdorNPV are able to reduce ahjhe expression levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasumasa Saito
- Department of Biological Production Science, United Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan; Department of Entomology and Nematology, and Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Shizuo G Kamita
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, and Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Bruce D Hammock
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, and Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Yasuhisa Kunimi
- Department of Biological Production Science, United Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Maki N Inoue
- Department of Biological Production Science, United Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Madoka Nakai
- Department of Biological Production Science, United Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan.
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Li JY, Ye LP, Che JQ, Song J, You ZY, Yun KC, Wang SH, Zhong BX. Comparative proteomic analysis of the silkworm middle silk gland reveals the importance of ribosome biogenesis in silk protein production. J Proteomics 2015; 126:109-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2015.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2015] [Revised: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Xu J, Morisseau C, Yang J, Mamatha DM, Hammock BD. Epoxide hydrolase activities and epoxy fatty acids in the mosquito Culex quinquefasciatus. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2015; 59:41-9. [PMID: 25686802 PMCID: PMC4387068 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2015.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2014] [Revised: 02/05/2015] [Accepted: 02/05/2015] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Culex mosquitoes have emerged as important model organisms for mosquito biology, and are disease vectors for multiple mosquito-borne pathogens, including West Nile virus. We characterized epoxide hydrolase activities in the mosquito Culex quinquefasciatus, which suggested multiple forms of epoxide hydrolases were present. We found EH activities on epoxy eicosatrienoic acids (EETs). EETs and other eicosanoids are well-established lipid signaling molecules in vertebrates. We showed EETs can be synthesized in vitro from arachidonic acids by mosquito lysate, and EETs were also detected in vivo both in larvae and adult mosquitoes by LC-MS/MS. The EH activities on EETs can be induced by blood feeding, and the highest activity was observed in the midgut of female mosquitoes. The enzyme activities on EETs can be inhibited by urea-based inhibitors designed for mammalian soluble epoxide hydrolases (sEH). The sEH inhibitors have been shown to play diverse biological roles in mammalian systems, and they can be useful tools to study the function of EETs in mosquitoes. Besides juvenile hormone metabolism and detoxification, insect epoxide hydrolases may also play a role in regulating lipid signaling molecules, such as EETs and other epoxy fatty acids, synthesized in vivo or obtained from blood feeding by female mosquitoes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawen Xu
- Department of Entomology and UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Christophe Morisseau
- Department of Entomology and UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Jun Yang
- Department of Entomology and UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Dadala M Mamatha
- Department of Entomology and UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Bruce D Hammock
- Department of Entomology and UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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Xu J, Morisseau C, Hammock BD. Expression and characterization of an epoxide hydrolase from Anopheles gambiae with high activity on epoxy fatty acids. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2014; 54:42-52. [PMID: 25173592 PMCID: PMC4252830 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2014.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2014] [Revised: 08/08/2014] [Accepted: 08/15/2014] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
In insects, epoxide hydrolases (EHs) play critical roles in the metabolism of xenobiotic epoxides from the food resources and in the regulation of endogenous chemical mediators, such as juvenile hormones. Using the baculovirus expression system, we expressed and characterized an epoxide hydrolase from Anopheles gambiae (AgEH) that is distinct in evolutionary history from insect juvenile hormone epoxide hydrolases (JHEHs). We partially purified the enzyme by ion exchange chromatography and isoelectric focusing. The experimentally determined molecular weight and pI were estimated to be 35 kD and 6.3 respectively, different than the theoretical ones. The AgEH had the greatest activity on long chain epoxy fatty acids such as 14,15-epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (14,15-EET) and 9,10-epoxy-12Z-octadecenoic acids (9,10-EpOME or leukotoxin) among the substrates evaluated. Juvenile hormone III, a terpenoid insect growth regulator, was the next best substrate tested. The AgEH showed kinetics comparable to the mammalian soluble epoxide hydrolases, and the activity could be inhibited by AUDA [12-(3-adamantan-1-yl-ureido) dodecanoic acid], a urea-based inhibitor designed to inhibit the mammalian soluble epoxide hydrolases. The rabbit serum generated against the soluble epoxide hydrolase of Mus musculus can both cross-react with natural and denatured forms of the AgEH, suggesting immunologically they are similar. The study suggests there are mammalian sEH homologs in insects, and epoxy fatty acids may be important chemical mediators in insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawen Xu
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Christophe Morisseau
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Bruce D Hammock
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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Zhou K, Jia N, Hu C, Jiang YL, Yang JP, Chen Y, Li S, Li WF, Zhou CZ. Crystal structure of juvenile hormone epoxide hydrolase from the silkwormBombyx mori. Proteins 2014; 82:3224-9. [DOI: 10.1002/prot.24676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2014] [Revised: 07/28/2014] [Accepted: 08/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kang Zhou
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, and School of Life Sciences; University of Science and Technology of China; Hefei Anhui 230027 People's Republic of China
| | - Ning Jia
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, and School of Life Sciences; University of Science and Technology of China; Hefei Anhui 230027 People's Republic of China
| | - Chen Hu
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, and School of Life Sciences; University of Science and Technology of China; Hefei Anhui 230027 People's Republic of China
| | - Yong-Liang Jiang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, and School of Life Sciences; University of Science and Technology of China; Hefei Anhui 230027 People's Republic of China
| | - Jie-Pin Yang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, and School of Life Sciences; University of Science and Technology of China; Hefei Anhui 230027 People's Republic of China
| | - Yuxing Chen
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, and School of Life Sciences; University of Science and Technology of China; Hefei Anhui 230027 People's Republic of China
| | - Sheng Li
- Key Laboratory of Developmental and Evolutionary Biology; Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Shanghai 200032 People's Republic of China
| | - Wei-Fang Li
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, and School of Life Sciences; University of Science and Technology of China; Hefei Anhui 230027 People's Republic of China
| | - Cong-Zhao Zhou
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, and School of Life Sciences; University of Science and Technology of China; Hefei Anhui 230027 People's Republic of China
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Cheng D, Meng M, Peng J, Qian W, Kang L, Xia Q. Genome-wide comparison of genes involved in the biosynthesis, metabolism, and signaling of juvenile hormone between silkworm and other insects. Genet Mol Biol 2014; 37:444-59. [PMID: 25071411 PMCID: PMC4094618 DOI: 10.1590/s1415-47572014005000006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2013] [Accepted: 02/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Juvenile hormone (JH) contributes to the regulation of larval molting and metamorphosis in insects. Herein, we comprehensively identified 55 genes involved in JH biosynthesis, metabolism and signaling in the silkworm (Bombyx mori) as well as 35 in Drosophila melanogaster, 35 in Anopheles gambiae, 36 in Apis mellifera, 47 in Tribolium castaneum, and 44 in Danaus plexippus. Comparative analysis showed that each gene involved in the early steps of the mevalonate (MVA) pathway, in the neuropeptide regulation of JH biosynthesis, or in JH signaling is a single copy in B. mori and other surveyed insects, indicating that these JH-related pathways or steps are likely conserved in all surveyed insects. However, each gene participating in the isoprenoid branch of JH biosynthesis and JH metabolism, together with the FPPS genes for catalyzing the final step of the MVA pathway of JH biosynthesis, exhibited an obvious duplication in Lepidoptera, including B. mori and D. plexippus. Microarray and real-time RT-PCR analysis revealed that different copies of several JH-related genes presented expression changes that correlated with the dynamics of JH titer during larval growth and metamorphosis. Taken together, the findings suggest that duplication-derived copy variation of JH-related genes might be evolutionarily associated with the variation of JH types between Lepidoptera and other insect orders. In conclusion, our results provide useful clues for further functional analysis of JH-related genes in B. mori and other insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daojun Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology , Southwest University , Chongqing , China
| | - Meng Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology , Southwest University , Chongqing , China
| | - Jian Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology , Southwest University , Chongqing , China
| | - Wenliang Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology , Southwest University , Chongqing , China
| | - Lixia Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology , Southwest University , Chongqing , China
| | - Qingyou Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology , Southwest University , Chongqing , China
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Zhang Y, Shao Y, Jiang F, Li J, Liu Z. Identification of two acetylcholinesterases in Pardosa pseudoannulata and the sensitivity to insecticides. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2014; 46:25-30. [PMID: 24463359 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2014.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2013] [Revised: 01/09/2014] [Accepted: 01/13/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Pardosa pseudoannulata is an important predatory enemy against insect pests, such as rice planthoppers and leafhoppers. In order to understand the insecticide selectivity between P. pseudoannulata and insect pests, two acetylcholinesterase genes, Pp-ace1 and Pp-ace2, were cloned from this natural enemy. The putative proteins encoded by Pp-ace1 and Pp-ace2 showed high similarities to insect AChE1 (63% to Liposcelis entomophila AChE1) and AChE2 (36% to Culex quinquefasciatus AChE2) with specific functional motifs, which indicated that two genes might encode AChE1 and AChE2 proteins respectively. The recombinant proteins by expressing Pp-ace1 and Pp-ace2 genes in insect sf9 cells showed high AChE activities. The kinetic parameters, Vmax and Km, of two recombinant AChE proteins were significantly different. The sensitivities to six insecticides were determined in two recombinant AChEs. Pp-AChE1 was more sensitive to all tested insecticides than Pp-AChE2, such as fenobucarb (54 times in Ki ratios), isoprocarb (31 times), carbaryl (13 times) and omethoate (6 times). These results indicated that Pp-AChE1 might be the major synaptic enzyme in the spider. By sequence comparison of P. pseudoannulata and insect AChEs, the key amino acid differences at or close to the functional sites were found. The locations of some key amino acid differences were consistent with the point mutation sites in insect AChEs that were associated with insecticide resistance, such as Phe331 in Pp-AChE2 corresponding to Ser331Phe mutation in Myzus persicae and Aphis gossypii AChE2, which might play important roles in insecticide selectivity between P. pseudoannulata and insect pests. Of course, the direct evidences are needed through further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education), College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Ying Shao
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education), College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Feng Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education), College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Jian Li
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education), College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Zewen Liu
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education), College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
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Ma Z, Li C, Pan G, Li Z, Han B, Xu J, Lan X, Chen J, Yang D, Chen Q, Sang Q, Ji X, Li T, Long M, Zhou Z. Genome-wide transcriptional response of silkworm (Bombyx mori) to infection by the microsporidian Nosema bombycis. PLoS One 2013; 8:e84137. [PMID: 24386341 PMCID: PMC3875524 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0084137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2013] [Accepted: 11/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Microsporidia have attracted much attention because they infect a variety of species ranging from protists to mammals, including immunocompromised patients with AIDS or cancer. Aside from the study on Nosema ceranae, few works have focused on elucidating the mechanism in host response to microsporidia infection. Nosema bombycis is a pathogen of silkworm pébrine that causes great economic losses to the silkworm industry. Detailed understanding of the host (Bombyx mori) response to infection by N. bombycis is helpful for prevention of this disease. A genome-wide survey of the gene expression profile at 2, 4, 6 and 8 days post-infection by N. bombycis was performed and results showed that 64, 244, 1,328, 1,887 genes were induced, respectively. Up to 124 genes, which are involved in basal metabolism pathways, were modulated. Notably, B. mori genes that play a role in juvenile hormone synthesis and metabolism pathways were induced, suggesting that the host may accumulate JH as a response to infection. Interestingly, N. bombycis can inhibit the silkworm serine protease cascade melanization pathway in hemolymph, which may be due to the secretion of serpins in the microsporidia. N. bombycis also induced up-regulation of several cellular immune factors, in which CTL11 has been suggested to be involved in both spore recognition and immune signal transduction. Microarray and real-time PCR analysis indicated the activation of silkworm Toll and JAK/STAT pathways. The notable up-regulation of antimicrobial peptides, including gloverins, lebocins and moricins, strongly indicated that antimicrobial peptide defense mechanisms were triggered to resist the invasive microsporidia. An analysis of N. bombycis-specific response factors suggested their important roles in anti-microsporidia defense. Overall, this study primarily provides insight into the potential molecular mechanisms for the host-parasite interaction between B. mori and N. bombycis and may provide a foundation for further work on host-parasite interaction between insects and microsporidia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengang Ma
- The State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory for Sericulture Functional Genomics and Biotechnology of Agricultural Ministry, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Chunfeng Li
- The State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory for Sericulture Functional Genomics and Biotechnology of Agricultural Ministry, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Guoqing Pan
- The State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory for Sericulture Functional Genomics and Biotechnology of Agricultural Ministry, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhihong Li
- The State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory for Sericulture Functional Genomics and Biotechnology of Agricultural Ministry, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Bing Han
- The State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory for Sericulture Functional Genomics and Biotechnology of Agricultural Ministry, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jinshan Xu
- College of Life Sciences, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiqian Lan
- The State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jie Chen
- The State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory for Sericulture Functional Genomics and Biotechnology of Agricultural Ministry, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Donglin Yang
- The State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory for Sericulture Functional Genomics and Biotechnology of Agricultural Ministry, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Quanmei Chen
- The State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory for Sericulture Functional Genomics and Biotechnology of Agricultural Ministry, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qi Sang
- The State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory for Sericulture Functional Genomics and Biotechnology of Agricultural Ministry, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaocun Ji
- The State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory for Sericulture Functional Genomics and Biotechnology of Agricultural Ministry, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Tian Li
- The State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory for Sericulture Functional Genomics and Biotechnology of Agricultural Ministry, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Mengxian Long
- The State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory for Sericulture Functional Genomics and Biotechnology of Agricultural Ministry, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zeyang Zhou
- The State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- College of Life Sciences, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory for Sericulture Functional Genomics and Biotechnology of Agricultural Ministry, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- * E-mail:
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Xia Q, Li S, Feng Q. Advances in silkworm studies accelerated by the genome sequencing of Bombyx mori. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ENTOMOLOGY 2013; 59:513-536. [PMID: 24160415 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ento-011613-161940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 214] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Significant progress has been achieved in silkworm (Bombyx mori) research since the last review on this insect was published in this journal in 2005. In this article, we review the new and exciting progress and discoveries that have been made in B. mori during the past 10 years, which include the construction of a fine genome sequence and a genetic variation map, the evolution of genomes, the advent of functional genomics, the genetic basis of silk production, metamorphic development, immune response, and the advances in genetic manipulation. These advances, which were accelerated by the genome sequencing project, have promoted B. mori as a model organism not only for lepidopterans but also for general biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingyou Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China;
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Kamita SG, Oshita GH, Wang P, Nandety RS, Morisseau C, Falk BW, Hammock BD. Characterization of Hovi-mEH1, a microsomal epoxide hydrolase from the glassy-winged sharpshooter Homalodisca vitripennis. ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2013; 83:171-9. [PMID: 23704009 PMCID: PMC3846607 DOI: 10.1002/arch.21100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Epoxide hydrolase (EH) is an enzyme in the α/β-hydrolase fold superfamily that uses a water molecule to transform an epoxide to its corresponding diol. In insects, EHs metabolize among other things critical developmental hormones called juvenile hormones (JHs). EHs also play roles in the detoxification of toxic compounds that are found in the insect's diet or environment. In this study, a full-length cDNA encoding an epoxide hydrolase, Hovi-mEH1, was obtained from the xylem-feeding insect Homalodisca vitripennis. H. vitripennis, commonly known as the glassy-winged sharpshooter, is an economically important vector of plant pathogenic bacteria such as Xylella fastidiosa. Hovi-mEH1 hydrolyzed the general EH substrates cis-stilbene oxide and trans-diphenylpropene oxide with specific activities of 47.5 ± 6.2 and 1.3 ± 0.5 nmol of diol formed min⁻¹ mg⁻¹, respectively. Hovi-mEH1 metabolized JH III with a Vmax of 29.3 ± 1.6 nmol min⁻¹ mg⁻¹, kcat of 0.03 s⁻¹, and KM of 13.8 ± 2.0 μM. These Vmax and kcat values are similar to those of known JH metabolizing EHs from lepidopteran and coleopteran insects. Hovi-mEH1 showed 99.1% identity to one of three predicted EH-encoding sequences that were identified in the transcriptome of H. vitripennis. Of these three sequences only Hovi-mEH1 clustered with known JH metabolizing EHs. On the basis of biochemical, phylogenetic, and transcriptome analyses, we hypothesize that Hovi-mEH1 is a biologically relevant JH-metabolizing enzyme in H. vitripennis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shizuo G. Kamita
- Department of Entomology and UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Research Center, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Grant H. Oshita
- Department of Entomology and UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Research Center, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Peng Wang
- Department of Entomology and UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Research Center, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Raja Sekhar Nandety
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Christophe Morisseau
- Department of Entomology and UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Research Center, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Bryce W. Falk
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Bruce D. Hammock
- Department of Entomology and UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Research Center, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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40
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Kamita SG, Yamamoto K, Dadala MM, Pha K, Morisseau C, Escaich A, Hammock BD. Cloning and characterization of a microsomal epoxide hydrolase from Heliothis virescens. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2013; 43:219-228. [PMID: 23276675 PMCID: PMC3577957 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2012.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2012] [Revised: 12/07/2012] [Accepted: 12/10/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Epoxide hydrolases (EHs) are α/β-hydrolase fold superfamily enzymes that convert epoxides to 1,2-trans diols. In insects EHs play critical roles in the metabolism of toxic compounds and allelochemicals found in the diet and for the regulation of endogenous juvenile hormones (JHs). In this study we obtained a full-length cDNA, hvmeh1, from the generalist feeder Heliothis virescens that encoded a highly active EH, Hv-mEH1. Of the 10 different EH substrates that were tested, Hv-mEH1 showed the highest specific activity (1180 nmol min(-1) mg(-1)) for a 1,2-disubstituted epoxide-containing fluorescent substrate. This specific activity was more than 25- and 3900-fold higher than that for the general EH substrates cis-stilbene oxide and trans-stilbene oxide, respectively. Although phylogenetic analysis placed Hv-mEH1 in a clade with some lepidopteran JH metabolizing EHs (JHEHs), JH III was a relatively poor substrate for Hv-mEH1. Hv-mEH1 showed a unique substrate selectivity profile for the substrates tested in comparison to those of MsJHEH, a well-characterized JHEH from Manduca sexta, and hmEH, a human microsomal EH. Hv-mEH1 also showed unique enzyme inhibition profiles to JH-like urea, JH-like secondary amide, JH-like primary amide, and non-JH-like primary amide compounds in comparison to MsJHEH and hmEH. Although Hv-mEH1 is capable of metabolizing JH III, our findings suggest that this enzymatic activity does not play a significant role in the metabolism of JH in the caterpillar. The ability of Hv-mEH1 to rapidly hydrolyze 1,2-disubstituted epoxides suggests that it may play roles in the metabolism of fatty acid epoxides such as those that are commonly found in the diet of Heliothis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shizuo G. Kamita
- Department of Entomology and UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Kohji Yamamoto
- Department of Entomology and UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Mary M. Dadala
- Department of Entomology and UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Khavong Pha
- Department of Entomology and UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Christophe Morisseau
- Department of Entomology and UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Aurélie Escaich
- Department of Entomology and UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Bruce D. Hammock
- Department of Entomology and UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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41
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Expression pattern of enzymes related to juvenile hormone metabolism in the silkworm, Bombyx mori L. Mol Biol Rep 2010; 38:4337-42. [DOI: 10.1007/s11033-010-0559-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2010] [Accepted: 11/17/2010] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Mackert A, Hartfelder K, Bitondi MMG, Simões ZLP. The juvenile hormone (JH) epoxide hydrolase gene in the honey bee (Apis mellifera) genome encodes a protein which has negligible participation in JH degradation. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2010; 56:1139-1146. [PMID: 20230830 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2010.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2010] [Revised: 03/03/2010] [Accepted: 03/05/2010] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Epoxide hydrolases are multifunctional enzymes that are best known in insects for their role in juvenile hormone (JH) degradation. Enzymes involved in JH catabolism can play major roles during metamorphosis and reproduction, such as the JH epoxide hydrolase (JHEH), which degrades JH through hydration of the epoxide moiety to form JH diol, and JH esterase (JHE), which hydrolyzes the methyl ester to produce JH acid. In the honey bee, JH has been co-opted for additional functions, mainly in caste differentiation and in age-related behavioral development of workers, where the activity of both enzymes could be important for JH titer regulation. Similarity searches for jheh candidate genes in the honey bee genome revealed a single Amjheh gene. Sequence analysis, quantification of Amjheh transcript levels and Western blot assays using an AmJHEH-specific antibody generated during this study revealed that the AmJHEH found in the fat body shares features with the microsomal JHEHs from several insect species. Using a partition assay we demonstrated that AmJHEH has a negligible role in JH degradation, which, in the honey bee, is thus performed primarily by JHE. High AmJHEH levels in larvae and adults were related to the ingestion of high loads of lipids, suggesting that AmJHEH has a role in dietary lipid catabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline Mackert
- Departamento de Ciências do Ambiente, Campus do Pantanal, Universidade Federal do Mato Grosso do Sul, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil.
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Tsubota T, Nakakura T, Shiotsuki T. Molecular characterization and enzymatic analysis of juvenile hormone epoxide hydrolase genes in the red flour beetle Tribolium castaneum. INSECT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2010; 19:399-408. [PMID: 20337748 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2583.2010.01001.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Juvenile hormone epoxide hydrolases (JHEHs) degrade juvenile hormones (JHs) and are important for JH titre regulation. Here, we report the cloning and analysis of five jheh-related (jheh-r1-r5) genes in the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum, a model species for the coleopteran insects. T. castaneum JHEH-r (TcJHEH-r) proteins show high homology to lepidopteran JHEHs and also to human microsomal epoxide hydrolase. In the phylogenetic tree, Tcjheh-rs were clustered, and interestingly, they were also clustered in the genome. Examination of enzymatic activities using recombinant TcJHEH-r proteins showed that TcJHEH-r3 had strong degradation activity for JH III, whereas TcJHEH-r4 had weak activity. The study has yielded significant information that will facilitate further analysis of JHEHs and epoxide hydrolases.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Tsubota
- Invertebrate Gene Function Research Unit, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
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Huang L, Cheng T, Xu P, Cheng D, Fang T, Xia Q. A genome-wide survey for host response of silkworm, Bombyx mori during pathogen Bacillus bombyseptieus infection. PLoS One 2009; 4:e8098. [PMID: 19956592 PMCID: PMC2780328 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0008098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2009] [Accepted: 11/04/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Host-pathogen interactions are complex relationships, and a central challenge is to reveal the interactions between pathogens and their hosts. Bacillus bombysepticus (Bb) which can produces spores and parasporal crystals was firstly separated from the corpses of the infected silkworms (Bombyx mori). Bb naturally infects the silkworm can cause an acute fuliginosa septicaemia and kill the silkworm larvae generally within one day in the hot and humid season. Bb pathogen of the silkworm can be used for investigating the host responses after the infection. Gene expression profiling during four time-points of silkworm whole larvae after Bb infection was performed to gain insight into the mechanism of Bb-associated host whole body effect. Genome-wide survey of the host genes demonstrated many genes and pathways modulated after the infection. GO analysis of the induced genes indicated that their functions could be divided into 14 categories. KEGG pathway analysis identified that six types of basal metabolic pathway were regulated, including genetic information processing and transcription, carbohydrate metabolism, amino acid and nitrogen metabolism, nucleotide metabolism, metabolism of cofactors and vitamins, and xenobiotic biodegradation and metabolism. Similar to Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt), Bb can also induce a silkworm poisoning-related response. In this process, genes encoding midgut peritrophic membrane proteins, aminopeptidase N receptors and sodium/calcium exchange protein showed modulation. For the first time, we found that Bb induced a lot of genes involved in juvenile hormone synthesis and metabolism pathway upregulated. Bb also triggered the host immune responses, including cellular immune response and serine protease cascade melanization response. Real time PCR analysis showed that Bb can induce the silkworm systemic immune response, mainly by the Toll pathway. Anti-microorganism peptides (AMPs), including of Attacin, Lebocin, Enbocin, Gloverin and Moricin families, were upregulated at 24 hours post the infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lulin Huang
- Institute of Sericulture and Systems Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Institute of Economic Crops Breeding and Cultivation, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Tingcai Cheng
- Institute of Agronomy and Life Science, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Pingzhen Xu
- Institute of Sericulture and Systems Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Daojun Cheng
- Institute of Sericulture and Systems Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ting Fang
- Institute of Sericulture and Systems Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qingyou Xia
- Institute of Sericulture and Systems Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Institute of Agronomy and Life Science, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
- * E-mail:
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Gatehouse HS, Poulton J, Markwick NP, Gatehouse LN, Ward VK, Young VL, Luo Z, Schaffer R, Christeller JT. Changes in gene expression in the permissive larval host lightbrown apple moth (Epiphyas postvittana, Tortricidae) in response to EppoNPV (Baculoviridae) infection. INSECT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2009; 18:635-648. [PMID: 19754741 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2583.2009.00904.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Host cell and virus gene expression were measured five days after per os inoculation of 3rd instar lightbrown apple moth (LBAM) larvae with the Epiphyas postvittana nucleopolyhedrovirus (EppoNPV). Microarray analysis identified 84 insect genes that were up-regulated and 18 genes that were down-regulated in virus-infected larvae compared with uninfected larvae. From the 134 viral open reading frames represented on the microarray, 81 genes showed strong expression. Of the 38 functionally identifiable regulated insect genes, 23 coded for proteins that have roles in one of five processes; regulation of transcription and translation, induction of apoptosis, and maintenance of both juvenility and actin cytoskeletal integrity. Of the 34 functionally identifiable viral genes that were most strongly expressed, 12 had functions associated with these five processes, as did a further seven viral genes which were expressed at slightly lower levels. A survey of the LBAM-expressed sequence tag library identified further genes involved in these processes. In total, 135 insect genes and 38 viral genes were analysed by quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Twenty-one insect genes were strongly up-regulated and 31 genes strongly down-regulated. All 38 viral genes examined were highly expressed. These data suggest that induction of apoptosis and regulation of juvenility are the major 'battlegrounds' between virus and insect, with the majority of changes observed representing viral control of insect gene expression. Transcription and translational effects seem to be exerted largely through modulation of mRNA and protein degradation. Examples of attempts by the insect to repel the infection via changes in gene expression within these same processes were, however, also noted. The data also showed the extent to which viral transcription dominated in the infected insects at five days post inoculation.
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Affiliation(s)
- H S Gatehouse
- Plant and Food Research Institute, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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Morisseau C, Hammock BD. Gerry Brooks and epoxide hydrolases: four decades to a pharmaceutical. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2008; 64:594-609. [PMID: 18383502 DOI: 10.1002/ps.1583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The pioneering work of Gerry Brooks on cyclodiene insecticides led to the discovery of a class of enzymes known as epoxide hydrolases. The results from four decades of work confirm Brooks' first observations that the microsomal epoxide hydrolase is important in foreign compound metabolism. Brooks and associates went on to be the first to carry out a systematic study of the inhibition of this enzyme. A second role for this enzyme family was in the degradation of insect juvenile hormone (JH). JH epoxide hydrolases have now been cloned and expressed from several species, and there is interest in developing inhibitors for them. Interestingly, the distantly related mammalian soluble epoxide hydrolase has emerged as a promising pharmacological target for treating hypertension, inflammatory disease and pain. Tight-binding transition-state inhibitors were developed with good ADME (absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion). These compounds stabilize endogenous epoxides of fatty acids, including arachidonic acid, which have profound therapeutic effects. Now EHs from microorganisms and plants are used in green chemistry. From his seminal work, Dr Brooks opened the field of epoxide hydrolase research in many directions including xenobiotic metabolism, insect physiology and human health, as well as asymmetric organic synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Morisseau
- Department of Entomology and UCD, Cancer Center, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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Production of epoxide hydrolases in batch fermentations of Botryosphaeria rhodina. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2008; 35:485-93. [DOI: 10.1007/s10295-008-0306-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2007] [Accepted: 12/22/2007] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Zhang Y, Huang J, Jia S, Liu W, Li M, Wang S, Miao X, Xiao H, Huang Y. SAGE tag based cDNA microarray analysis during larval to pupal development and isolation of novel cDNAs in Bombyx mori. Genomics 2007; 90:372-9. [PMID: 17582738 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2007.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2007] [Revised: 04/28/2007] [Accepted: 05/14/2007] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Many genes act together during the complex process of insect larval and pupal development. 20-hydroxyecdysone interacts with juvenile hormone to control insect growth and development and then activates several transcription factors, i.e., Broad, E74, and E75, and, subsequently, the late target genes. To investigate this phenomenon, we used serial analysis of gene expression (SAGE) tag-based cDNA microarray analysis to monitor the global gene expression profile during larval development and larva-pupa metamorphosis of the silkworm Bombyx mori. Of the 330 clones that were dotted to the chip, 267 were obtained by generating longer cDNA fragments from SAGE tags for gene identification, and the others were obtained from SAGE tag-matched genes or expressed sequence tags from public databases. According to the gene expression profile, the genes were classified into 12 clusters using a self-organizing map analysis. The results were partially confirmed using real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. We obtained 22 full-length cDNAs using rapid amplification of 5' cDNA ends, of which eight genes were novel in the silkworm. Our results indicated that use of a cDNA microarray based on SAGE tags is effective for identifying and examining some low-expression genes associated with insect development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Zhang
- Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 300 Fenglin Road, Shanghai 200032, People's Republic of China
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Lee EY, Shuler ML. Molecular engineering of epoxide hydrolase and its application to asymmetric and enantioconvergent hydrolysis. Biotechnol Bioeng 2007; 98:318-27. [PMID: 17405175 DOI: 10.1002/bit.21444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Safety and regulatory issues favor increasing use of enantiopure compounds in pharmaceuticals. Enantiopure epoxides and diols are valuable intermediates in organic synthesis for the production of optically active pharmaceuticals. Enantiopure epoxide can be prepared using epoxide hydrolase (EH)-catalyzed asymmetric hydrolysis of its racemate. Enantioconvergent hydrolysis of racemic epoxides by EHs possessing complementary enantioselectivity and regioselectivity can lead to the formation of enantiopure vicinal diols with high yield. EHs are cofactor-independent and easy-to-use catalysts. EHs will attract much attention as commercial biocatalysts for the preparation of enantiopure epoxides and diols. In this paper, recent progress in molecular engineering of EHs is reviewed. Some examples and prospects of asymmetric and enantioconvergent hydrolysis reactions are discussed as supplements to molecular engineering to improve EH performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Yeol Lee
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kyungsung University, Daeyeon-dong, Nam-gu, Busan 608-736, Republic of Korea.
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Li S, Zhang QR, Xu WH, Schooley DA. Juvenile hormone diol kinase, a calcium-binding protein with kinase activity, from the silkworm, Bombyx mori. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2005; 35:1235-48. [PMID: 16203205 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2005.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2005] [Revised: 06/16/2005] [Accepted: 06/17/2005] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Juvenile hormone (JH) diol kinase (JHDK) is an important enzyme involved in the JH degradation pathway. Bombyx mori (Bommo)-JHDK cDNA (637bp) contains an open reading frame encoding a 183-amino acid protein, which reveals a high degree of identity to the two previously reported JHDKs. JHDK is similar to GTP-binding proteins with three conserved sequence elements involved in purine nucleotide binding, contains eight alpha-helices and three EF-hand motifs, and resembles the three-dimensional model of 2SCP and some other calcium-binding proteins. The Bommo-JHDK gene has only a single copy in the silkworm haploid genome, contains only one exon, and its 5'-upstream sequence does not have a JH response element. Although Bommo-JHDK is highly expressed in the gut of the silkworm, its mRNA expression remains at a constant level during larval development suggesting this enzyme is constitutive and not regulated by JH, at least at the transcriptional level. Recombinant Bommo-JHDK catalyzed the conversion of 10S-JH diol into JH diol phosphate, confirming its enzymatic function. Recombinant enzyme formed a dimer and had biochemical characteristics similar to other JHDKs. Bommo-JHDK, a calcium-binding protein with kinase activity, provides unique insights on how JH levels are regulated in the silkworm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Li
- Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institute of Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, PR China.
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