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Bharadwaj N, Sharma R, Subramanian M, Ragini G, Nagarajan SA, Rahi M. Omics Approaches in Understanding Insecticide Resistance in Mosquito Vectors. Int J Mol Sci 2025; 26:1854. [PMID: 40076478 PMCID: PMC11899280 DOI: 10.3390/ijms26051854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2024] [Revised: 12/09/2024] [Accepted: 01/07/2025] [Indexed: 03/14/2025] Open
Abstract
In recent years, the emergence of insecticide resistance has been a major challenge to global public health. Understanding the molecular mechanisms of this phenomenon in mosquito vectors is paramount for the formulation of effective vector control strategies. This review explores the current knowledge of insecticide resistance mechanisms through omics approaches. Genomic, transcriptomic, proteomic, and metabolomics approaches have proven crucial to understand these resilient vectors. Genomic studies have identified multiple genes associated with insecticide resistance, while transcriptomics has revealed dynamic gene expression patterns in response to insecticide exposure and other environmental stimuli. Proteomics and metabolomics offer insights into protein expression and metabolic pathways involved in detoxification and resistance. Integrating omics data holds immense potential to expand our knowledge on the molecular basis of insecticide resistance in mosquitoes via information obtained from different omics platforms to understand regulatory mechanisms and differential expression of genes and protein, and to identify the transcription factors and novel molecules involved in the detoxification of insecticides. Eventually, these data will help construct predictive models, identify novel strategies, and develop targeted interventions to control vector-borne diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikhil Bharadwaj
- Division of Vector Biology and Control, ICMR-Vector Control Research Centre, Medical Complex, Indira Nagar, Puducherry 605006, India; (M.S.); (G.R.); (S.A.N.); (M.R.)
| | - Rohit Sharma
- Division of Vector Biology and Control, ICMR-Vector Control Research Centre, Medical Complex, Indira Nagar, Puducherry 605006, India; (M.S.); (G.R.); (S.A.N.); (M.R.)
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Temeyer KB, Tong F, Schlechte KG, Chen QH, Carlier PR, Pérez de León AÁ, Bloomquist JR. Mosquito mutations F290V and F331W expressed in acetylcholinesterase of the sand fly Phlebotomus papatasi (Scopoli): biochemical properties and inhibitor sensitivity. Parasit Vectors 2025; 18:57. [PMID: 39966927 PMCID: PMC11834182 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-025-06691-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/27/2025] [Indexed: 02/20/2025] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Old World sand fly, Phlebotomus papatasi (Scopoli), a vector of zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis, is usually controlled by insecticides, including anticholinesterases. Previous studies have revealed 85% amino acid sequence identity of recombinant P. papatasi acetylcholinesterase (rPpAChE1) to mosquito AChE. They identified synthetic carbamates that selectively inhibited rPpAChE1 and circumvented the G119S mutation responsible for high-level resistance to anticholinesterases. This study reports the construction, baculovirus expression, and biochemical properties of rPpAChE1 containing the F290V and F331W orthologous mutations from mosquitoes. METHODS Recombinant PpAChE1 enzymes with or without the F290V, F331W, and G119S orthologous mosquito mutations were expressed in Sf21cells utilizing the baculoviral system. Ellman assays determined changes in catalytic properties and inhibitor sensitivity resulting from wild type and mutant rPpAChE1 containing single or combinations of orthologous mosquito mutations. RESULTS Each of the orthologous mutations (F290V, F331W, and G119S) from mosquito AChE significantly reduced inhibition sensitivity to organophosphate or carbamate pesticides, and catalytic activity was lost when they were expressed in combination. Novel synthetic carbamates were identified that significantly inhibited the rPpAChEs expressing each of the single orthologous mosquito mutations. CONCLUSIONS These novel carbamates could be developed as efficacious insecticides, with improved specificity and safety for use in sand fly or mosquito populations expressing the mutant AChEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin B Temeyer
- Knipling-Bushland US Livestock Insects Research Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, 2700 Fredericksburg Road, Kerrville, TX, 78028-9184, USA.
| | - Fan Tong
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, 2055 Mowry Road, PO Box 100009, Gainesville, FL, 32610-00009, USA
| | - Kristie G Schlechte
- Knipling-Bushland US Livestock Insects Research Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, 2700 Fredericksburg Road, Kerrville, TX, 78028-9184, USA
| | - Qiao-Hong Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, 900 West Campus Drive, 480 Davidson Hall, Blacksburg, VA, 24061-0001, USA
| | - Paul R Carlier
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, 900 West Campus Drive, 480 Davidson Hall, Blacksburg, VA, 24061-0001, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Illinois Chicago, 833 S Wood St, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Adalberto Á Pérez de León
- Knipling-Bushland US Livestock Insects Research Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, 2700 Fredericksburg Road, Kerrville, TX, 78028-9184, USA
- San Joaquin Valley Agricultural Sciences Center, US Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, 9611 S. Riverbend Ave., Parlier, CA, 93648, USA
| | - Jeffrey R Bloomquist
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, 2055 Mowry Road, PO Box 100009, Gainesville, FL, 32610-00009, USA
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Huang X, Kaufman PE, Athrey GN, Fredregill C, Slotman MA. Unveiling candidate genes for metabolic resistance to malathion in Aedes albopictus through RNA sequencing-based transcriptome profiling. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2024; 18:e0012243. [PMID: 38865422 PMCID: PMC11168629 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0012243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Aedes albopictus, also known as the Asian tiger mosquito, is indigenous to the tropical forests of Southeast Asia. Ae. albopictus is expanding across the globe at alarming rates, raising concern over the transmission of mosquito-borne diseases, such as dengue, West Nile fever, yellow fever, and chikungunya fever. Since Ae. albopictus was reported in Houston (Harris County, Texas) in 1985, this species has rapidly expanded to at least 32 states across the United States. Public health efforts aimed at controlling Ae. albopictus, including surveillance and adulticide spraying operations, occur regularly in Harris County. Despite rotation of insecticides to mitigate the development of resistance, multiple mosquito species including Culex quinquefasciatus and Aedes aegypti in Harris County show organophosphate and pyrethroid resistance. Aedes albopictus shows relatively low resistance levels as compared to Ae. aegypti, but kdr-mutation and the expression of detoxification genes have been reported in Ae. albopictus populations elsewhere. To identify potential candidate detoxification genes contributing to metabolic resistance, we used RNA sequencing of field-collected malathion-resistant and malathion-susceptible, and laboratory-maintained susceptible colonies of Ae. albopictus by comparing the relative expression of transcripts from three major detoxification superfamilies involved in malathion resistance due to metabolic detoxification. Between these groups, we identified 12 candidate malathion resistance genes and among these, most genes correlated with metabolic detoxification of malathion, including four P450 and one alpha esterase. Our results reveal the metabolic detoxification and potential cuticular-based resistance mechanisms associated with malathion resistance in Ae. albopictus in Harris County, Texas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyue Huang
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Phillip E. Kaufman
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Giridhar N. Athrey
- Department of Poultry Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Chris Fredregill
- Harris County Public Health, Mosquito & Vector Control Division, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Michel A. Slotman
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
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Gan SJ, Leong YQ, bin Barhanuddin MFH, Wong ST, Wong SF, Mak JW, Ahmad RB. Dengue fever and insecticide resistance in Aedes mosquitoes in Southeast Asia: a review. Parasit Vectors 2021; 14:315. [PMID: 34112220 PMCID: PMC8194039 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-021-04785-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Dengue fever is the most important mosquito-borne viral disease in Southeast Asia. Insecticides remain the most effective vector control approach for Aedes mosquitoes. Four main classes of insecticides are widely used for mosquito control: organochlorines, organophosphates, pyrethroids and carbamates. Here, we review the distribution of dengue fever from 2000 to 2020 and its associated mortality in Southeast Asian countries, and we gather evidence on the trend of insecticide resistance and its distribution in these countries since 2000, summarising the mechanisms involved. The prevalence of resistance to these insecticides is increasing in Southeast Asia, and the mechanisms of resistance are reported to be associated with target site mutations, metabolic detoxification, reduced penetration of insecticides via the mosquito cuticle and behavioural changes of mosquitoes. Continuous monitoring of the status of resistance and searching for alternative control measures will be critical for minimising any unpredicted outbreaks and improving public health. This review also provides improved insights into the specific use of insecticides for effective control of mosquitoes in these dengue endemic countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soon Jian Gan
- International Medical University, 57000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Yong Qi Leong
- International Medical University, 57000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Monash University Malaysia, 47500 Subang Jaya, Selangor Malaysia
| | | | - Siew Tung Wong
- International Medical University, 57000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Shew Fung Wong
- International Medical University, 57000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Institute for Research, Development and Innovation (IRDI), International Medical University, 57000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Joon Wah Mak
- International Medical University, 57000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Institute for Research, Development and Innovation (IRDI), International Medical University, 57000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Rohani Binti Ahmad
- Institute for Medical Research, Jalan Pahang, 50588 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Arich S, Assaid N, Taki H, Weill M, Labbé P, Sarih M. Distribution of insecticide resistance and molecular mechanisms involved in the West Nile vector Culex pipiens in Morocco. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2021; 77:1178-1186. [PMID: 33009878 DOI: 10.1002/ps.6127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mosquitoes of the Culex pipiens complex are the vectors of several arboviruses and are thus subjected to insecticide control worldwide. However, overuse of insecticides selects for resistance. While assessing the resistance status of the vectors is required for effective and sustainable disease control, resistance has so far only been sparsely studied in Morocco. In this study, we establish a first countrywide assessment of the levels of resistance to various insecticides and the potential responsible mechanisms involved. Cx. pipiens larvae were collected from natural populations of five regions of Morocco, and their taxonomic status was determined (molecular forms). The level of their susceptibility to insecticides was assessed by single-diagnostic-dose bioassays. Molecular identification of known resistance alleles was investigated to determine the frequency of target-site mutations. RESULTS This study confirms that Moroccan populations are an interbreeding mix of pipiens and molestus forms, with large gene flow for the resistance alleles. We also found that Cx. pipiens mosquitoes are resistant to all insecticide families, all over Morocco: resistance is high for insecticides used in mosquito control, but also present for other pesticides. Resistance alleles are similarly more frequent for mosquito control insecticides. However, their distribution is heterogeneous in the five regions, with significant genetic differentiation between populations, revealing the crucial role of local insecticide treatment practices. CONCLUSION This study provides reference countrywide data that highlight the need for further research to refine the distribution of resistance in Morocco and to understand the role of agriculture/urban residuals in its spread. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soukaina Arich
- Laboratory of Biology and Health, Faculty of Sciences Ben M'Sik, URAC 34, Hassan II University-Casablanca, Casablanca, Morocco
- Laboratoire des Maladies Vectorielles (LMV), Institut Pasteur du Maroc, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Najlaa Assaid
- Laboratoire des Maladies Vectorielles (LMV), Institut Pasteur du Maroc, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Hassan Taki
- Laboratory of Biology and Health, Faculty of Sciences Ben M'Sik, URAC 34, Hassan II University-Casablanca, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Mylène Weill
- Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution de Montpellier (UMR 5554, CNRS-UM-IRD-EPHE), Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, CEDEX 5, France
| | - Pierrick Labbé
- Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution de Montpellier (UMR 5554, CNRS-UM-IRD-EPHE), Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, CEDEX 5, France
| | - M'hammed Sarih
- Laboratoire des Maladies Vectorielles (LMV), Institut Pasteur du Maroc, Casablanca, Morocco
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Bkhache M, Tmimi FZ, Charafeddine O, Filali OB, Lemrani M, Labbé P, Sarih M. G119S ace-1 mutation conferring insecticide resistance detected in the Culex pipiens complex in Morocco. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2019; 75:286-291. [PMID: 29885052 DOI: 10.1002/ps.5114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Revised: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Arboviruses are controlled through insecticide control of their mosquito vector. However, inconsiderate use of insecticides often results in the selection of resistance in treated populations, so that monitoring is required to optimize their usage. Here, Culex pipiens (West Nile and Rift Valley Fever virus vector) specimens were collected from four Moroccan cities. Levels of susceptibility to the organophosphate (OP) insecticide malathion were assessed using World Health Organization (WHO)-recommended bioassays. Individual mosquitoes were tested for the presence of the G119S mutation in the ace-1 gene, the main OP-target resistance mutation. RESULTS Bioassays showed that mosquitoes from Mohammedia were significantly more resistant to malathion than those from Marrakech. Analyzing the ace-1 genotypes in dead and surviving individuals suggested that other resistance mechanisms may be present in Mohammedia. The ace-1 resistance allele frequencies were relatively moderate (< 0.4). Their analyses in three Moroccan cities (Tangier, Casablanca and Marrakech) however showed disparities between two coexisting Cx. pipiens forms and revealed that the G119S mutation tends to be more frequent in urban than in rural collection sites. CONCLUSION These findings provide a reference assessment of OP resistance in Morocco and should help the health authorities to develop informed and sustainable vector control programs. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meriem Bkhache
- Institut Pasteur du Maroc, Service de Parasitologie et des Maladies Vectorielles, Casablanca, Morocco
- Faculté des Sciences et Techniques de Mohammedia, Laboratoire de Virologie Microbiologie & Qualité et Biotechnologies / Eco-toxicologie & Biodiversité, Université Hassan II de Casablanca, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Fatim-Zohra Tmimi
- Institut Pasteur du Maroc, Service de Parasitologie et des Maladies Vectorielles, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Omar Charafeddine
- Faculté des Sciences et Techniques de Mohammedia, Laboratoire de Virologie Microbiologie & Qualité et Biotechnologies / Eco-toxicologie & Biodiversité, Université Hassan II de Casablanca, Casablanca, Morocco
| | | | - Meryem Lemrani
- Institut Pasteur du Maroc, Service de Parasitologie et des Maladies Vectorielles, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Pierrick Labbé
- Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution de Montpellier (UMR 5554, CNRS-UM-IRD-EPHE), Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, Cedex 5, France
| | - M'hammed Sarih
- Institut Pasteur du Maroc, Service de Parasitologie et des Maladies Vectorielles, Casablanca, Morocco
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Weetman D, Djogbenou LS, Lucas E. Copy number variation (CNV) and insecticide resistance in mosquitoes: evolving knowledge or an evolving problem? CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2018; 27:82-88. [PMID: 30025639 PMCID: PMC6056009 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2018.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Revised: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Copy number variation (CNV) in insect genomes is a rich source of potentially adaptive polymorphism which may help overcome the constraints of purifying selection on conserved genes and/or permit elevated transcription. Classic studies of amplified esterases and acetylcholinesterase duplication in Culex pipiens quantified evolutionary dynamics of CNV driven by insecticidal selection. A more complex and potentially medically impactful form of CNV is found in Anopheles gambiae, with both heterogeneous duplications and homogeneous amplifications strongly linked with insecticide resistance. Metabolic gene amplification, revealed by shotgun sequencing, appears common in Aedes aegypti, but poorly understood in other mosquito species. Many methodologies have been used to detect CNV in mosquitoes, but relatively few can detect both duplications and amplifications, and contrasting methods should be combined. Genome scans for CNV have been rare to date in mosquitoes, but offer immense potential to determine the overall role of CNV as a component of resistance mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Weetman
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool L3 5QA, UK.
| | - Luc S Djogbenou
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool L3 5QA, UK; Institut Régional de Santé Publique/Université d'Abomey-Calavi, Ouidah, Benin
| | - Eric Lucas
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool L3 5QA, UK
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Silva Martins WF, Wilding CS, Steen K, Mawejje H, Antão TR, Donnelly MJ. Local selection in the presence of high levels of gene flow: Evidence of heterogeneous insecticide selection pressure across Ugandan Culex quinquefasciatus populations. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2017; 11:e0005917. [PMID: 28972985 PMCID: PMC5640252 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0005917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Revised: 10/13/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Culex quinquefasciatus collected in Uganda, where no vector control interventions directly targeting this species have been conducted, was used as a model to determine if it is possible to detect heterogeneities in selection pressure driven by insecticide application targeting other insect species. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Population genetic structure was assessed through microsatellite analysis, and the impact of insecticide pressure by genotyping two target-site mutations, Vgsc-1014F of the voltage-gated sodium channel target of pyrethroid and DDT insecticides, and Ace1-119S of the acetylcholinesterase gene, target of carbamate and organophosphate insecticides. No significant differences in genetic diversity were observed among populations by microsatellite markers with HE ranging from 0.597 to 0.612 and low, but significant, genetic differentiation among populations (FST = 0.019, P = 0.001). By contrast, the insecticide-resistance markers display heterogeneous allelic distributions with significant differences detected between Central Ugandan (urban) populations relative to Eastern and Southwestern (rural) populations. In the central region, a frequency of 62% for Vgsc-1014F, and 32% for the Ace1-119S resistant allele were observed. Conversely, in both Eastern and Southwestern regions the Vgsc-1014F alleles were close to fixation, whilst Ace1-119S allele frequency was 12% (although frequencies may be underestimated due to copy number variation at both loci). CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Taken together, the microsatellite and both insecticide resistance target-site markers provide evidence that in the face of intense gene flow among populations, disjunction in resistance frequencies arise due to intense local selection pressures despite an absence of insecticidal control interventions targeting Culex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter Fabricio Silva Martins
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- Departamento de Biologia, Universidade Estadual da Paraíba, Campina Grande, Brasil
| | - Craig Stephen Wilding
- School of Natural Sciences and Psychology, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Keith Steen
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | | | - Tiago Rodrigues Antão
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- Division of Biological Science, University of Montana, Missoula, United States of America
| | - Martin James Donnelly
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- Malaria Programme, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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Taskin BG, Dogaroglu T, Kilic S, Dogac E, Taskin V. Seasonal dynamics of insecticide resistance, multiple resistance, and morphometric variation in field populations of Culex pipiens. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 129:14-27. [PMID: 27017877 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2015.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2015] [Revised: 10/13/2015] [Accepted: 10/13/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Resistance to insecticides that impairs nervous transmission has been widely investigated in mosquito populations as insecticides are crucial to effective insect control. The development of insecticide resistance is also of special interest to evolutionary biologists since it represents the opportunity to observe the genetic consequences of a well-characterized alteration in the environment. Although the frequencies of resistance alleles in Culex pipiens populations against different groups of insecticides have been reported, no detailed information is available on the relative change in these allele frequencies over time. In this study, we collected mosquitoes of the Cx. pipiens complex from six locations in three seasons in the Aegean region of Turkey and examined the i) seasonal variations in resistance to four different chemical classes of insecticides, ii) seasonal fluctuations in frequencies of resistance-associated target-site mutations of the three genes (ace-1, kdr, and Rdl), and iii) potential seasonal variations in wing morphometric characters that may be modified in resistant mosquitoes. Our bioassay results indicated the presence of different levels of resistance to all tested insecticides for all three seasons in all locations. The results of the PCR-based molecular analysis revealed low frequencies of mutations in ace-1 and Rdl that are associated with resistance to malathion, bendiocarb, and dieldrin and no obvious seasonal changes. In contrast, we detected high frequencies and striking seasonal changes for two kdr mutations associated with resistance to DDT and pyrethroids. In addition, the evaluation of the field populations from all seasons in terms of the combinations of polymorphisms at four resistance-associated mutations did not reveal the presence of insects that are resistant to all pesticides. Results from the morphological analysis displayed a similar pattern for both wings and did not show a clear separation among the samples from the three different seasons. The results of this study have advanced our knowledge of the potential dynamics of insecticide resistance among populations of the Cx. pipiens complex. The implications of these results to the understanding of the evolution of insecticide resistance and the management of resistance in mosquitoes are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belgin Gocmen Taskin
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Mugla Sitki Kocman University, Mugla, Turkey
| | - Taylan Dogaroglu
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Mugla Sitki Kocman University, Mugla, Turkey
| | - Sercan Kilic
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Mugla Sitki Kocman University, Mugla, Turkey
| | - Ersin Dogac
- Koycegiz Vocational School, Department of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Mugla Sitki Kocman University, Mugla, Turkey
| | - Vatan Taskin
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Mugla Sitki Kocman University, Mugla, Turkey.
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Johnson BJ, Fonseca DM. Insecticide resistance alleles in wetland and residential populations of the West Nile virus vector Culex pipiens in New Jersey. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2016; 72:481-488. [PMID: 25809655 DOI: 10.1002/ps.4011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2014] [Revised: 02/19/2015] [Accepted: 03/23/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In spite of the extensive use of insecticides to control Culex pipiens in the aftermath of West Nile virus, knowledge of the spatial distribution and frequency of insecticide resistance in this species is poorly understood in the United States. This paper reports on the occurrence of upregulated esterases that detoxify organophosphates (OPs) and mutations conferring resistance to pyrethroid insecticides in natural and developed areas of New Jersey. RESULTS We report the first observations of the OP resistance alleles Ester(B1) and Ester(2) and the classical knockdown resistance (kdr) mutation L1014F in New Jersey Cx. pipiens. Upregulated Ester(B1) peaked at 23% (mean ± SE = 12 ± 2.3%) and Ester(2) at 14% (8 ± 1.8%), and both were widely distributed. L1014F, which confers strong resistance to pyrethroids when homozygous, was also widely distributed and ranged in frequency from 2 to 19% (5.1% heterozygous individuals and 1.4% homozygous). CONCLUSION We have demonstrated that OP resistance is common and broadly distributed in New Jersey Cx. pipiens, and that homozygous individuals resistant to pyrethroids are present. Further, we have detected double mutants at Ester and kdr, a condition that may annul the purging effects of insecticide rotations. Our results therefore indicate the need for continued monitoring of insecticide resistance in order to achieve effective mosquito control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian J Johnson
- Graduate Program in Ecology and Evolution, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
- Center for Vector Biology, Department of Entomology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| | - Dina M Fonseca
- Graduate Program in Ecology and Evolution, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
- Center for Vector Biology, Department of Entomology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
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Alout H, Labbé P, Berthomieu A, Makoundou P, Fort P, Pasteur N, Weill M. High chlorpyrifos resistance in Culex pipiens mosquitoes: strong synergy between resistance genes. Heredity (Edinb) 2016; 116:224-31. [PMID: 26463842 PMCID: PMC4806891 DOI: 10.1038/hdy.2015.92] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2015] [Revised: 06/19/2015] [Accepted: 08/18/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
We investigated the genetic determinism of high chlorpyrifos resistance (HCR), a phenotype first described in 1999 in Culex pipiens mosquitoes surviving chlorpyrifos doses ⩾1 mg l(-1) and more recently found in field samples from Tunisia, Israel or Indian Ocean islands. Through chlorpyrifos selection, we selected several HCR strains that displayed over 10 000-fold resistance. All strains were homozygous for resistant alleles at two main loci: the ace-1 gene, with the resistant ace-1(R) allele expressing the insensitive G119S acetylcholinesterase, and a resistant allele of an unknown gene (named T) linked to the sex and ace-2 genes. We constructed a strain carrying only the T-resistant allele and studied its resistance characteristics. By crossing this strain with strains harboring different alleles at the ace-1 locus, we showed that the resistant ace-1(R) and the T alleles act in strong synergy, as they elicited a resistance 100 times higher than expected from a simple multiplicative effect. This effect was specific to chlorpyrifos and parathion and was not affected by synergists. We also examined how HCR was expressed in strains carrying other ace-1-resistant alleles, such as ace-1(V) or the duplicated ace-1(D) allele, currently spreading worldwide. We identified two major parameters that influenced the level of resistance: the number and the nature of the ace-1-resistant alleles and the number of T alleles. Our data fit a model that predicts that the T allele acts by decreasing chlorpyrifos concentration in the compartment targeted in insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Alout
- CNRS, IRD, ISEM–UMR, Montpellier, France
- University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- Arthropod-Borne and Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - P Labbé
- CNRS, IRD, ISEM–UMR, Montpellier, France
- University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - A Berthomieu
- CNRS, IRD, ISEM–UMR, Montpellier, France
- University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - P Makoundou
- CNRS, IRD, ISEM–UMR, Montpellier, France
- University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - P Fort
- University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- CNRS, CRBM–UMR, Montpellier, France
| | - N Pasteur
- CNRS, IRD, ISEM–UMR, Montpellier, France
- University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - M Weill
- CNRS, IRD, ISEM–UMR, Montpellier, France
- University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
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12
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Temeyer KB, Tong F, Totrov MM, Tuckow AP, Chen QH, Carlier PR, Pérez de León AA, Bloomquist JR. Acetylcholinesterase of the sand fly, Phlebotomus papatasi (Scopoli): construction, expression and biochemical properties of the G119S orthologous mutant. Parasit Vectors 2014; 7:577. [PMID: 25491113 PMCID: PMC4268798 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-014-0577-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2014] [Accepted: 11/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Phlebotomus papatasi vectors zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis. Previous expression of recombinant P. papatasi acetylcholinesterase (PpAChE1) revealed 85% amino acid sequence identity to mosquito AChE and identified synthetic carbamates that effectively inhibited PpAChE1 with improved specificity for arthropod AChEs compared to mammalian AChEs. We hypothesized that the G119S mutation causing high level resistance to organophosphate insecticides in mosquitoes may occur in PpAChE1 and may reduce sensitivity to inhibition. We report construction, expression, and biochemical properties of rPpAChE1 containing the G119S orthologous mutation. Methods Targeted mutagenesis introduced the G119S orthologous substitution in PpAChE1 cDNA. Recombinant PpAChE1 enzymes containing or lacking the G119S mutation were expressed in the baculoviral system. Biochemical assays were conducted to determine altered catalytic properties and inhibitor sensitivity resulting from the G119S substitution. A molecular homology model was constructed to examine the modeled structural interference with docking of inhibitors of different classes. Genetic tests were conducted to determine if the G119S orthologous codon existed in polymorphic form in a laboratory colony of P. papatasi. Results Recombinant PpAChE1 containing the G119S substitution exhibited altered biochemical properties, and reduced inhibition by compounds that bind to the acylation site on the enzyme (with the exception of eserine). Less resistance was directed against bivalent or peripheral site inhibitors, in good agreement with modeled inhibitor docking. Eserine appeared to be a special case capable of inhibition in the absence of covalent binding at the acylation site. Genetic tests did not detect the G119S mutation in a laboratory colony of P. papatasi but did reveal that the G119S codon existed in polymorphic form (GGA + GGC). Conclusions The finding of G119S codon polymorphism in a laboratory colony of P. papatasi suggests that a single nucleotide transversion (GGC → AGC) may readily occur, causing rapid development of resistance to organophosphate and phenyl-substituted carbamate insecticides under strong selection. Careful management of pesticide use in IPM programs is important to prevent or mitigate development and fixation of the G119S mutation in susceptible pest populations. Availability of recombinant AChEs enables identification of novel inhibitory ligands with improved efficacy and specificity for AChEs of arthropod pests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin B Temeyer
- Agricultural Research Service, U. S. Department of Agriculture, Knipling-Bushland U.S. Livestock Insects Research Laboratory, 2700 Fredericksburg Road, Kerrville, TX, 78028-9184, USA.
| | - Fan Tong
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, 2055 Mowry Road, PO Box 100009, Gainesville, FL, 32610-00009, USA.
| | - Maxim M Totrov
- Molsoft LLC, 3366 North Torrey Pines Court, Suite 300, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA.
| | - Alexander P Tuckow
- Agricultural Research Service, U. S. Department of Agriculture, Knipling-Bushland U.S. Livestock Insects Research Laboratory, 2700 Fredericksburg Road, Kerrville, TX, 78028-9184, USA.
| | - Qiao-hong Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, 900 West Campus Drive, 480 Davidson Hall, Blacksburg, VA, 24061-0001, USA.
| | - Paul R Carlier
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, 900 West Campus Drive, 480 Davidson Hall, Blacksburg, VA, 24061-0001, USA.
| | - Adalberto A Pérez de León
- Agricultural Research Service, U. S. Department of Agriculture, Knipling-Bushland U.S. Livestock Insects Research Laboratory, 2700 Fredericksburg Road, Kerrville, TX, 78028-9184, USA.
| | - Jeffrey R Bloomquist
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, 2055 Mowry Road, PO Box 100009, Gainesville, FL, 32610-00009, USA.
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13
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Marcombe S, Farajollahi A, Healy SP, Clark GG, Fonseca DM. Insecticide resistance status of United States populations of Aedes albopictus and mechanisms involved. PLoS One 2014; 9:e101992. [PMID: 25013910 PMCID: PMC4094391 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0101992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2014] [Accepted: 06/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Aedes albopictus (Skuse) is an invasive mosquito that has become an important vector of chikungunya and dengue viruses. Immature Ae. albopictus thrive in backyard household containers that require treatment with larvicides and when adult populations reach pest levels or disease transmission is ongoing, adulticiding is often required. To assess the feasibility of control of USA populations, we tested the susceptibility of Ae. albopictus to chemicals representing the main insecticide classes with different modes of action: organochlorines, organophosphates, carbamates, pyrethroids, insect growth regulators (IGR), naturalytes, and biolarvicides. We characterized a susceptible reference strain of Ae. albopictus, ATM95, and tested the susceptibility of eight USA populations to five adulticides and six larvicides. We found that USA populations are broadly susceptible to currently available larvicides and adulticides. Unexpectedly, however, we found significant resistance to dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) in two Florida populations and in a New Jersey population. We also found resistance to malathion, an organophosphate, in Florida and New Jersey and reduced susceptibility to the IGRs pyriproxyfen and methoprene. All populations tested were fully susceptible to pyrethroids. Biochemical assays revealed a significant up-regulation of GSTs in DDT-resistant populations in both larval and adult stages. Also, β-esterases were up-regulated in the populations with suspected resistance to malathion. Of note, we identified a previously unknown amino acid polymorphism (Phe → Leu) in domain III of the VGSC, in a location known to be associated with pyrethroid resistance in another container-inhabiting mosquito, Aedes aegypti L. The observed DDT resistance in populations from Florida may indicate multiple introductions of this species into the USA, possibly from tropical populations. In addition, the mechanisms underlying DDT resistance often result in pyrethroid resistance, which would undermine a remaining tool for the control of Ae. albopictus. Continued monitoring of the insecticide resistance status of this species is imperative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Marcombe
- Center for Vector Biology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Ary Farajollahi
- Center for Vector Biology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, United States of America
- Mercer County Mosquito Control, West Trenton, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Sean P. Healy
- Monmouth County Mosquito Extermination Commission, Eatontown, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Gary G. Clark
- Mosquito and Fly Research Unit, Agriculture Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Dina M. Fonseca
- Center for Vector Biology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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14
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Ilias A, Vontas J, Tsagkarakou A. Global distribution and origin of target site insecticide resistance mutations in Tetranychus urticae. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2014; 48:17-28. [PMID: 24602758 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2014.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2013] [Revised: 02/11/2014] [Accepted: 02/20/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The control of Tetranychus urticae, a worldwide agricultural pest, is largely dependent on pesticides. However, their efficacy is often compromised by the development of resistance. Recent molecular studies identified a number of target site resistance mutations, such as G119S, A201S, T280A, G328A, F331W in the acetylcholinesterase gene, L1024V, A1215D, F1538I in the voltage-gated sodium channel gene, G314D and G326E in glutamate-gated chloride channel genes, G126S, I136T, S141F, D161G, P262T in the cytochrome b and the I1017F in the chitin synthase 1 gene. We examined their distribution, by sequencing the relevant gene fragments in a large number of T. urticae collections from a wide geographic range. Our study revealed that most of the resistance mutations are spread worldwide, with remarkably variable frequencies. Furthermore, we analyzed the variability of the ace locus, which has been subjected to longer periods of selection pressure historically, to investigate the evolutionary origin of ace resistant alleles and determine whether they resulted from single or multiple mutation events. By sequencing a 1540 bp ace fragment, encompassing the resistance mutations and downstream introns in 139 T. urticae individuals from 27 countries, we identified 6 susceptible and 31 resistant alleles which have arisen from at least three independent mutation events. The frequency and distribution of these ace haplotypes varied geographically, suggesting an interplay between different mutational events, gene flow and local selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Ilias
- Faculty of Biotechnology and Applied Biology, Department of Biology, University of Crete, P.O. Box 2208, 71409 Heraklion, Greece; Hellenic Agricultural Organisation "Demeter", NAGREF, Plant Protection Institute of Heraklion, P.O. Box 2228, 71003 Heraklion, Greece
| | - J Vontas
- Faculty of Biotechnology and Applied Biology, Department of Biology, University of Crete, P.O. Box 2208, 71409 Heraklion, Greece
| | - A Tsagkarakou
- Hellenic Agricultural Organisation "Demeter", NAGREF, Plant Protection Institute of Heraklion, P.O. Box 2228, 71003 Heraklion, Greece.
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15
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Point mutations associated with organophosphate and carbamate resistance in Chinese strains of Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus (Diptera: Culicidae). PLoS One 2014; 9:e95260. [PMID: 24788312 PMCID: PMC4006752 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0095260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2013] [Accepted: 03/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Acetylcholinesterase resistance has been well documented in many insects, including several mosquito species. We tested the resistance of five wild, Chinese strains of the mosquito Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus to two kinds of pesticides, dichlorvos and propoxur. An acetylcholinesterase gene (ace1) was cloned and sequenced from a pooled sample of mosquitoes from these five strains and the amino acids of five positions were found to vary (V185M, G247S, A328S, A391T, and T682A). Analysis of the correlation between mutation frequencies and resistance levels (LC50) suggests that two point mutations, G247S (r2 = 0.732, P = 0.065) and A328S (r2 = 0.891, P = 0.016), are associated with resistance to propoxur but not to dichlorvos. Although the V185M mutation was not associated with either dichlorvos or propoxur resistance, its RS genotype frequency was correlated with propoxur resistance (r2 = 0.815, P = 0.036). And the HWE test showed the A328S mutation is linked with V185M, also with G247S mutation. This suggested that these three mutations may contribute synergistically to propoxur resistance. The T682A mutation was negatively correlated with propoxur (r2 = 0.788, P = 0.045) resistance. Knowledge of these mutations may help design strategies for managing pesticide resistance in wild mosquito populations.
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16
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Amorim LB, Helvecio E, de Oliveira CMF, Ayres CFJ. Susceptibility status of Culex quinquefasciatus (Diptera: Culicidae) populations to the chemical insecticide temephos in Pernambuco, Brazil. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2013; 69:1307-1314. [PMID: 23576326 DOI: 10.1002/ps.3502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2012] [Revised: 11/30/2012] [Accepted: 04/10/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Culex quinquefasciatus is the vector of many agents of human diseases, including Wuchereria bancrofti, the parasite that causes bancroftian filariasis, an endemic disease in Pernambuco State, Brazil. Although temephos is not currently used to control C. quinquefasciatus, the species might be under a selection process from incidental exposure to this compound. This study aimed to evaluate the susceptibility status of C. quinquefasciatus to temephos, using bioassays, and to investigate its putative resistance mechanisms through biochemical assays and screening of the G119S mutation in the acetylcholinesterase gene, which is associated with organophosphate resistance, carried out by PCR and sequencing. RESULTS The results showed that only mosquitoes from Santa Cruz do Capibaribe (SC) had an alteration in their susceptibility status (RR = 7.2-fold), while the other populations were all susceptible to the insecticide. Biochemical assays showed increased activity for all esterases in SC, as well as evidence of acetylcholinesterase insensitivity. The G119S mutation was detected in this population with a frequency of 0.11, but it was not found in the remaining populations. CONCLUSION These data show that mechanisms of temephos resistance have been selected in natural C. quinquefasciatus populations from Pernambuco, which could undermine future control actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liliane Barbosa Amorim
- Department of Entomology, Centro de Pesquisas Aggeu Magalhães/FIOCRUZ, Recife-PE, Brazil; Postgraduate Programme of Animal Biology/UFPE
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Bézier A, Louis F, Jancek S, Periquet G, Thézé J, Gyapay G, Musset K, Lesobre J, Lenoble P, Dupuy C, Gundersen-Rindal D, Herniou EA, Drezen JM. Functional endogenous viral elements in the genome of the parasitoid wasp Cotesia congregata: insights into the evolutionary dynamics of bracoviruses. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2013; 368:20130047. [PMID: 23938757 PMCID: PMC3758192 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2013.0047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Bracoviruses represent the most complex endogenous viral elements (EVEs) described to date. Nudiviral genes have been hosted within parasitoid wasp genomes since approximately 100 Ma. They play a crucial role in the wasp life cycle as they produce bracovirus particles, which are injected into parasitized lepidopteran hosts during wasp oviposition. Bracovirus particles encapsidate multiple dsDNA circles encoding virulence genes. Their expression in parasitized caterpillars is essential for wasp parasitism success. Here, we report on the genomic organization of the proviral segments (i.e. master sequences used to produce the encapsidated dsDNA circles) present in the Cotesia congregata parasitoid wasp genome. The provirus is composed of a macrolocus, comprising two-thirds of the proviral segments and of seven dispersed loci, each containing one to three segments. Comparative genomic analyses with closely related species gave insights into the evolutionary dynamics of bracovirus genomes. Conserved synteny in the different wasp genomes showed the orthology of the proviral macrolocus across different species. The nudiviral gene odv-e66-like1 is conserved within the macrolocus, suggesting an ancient co-localization of the nudiviral genome and bracovirus proviral segments. By contrast, the evolution of proviral segments within the macrolocus has involved a series of lineage-specific duplications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annie Bézier
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte, CNRS UMR 7261, Université François Rabelais, Parc de Grandmont, 37200 Tours, France
| | - Faustine Louis
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte, CNRS UMR 7261, Université François Rabelais, Parc de Grandmont, 37200 Tours, France
| | - Séverine Jancek
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte, CNRS UMR 7261, Université François Rabelais, Parc de Grandmont, 37200 Tours, France
| | - Georges Periquet
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte, CNRS UMR 7261, Université François Rabelais, Parc de Grandmont, 37200 Tours, France
| | - Julien Thézé
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte, CNRS UMR 7261, Université François Rabelais, Parc de Grandmont, 37200 Tours, France
| | - Gabor Gyapay
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, Génoscope (Centre National de Séquençage), 2 rue Gaston Crémieux, CP 5706, 91057 Evry Cedex, France
| | - Karine Musset
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte, CNRS UMR 7261, Université François Rabelais, Parc de Grandmont, 37200 Tours, France
| | - Jérome Lesobre
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte, CNRS UMR 7261, Université François Rabelais, Parc de Grandmont, 37200 Tours, France
| | - Patricia Lenoble
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, Génoscope (Centre National de Séquençage), 2 rue Gaston Crémieux, CP 5706, 91057 Evry Cedex, France
| | - Catherine Dupuy
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte, CNRS UMR 7261, Université François Rabelais, Parc de Grandmont, 37200 Tours, France
| | - Dawn Gundersen-Rindal
- US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Invasive Insect Biocontrol and Behavior Laboratory, 10300 Baltimore Avenue, Building 011A BARC-WEST, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
| | - Elisabeth A. Herniou
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte, CNRS UMR 7261, Université François Rabelais, Parc de Grandmont, 37200 Tours, France
| | - Jean-Michel Drezen
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte, CNRS UMR 7261, Université François Rabelais, Parc de Grandmont, 37200 Tours, France
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18
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Wong DM, Li J, Chen QH, Han Q, Mutunga JM, Wysinski A, Anderson TD, Ding H, Carpenetti TL, Verma A, Islam R, Paulson SL, Lam PCH, Totrov M, Bloomquist JR, Carlier PR. Select small core structure carbamates exhibit high contact toxicity to "carbamate-resistant" strain malaria mosquitoes, Anopheles gambiae (Akron). PLoS One 2012; 7:e46712. [PMID: 23049714 PMCID: PMC3462181 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0046712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2012] [Accepted: 09/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) is a proven target for control of the malaria mosquito (Anopheles gambiae). Unfortunately, a single amino acid mutation (G119S) in An. gambiae AChE-1 (AgAChE) confers resistance to the AChE inhibitors currently approved by the World Health Organization for indoor residual spraying. In this report, we describe several carbamate inhibitors that potently inhibit G119S AgAChE and that are contact-toxic to carbamate-resistant An. gambiae. PCR-RFLP analysis was used to confirm that carbamate-susceptible G3 and carbamate-resistant Akron strains of An. gambiae carry wild-type (WT) and G119S AChE, respectively. G119S AgAChE was expressed and purified for the first time, and was shown to have only 3% of the turnover number (k(cat)) of the WT enzyme. Twelve carbamates were then assayed for inhibition of these enzymes. High resistance ratios (>2,500-fold) were observed for carbamates bearing a benzene ring core, consistent with the carbamate-resistant phenotype of the G119S enzyme. Interestingly, resistance ratios for two oxime methylcarbamates, and for five pyrazol-4-yl methylcarbamates were found to be much lower (4- to 65-fold). The toxicities of these carbamates to live G3 and Akron strain An. gambiae were determined. As expected from the enzyme resistance ratios, carbamates bearing a benzene ring core showed low toxicity to Akron strain An. gambiae (LC(50)>5,000 μg/mL). However, one oxime methylcarbamate (aldicarb) and five pyrazol-4-yl methylcarbamates (4a-e) showed good to excellent toxicity to the Akron strain (LC(50) = 32-650 μg/mL). These results suggest that appropriately functionalized "small-core" carbamates could function as a resistance-breaking anticholinesterase insecticides against the malaria mosquito.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawn M. Wong
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Jianyong Li
- Department of Biochemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Qiao-Hong Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Qian Han
- Department of Biochemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, United States of America
| | - James M. Mutunga
- Department of Entomology, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Ania Wysinski
- Department of Entomology, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Troy D. Anderson
- Department of Entomology, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Haizhen Ding
- Department of Biochemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Tiffany L. Carpenetti
- Department of Entomology, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Astha Verma
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Rafique Islam
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Sally L. Paulson
- Department of Entomology, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Polo C.-H. Lam
- Molsoft LLC, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Maxim Totrov
- Molsoft LLC, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey R. Bloomquist
- Department of Entomology, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, United States of America
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Paul R. Carlier
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, United States of America
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Osta MA, Rizk ZJ, Labbé P, Weill M, Knio K. Insecticide resistance to organophosphates in Culex pipiens complex from Lebanon. Parasit Vectors 2012; 5:132. [PMID: 22759898 PMCID: PMC3414835 DOI: 10.1186/1756-3305-5-132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2012] [Accepted: 07/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Analysis of Culex pipiens mosquitoes collected from a single site in Lebanon in 2005, revealed an alarming frequency of ace-1 alleles conferring resistance to organophosphate insecticides. Following this, in 2006 the majority of municipalities switched to pyrethroids after a long history of organophosphate usage in the country; however, since then no studies have assessed the impact of changing insecticide class on the frequency of resistant ace-1 alleles in C. pipiens. Methods C. pipiens mosquitoes were captured indoors from 25 villages across the country and subjected to established methods for the analysis of gene amplification at the Ester locus and target site mutations in ace-1 gene that confer resistance to organophosphates. Results We conducted the first large-scale screen for resistance to organosphosphates in C. pipiens mosquitoes collected from Lebanon. The frequency of carboxylesterase (Ester) and ace-1 alleles conferring resistance to organophosphates were assessed among C. pipiens mosquitoes collected from 25 different villages across the country between December 2008 and December 2009. Established enzymatic assay and PCR-based molecular tests, both diagnostic of the major target site mutations in ace-1 revealed the absence of the F290V mutation among sampled mosquitoes and significant reduction in the frequency of G119S mutation compared to that previously reported for mosquitoes collected from Beirut in 2005. We also identified a new duplicated ace-1 allele, named ace-1D13, exhibiting a resistant phenotype by associating a susceptible and a resistant copy of ace-1 in a mosquito line sampled from Beirut in 2005. Fisher’s exact test on ace-1 frequencies in the new sample sites, showed that some populations exhibited a significant excess of heterozygotes, suggesting that the duplicated allele is still present. Starch gel electrophoresis indicated that resistance at the Ester locus was mainly attributed to the Ester2 allele, which exhibits a broad geographical distribution. Conclusions Our analysis suggests that the frequency of resistant ace-1 alleles in mosquito populations can be downshifted, and in certain cases (F290V mutation) even eliminated, by switching to a different class of insecticides, possibly because of the fitness cost associated with these alleles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mike A Osta
- Department of Biology, American University of Beirut, Bliss Street, Beirut, 11072020, Lebanon.
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Marcombe S, Mathieu RB, Pocquet N, Riaz MA, Poupardin R, Sélior S, Darriet F, Reynaud S, Yébakima A, Corbel V, David JP, Chandre F. Insecticide resistance in the dengue vector Aedes aegypti from Martinique: distribution, mechanisms and relations with environmental factors. PLoS One 2012; 7:e30989. [PMID: 22363529 PMCID: PMC3283601 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0030989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2011] [Accepted: 12/30/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Dengue is an important mosquito borne viral disease in Martinique Island (French West Indies). The viruses responsible for dengue are transmitted by Aedes aegypti, an indoor day-biting mosquito. The most effective proven method for disease prevention has been by vector control by various chemical or biological means. Unfortunately insecticide resistance has already been observed on the Island and recently showed to significantly reduce the efficacy of vector control interventions. In this study, we investigated the distribution of resistance and the underlying mechanisms in nine Ae. aegypti populations. Statistical multifactorial approach was used to investigate the correlations between insecticide resistance levels, associated mechanisms and environmental factors characterizing the mosquito populations. Bioassays revealed high levels of resistance to temephos and deltamethrin and susceptibility to Bti in the 9 populations tested. Biochemical assays showed elevated detoxification enzyme activities of monooxygenases, carboxylesterases and glutathione S-tranferases in most of the populations. Molecular screening for common insecticide target-site mutations, revealed the presence of the "knock-down resistance" V1016I Kdr mutation at high frequency (>87%). Real time quantitative RT-PCR showed the potential involvement of several candidate detoxification genes in insecticide resistance. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) performed with variables characterizing Ae. aegypti from Martinique permitted to underline potential links existing between resistance distribution and other variables such as agriculture practices, vector control interventions and urbanization. Insecticide resistance is widespread but not homogeneously distributed across Martinique. The influence of environmental and operational factors on the evolution of the resistance and mechanisms are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Marcombe
- Unité Mixte de Recherche MIVEGEC (UM1-CNRS 5290-IRD 224), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Montpellier, France
| | - Romain Blanc Mathieu
- Laboratoire d'Ecologie Alpine (LECA), UMR 5553 CNRS-Université de Grenoble, Grenoble, France
| | - Nicolas Pocquet
- Unité Mixte de Recherche MIVEGEC (UM1-CNRS 5290-IRD 224), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Montpellier, France
| | - Muhammad-Asam Riaz
- Laboratoire d'Ecologie Alpine (LECA), UMR 5553 CNRS-Université de Grenoble, Grenoble, France
| | - Rodolphe Poupardin
- Laboratoire d'Ecologie Alpine (LECA), UMR 5553 CNRS-Université de Grenoble, Grenoble, France
| | - Serge Sélior
- Centre de Recherche Entomologique de Cotonou (CREC), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Cotonou, Benin
| | - Frédéric Darriet
- Unité Mixte de Recherche MIVEGEC (UM1-CNRS 5290-IRD 224), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Montpellier, France
| | - Stéphane Reynaud
- Laboratoire d'Ecologie Alpine (LECA), UMR 5553 CNRS-Université de Grenoble, Grenoble, France
| | - André Yébakima
- Centre de la Démoustication, Conseil General de la Martinique, Martinique, France
| | - Vincent Corbel
- Centre de Recherche Entomologique de Cotonou (CREC), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Cotonou, Benin
| | - Jean-Philippe David
- Laboratoire d'Ecologie Alpine (LECA), UMR 5553 CNRS-Université de Grenoble, Grenoble, France
| | - Fabrice Chandre
- Unité Mixte de Recherche MIVEGEC (UM1-CNRS 5290-IRD 224), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Montpellier, France
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Itokawa K, Komagata O, Kasai S, Masada M, Tomita T. Cis-acting mutation and duplication: History of molecular evolution in a P450 haplotype responsible for insecticide resistance in Culex quinquefasciatus. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2011; 41:503-512. [PMID: 21540111 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2011.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2011] [Revised: 04/10/2011] [Accepted: 04/13/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
A cytochrome P450 gene, Cyp9m10, is more than 200-fold overexpressed in a pyrethroid resistant strain of Culex quinquefasciatus, JPal-per. The haplotype of this strain contains two copies of Cyp9m10 resulted from recent tandem duplication. In this study, we discovered and isolated a Cyp9m10 haplotype closely related to this duplicated Cyp9m10 haplotype from JHB, a strain used for the recent genome project for this mosquito species. The isolated haplotype (JHB-NIID-B haplotype) shared the same insertion of a transposable element upstream of the coding region with JPal-per strain but not duplicated. The JHB-NIID-B haplotype was considered to have diverged from the JPal-per lineage just before the duplication event. Cyp9m10 was moderately overexpressed in larvae with the JHB-NIID-B haplotype. The overexpressions in JHB-NIID-B and JPal-per haplotypes were developmentally regulated in similar pattern indicating both haplotypes share a common cis-acting mutation responsible for the overexpressions. The isolated moderately overexpressed haplotype conferred resistance, however, its efficacy was relatively small. We hypothesized that the first cis-acting mutation modified the consequence of the subsequent duplication in JPal-per lineage to confer stronger phenotypic effect than that if it occurred before the first cis-acting mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Itokawa
- Department of Nanobiology, Graduate School of Advanced Integration Science, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
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Alout H, Labbé P, Pasteur N, Weill M. High incidence of ace-1 duplicated haplotypes in resistant Culex pipiens mosquitoes from Algeria. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2011; 41:29-35. [PMID: 20887788 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2010.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2010] [Revised: 09/14/2010] [Accepted: 09/17/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The status of genes conferring resistance to organophosphate and carbamate insecticides has been examined in Culex pipiens pipiens mosquitoes sampled in Algeria. Presence of overproduced esterases was sporadic, but acetylcholinesterase-1 resistant alleles were observed in almost all samples. We focused our study on the AChE1 G119S substitution characterized in almost all samples, mostly at the heterozygous state. A genetic test revealed the presence of ace-1 duplication associating a susceptible and a resistant ace-1 copy. Molecular characterization showed a high occurrence of ace-1 duplication with six distinct duplicated alleles out of four samples. The inferred frequency of duplicated allele suggests that it is replacing the single resistant G119S allele. Finally, we discuss the mechanism at the origin of these duplicated haplotypes and their consequences on the management of insecticide resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoues Alout
- Team Genetic of Adaptation, Laboratoire Génétique et Environnement, CNRS UMR 5554, Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution, Université Montpellier 2, Place E. Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier cedex 05, France.
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