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Račaitė J, Antia K, Winkler V, Lesinskienė S, Sketerskienė R, Maceinaitė R, Tracevskytė I, Dambrauskaitė E, Šurkienė G. Emotional and behavioural problems of left behind children in Lithuania: a comparative analysis of youth self-reports and parent/caregiver reports using ASEBA. Child Adolesc Psychiatry Ment Health 2024; 18:33. [PMID: 38500119 PMCID: PMC10949819 DOI: 10.1186/s13034-024-00726-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Children being left behind (LBC) in their home countries due to parental emigration is a global issue. Research shows that parents' emigration negatively affects children's mental health and well-being. Despite a high number of LBC, there is a dearth of data from Eastern European countries. The present study aims to collect and analyse self-reported data on LBC emotional and behavioural problems and compare children's reports with those of parents/caregivers. METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted in 24 Lithuanian schools, involving parents/caregivers and their children aged 12 to 17. We employed self-reported measures, including the Achenbach System of Empirically Based Assessment (ASEBA) tools - Child Behaviour Checklist (CBCL 6/18) and Youth Self Report (YSR 11/18), to evaluate the emotional and behavioural problems of the children. These instruments had been translated, standardised, and validated for the Lithuanian population. Data collection took place between January 2022 and April 2023. In addition to descriptive analysis, multivariate regression was used to adjust for various sociodemographic factors. RESULTS A total of 760 parents/caregivers and 728 of their children participated in the study. LBC exhibited higher total problem scores (57.7; 95% CI 52.0-63.4) compared to non-LBC (47.1; 95% CI 44.7-49.4). These differences were consistent across all YSR 11/18 problem scales. However, no significant differences were observed in CBCL 6/18 scores. Furthermore, LBC self-reported a higher total problem score (57.7; 95% CI 52.0-63.4) compared to their parents/caregivers (24.9; 95% CI 18.9-30.9), and this pattern persisted across all scales. Being female, having school-related problems and having LBC status were associated with higher YSR 11/18 scores in the multivariable regression, while female gender, living in rural areas, school-related problems, and having hobbies were associated with higher CBCL 6/18 scores. CONCLUSION This study highlights that LBC report more emotional and behavioural challenges than their non-LBC peers, while parent/caregiver assessments show lower problem scores for LBC. Gender, living environment, school-related issues, and engagement in hobbies have influenced these outcomes. These findings underscore the multifaceted nature of the experiences of LBC and the importance of considering various contextual factors in understanding and addressing their emotional and behavioural well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justina Račaitė
- Department of Public Health, Institute of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, M.K. Čiurlionio 21, Vilnius, LT-03101, Lithuania.
| | - Khatia Antia
- Heidelberg Institute of Global Health, Heidelberg University Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 130/3, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
- School of Health Sciences, The University of Georgia, 77a Kostava Street, Tbilisi, 0175, Georgia
| | - Volker Winkler
- Heidelberg Institute of Global Health, Heidelberg University Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 130/3, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sigita Lesinskienė
- Clinic of Psychiatry, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, M. K. Čiurlionio g. 21, Vilnius, LT-03101, Lithuania
| | - Rita Sketerskienė
- Department of Public Health, Institute of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, M.K. Čiurlionio 21, Vilnius, LT-03101, Lithuania
| | - Rūta Maceinaitė
- Department of Public Health, Institute of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, M.K. Čiurlionio 21, Vilnius, LT-03101, Lithuania
| | - Ingrida Tracevskytė
- Institute of Psychology, Faculty of Philosophy, Vilnius University, Universiteto Str. 9, Vilnius, LT-01513, Lithuania
| | - Elena Dambrauskaitė
- Institute of Psychology, Faculty of Philosophy, Vilnius University, Universiteto Str. 9, Vilnius, LT-01513, Lithuania
| | - Genė Šurkienė
- Department of Public Health, Institute of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, M.K. Čiurlionio 21, Vilnius, LT-03101, Lithuania
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Lin W, Dong X, Hennessy J, Zhao J, Ma X. Exploring the Preferences of Parents of Children with Myopia in Rural China for Eye Care Services Under Privatization Policy: Evidence from a Discrete Choice Experiment. THE PATIENT 2024; 17:133-145. [PMID: 38072882 DOI: 10.1007/s40271-023-00660-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aims to measure the preferences and valuations of parents of students with myopia parents for eye care service attributes in rural China, and to quantify the potential welfare impacts of privatization policy on children's eye care services. METHODS A discrete choice experiment was designed and implemented among a sample of parents of children with myopia in rural China. We randomly selected 350 participants from the list of subjects obtained from local town schools and family doctors using a random number table method. The participants were asked to choose between two hypothetical scenarios defined by five attributes: provider type, distance, price, lenses type, and refractionists' professional competencies. We estimate conditional logit and mixed logit models to approximate individual preferences for these attributes and estimate the welfare effects by calculating willingness to pay. RESULTS Respondents (n = 336) showed a significant preference for public providers of refractive error services, myopia control lenses, and professional refractionists (P < 0.01 for each). Consumer welfare losses due to a prohibition of the public provision of refractive error services could be compensated by improving the quality of products and services delivered by private providers. Lastly, both parent and child demographics and previous experience of eye care service consumption are important predictors of willingness to pay for refractive error services. CONCLUSIONS The privatization policy on children's eye care services would not cater to the preferences of rural consumers, inevitably leading to welfare losses. However, reduced consumer welfare could be compensated by improving the quality of products and service delivery from private providers. These results could help inform strategies to improve and reduce inequities in access to high-quality eye care services in rural China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Lin
- College of Economics and Management, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaodong Dong
- School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
- China Center for Health Development Studies, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Jack Hennessy
- The Fred Hollows Foundation, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Monash Business School, Centre for Health Economics, Monash University, Caulfield East, VIC, Australia
| | - Junling Zhao
- School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
- China Center for Health Development Studies, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Xiaochen Ma
- China Center for Health Development Studies, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China.
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Su-Russell C, Sanner C. Chinese childbearing decision-making in mainland China in the post-one-child-policy era. FAMILY PROCESS 2023; 62:302-318. [PMID: 35411944 DOI: 10.1111/famp.12772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In 2016, China enacted its two-child policy, further lifted to a three-child policy in 2021, in response to low birth rates and imbalanced sex ratios resulting from the almost 40-year one-child policy. Despite this, China's birthrate is at a historic low as fewer parents are having children. Now more than ever, inductive explorations are needed to understand what motivates Chinese parents to have first and second children in the post-one-child policy era, particularly explorations that situate individual decision-making within the larger social context. Individual and relational choices occur in larger sociopolitical contexts. Understanding these "personal" actions involves considering how micro and macro processes inform each other. In this study, we elicited qualitative responses from Chinese mothers (N = 117) with two children in early childhood (firstborn ≤8 years old) from Liao Ning province. Most mothers were well educated, employed, and married to children's fathers. Using inductive thematic analysis procedures, we coded qualitative responses about the factors that motivated mothers to have first and second children. Our data revealed that (a) mothers expressed different reasons for having firstborns compared to secondborns, and (b) decision-making occurred against a backdrop of interacting micro-level and macro-level influences (e.g., cultural norms, national policy changes). In particular, mothers described the decision to have secondborns as more deliberative than with firstborns, considering long-term benefits siblinghood and shared demands of elderly caregiving. If efforts to stimulate the national birthrate are likely to succeed, policymakers should consider micro-level as well as macro-level factors that shape mothers' childbearing decision-making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Su-Russell
- Department of Family and Consumer Sciences, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois, USA
| | - Caroline Sanner
- Department of Human Development and Family Science, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
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Tian FF, Jing Y, Liu J. Community social capital, migration status, and Chinese rural children's psychosocial development. JOURNAL OF COMMUNITY PSYCHOLOGY 2023; 51:605-625. [PMID: 34897731 DOI: 10.1002/jcop.22770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Migration's impact on Chinese rural children's psychosocial development is the subject of growing research attention. While scholars highlight the critical role of social support, they have yet to systematically examine whether and how community social capital, which provides proximal social support for families, affects rural children's psychosocial development as well as whether such associations vary by children's migration status. Using data from the child component of the 2012 Chinese Urbanization and Labor Migration Survey, this article shows that community social capital reduces children's behavioral and emotional problems; however, left-behind children and migrant children gain less from community social capital than children with at-home parents. In addition, left-behind girls fare worse and gain less from community social capital than left-behind boys. Together, these findings imply that community social capital reinforces the disadvantaged psychosocial development of rural children who experience parental migration and evidence the enduring gender inequality in rural China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felicia F Tian
- Department of Sociology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yongchao Jing
- Department of Sociology, Oxford University, Oxford, UK
| | - Jingming Liu
- Department of Sociology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
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Fan L, Li K, Xin J, Wang Y, Li Y. Family Subjective Socioeconomic Status and University Students' Online Shopping Addiction: A Gender-Based Analysis. CYBERPSYCHOLOGY, BEHAVIOR AND SOCIAL NETWORKING 2023; 26:114-120. [PMID: 36472467 DOI: 10.1089/cyber.2021.0344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Online shopping addiction has surged among today's university students. Previous studies have focused on individual and network factors, whereas neglecting family-related roles. This study examined the relationship between subjective socioeconomic status (SSES) and university students' online shopping addiction (OSA) using the life course model of consumer behavior, and explored the chain-mediating role of vanity and materialism, and the moderating role of gender. We surveyed 635 students from two universities in Henan Province, China, using self-administered scales and questionnaires assessing subjective SES (SSES), OSA, materialism, and vanity. The results showed that SSES is negatively associated with OSA. Materialism played a mediating role, whereas vanity and vanity-materialism played a suppressing role between SSES and OSA. A direct relationship between SSES and OSA was found only in men, whereas the indirect path of SSES-vanity-materialism-OSA was found only in women. These results enable better recognition and understanding of the family's role, including family economic status, in university students' gender-specific OSA. They also advance the understanding of the transmission mechanism between family economic status and university students' OSA and promote better recognition and awareness of the family's role in university students' gender-specific OSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liheng Fan
- Institute of Psychology and Behavior, Henan University, Kaifeng, China.,School of Psychology, Faculty of Education, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Kai Li
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Education, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Jie Xin
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Education, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Yinling Wang
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Education, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Yunjia Li
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Education, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
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Zhang Z, Lin Y, Liu J, Zhang G, Hou X, Pan Z, Dai B. Relationship between behavioral inhibition/activation system and Internet addiction among Chinese college students: The mediating effects of intolerance of uncertainty and self-control and gender differences. Front Public Health 2022; 10:1047036. [PMID: 36644769 PMCID: PMC9832708 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.1047036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Internet addiction is a global public health issue among college students that is associated with a range of negative outcomes. Especially the COVID-19 pandemic has forced them to shift most of their studies and life activities from offline to online, leading to a growing problem of Internet dependence and even Internet addiction. Although previous studies have indicated that the Behavioral Inhibition/Activation System (BIS/BAS) have important effects on college students' Internet addiction, the mechanisms underlying these associations and gender differences are still unclear. Aims The present study investigated the mediating roles of intolerance of uncertainty and self-control in the association between BIS/BAS and Internet addiction following the Interaction of Person-Affect-Cognition-Execution model. Gender differences in such associations between variables were also tested. Method A total of 747 Chinese college students were surveyed by using Young's Diagnostic Questionnaire for Internet Addiction, BIS/BAS Scales, the Intolerance of Uncertainty Scale and the Brief Self-Control Scale. Results The results from the structural equation modeling analysis showed that BIS was positively related to Internet addiction and that BAS had a negative association with Internet addiction. Moreover, intolerance of uncertainty and self-control mediated the relationships between BIS/BAS and Internet addiction. Multi-group analysis further revealed that the associations between BAS and Internet addiction and between intolerance of uncertainty and Internet addiction were stronger among the male students than among female students. The relationship between self-control and Internet addiction was greater in the female sample than in the male sample. Conclusions These findings extend our understanding of how BIS/BAS influence Internet addiction among college students and suggest that not only should training approaches based on intolerance of uncertainty and self-control be fully considered, but different intervention programs should be focused on gender sensitivity to maximize the intervention effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihao Zhang
- School of Public Administration, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yan Lin
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Jia Liu
- Transplantation Center, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Guangyu Zhang
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiaowen Hou
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Zequan Pan
- School of Public Administration, Central South University, Changsha, China,*Correspondence: Zequan Pan
| | - Bibing Dai
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China,Bibing Dai
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Cheng F, Hu C, Zhang W, Xie H, Shen L, Wang B, Hu Z, Wang Y, Yu H. The influence of parenting style and coping behavior on nonsuicidal self-injury behavior in different genders based on path analysis. PeerJ 2022; 10:e14507. [PMID: 36523466 PMCID: PMC9745924 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.14507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI) behaviors-an important factor that profoundly affects the physical and mental health of young people-are induced by complex and diverse factors, while showing significant differences at the gender level. We examined mediating behaviors among parenting styles, students' coping styles, and endogenous and exogenous influencing variables of adolescents' NSSI behaviors. Methods In this cross-sectional study, Secondary school students in Ningbo, Zhejiang Province, China (n = 2,689; F/M:1532/1157) were surveyed for basic attributes, parenting styles, coping styles, and NSSI behaviors. After the initial screening of the sample data, several external derivatives were screened based on the single factor analysis method. On this basis, the construction of path analysis models under multivariate multiple elicitations was carried out. Results The overall prevalence of NSSI was 15.16%, and the incidence of NSSI in boys was lower than that in girls (OR = 0.334, 95% CI [0.235-0.474]). The path analysis model data fit well; the indicators of female and male part are: CFI = 0.913/0.923, GFI = 0.964/0.977, SRMR = 0.055/0.047, RMSEA = 0.097/0.069 with 90% confidence interval (CI) [0.084-0.111]/[0.054-0.084]. For female, when negative coping style and extreme education affect NSSI respectively, the standardized path coefficient values are 0.478 (z = 20.636, P = 0.000 < 0.01) and 0.151 (z = 6.524, P = 0.000 < 0.01) respectively, while for male, the corresponding values become 0.225 (z = 7.057, P < 0.001) and 0.104 (z = 3.262, P < 0.001). Conclusion In particular, we investigated the mediating effects of gender-specific NSSI influences and found that NSSI behaviors were strongly associated with environmental variables and individual factors, especially family parenting style and adolescent coping style, which influenced NSSI in a gender-specific manner. The results showed that males were the target of both positive and negative parenting styles, whereas females were more likely to choose negative coping styles directed towards emotions in response to external stimuli, and instead showed a more significant predisposition towards NSSI behaviors. This phenomenon seems to be influenced by multilevel factors such as sociocultural, individual value identity, and physiological structure differences. In the path analysis model with the introduction of mediating effects, the influence of gender differences on NSSI behavior becomes more pronounced under the interaction of multiple factors: women seem to be more significantly influenced by the external derivatives in the internal derivatives than male subjects, and are more likely to trigger NSSI behavior under the interaction of multiple factors. These findings effectively reveal the significant role of different end-influencing factors in NSSI behaviors at the level of gender differences, which can provide effective theoretical support to prevent and treat NSSI behaviors in adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Cheng
- Department of Pediatric Psychology, Ningbo Kangning Hospital, Ningbo, China
| | - Changzhou Hu
- Department of Pediatric Psychology, Ningbo Kangning Hospital, Ningbo, China
| | - Wenwu Zhang
- Department of Pediatric Psychology, Ningbo Kangning Hospital, Ningbo, China
| | - Huabing Xie
- Department of General Medicine, People’s Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Liangliang Shen
- School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
| | - Beini Wang
- Department of Pediatric Psychology, Ningbo Kangning Hospital, Ningbo, China
| | - Zhenyu Hu
- Department of Pediatric Psychology, Ningbo Kangning Hospital, Ningbo, China
| | - Yucheng Wang
- Department of Pediatric Psychology, Ningbo Kangning Hospital, Ningbo, China
| | - Haihang Yu
- Department of Pediatric Psychology, Ningbo Kangning Hospital, Ningbo, China
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Wei J, Yu Y. Agricultural production structure and inequality of educational development in China. Front Psychol 2022; 13:982344. [DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.982344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Unbalanced regional development in China has always been the focus of the government's attention. Agricultural development in China's main agricultural regions is characterized by relatively obvious features, which are mainly manifested in the excessive concentration of agricultural production on one crop or a few agricultural products. Whether this trend of concentration will help to improve the inequalities in China's educational development is an important question for this study. Based on China's population, education and agricultural data over the past 20 years, this paper provides an in-depth analysis of educational inequalities in five typical agricultural-producing provinces by calculating indicators such as the rationalization index of agricultural production structures, the average number of years of schooling of residents and the Gini coefficient of education, in order to analyze the essential reasons for the development of education inequality in major agricultural producing areas. The results show that the urban-rural gap is an important factor affecting the equality of educational development in the main agricultural production areas; the reduction of the rationalization index of agricultural production structure can promote the improvement of inequality in educational development and narrow the urban-rural educational development gap; it also shows that the improvement of specialization in major agricultural producing areas is conducive to reducing educational inequality in major agricultural producing provinces; these conclusions provide a useful reference for narrowing the urban-rural education gap in the main agricultural production areas.
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Yao H, Chen S, Gu X. The impact of parenting styles on undergraduate students' emotion regulation: The mediating role of academic-social student-faculty interaction. Front Psychol 2022; 13:972006. [PMID: 36275311 PMCID: PMC9585973 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.972006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Based on the survey data of 4,462 undergraduate students in Zhejiang Province, mainland China, this study investigated the influence of parenting styles on emotion regulation and the mediating role of student-faculty interaction. The study found that: (1) Male students scored significantly higher than female students on emotion regulation, overprotective parenting style and student-faculty interaction. (2) Parenting style has a direct positive effect on emotion regulation, and warm parenting style has a much greater effect on emotion regulation than overprotective parenting style. (3) The mediating effect of student-faculty interaction in the relationship between parenting style and emotion regulation holds true, with the mediating effect of academic student-faculty interaction being much higher than that of social student-faculty interaction. (4) The influence of warm parenting style on emotion regulation relies more on the direct effect, while the influence of overprotective parenting style on emotion regulation relies more on the mediating effect of student-faculty interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Yao
- Faculty of Education, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuzhen Chen
- Faculty of Education, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiulin Gu
- School of Education, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
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Zhao S, Liang Y, Hee JY, Qi X, Tang K. Difference in the Sexual and Reproductive Health of Only-Child Students and Students With Siblings, According to Sex and Region: Findings From the National College Student Survey. Front Public Health 2022; 10:925626. [PMID: 35899172 PMCID: PMC9309253 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.925626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The differences in sexual knowledge, attitudes, behaviors, seeking behaviors for sex-related knowledge, and sexual and reproductive health (SRH) outcomes among only-child students and students with siblings in China, was examined for sex- and region- specific effects. Research Design and Methods Data on 49,569 students from the 2019 National College Student Survey on Sexual and Reproductive Health, conducted across 31 provinces in mainland China was utilized. Multivariable regression and stratified analyses were employed to analyze the differences in sexual and reproductive health between only-child students and students with siblings. Results Only-child students reported higher sexual knowledge, more liberal sexual attitudes, and fewer adverse SRH outcomes compared to those with siblings. Results were found to be influenced by sex and hometown region after controlling for socio-economic factors, parent-child relationship, and sexuality education. Conclusions Female students with siblings who resided in rural regions were more likely to have poorer SRH compared to male only-child students who resided in urban regions. Comprehensive sexual education for students should aim to better include females and students from rural areas both offline and online, and public healthcare should offer subsidized consultations and contraceptives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuangyu Zhao
- Vanke School of Public Health, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Yun Liang
- Vanke School of Public Health, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Jia Yi Hee
- Vanke School of Public Health, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Xinran Qi
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Kun Tang
- Vanke School of Public Health, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Kun Tang
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Xu S, Zhao Y, Aziz N, He J. Does Education Affect Rural Women's Trust? Evidence From China. Front Psychol 2022; 13:845110. [PMID: 35360615 PMCID: PMC8963991 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.845110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Trust is of great significance to the economic and social development of a country. In the case of China, the trust of rural women has undergone tremendous changes along with the development of rural areas. It is seen that the trust of rural women has changed from localized to generalized trust, and it is stated that the major factor leading to this transformation is education. To explore the phenomenon empirically, the current study uses the survey data of rural women sourced from China Family Panel Studies (CFPS) over the year 2018. Through the ordered probit model, the study reveals that education plays a significant role in influencing rural women’s generalized trust and localized trust. Through mediation analysis, the study further reveals that reliance on Internet information, access to public resources, and income are the factors mediating the relationship between education and generalized trust. Besides, the outcomes further unveil that the impact of education on localized trust is stronger when the level of mobility is low. For robustness check, the current study additionally employs a regression discontinuity model. The overall findings elucidate that education is the major factor triggering the trust of rural women in China. The findings propose that policymakers in China should imply education-oriented strategies as individuals with higher levels of education are more inclined to trust others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyu Xu
- College of Economics and Management, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yeye Zhao
- College of Economics and Management, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Noshaba Aziz
- College of Economics and Management, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jun He
- College of Economics and Management, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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Chen Y, Sun R. The impact of Children’s gender on Parent’s mental health and cognition –– evidence from China. SSM Popul Health 2022; 18:101086. [PMID: 35464614 PMCID: PMC9019397 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssmph.2022.101086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yanran Chen
- School of Economics, Capital University of Economics and Business, 121 Zhangjialukou, Fengtai District, Beijing, 100070, China
- Corresponding author.
| | - Ruochen Sun
- Wharton School of Business, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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Wang H, Cousineau C, Fan Y, Dill SE, Boswell M, Rozelle S, Ma X. Gender equity in vision care seeking behavior among caregivers: evidence from a randomized controlled trial in rural China. Int J Equity Health 2022; 21:26. [PMID: 35183168 PMCID: PMC8858451 DOI: 10.1186/s12939-022-01625-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Despite rising incomes and rapid economic growth, there remains a significant gender gap in health outcomes among rural children in China. This study examines whether the gender gap in child health is related to the behavior of caregivers when seeking healthcare, and whether healthcare subsidies help to bridge the gender gap in rural health outcomes. Methods Focusing on vision care specifically, we draw on data from a randomized controlled trial of 13,100 children in Gansu and Shaanxi provinces in China that provided subsidized eyeglasses to myopic children in one set of schools (henceforth, referred to as the treatment schools) and provided prescription information but not subsidized eyeglasses to myopic children in another set of schools (control schools). Results The baseline results reveal that while female students generally have worse vision than male students, they are significantly less likely than male students to be taken by their caregivers to a vision exam. The experimental results indicate, however, that caregivers respond positively to both health information and subsidized healthcare, regardless of the gender of their children. When prescription information is paired with a subsidy voucher for healthcare (a free pair of eyeglasses), the uptake rate rises dramatically. Conclusions The gender gap in healthcare can be minimized by implementing subsidized healthcare policies. Trial registration The protocol for this study was approved in full by Institutional Review Boards at Stanford University (Palo Alto, California, USA) and the Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center of Sun Yat-sen University (ZOC, Guangzhou, China). Permission was received from local Boards of Education in each region and from the principals of all schools. The principles of the Declaration of Helsinki were followed throughout. The original trial (Registration site: http://isrctn.org. Registration number: ISRCTN03252665) was designed to study the effect of providing free spectacles on children’s educational performance. The original trial was retrospectively registered on 09/25/2012. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12939-022-01625-4.
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Feng AJ. Revisiting Horizontal Stratification in Higher Education: College Prestige Hierarchy and Educational Assortative Mating in China. Demography 2022; 59:349-369. [PMID: 34985110 DOI: 10.1215/00703370-9656369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Existing research on assortative mating has examined marriage between people with different levels of education, yet heterogeneity in educational assortative mating outcomes of college graduates has been mostly ignored. Using data from the 2010 Chinese Family Panel Study and log-multiplicative models, this study examines the changing structure and association of husbands' and wives' educational attainment between 1980 and 2010, a period in which Chinese higher education experienced rapid expansion and stratification. Results show that the graduates of first-tier institutions are less likely than graduates of lower-ranked colleges to marry someone without a college degree. Moreover, from 1980 to 2010, female first-tier-college graduates were increasingly more likely to marry people who graduated from similarly prestigious colleges, although there is insufficient evidence to draw the same conclusion about their male counterparts. This study thus demonstrates the extent of heterogeneity in educational assortative mating patterns among college graduates and the tendency for elite college graduates to marry within the educational elite.
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15
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Wang H, Zhou L, Geng J, Lei L. Sex differences of parental phubbing on online hostility among adolescents: A moderated mediation model. Aggress Behav 2022; 48:94-102. [PMID: 34585385 DOI: 10.1002/ab.21994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 09/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
To explore the relationship between parental phubbing (PP) and adolescent online hostility and its' psychological mechanism, 689 Chinese adolescents were recruited to complete a paper-and-pencil questionnaire. We took cyber flaming (CF) as an overall category for hostile online communication to investigate the relationship between PP and CF and the mediating role of perspective-taking (PT) in this relationship and examined whether there is a sex difference in this process. After controlling the average daily online time, the results showed that PP predicted adolescent CF positively. The relationship between PP and CF was partially mediated by PT. The effect of PP on PT was moderated by sex, with the result being significant only for boys. Related findings and future directions were discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongxia Wang
- Department of Psychology Renmin University of China Beijing China
| | - Li Zhou
- Mental Health Education and Counseling Center Renmin University of China Beijing China
| | - Jingyu Geng
- Department of Psychology Renmin University of China Beijing China
| | - Li Lei
- School of Education Renmin University of China Beijing China
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16
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Zhang Y, Zhao M. Gender disparities and depressive symptoms over the life course and across cohorts in China. J Affect Disord 2021; 295:620-627. [PMID: 34509776 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2021.08.134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gendered depressive symptom trajectories have long been documented. In the past few decades, China has witnessed volatile gender equity development, while it is unclear how gendered depression trajectories vary by age and cohort under this uneven social change. METHODS Using three-wave (2012, 2016, and 2018) data from the China Family Panel Studies (N = 33,858, 72,653 person-years), this study examines how gendered depression trajectories evolve over the life course (ages 16-65) and vary across birth cohorts. RESULTS The gender gap in depressive symptoms has been growing as people get older. The cohort comparisons show that the depression levels are higher among younger cohorts than among older cohorts. The gender disparity in depressive symptoms has narrowed among younger rural cohorts, mainly driven by the deteriorated mental health of rural males instead of the improved mental health of rural females. LIMITATIONS Data covering a six-year span can hardly reveal how the period effects shape depression trajectories and thus are unable to simultaneously show age, period, and cohort effects. CONCLUSIONS Overall, this study suggests that social changes, such as gender equity development, may shape the age and cohort variations in gender disparity in depressive trajectories. Scholars and policymakers should pay more attention to the worsening mental health condition of younger cohorts, especially in rural areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhang
- Population Development Studies Center, Renmin University of China, Beijing, China
| | - Menghan Zhao
- Population Development Studies Center, Renmin University of China, Beijing, China.
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17
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Zhang Y, Kang L, Zhao J, Song PY, Jiang PF, Lu C. Assessing the Inequality of Early Child Development in China - A Population-Based Study. LANCET REGIONAL HEALTH-WESTERN PACIFIC 2021; 14:100221. [PMID: 34671753 PMCID: PMC8484893 DOI: 10.1016/j.lanwpc.2021.100221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Background As a country with the second largest child population in the world, China has little population-level evidence on who has been left behind in early childhood development (ECD). Knowledge of inequalities in ECD will inform the Chinese government in policies on promoting ECD and guide global-level monitoring on ECD progress. Methods Using data from the first wave of ECD surveys conducted in China at the least-developed region, most-developed region, and a megacity (Shanghai) in 2017 and 2018, we measured population-level ECD with early Human Capability Index for a total of 63,559 children aged 36-59 months old. A child was classified as developmentally on track if his/her overall development score was above the 20th percentile of the pooled populations. We measured inequalities in ECD with the absolute inequality in five domains: gender/sex, family income, maternal schooling, residential Hukou, and migrant- or left-behind status. Besides observed inequalities, we used a multilevel logistic regression model to generate adjusted inequalities. Findings Children developmentally on track ranges from 71% (95% CI 70 to 72%) in the least-developed region, 82% (95% CI 81 to 83%) in the most-developed region, and 86% (95% CI 85 to 87%) in Shanghai. Significant unadjusted inequalities in ECD were observed in all five dimensions. After controlling for other socioeconomic factors, significant differences remained in three dimensions: those living in the poorest families, or with lower maternal schooling, or boys were less likely to be developmentally on track than their counterparts (lower by 10[95% CI 8 to 11]-15[95% CI 13 to 17], 7[95% CI 5 to 10]-10[95% CI 7 to 12], and 5[95% CI 4 to 6]-6[95% CI 5 to 8] percentage points respectively). Interpretation Efforts of reducing ECD inequalities in China shall focus primarily on reducing poverty and improving maternal education. Funding National Natural Science Foundation of China (81773443), Shanghai Committee of Science and Technology (2018SHZDZX05), Shanghai Municipal Health Commission (GWV-10.1-XK07; GDEK201708), Shanghai Education Committee, Chinese Social Science Foundation (BFA140046), Macao Tong Chai Charity Association, Beijing Sany Charitable Foundation, China Medical Board (#20-388), UNICEF, Faculty Grant of Brigham & Women's Hospital, Economic and Social Research Council [grant reference number ES/T003936/1’] as a UKRI Collective Fund Award “UKRI GCRF Harnessing the Power of Global Data to Support Young Children's Learning and Development Collaborative."
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunting Zhang
- Child Health Advocacy Institute, National Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, affiliated to School of Medicine Shanghai Jiao Tong University.,School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Le Kang
- China Institute for Educational Finance Research, Peking University
| | - Jin Zhao
- Department of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, National Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, affiliated to School of Medicine Shanghai Jiao Tong University
| | | | - Prof Fan Jiang
- Department of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, National Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, affiliated to School of Medicine Shanghai Jiao Tong University.,Ministry of Education-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital, affiliated to School of Medicine Shanghai Jiao Tong University
| | - Chunling Lu
- Division of Global Health Equity, Brigham & Women's Hospital and Department of Global Health and Social Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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18
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Feng L, Yao L. Family SES, positive involvement, negative discipline and Chinese preschooler’s approaches to learning. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-021-02288-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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19
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Guo K, Zhang X, Bai S, Minhat HS, Nazan AINM, Feng J, Li X, Luo G, Zhang X, Feng J, Li Y, Si M, Qiao Y, Ouyang J, Saliluddin S. Assessing social support impact on depression, anxiety, and stress among undergraduate students in Shaanxi province during the COVID-19 pandemic of China. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0253891. [PMID: 34297731 PMCID: PMC8301624 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0253891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Following the 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreak in China, undergraduate students may experience psychological changes. During emergency circumstances, social support is an important factor influencing the mental health condition among undergraduate students in Shaanxi province. This study aims to find the factors associated with mental health symptoms of depression, anxiety, and stress among undergraduate students in Shaanxi province during the COVID-19 pandemic in China. A cross-sectional study was conducted from Feb 23 to Mar 7, 2020. A total of 1278 undergraduate students from the universities located in Shaanxi province participated in this study. The mental health symptoms were measured by 12-item Perceived Social Support Scale (PSSS) and Depression Anxiety Stress Scale (DASS-21) instruments. This survey showed that females receive more social support compared to males (t = -5.046, P<0.001); males have higher-level depression symptoms (t = 5.624, P<0.001); males have higher-level anxiety symptoms (t = 6.332, P<0.001), males have higher-level stress symptoms (t = 5.58, P<0.001). This study also found participants who have low social support was negatively correlated with mental health symptoms. In Conclusion, Males and low social support were associated with having the higher level of depression, anxiety, and stress symptoms among undergraduate students in Shaanxi province during the COVID-19 pandemic in China. Therefore, it is suggested that people should supply more social support for undergraduate students in Shaanxi province during COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Guo
- Department of Community Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University Putra Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- College of Humanities and Management, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Xiaoye Zhang
- Medical Experiment Center, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Simin Bai
- College of Humanities and Management, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Halimatus Sakdiah Minhat
- Department of Community Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University Putra Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Ahmad Iqmer Nashriq Mohd Nazan
- Department of Community Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University Putra Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Jianan Feng
- College of Humanities and Management, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Xiuqin Li
- College of Humanities and Management, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Guihua Luo
- College of Humanities and Management, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Xiaoping Zhang
- College of Humanities and Management, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Jujun Feng
- College of Humanities and Management, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Yingbo Li
- College of Humanities and Management, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Mingyu Si
- School of Public Health, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Youlin Qiao
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Ouyang
- College of Humanities and Management, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Suhainizam Saliluddin
- Department of Community Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University Putra Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Shen W, Hu LC, Hannum E. Effect pathways of informal family separation on children's outcomes: Paternal labor migration and long-term educational attainment of left-behind children in rural China. SOCIAL SCIENCE RESEARCH 2021; 97:102576. [PMID: 34045008 PMCID: PMC8442607 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssresearch.2021.102576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Informal family separation due to parental labor migration is an increasingly common experience in the lives of children in many countries. This paper proposes a framework and method for analyzing "effect pathways" by which parental labor migration might affect children's outcomes. The framework incorporates home-environment and child-development mechanisms and is adapted from migration, sociology of education, and child development literatures. We test these pathways using data on father absence and long-term educational outcomes for girls and boys in China. We apply structural equation models with inverse probability of treatment weighting to data from a 15-year longitudinal survey of 2000 children. Significantly, fathers' migration has distinct implications for different effect pathways. It is associated most significantly with reduced human capital at home, which has the largest detrimental effect on children's educational attainment, among those studied. At the same time, father absence is associated with better family economic capital, which partially buffers the negative implications of father absence. Overall, father absence corresponds to a reduction of 0.342 years, on average, in children's educational attainment, but the reduction is larger for boys than for girls. For boys and girls, the reduced availability of literate adults in the household linked to father absence is an important effect pathway. For girls, this detrimental effect is partially offset by a positive income effect, but for boys, the offset effect is trivial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wensong Shen
- Department of Sociology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Room 438, 4/F, Sino Building, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong.
| | - Li-Chung Hu
- Department of Sociology, National Chengchi University, NO.64, Sec.2, ZhiNan Rd., Wenshan District, Taipei City, 11605, Taiwan.
| | - Emily Hannum
- Department of Sociology, University of Pennsylvania, 3718 Locust Walk, McNeil Building, Ste. 353, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
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21
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Hu N, Yuan M, Liu J, Coplan RJ, Zhou Y. Examining Reciprocal Links between Parental Autonomy-Support and Children's Peer Preference in Mainland China. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 8:508. [PMID: 34208582 PMCID: PMC8234037 DOI: 10.3390/children8060508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The present study examined the longitudinal relations between child perceptions of parental autonomy-support and peer preference in mainland China. Participants were N = 758 children (50.8% boys; Mage = 10.78 years, SD = 1.03 at Wave 1; Mage = 11.72 years, SD = 1.11 at Wave 2; Mage = 12.65 years, SD = 0.95 at Wave 3) from elementary and middle schools in Shanghai, P.R. China. Children were followed over three years from Grades 4-6 to Grades 6-8. Each year, children reported their perceived maternal/paternal autonomy-support and peer preference (being well-liked among peers) was measured via peer nominations. Among the results, peer preference positively predicted later perceptions of maternal and paternal autonomy-supportive parenting, whereas autonomy-supportive parenting did not significantly predict later peer preference. Results are discussed in terms of the interactions between parental autonomy-supportive parenting and children's peer relationships in Chinese culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Hu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Psychological Crisis Intervention, School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University, 3663 Zhongshan Road (N.), Shanghai 200062, China; (N.H.); (M.Y.)
| | - Muzi Yuan
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Psychological Crisis Intervention, School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University, 3663 Zhongshan Road (N.), Shanghai 200062, China; (N.H.); (M.Y.)
| | - Junsheng Liu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Psychological Crisis Intervention, School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University, 3663 Zhongshan Road (N.), Shanghai 200062, China; (N.H.); (M.Y.)
| | - Robert J. Coplan
- Department of Psychology, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada;
| | - Ying Zhou
- China Executive Leadership Academy Pudong, 99 Qiancheng Road, Shanghai 201204, China
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22
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Jiang X, Cui H, Shi T. Financial Support or Emotional Companion: Childbearing Motivations on Children's Development in China. Front Psychol 2021; 12:690980. [PMID: 34149577 PMCID: PMC8211885 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.690980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A preference for having a son has existed among Chinese parents for centuries due to, in part, sons having to provide financial support to elderly parents, while married daughters do not have this responsibility under Confucianism. Thus, this study examined the influence of parents’ childbearing motivation (financial support or emotional companion) on children’s development (academic performance and well-being) utilizing empirical data from the 2012 China Family Panel Studies. This study included 1,541 children (aged 10–15 years) and their parents who were surveyed via a questionnaire. Using exploratory factor analysis, two dimensions of parents’ childbearing motivation were identified namely, utilitarian and psychological motivation. Furthermore, the invariance of the measurement model across the female and male group was tested. Then, results from structural equation modeling showed that parents’ childbearing motivation, particularly expected utilitarian benefits, decreased children’s expectation of the highest education, thus, worsening children’s academic performance. Alternatively, emotional/psychological motivation appeared to increase children’s self-esteem, thus, improving children’s well-being. Furthermore, gender differences were also observed. These findings have provided important insights into how childbearing motivations influence children’s development, thus, can be utilized to ensure positive development of future children in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodong Jiang
- College of Business, Shanghai University of Finance and Economics, Shanghai, China
| | - Huaxue Cui
- College of Business, Shanghai University of Finance and Economics, Shanghai, China
| | - Tianfeng Shi
- Faculty of Management, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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van der Ham M, Bolijn R, de Vries A, Campos Ponce M, van Valkengoed IGM. Gender inequality and the double burden of disease in low-income and middle-income countries: an ecological study. BMJ Open 2021; 11:e047388. [PMID: 33895719 PMCID: PMC8074552 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-047388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Many low-income and middle-income countries (LMIC) suffer from a double burden of infectious diseases (ID) and non-communicable diseases (NCD). Previous research suggests that a high rate of gender inequality is associated with a higher ID and NCD burden in LMIC, but it is unknown whether gender inequality is also associated with a double burden of disease. In this ecological study, we explored the association between gender inequality and the double burden of disease in LMIC. METHODS For 108 LMIC, we retrieved the Gender Inequality Index (GII, scale 0-1) and calculated the double burden of disease, based on disability-adjusted life-years for a selection of relevant ID and NCD, using WHO data. We performed logistic regression analysis to study the association between gender inequality and the double burden of disease for the total population, and stratified for men and women. We adjusted for income, political stability, type of labour, urbanisation, government health expenditure, health infrastructure and unemployment. Additionally, we conducted linear regression models for the ID and NCD separately. RESULTS The GII ranged from 0.13 to 0.83. A total of 37 LMIC had a double burden of disease. Overall, the adjusted OR for double burden of disease was 1.05 per 0.01 increase of GII (95% CI 0.99 to 1.10, p=0.10). For women, there was a borderline significant positive association between gender inequality and double burden of disease (OR 1.05, 95% CI 1.00 to 1.11, p=0.06), while there was no association in men (OR 0.99, 95% CI 0.95 to 1.04, p=0.75). CONCLUSION We found patterns directing towards a positive association between gender inequality and double burden of disease, overall and in women. This finding suggests the need for more attention for structural factors underlying gender inequality to potentially reduce the double burden of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirte van der Ham
- Department of Public and Occupational Health, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Renee Bolijn
- Department of Public and Occupational Health, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Alcira de Vries
- Department of Public and Occupational Health, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Maiza Campos Ponce
- Department of Health Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1091, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Irene G M van Valkengoed
- Department of Public and Occupational Health, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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24
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Progress or Stagnation: Academic Assessments for Sustainable Education in Rural China. SUSTAINABILITY 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/su13063248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Educational sustainability development (ESD) is central to our sustainable future. To promote inclusive and equitable quality education under the backdrop of sustainable developmental goals (SDGs), we intend to understand how rural students perform in academic studies of post-compulsory high-school education in China by assessing their academic performance based on measurements of four content subjects: Chinese, English, Physics and Biology. A total of 93 senior high school students (Grade 11 and Grade 12) participated in this study and they were enrolled in a rural school from the Guizhou province, China. Our results yielded no significant differences in overall test scores between Grade 11 and Grade 12. Repeated measures multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA) across grade level showed stagnant progress in English reading and a decrease in science-related subjects, which indicates a plateau of academic achievements in rural secondary education. Furthermore, the interactional analysis identified a gender gap leaning toward male students because boys scored higher than girls in the three tested subjects. Applied implications were discussed with respect to sustainable education development in rural areas.
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25
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Bizzego A, Lim M, Schiavon G, Setoh P, Gabrieli G, Dimitriou D, Esposito G. Child disability and caregiving in low and middle income countries: Big data approach on open data. RESEARCH IN DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES 2020; 107:103795. [PMID: 33142260 DOI: 10.1016/j.ridd.2020.103795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The presence of child disabilities might affect the amount of caregiving attention the child receives, with potential ramifications on the development of the child and increasing the likelihood of developing a more severe condition. Little is known about the association between child disabilities and caregiving practices in less developed countries, penalized by both lack of data and a research bias toward western societies. METHOD In this study, we apply data mining methods on a large (N = 29,525) dataset from UNICEF to investigate the association between caregiving practices and developmental disabilities of the children, and highlight the differences between intellectual and other disabilities. RESULTS Our results highlight that, compared to other types of disabilities, intellectual disabilities increased the risk of being neglected by the caregiver in those activities oriented to the cognitive development. The education of the caregiver and the socioeconomical development of the country are actively involved in the moderation of the risk. CONCLUSION We demonstrated that educational policies of parental training, such as psychoeducation regarding intellectual disabilities and destigmatization campaigns, are needed to benefit parental practices in low- and middle-income countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Bizzego
- Department of Psychology and Cognitive Science, University of Trento, Italy
| | - Mengyu Lim
- School of Social Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Greta Schiavon
- Department of Psychology and Cognitive Science, University of Trento, Italy
| | - Peipei Setoh
- School of Social Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Giulio Gabrieli
- School of Social Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Dagmara Dimitriou
- UCL Institute of Education, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Gianluca Esposito
- Department of Psychology and Cognitive Science, University of Trento, Italy; School of Social Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore; Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore.
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26
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Kim KH, Park SG. Relationship between Parents’ Cultural Values and Children’s Creativity. CREATIVITY RESEARCH JOURNAL 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/10400419.2020.1821566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Shin-Gyu Park
- Jikji Elementary School, Daegu National University of Education, Gimcheon, Korea
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Uncovering the Moderating Role of Grit and Gender in the Association between Teacher Autonomy Support and Social Competence among Chinese Undergraduate Students. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17176398. [PMID: 32887420 PMCID: PMC7504219 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17176398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Does teacher autonomy support significantly facilitate the social competence of undergraduate students in a collective cultural context? Does this study association vary by individual characteristics, such as grit and students’ gender? To answer these research questions, we examine the association between teacher autonomy support and social competence. Moreover, we ascertain whether two dimensions of grit (perseverance and consistency) and/or gender may moderate this association. A convenience sample of 1009 Chinese undergraduate students (Mage = 20.66; SD = 1.30, 47.4% female) was involved in this study, and they were asked to complete a set of self-report questionnaires online. Results of linear regression analyses revealed that (a) teacher autonomy support was positively associated with social competence, and (b) when reporting higher levels of consistency, this association was significantly positive for both males and females; by contrast, when reporting lower levels of consistency, this association was only significant for males but not for females. The current study indicates the beneficial role of teacher autonomy support in undergraduate students’ social competence in a collective cultural context. Furthermore, university-based intervention or prevention programs should focus on facilitating teacher autonomy support for all students; it is noteworthy that, for female students, enhancing consistency should also be incorporated into these programs.
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Huang Y, Liang Z, Song Q, Tao R. Family Arrangements and Children's Education Among Migrants: A Case Study of China. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF URBAN AND REGIONAL RESEARCH 2020; 44:484-504. [PMID: 32431471 PMCID: PMC7236558 DOI: 10.1111/1468-2427.12649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
As China is experiencing an urban revolution with massive rural-to-urban migration, millions of children are profoundly affected by their parents' migration and their decision on family arrangement. With the discriminatory Hukou system and harsh living conditions in cities, the dilemma migrant parents face is whether they should bring children to cities or leave them behind. This decision determines the household, school and community environment children live in, which in turn shapes their wellbeing. With a unique strategy of comparing "left behind children" to "migrant children" and a gendered perspective, this paper examines how different family arrangements among migrants and consequent housing conditions and gender dynamics affect children's educational wellbeing. Our findings demonstrate the complex impact of family arrangement on children, which is conditioned on wage income and the gender of absent parent and the child. We find that children from less favorable socioeconomic backgrounds benefit more from moving to cities. Children living with both parents and those living with mother and grandparents tend to do better. While the effect of housing conditions is marginal, family arrangement has a gendered effect on children. Related policy recommendations are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youqin Huang
- Department of Geography and Planning, State University of New York, Albany, NY 12222,
| | - Zai Liang
- Department of Sociology, State University of New York, Albany, NY, 12222,
| | | | - Ran Tao
- Department of Economics, Renmin University, Beijing, China, 100872,
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Breckenridge J, Yang T, Poon AWC. Is gender important? Victimisation and perpetration of intimate partner violence in mainland China. HEALTH & SOCIAL CARE IN THE COMMUNITY 2019; 27:31-42. [PMID: 29655184 DOI: 10.1111/hsc.12572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/04/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Establishing the prevalence of intimate partner violence (IPV) has been recommended by International Conventions and Declarations for some time beginning with the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW Articles 12 and 19) in 1979. One important recommendation of such international protocols is the implementation of national population prevalence surveys to establishing IPV as a serious social issue globally, which is intended to provide data for planning effective responses within signatory countries. However, not all countries have undertaken national prevalence surveys meaning that there are gaps in our understanding of who are the perpetrators and victims of IPV in different cultural contexts. This article presents the results of a scoping review of literature examining gender differences in prevalence rates of victimisation and perpetration of IPV in mainland China (hereon China). There has been little written about the prevalence of IPV in China generally, and this scoping process located only nine peer-reviewed articles written in both English- and Chinese-language journals focusing on both gender and IPV published between 1997 and 2016. Results of this scoping review demonstrate that while both women and men perpetrate IPV in China, the prevalence rates of different types of IPV reflect gender differences in both perpetration and victimisation, suggesting that IPV is not a unitary phenomenon. The paper concludes by discussing the implications of the findings including the importance of increasing awareness of IPV in China more generally and developing gender-specific interventions to directly address different types of IPV. Directions for future research are also canvassed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Breckenridge
- School of Social Sciences, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Ting Yang
- School of Public Policy and Administration, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
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Wang Y, Cheng C, Bian Y. More than double jeopardy: An intersectional analysis of persistent income disadvantages of Chinese female migrant workers. ASIAN JOURNAL OF WOMEN'S STUDIES 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/12259276.2018.1469722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yixuan Wang
- Institute for Empirical Social Science Research, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Cheng Cheng
- Institute for Empirical Social Science Research, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Yanjie Bian
- Institute for Empirical Social Science Research, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
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Pan J, Zaff JF. The Measurement Structure of School Engagement Among Youth in China: An Exploratory Structural Equation Modeling Study. JOURNAL OF PSYCHOEDUCATIONAL ASSESSMENT 2017. [DOI: 10.1177/0734282917733652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
In this research, we examined the construct of a school engagement scale using exploratory structural equation modeling (ESEM). This study involved a translated measurement model that was originally developed by Li and Lerner for U.S. youth, and data from a sample of eighth-, ninth-, and 11th-grade Chinese adolescents ( N = 364). First, the results indicated that instead of the three factors (cognitive, emotional, and behavioral engagement) that have been found in previous research on school engagement, four factors emerged for the current sample: school compliance, participation, emotional engagement, and cognitive engagement. Second, the factor structure was gender invariant in the ESEM framework. We further found that female students scored higher than males on school compliance and emotional engagement. Third, the convergent correlations among school engagement subscales and academic performance were in line with theoretical expectations. Finally, based on the differences between this study and previous studies in Western countries, the need for a more thorough investigation in the conceptualization and measurement of school engagement among youth in China was discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jonathan F. Zaff
- Boston University, MA, USA
- America’s Promise Alliance, Washington, DC, USA
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Li M, Xue H, Wang W, Wang Y. Parental Expectations and Child Screen and Academic Sedentary Behaviors in China. Am J Prev Med 2017; 52:680-689. [PMID: 28108188 DOI: 10.1016/j.amepre.2016.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2016] [Revised: 10/27/2016] [Accepted: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This study examined sociodemographic patterns of parental expectations for academic performance, terminal degree, and future occupation for middle school students in China, and how these expectations influence students' screen-based and academic-related sedentary behaviors through parenting control practices. METHODS Based on data collected in 2013-2014 from 19,487 Chinese middle school students, bivariate logistic regressions tested associations between sociodemographic variables and parental expectations; structural equation models tested associations between parental expectations and students' self-reported daily time on TV/Internet/homework, with parental controls as potential mediators. Analyses were performed in October 2015. RESULTS Chinese students spent 0.96 (SD=1.44) hours/day on TV, 0.56 (SD=1.20) on Internet use, and 2.79 (SD=2.07) on homework. Girls spent more hours/day on homework (2.98 [SD=2.07] vs 2.62 [SD=2.04]) than boys but less on TV (0.90 [SD=1.37] vs 1.02 [SD=1.50]) and Internet (0.42 [SD=0.98] vs 0.69 [SD=1.36]). More than 30% of students were expected by parents to reach the top five of their class, almost 90% were expected to earn a college degree or higher, and >80% were expected to have a professional occupation. Students in rural areas, with siblings, and with lower parental SES tended to bear lower parental expectations. Children experiencing higher parental expectations spent more time on homework but less time on TV/Internet, partially explained by stricter parental homework and screen control. CONCLUSIONS High parental expectations suppress screen use but promote academic-related sedentary behaviors for Chinese children. Interventions should attend to academic-related sedentary behaviors and call for broader policies addressing sociocultural factors fueling high parental expectations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Li
- Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, School of Public Health and Health Professions, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, New York
| | - Hong Xue
- Fisher Institute of Health and Well-Being, Ball State University, Muncie, Indiana
| | - Weidong Wang
- Department of Sociology, Renmin University of China, Haidian District, Beijing, China
| | - Youfa Wang
- Fisher Institute of Health and Well-Being, Ball State University, Muncie, Indiana.
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Li L, Liang LJ, Lin C, Ji G, Xiao Y. Gender Differences in Depressive Symptoms Among HIV-Positive Concordant and Discordant Heterosexual Couples in China. PSYCHOLOGY OF WOMEN QUARTERLY 2017; 41:89-99. [PMID: 28490832 PMCID: PMC5421639 DOI: 10.1177/0361684316671302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
HIV seropositive individuals and their heterosexual partners/spouses, either seropositive or seronegative, are facing several mental health challenges. The objective of this study was to examine gender differences in depressive symptoms among HIV-positive concordant and HIV-discordant couples. We identified heterosexual couples from participants of a randomized controlled trial conducted in Anhui province, China. A total of 265 couples, comprising 129 HIV+ male/HIV- female couples, 98 HIV- male/HIV+ female couples, and 38 HIV-positive concordant couples, were included in the analyses. We collected data using the computer-assisted personal interview method. We used a linear mixed-effects regression model to assess whether gender differences in depressive symptoms varied across couple types. HIV-positive women reported a significantly higher level of depressive symptoms than their partners/spouses. HIV-positive women with HIV-positive partners had higher depressive symptoms than those with HIV-negative partners, whereas HIV-positive men reported similar levels of depressive symptoms regardless of their partners' serostatus. Among the concordant couples, those with the highest annual family income showed the greatest gender differences in depressive symptoms. We suggest that family interventions should be gender- and couple-type specific and that mental health counseling is warranted not only for HIV-positive women but also for HIV-negative women in an HIV-affected relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Li
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Li-Jung Liang
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Chunqing Lin
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Guoping Ji
- Anhui Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Yongkang Xiao
- Anhui Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hefei, Anhui, China
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Liu RX, Chen ZY. Gender Differences in Grandparent Attachment Among Chinese Students. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCHOOL HEALTH 2016. [DOI: 10.17795/intjsh.32195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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Cui N, Xue J, Connolly CA, Liu J. Does the gender of parent or child matter in child maltreatment in China? CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2016; 54:1-9. [PMID: 26826981 PMCID: PMC7485598 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2016.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Revised: 12/29/2015] [Accepted: 01/01/2016] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Child maltreatment is a public health problem worldwide, and China is no exception. However, the pattern of child maltreatment remains unknown, including whether the gender of children and their parents has an impact on the occurrence of maltreatment. This study aims at examining the rates and frequency of child maltreatment, including physical abuse, psychological abuse and neglect perpetrated by mothers and fathers. We also test whether the interaction between parents' gender and their child's gender affects the occurrence of child maltreatment in China. 997 children from the China Jintan Child Cohort Study participated in the present study and reported their maltreatment experience perpetrated by their mothers and fathers using the questionnaire, Parent-Child Conflict Tactics Scale (CTSPC_CA). Generalized linear model analyses show that boys were more likely than girls to report physical abuse, and, in particular, boys were more likely than girls to be physically abused by their fathers. On the other hand, mothers were more likely than fathers to exhibit psychological aggression and use corporal punishment for both boys and girls. There was no difference based on the child's or parent's gender in the occurrence of neglect. The findings present empirical evidence that enhances the understanding of the pattern of child maltreatment in China, provide implications for social workers and health professionals to identify children at risk of child maltreatment, and shed light on future research studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naixue Cui
- School of Nursing, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Jia Xue
- School of Social Policy and Practice, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Cynthia A Connolly
- School of Nursing, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Jianghong Liu
- School of Nursing, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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Liu RX, Chen ZY. Gender Differences in Grandparent Attachment Among Chinese Students. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCHOOL HEALTH 2016. [DOI: 10.17795/intjsh-32195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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Li C, Zhu N, Zeng L, Dang S, Zhou J, Kang Y, Yang Y, Yan H. Sex differences in the intellectual functioning of early school-aged children in rural China. BMC Public Health 2016; 16:288. [PMID: 27026407 PMCID: PMC4812622 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-016-2956-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Gender disparities in China are concentrated in poor rural areas and among poor households. The difference in intelligence between boys and girls is less clear in rural China. The purpose of this paper was to assess sex differences in the intellectual function of early school-aged children in rural China. Methods One thousand seven hundred forty four early school-aged offspring of women who had participated in a prenatal supplementation trial with different combinations of micronutrients and continued to reside in two rural counties in China were followed. We measured their Full-Scale IQ (FSIQ), Verbal Comprehension Index (VCI), Working Memory Index (WMI), Perceptual Reasoning Index (PRI) and Processing Speed Index (PSI) using the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC-IV). Multilevel analyses were used to assess sex differences in intellectual functioning in 7-10-year-old children in rural China. Results Boys’ adjusted mean FSIQ score was 0.97 points higher (95 % CI: -2.22 − 0.28) than that of girls. Girls obtained higher mean WMI and PSI scores, with 1.32 points (95 % CI: 0.14 − 2.51) and 3.10 points (95 % CI: 1.82–4.38) higher adjusted means, respectively. Boys’ adjusted mean VCI and PRI scores were significantly higher than those of girls, and the mean differences were 2.44 points (95 % CI: 0.95 − 3.94) and 3.68 points (95 % CI: 2.36 − 5.01), respectively. Conclusions There is no evidence to suggest sex differences in the general intelligence of early school-aged children in rural China. However, a difference in general intelligence between 10-year-old boys and girls was evident. Girls and boys in rural China tended to show different specific cognitive abilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Li
- School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, No.76 West Yanta Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, PR China
| | - Ni Zhu
- Department of Health Information, Shaanxi Provincial Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Xi'an, PR China
| | - Lingxia Zeng
- School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, No.76 West Yanta Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, PR China
| | - Shaonong Dang
- School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, No.76 West Yanta Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, PR China
| | - Jing Zhou
- School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, No.76 West Yanta Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, PR China
| | - Yijun Kang
- School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, No.76 West Yanta Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, PR China
| | - Yang Yang
- School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, No.76 West Yanta Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, PR China.,Department of Planned Immunization, Xi'an Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Xi'an, PR China
| | - Hong Yan
- School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, No.76 West Yanta Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, PR China. .,Nutrition and Food Safety Engineering Research Center of Shaanxi Province, Xi'an, PR China.
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Chiang YL, Hannum E, Kao G. It's Not Just About the Money: Gender and Youth Migration from Rural China. CHINESE SOCIOLOGICAL REVIEW 2015; 47:177-201. [PMID: 26973798 PMCID: PMC4780847 DOI: 10.1080/21620555.2014.990328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Statistics suggest that young men and women in China migrate at almost equal numbers, but we know less about gender differences in the decision to migrate. We examine the factors associated with the decision to migrate and the rationales given by young migrants. Our results are consistent with previous figures and show no overall gender differences in susceptibility to migration. However, we find that sibship structure operates differently on the decisions of boys and girls. Young men were more likely to report that they had moved for purposes of starting a business or personal development than young women, while young women were more likely to report that they had moved to support the tuition of a family member. We argue that the simple gender parity with respect to the number of migrants masks important differences in the circumstances and personal motivations for migration for men and women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Lin Chiang
- Department of Sociology, University of Pennsylvania, 3718 Locust Walk, Philadelphia PA 19104-6299
| | - Emily Hannum
- Department of Sociology, University of Pennsylvania, 3718 Locust Walk, Philadelphia PA 19104-6299
| | - Grace Kao
- Department of Sociology, University of Pennsylvania, 3718 Locust Walk, Philadelphia PA 19104-6299
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Liang Y, Li S. Landless female peasants living in resettlement residential areas in China have poorer quality of life than males: results from a household study in the Yangtze River Delta region. Health Qual Life Outcomes 2014; 12:71. [PMID: 24884618 PMCID: PMC4041916 DOI: 10.1186/1477-7525-12-71] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2014] [Accepted: 05/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Urbanization has accelerated in China, and a large amount of arable land has been transformed into urban land. Moreover, the number of landless peasants has continually increased. Peasants lose not only their land, but also a series of rights and interests related with land. The problems of landless peasants have been long-standing; however, only a few studies have examined their health or quality of life (QOL). This paper assesses the QOL of landless peasants in the Yangtze River Delta (YRD) region, analyzes gender differences, and explores health inequity. Methods Data are derived from household samples in six resettlement residential areas of three cities (Nanjing, Hangzhou, and Yangzhou) in the YRD region (N = 1,500; the effective rate = 82.4%). This study uses the short version of World Health Organization Quality of Life questionnaire (WHOQOL-BREF) scale to measure the QOL of landless peasants, and performs confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and analyze gender differences in QOL on the basis of CFA. Results and conclusion First, we use Analysis of Variance and Non-parametric Tests to test if the differences of mean value of testing generals have statistical significances. Results shows significant differences occur between the impacts of different genders on the four domains of QOL (physical health, psychological health, social relationships, and environment). The internal reliability of the WHOQOL-BREF scale is good (Cronbach’s alpha > 0.8), and the four domains of QOL are connected with each other. Second, scores in each QOL domain are commonly low, whereas the scores of females are much lower, indicating a poorer QOL than that of males. Third, results of the CFA of the QOL domains and their related observed variables indicate a good model fit. Fourth, results imply that the order of importance of the four domains (psychological health (males = 26.74%, females = 27.17%); social relationships (males = 26.23%, females = 25.35%); environment (males = 25.70%, females = 24.40%); and physical health (males = 21.33%, females = 23.08%)) affecting QOL from high to low is the same for landless male and female peasants, whereas the proportion of importance is different between genders. The results highlight the importance of government intervention to improve the QOL of Chinese landless peasants, ultimately reducing health inequity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Liang
- Department of Social Work and Social Policy, School of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu province, People's Republic of China.
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He W, Zhang Y, Zhu J, Xu Y, Yu W, Chen W, Liu Y, Wang W. Could sex difference in color preference and its personality correlates fit into social theories? Let Chinese university students tell you. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2011.03.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Hannum E. Market transition, educational disparities, and family strategies in rural China: new evidence on gender stratification and development. Demography 2005; 42:275-99. [PMID: 15986987 DOI: 10.1353/dem.2005.0014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Two theoretical perspectives have dominated debates about the impact of development on gender stratification: modernization theory, which argues that gender inequalities decline with economic growth, and the "women in development" perspective, which argues that development may initially widen gender gaps. Analyzing cross-sectional surveys and time-series data from China, this article indicates the relevance of both perspectives: while girls' educational opportunities were clearly more responsive than boys' to better household economic circumstances, the era of market transition in the late 1970s and early 1980s failed to accelerate and, in fact, may have temporarily slowed progress toward gender equity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Hannum
- Department of Sociology, University of Pennsylvania, 3718 Locust Walk, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6299, USA.
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