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Worden PJ, Bogema DR, Micallef ML, Go J, Deutscher AT, Labbate M, Green TJ, King WL, Liu M, Seymour JR, Jenkins C. Phylogenomic diversity of Vibrio species and other Gammaproteobacteria isolated from Pacific oysters ( Crassostrea gigas) during a summer mortality outbreak. Microb Genom 2022; 8:mgen000883. [PMID: 36748707 PMCID: PMC9837568 DOI: 10.1099/mgen.0.000883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The Pacific oyster (PO), Crassostrea gigas, is an important commercial marine species but periodically experiences large stock losses due to disease events known as summer mortality. Summer mortality has been linked to environmental perturbations and numerous viral and bacterial agents, indicating this disease is multifactorial in nature. In 2013 and 2014, several summer mortality events occurred within the Port Stephens estuary (NSW, Australia). Extensive culture and molecular-based investigations were undertaken and several potentially pathogenic Vibrio species were identified. To improve species identification and genomically characterise isolates obtained from this outbreak, whole-genome sequencing (WGS) and subsequent genomic analyses were performed on 48 bacterial isolates, as well as a further nine isolates from other summer mortality studies using the same batch of juveniles. Average nucleotide identity (ANI) identified most isolates to the species level and included members of the Photobacterium, Pseudoalteromonas, Shewanella and Vibrio genera, with Vibrio species making up more than two-thirds of all species identified. Construction of a phylogenomic tree, ANI analysis, and pan-genome analysis of the 57 isolates represents the most comprehensive culture-based phylogenomic survey of Vibrios during a PO summer mortality event in Australian waters and revealed large genomic diversity in many of the identified species. Our analysis revealed limited and inconsistent associations between isolate species and their geographical origins, or host health status. Together with ANI and pan-genome results, these inconsistencies suggest that to determine the role that microbes may have in Pacific oyster summer mortality events, isolate identification must be at the taxonomic level of strain. Our WGS data (specifically, the accessory genomes) differentiated bacterial strains, and coupled with associated metadata, highlight the possibility of predicting a strain's environmental niche and level of pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul J. Worden
- NSW Department of Primary Industries, Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Institute, Woodbridge Rd, Menangle, NSW 2568
| | - Daniel R. Bogema
- NSW Department of Primary Industries, Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Institute, Woodbridge Rd, Menangle, NSW 2568
| | - Melinda L. Micallef
- NSW Department of Primary Industries, Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Institute, Woodbridge Rd, Menangle, NSW 2568
| | - Jeffrey Go
- NSW Department of Primary Industries, Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Institute, Woodbridge Rd, Menangle, NSW 2568
| | - Ania T. Deutscher
- NSW Department of Primary Industries, Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Institute, Woodbridge Rd, Menangle, NSW 2568
| | - Maurizio Labbate
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Timothy J. Green
- Centre for Shellfish Research, Vancouver Island University, Nanaimo, British Columbia,, Canada
| | - William L. King
- Department of Plant Pathology and Environmental MIcrobiology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Michael Liu
- iThree Institute, University of Technology Sydney, Building 4, 745 Harris Street, Broadway, Ultimo, NSW, 2007
| | - Justin R. Seymour
- Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, 2007
| | - Cheryl Jenkins
- NSW Department of Primary Industries, Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Institute, Woodbridge Rd, Menangle, NSW 2568,*Correspondence: Cheryl Jenkins,
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Fries B, Davis BJK, Corrigan AE, DePaola A, Curriero FC. Nested Spatial and Temporal Modeling of Environmental Conditions Associated With Genetic Markers of Vibrio parahaemolyticus in Washington State Pacific Oysters. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:849336. [PMID: 35432254 PMCID: PMC9007611 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.849336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The Pacific Northwest (PNW) is one of the largest commercial harvesting areas for Pacific oysters (Crassostrea gigas) in the United States. Vibrio parahaemolyticus, a bacterium naturally present in estuarine waters accumulates in shellfish and is a major cause of seafood-borne illness. Growers, consumers, and public-health officials have raised concerns about rising vibriosis cases in the region. Vibrio parahaemolyticus genetic markers (tlh, tdh, and trh) were estimated using an most-probable-number (MPN)-PCR technique in Washington State Pacific oysters regularly sampled between May and October from 2005 to 2019 (N = 2,836); environmental conditions were also measured at each sampling event. Multilevel mixed-effects regression models were used to assess relationships between environmental measures and genetic markers as well as genetic marker ratios (trh:tlh, tdh:tlh, and tdh:trh), accounting for variation across space and time. Spatial and temporal dependence were also accounted for in the model structure. Model fit improved when including environmental measures from previous weeks (1-week lag for air temperature, 3-week lag for salinity). Positive associations were found between tlh and surface water temp, specifically between 15 and 26°C, and between trh and surface water temperature up to 26°C. tlh and trh were negatively associated with 3-week lagged salinity in the most saline waters (> 27 ppt). There was also a positive relationship between tissue temperature and tdh, but only above 20°C. The tdh:tlh ratio displayed analogous inverted non-linear relationships as tlh. The non-linear associations found between the genetic targets and environmental measures demonstrate the complex habitat suitability of V. parahaemolyticus. Additional associations with both spatial and temporal variables also suggest there are influential unmeasured environmental conditions that could further explain bacterium variability. Overall, these findings confirm previous ecological risk factors for vibriosis in Washington State, while also identifying new associations between lagged temporal effects and pathogenic markers of V. parahaemolyticus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brendan Fries
- Spatial Science for Public Health Center, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Department of Epidemiology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
- *Correspondence: Brendan Fries,
| | - Benjamin J. K. Davis
- Spatial Science for Public Health Center, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Department of Epidemiology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Exponent Inc., Chemical Regulation & Food Safety, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Anne E. Corrigan
- Spatial Science for Public Health Center, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Department of Epidemiology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | | | - Frank C. Curriero
- Spatial Science for Public Health Center, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Department of Epidemiology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Frank C. Curriero,
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Yang Q, Guo W, Liu Y, Zhang Y, Ming R, Yuan Y, Tan J, Zhang W. Novel Single Primer Isothermal Amplification Method for the Visual Detection of Vibrio parahaemolyticus. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-021-02033-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Assessment and Antibiotic Resistance Profiling in Vibrio Species Isolated from Wild Birds Captured in Danube Delta Biosphere Reserve, Romania. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:antibiotics10030333. [PMID: 33809945 PMCID: PMC8004222 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10030333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial and multidrug-resistant bacteria are a major problem worldwide and, consequently, the surveillance of antibiotic-resistant bacteria and assessment of the dissemination routes are essential. We hypothesized that migratory birds, coming from various environments, would carry more numerous Vibrio strains than sedentary species, with increased risk to be passed to their contacts or environment in habitats they transit or nest in. Similarly, we presumed that strains from migratory birds will show multidrug resistance. A total of 170 oral and rectal swabs were collected from wild birds captured in different locations of the Danube Delta (Malic, Sfantu-Gheorghe, Letea Forest) and processed using standardized selective media. V. cholerae strains were confirmed by serology and molecular methods and, subsequently, their susceptibility was evaluated. The prevalence of Vibrio species by host species, habitat type, and location was interpreted. The isolated Vibrio species were identified as Vibrio cholerae 14.33%, V. fluvialis 13.33%, V. alginolyticus 12%, V. mimicus 17.33%, V. vulnificus 10.88%, with V. parahaemolyticus and V. metschnikovii (16%) also being prevalent. Of the 76 Vibrio spp. isolates, 18.42% were resistant towards at least three antimicrobials, and 81.57% demonstrated a multidrug resistance phenotype, including mainly penicillins, aminoglycosides, and macrolides. The results of the present study indicate higher numbers of Vibrio strains in migratory (74.66%) than in sedentary birds (25.33%), confirming our hypothesis. Furthermore, the increased pathogenicity of Vibrio spp. strains, isolated from wild migratory and sedentary birds, was confirmed by their increased multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) index (0.09–0.81).
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Jeamsripong S, Khant W, Chuanchuen R. Distribution of phenotypic and genotypic antimicrobial resistance and virulence genes in Vibrio parahaemolyticus isolated from cultivated oysters and estuarine water. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2021; 96:5828078. [PMID: 32358958 DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fiaa081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
A total of 594 Vibrio parahaemolyticus isolates from cultivated oysters (n = 361) and estuarine water (n = 233) were examined for antimicrobial resistance (AMR) phenotype and genotype and virulence genes. Four hundred forty isolates (74.1%) exhibited resistance to at least one antimicrobial agent and 13.5% of the isolates were multidrug-resistant strains. Most of the V. parahaemolyticus isolates were resistant to erythromycin (54.2%), followed by sulfamethoxazole (34.7%) and trimethoprim (27.9%). The most common resistance genes were qnr (77.8%), strB (27.4%) and tet(A) (22.1%), whereas blaTEM (0.8%) was rarely found. Four isolates (0.7%) from oysters (n = 2) and estuarine water (n = 2) were positive to tdh, whereas no trh-positive isolates were observed. Significantly positive associations among AMR genes were observed. The SXT elements and class 1, 2 and 3 integrons were absent in all isolates. The results indicated that V. parahaemolyticus isolates from oysters and estuarine water were potential reservoirs of resistance determinants in the environment. This increasing threat of resistant bacteria in the environment potentially affects human health. A 'One Health' approach involved in multidisciplinary collaborations must be implemented to effectively manage antimicrobial resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saharuetai Jeamsripong
- Research Unit in Microbial Food Safety and Antimicrobial Resistance, Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, 39 Henry Dunant Road, Pathumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Winn Khant
- Research Unit in Microbial Food Safety and Antimicrobial Resistance, Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, 39 Henry Dunant Road, Pathumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Rungtip Chuanchuen
- Research Unit in Microbial Food Safety and Antimicrobial Resistance, Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, 39 Henry Dunant Road, Pathumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
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Ndraha N, Hsiao HI. Influence of climatic factors on the temporal occurrence and distribution of total and pathogenic Vibrio parahaemolyticus in oyster culture environments in Taiwan. Food Microbiol 2021; 98:103765. [PMID: 33875201 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2021.103765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 02/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This study evaluated the occurrence and distribution of total and pathogenic V. parahaemolyticus in oyster culture environments in Taiwan. V. parahaemolyticus levels in oysters, seawater, and sediment were quantified using the most probable number (MPN) method combined with a qualitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Total V. parahaemolyticus was determined based on the presence or absence of tlh gene, whereas pathogenic V. parahaemolyticus was determined based on the detection of tdh and/or trh gene. The results showed that: 1) V. parahaemolyticus was detected in 93% of the collected samples, 2) the mean concentrations of total V. parahaemolyticus in oysters, seawater, and sediment were 4.1 log MPN/g, 2.1 log MPN/mL, and 4.2 log MPN/g, respectively, and 3) variations in the abundance of V. parahaemolyticus was significantly associated with sea surface temperature (SST). Findings in this study could be used to improve the accuracy of the risk assessment model for V. parahaemolyticus in oysters in Taiwan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nodali Ndraha
- Department of Food Science, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan.
| | - Hsin-I Hsiao
- Department of Food Science, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan; Institute of Food Safety and Risk Management, National Taiwan Ocean University, Taiwan.
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Dickerson J, Gooch-Moore J, Jacobs JM, Mott JB. Characteristics of Vibrio vulnificus isolates from clinical and environmental sources. Mol Cell Probes 2021; 56:101695. [PMID: 33453365 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcp.2021.101695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Researchers have developed multiple methods to characterize clinical and environmental strains of Vibrio vulnificus. The aim of our study was to use four assays to detect virulence factors in strains from infected patients and those from surface waters/sediments/oysters of South Carolina and the Gulf of Mexico. Vibrio vulnificus strains from clinical (n = 81) and environmental (n = 171) sources were tested using three real-time PCR methods designed to detect polymorphisms in the 16S rRNA, vcg and pilF genes and a phenotypic method, the ability to ferment D-mannitol. Although none of the tests correctly categorized all isolates, the differentiation between clinical and environmental isolates was similar for the pilF, vcgC/E and 16S rRNA assays, with sensitivities of 74.1-79.2% and specificities of 77.4-82.7%. The pilF and vcgC/E assays are comparable in efficacy to the widely used 16S rRNA method, while the D-mannitol fermentation test is less discriminatory (sensitivity = 77.8%, specificity = 61.4%). Overall percent agreement for the D-mannitol fermentation method was also lower (66.7%) than overall percent agreement for the 3 molecular assays (78.0%-80.2%). This study demonstrated, using a large, diverse group of Vibrio vulnificus isolates, that three assays could be used to distinguish most clinical vs environmental isolates; however, additional assays are needed to increase accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Dickerson
- James Madison University, Department of Biology, 951 Carrier Dr., MSC 7801, Harrisonburg, VA, USA; National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), National Ocean Service (NOS), National Center for Coastal Ocean Science (NCCOS), Center for Coastal Environmental Health and Biomolecular Research (CCEHBR) Lab, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - J Gooch-Moore
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), National Ocean Service (NOS), National Center for Coastal Ocean Science (NCCOS), Center for Coastal Environmental Health and Biomolecular Research (CCEHBR) Lab, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - J M Jacobs
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), National Ocean Service (NOS), National Center for Coastal Ocean Science (NCCOS), Oxford Lab, Oxford, MD, USA.
| | - J B Mott
- James Madison University, Department of Biology, 951 Carrier Dr., MSC 7801, Harrisonburg, VA, USA
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Almuhaideb E, Chintapenta LK, Abbott A, Parveen S, Ozbay G. Assessment of Vibrio parahaemolyticus levels in oysters (Crassostrea virginica) and seawater in Delaware Bay in relation to environmental conditions and the prevalence of molecular markers to identify pathogenic Vibrio parahaemolyticus strains. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0242229. [PMID: 33270659 PMCID: PMC7714158 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0242229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This study identified Vibrio parahaemolyticus in oyster and seawater samples collected from Delaware Bay from June through October of 2016. Environmental parameters including water temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen, pH, and chlorophyll a were measured per sampling event. Oysters homogenate and seawater samples were 10-fold serially diluted and directly plated on CHROMagarᵀᴹ Vibrio medium. Presumptive V. parahaemolyticus colonies were counted and at least 20% of these colonies were selected for molecular chracterization. V. parahaemolyticus isolates (n = 165) were screened for the presence of the species-specific thermolabile hemolysin (tlh) gene, the pathogenic thermostable direct hemolysin (tdh)/ thermostable related hemolysin (trh) genes, the regulatory transmembrane DNA-binding gene (toxR), and V. parahaemolyticus metalloprotease (vpm) gene using a conventional PCR. The highest mean levels of the presumptive V. parahaemolyticus were 9.63×103 CFU/g and 1.85×103 CFU/mL in the oyster and seawater samples, respectively, during the month of July. V. parahaemolyticus levels in oyster and seawater samples were significantly positively correlated with water temperature. Of the 165 isolates, 137 (83%), 110 (66.7%), and 108 (65%) were tlh+, vpm+, and toxR+, respectively. Among the V. parahaemolyticus (tlh+) isolates, 7 (5.1%) and 15 (10.9%) were tdh+ and trh+, respectively, and 24 (17.5%), only oyster isolates, were positive for both genes. Potential pathogenic strains that possessed tdh and/or trh were notably higher in oyster (39%) than seawater (15.6%) isolates. The occurrence of total V. parahaemolyticus (tlh+) was not necessarily proportional to the potential pathogenic V. parahaemolyticus. Co-occurrence of the five genetic markers were observed only among oyster isolates. The co-occurrence of the gene markers showed a relatedness potential of tdh occurrence with vpm. We believe exploring the role of V. parahaemolyticus metalloprotease and whether it is involved in the toxic activity of the thermostable direct hemolysin (TDH) protein can be of significance. The outcomes of this study will provide some foundation for future studies regarding pathogenic Vibrio dynamics in relation to environmental quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esam Almuhaideb
- Department of Human Ecology, Delaware State University, Dover, Delaware, United States of America
| | - Lathadevi K Chintapenta
- Department of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Delaware State University, Dover, Delaware, United States of America
| | - Amanda Abbott
- Department of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Delaware State University, Dover, Delaware, United States of America
| | - Salina Parveen
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Resource Sciences, University of Maryland Eastern Shore, Princess Anne, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Gulnihal Ozbay
- Department of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Delaware State University, Dover, Delaware, United States of America
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Cruz CD, Fletcher GC, Paturi G, Hedderley DI. Influence of farming methods and seawater depth on Vibrio species in New Zealand Pacific oysters. Int J Food Microbiol 2020; 325:108644. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2020.108644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/18/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Ndraha N, Wong HC, Hsiao HI. Managing the risk of Vibrio parahaemolyticus infections associated with oyster consumption: A review. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2020; 19:1187-1217. [PMID: 33331689 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Revised: 02/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Vibrio parahaemolyticus is a Gram-negative bacterium that is naturally present in the marine environment. Oysters, which are water filter feeders, may accumulate this pathogen in their soft tissues, thus increasing the risk of V. parahaemolyticus infection among people who consume oysters. In this review, factors affecting V. parahaemolyticus accumulation in oysters, the route of the pathogen from primary production to consumption, and the potential effects of climate change were discussed. In addition, intervention strategies for reducing accumulation of V. parahaemolyticus in oysters were presented. A literature review revealed the following information relevant to the present study: (a) managing the safety of oysters (for human consumption) from primary production to consumption remains a challenge, (b) there are multiple factors that influence the concentration of V. parahaemolyticus in oysters from primary production to consumption, (c) climate change could possibly affect the safety of oysters, both directly and indirectly, placing public health at risk, (d) many intervention strategies have been developed to control and/or reduce the concentration of V. parahaemolyticus in oysters to acceptable levels, but most of them are mainly focused on the downstream steps of the oyster supply chain, and (c) although available regulation and/or guidelines governing the safety of oyster consumption are mostly available in developed countries, limited food safety information is available in developing countries. The information provided in this review may serve as an early warning for managing the future effects of climate change on the safety of oyster consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nodali Ndraha
- Department of Food Science, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan (R.O.C.)
| | - Hin-Chung Wong
- Department of Microbiology, Soochow University, Taipei, Taiwan (R.O.C.)
| | - Hsin-I Hsiao
- Department of Food Science, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan (R.O.C.).,Institute of Food Safety and Risk Management, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan (R.O.C.)
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Prevalence and antibiotic resistance patterns of Vibrio parahaemolyticus isolated from different types of seafood in Selangor, Malaysia. Saudi J Biol Sci 2020; 27:1602-1608. [PMID: 32489301 PMCID: PMC7253911 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2020.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Revised: 01/05/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Vibrio parahaemolyticus is a foodborne bacterial pathogen that may cause gastroenteritis in humans through the consumption of seafood contaminated with this microorganism. The emergence of antimicrobial and multidrug-resistant bacteria is another serious public health threat worldwide. In this study, the prevalence and antibiotic susceptibility test of V. parahaemolyticus in blood clams, shrimps, surf clams, and squids were determined. The overall prevalence of V. parahaemolyticus in seafood was 85.71% (120/140), consisting of 91.43% (32/35) in blood clam, 88.57% (31/35) in shrimps, 82.86% (29/35) in surf clams, and 80% (28/35) in squids. The majority of V. parahaemolyticus isolates from the seafood samples were found to be susceptible to most antibiotics except ampicillin, cefazolin, and penicillin. The MAR indices of V. parahaemolyticus isolates ranged from 0.04 to 0.71 and about 90.83% of isolates were found resistant to more than one antibiotic. The high prevalence of V. parahaemolyticus in seafood and multidrug-resistant isolates detected in this study could pose a potential risk to human health and hence appropriate control methods should be in place to minimize the potential contamination and prevent the emergence of antibiotic resistance.
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Flynn A, Davis BJK, Atherly E, Olson G, Bowers JC, DePaola A, Curriero FC. Associations of Environmental Conditions and Vibrio parahaemolyticus Genetic Markers in Washington State Pacific Oysters. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:2797. [PMID: 31866972 PMCID: PMC6904363 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Vibrio parahaemolyticus is a naturally occurring bacterium in estuarine waters and is a major cause of seafood-borne illness. The bacterium has been consistently identified in Pacific Northwest waters and elevated illness rates of vibriosis in Washington State have raised concerns among growers, risk managers, and consumers of Pacific oysters (Crassostrea gigas). In order to better understand pre-harvest variation of V. parahaemolyticus in the region, abundance of total and potentially pathogenic strains of the bacterium in a large number of Washington State Pacific oyster samples were compared with environmental conditions at the time of sampling. The Washington Department of Health regularly sampled oysters between June and September at over 21 locations from 2014 to 2018, resulting in over 946 samples. V. parahaemolyticus strains carrying three genetic markers, tlh, trh, and tdh, were enumerated in oyster tissue using a most probable number-PCR analysis. Tobit regressions and seemingly unrelated estimations were used to formally assess relationships between environmental measures and genetic markers. All genetic markers were found to be positively associated with temperature, independent of the abundance of other genetic markers. Surface water temperature displayed a non-linear relationship, with no association observed between any genetic marker in the warmest waters. There were also stark differences between surface and shore water temperature models. Salinity was not found to be substantially associated with any of the genetic variables. The relative abundance of tdh+ strains given total V. parahaemolyticus abundance (pathogenic ratio tdh:tlh) was negatively associated with water temperature in colder waters and decreased exponentially as total V. parahaemolyticus abundance increased. Strains carrying the trh gene had a pronounced positive association with strains carrying the tdh gene but was also negatively associated with the tdh:tlh pathogenic ratio. These results suggest that there are ecological relationships of competition, growth, and survival for V. parahaemolyticus strains in the oyster tissue matrix. This work also improves the overall understanding of environmental associations with V. parahaemolyticus in Washington State Pacific oysters, laying the groundwork for future risk mitigation efforts in the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aspen Flynn
- Spatial Science for Public Health Center, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Benjamin J K Davis
- Spatial Science for Public Health Center, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States.,Department of Epidemiology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Erika Atherly
- Office of Environmental Health and Safety, Division of Environmental Public Health, Washington State Department of Health, Olympia, WA, United States
| | - Gina Olson
- Public Health Laboratories, Division of Disease Control and Health Statistics, Washington State Department of Health, Shoreline, WA, United States
| | - John C Bowers
- Office of Analytics and Outreach, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD, United States
| | | | - Frank C Curriero
- Spatial Science for Public Health Center, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States.,Department of Epidemiology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
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Chen YR, Hwang CA, Huang L, Wu VC, Hsiao HI. Kinetic analysis and dynamic prediction of growth of vibrio parahaemolyticus in raw white shrimp at refrigerated and abuse temperatures. Food Control 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2019.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
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14
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Molecular characterization, antibiotic resistance pattern and biofilm formation of Vibrio parahaemolyticus and V. cholerae isolated from crustaceans and humans. Int J Food Microbiol 2018; 274:31-37. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2018.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Revised: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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15
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Rapid Detection of Vibrio parahaemolyticus in Shellfish by Real-Time Recombinase Polymerase Amplification. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-018-1188-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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16
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Evaluation of spoilage potential and volatile metabolites production by Shewanella baltica isolated from modified atmosphere packaged live mussels. Food Res Int 2018; 103:415-425. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2017.10.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2017] [Revised: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 10/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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17
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Williams TC, Froelich BA, Phippen B, Fowler P, Noble RT, Oliver JD. Different abundance and correlational patterns exist between total and presumed pathogenic Vibrio vulnificus and V. parahaemolyticus in shellfish and waters along the North Carolina coast. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2017; 93:3836909. [PMID: 28531284 DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fix071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2017] [Accepted: 05/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Monitoring of Vibrio vulnificus and V. parahaemolyticus abundance is pertinent due to the ability of these species to cause disease in humans through aquatic vectors. Previously, we performed a multiyear investigation tracking Vibrio spp. levels in five sites along the southeastern North Carolina coast. From February 2013 to October 2015, total V. vulnificus and V. parahaemolyticus abundance was measured in water, oysters and clams. In the current study, pathogenic subpopulations were identified in these isolates using molecular markers, revealing that 5.3% of V. vulnificus isolates possessed the virulence-correlated gene (vcgC), and 1.9% of V. parahaemolyticus isolates harbored one or both of the virulence-associated hemolysin genes (tdh and trh). Total V. parahaemolyticus abundance was not sufficient to predict the abundance of pathogenic subpopulations. Specifically, pathogenic V. parahaemolyticus isolates were more often isolated in cooler waters and were sometimes isolated when no other V. parahaemolyticus strains were detectable. Vibrio vulnificus clinical (C-) genotypes correlated with total V. vulnificus; however, salinity, water depth and total suspended solids influenced C- and E-genotypes differently. Lastly, we documented individual oysters harboring significantly higher V. vulnificus levels for which there was no ecological explanation, a phenomenon that deserves closer attention due to the potentially elevated health hazard associated with these 'hot' shellfish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany C Williams
- The University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Department of Biological Sciences, Charlotte, NC 28223, USA
| | - Brett A Froelich
- The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Institute of Marine Sciences, Morehead City, NC 28557, USA
| | - Britney Phippen
- The University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Department of Biological Sciences, Charlotte, NC 28223, USA
| | - Patricia Fowler
- The North Carolina Department of Environment and Natural Resources, Division of Marine Fisheries, Morehead City, NC 28223, USA
| | - Rachel T Noble
- The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Institute of Marine Sciences, Morehead City, NC 28557, USA
| | - James D Oliver
- The University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Department of Biological Sciences, Charlotte, NC 28223, USA
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18
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Virulence Factors and Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Vibrio parahaemolyticus Isolated from the Oyster Crassostrea gigas. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.5657/kfas.2016.0116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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19
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Odeyemi OA. Incidence and prevalence of Vibrio parahaemolyticus in seafood: a systematic review and meta-analysis. SPRINGERPLUS 2016; 5:464. [PMID: 27119068 PMCID: PMC4831955 DOI: 10.1186/s40064-016-2115-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2015] [Accepted: 04/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Vibrio parahaemolyticus is an important seafood borne human pathogen worldwide due to it occurrence, prevalence and ability to cause gastrointestinal infections. This current study aim at investigating the incidence and prevalence of V. parahaemolyticus in seafood using systematic review-meta-analysis by exploring heterogeneity among primary studies. A comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis of peer reviewed primary studies reported between 2003 and 2015 for the occurrence and prevalence of V. parahaemolyticus in seafood was conducted using “isolation”, “detection”, “prevalence”, “incidence”, “occurrence” or “enumeration” and V. parahaemolyticus as search algorithms in Web of Science (Science Direct) and ProQuest of electronic bibliographic databases. Data extracted from the primary studies were then analyzed with fixed effect meta-analysis model for effect rate to explore heterogeneity between the primary studies. Publication bias was evaluated using funnel plot. A total of 10,819 articles were retrieved from the data bases of which 48 studies met inclusion criteria. V. parahaemolyticus could only be isolated from 2761 (47.5 %) samples of 5811 seafood investigated. The result of this study shows that incidence of V. parahaemolyticus was more prevalent in oysters with overall prevalence rate of 63.4 % (95 % CI 0.592–0.674) than other seafood. Overall prevalence rate of clams was 52.9 % (95 % CI 0.490–0.568); fish 51.0 % (95 % CI 0.476–0.544); shrimps 48.3 % (95 % CI 0.454–0.512) and mussels, scallop and periwinkle: 28.0 % (95 % CI 0.255–0.307). High heterogeneity (p value <0.001; I2 = 95.291) was observed mussel compared to oysters (I2 = 91.024). It could be observed from this study that oysters harbor V. parahaemolyticus based on the prevalence rate than other seafood investigated. The occurrence and prevalence of V. parahaemolyticus is of public health importance, hence, more studies involving seafood such as mussels need to be investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olumide A Odeyemi
- Ecology and Biodiversity Centre, Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Australia
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20
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Cruz C, Chycka M, Hedderley D, Fletcher G. Prevalence, characteristics and ecology of Vibrio vulnificus
found in New Zealand shellfish. J Appl Microbiol 2016; 120:1100-7. [DOI: 10.1111/jam.13064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Revised: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 01/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C.D. Cruz
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited; Auckland New Zealand
| | - M. Chycka
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited; Auckland New Zealand
| | - D. Hedderley
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited; Palmerston North New Zealand
| | - G.C. Fletcher
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited; Auckland New Zealand
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21
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Froelich BA, Noble RT. Vibrio bacteria in raw oysters: managing risks to human health. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2016; 371:20150209. [PMID: 26880841 PMCID: PMC4760139 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2015.0209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The human-pathogenic marine bacteria Vibrio vulnificus and V. parahaemolyticus are strongly correlated with water temperature, with concentrations increasing as waters warm seasonally. Both of these bacteria can be concentrated in filter-feeding shellfish, especially oysters. Because oysters are often consumed raw, this exposes people to large doses of potentially harmful bacteria. Various models are used to predict the abundance of these bacteria in oysters, which guide shellfish harvest policy meant to reduce human health risk. Vibrio abundance and behaviour varies from site to site, suggesting that location-specific studies are needed to establish targeted risk reduction strategies. Moreover, virulence potential, rather than simple abundance, should be also be included in future modeling efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brett A Froelich
- The Institute of Marine Sciences, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Morehead City, NC 28557, USA
| | - Rachel T Noble
- The Institute of Marine Sciences, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Morehead City, NC 28557, USA
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22
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Hsiao HI, Jan MS, Chi HJ. Impacts of Climatic Variability on Vibrio parahaemolyticus Outbreaks in Taiwan. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2016; 13:188. [PMID: 26848675 PMCID: PMC4772208 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph13020188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2015] [Revised: 12/28/2015] [Accepted: 01/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate and quantify the relationship between climate variation and incidence of Vibrio parahaemolyticus in Taiwan. Specifically, seasonal autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) models (including autoregression, seasonality, and a lag-time effect) were employed to predict the role of climatic factors (including temperature, rainfall, relative humidity, ocean temperature and ocean salinity) on the incidence of V. parahaemolyticus in Taiwan between 2000 and 2011. The results indicated that average temperature (+), ocean temperature (+), ocean salinity of 6 months ago (+), maximum daily rainfall (current (-) and one month ago (-)), and average relative humidity (current and 9 months ago (-)) had significant impacts on the incidence of V. parahaemolyticus. Our findings offer a novel view of the quantitative relationship between climate change and food poisoning by V. parahaemolyticus in Taiwan. An early warning system based on climate change information for the disease control management is required in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsin-I Hsiao
- Department of Food Science, National Taiwan Ocean University, 2 Beining Road, Keelung 202, Taiwan.
| | - Man-Ser Jan
- Institute of Applied Economics, National Taiwan Ocean University, 2 Beining Road, Keelung 202, Taiwan.
| | - Hui-Ju Chi
- Department of Food Science, National Taiwan Ocean University, 2 Beining Road, Keelung 202, Taiwan.
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23
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Caburlotto G, Suffredini E, Toson M, Fasolato L, Antonetti P, Zambon M, Manfrin A. Occurrence and molecular characterisation of Vibrio parahaemolyticus in crustaceans commercialised in Venice area, Italy. Int J Food Microbiol 2015; 220:39-49. [PMID: 26773255 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2015.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2015] [Revised: 09/08/2015] [Accepted: 12/20/2015] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Infections due to the pathogenic human vibrios, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Vibrio cholerae and Vibrio vulnificus, are mainly associated with consumption of raw or partially cooked bivalve molluscs. At present, little is known about the presence of Vibrio species in crustaceans and the risk of vibriosis associated with the consumption of these products. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the prevalence and concentration of the main pathogenic Vibrio spp. in samples of crustaceans (n=143) commonly eaten in Italy, taking into account the effects of different variables such as crustacean species, storage conditions and geographic origin. Subsequently, the potential pathogenicity of V. parahaemolyticus strains isolated from crustaceans (n=88) was investigated, considering the classic virulence factors (tdh and trh genes) and four genes coding for relevant proteins of the type III secretion systems 2 (T3SS2α and T3SS2β). In this study, the presence of V. cholerae and V. vulnificus was never detected, whereas 40 samples (28%) were positive for V. parahaemolyticus with an overall prevalence of 41% in refrigerated products and 8% in frozen products. The highest prevalence and average contamination levels were detected in Crangon crangon (prevalence 58% and median value 3400 MPN/g) and in products from the northern Adriatic Sea (35%), with the samples from the northern Venetian Lagoon reaching a median value of 1375 MPN/g. While genetic analysis confirmed absence of the tdh gene, three of the isolates contained the trh gene and, simultaneously, the T3SS2β genes. Moreover three possibly clonal tdh-negative/trh-negative isolates carried the T3SS2α apparatus. The detection of both T3SS2α and T3SS2β apparatuses in V. parahaemolyticus strains isolated from crustaceans emphasised the importance of considering new genetic markers associated with virulence besides the classical factors. Moreover this study represents the first report dealing with Vibrio spp. in crustaceans in Italy, and it may provide useful information for the development of sanitary surveillance plans to prevent the risk of vibriosis in seafood consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greta Caburlotto
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Viale Dell'Università 10, 35020 Legnaro, Padua, Italy.
| | - Elisabetta Suffredini
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Marica Toson
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Viale Dell'Università 10, 35020 Legnaro, Padua, Italy
| | - Luca Fasolato
- University of Padova, Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, Padua, Italy
| | - Paolo Antonetti
- Azienda Ulss 12 Veneziana, Department of Prevention - Veterinary Service, P.le San Lorenzo Giustiniani 11/d, 30174 Venezia Mestre, VE, Italy
| | - Michela Zambon
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Viale Dell'Università 10, 35020 Legnaro, Padua, Italy
| | - Amedeo Manfrin
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Viale Dell'Università 10, 35020 Legnaro, Padua, Italy
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24
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Lopez-Joven C, de Blas I, Furones MD, Roque A. Prevalences of pathogenic and non-pathogenic Vibrio parahaemolyticus in mollusks from the Spanish Mediterranean Coast. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:736. [PMID: 26284033 PMCID: PMC4523031 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.00736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2015] [Accepted: 07/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Vibrio parahaemolyticus is a well-recognized pathogen of humans. To better understand the ecology of the human-pathogenic variants of this bacterium in the environment, a study on the prevalence in bivalves of pathogenic variants (tlh+ and tdh+ and/or trh+) versus a non-pathogenic one (only tlh+ as species marker for V. parahaemolyticus), was performed in two bays in Catalonia, Spain. Environmental factors that might affect dynamics of both variants of V. parahaemolyticus were taken into account. The results showed that the global prevalence of total V. parahaemolyticus found in both bays was 14.2% (207/1459). It was, however, significantly dependent on sampling point, campaign (year) and bivalve species. Pathogenic variants of V. parahaemolyticus (tdh+ and/or trh+) were detected in 3.8% of the samples (56/1459), meaning that the proportion of bivalves who contained tlh gene were contaminated by pathogenic V. parahaemolyticus strains is 27.1% (56/207). Moreover, the presence of pathogenic V. parahaemolyticus (trh+) was significantly correlated with water salinity, thus the probability of finding pathogenic V. parahaemolyticus decreased 1.45 times with every salinity unit (ppt) increased. Additionally, data showed that V. parahaemolyticus could establish close associations with Ruditapes spp. (P-value < 0.001), which could enhance the transmission of illness to human by pathogenic variants, when clams were eaten raw or slightly cooked. This study provides information on the abundance, ecology and characteristics of total and human-pathogenic V. parahaemolyticus variants associated with bivalves cultured in the Spanish Mediterranean Coast.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ignacio de Blas
- Laboratory of Fish Diseases, Veterinary Faculty, Universidad de Zaragoza Zaragoza, Spain
| | | | - Ana Roque
- IRTA-SCR Sant Carles de la Ràpita, Spain
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25
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Long-term study of Vibrio parahaemolyticus prevalence and distribution in New Zealand shellfish. Appl Environ Microbiol 2015; 81:2320-7. [PMID: 25616790 DOI: 10.1128/aem.04020-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The food-borne pathogen Vibrio parahaemolyticus has been reported as being present in New Zealand (NZ) seawaters, but there have been no reported outbreaks of food-borne infection from commercially grown NZ seafood. Our study determined the current incidence of V. parahaemolyticus in NZ oysters and Greenshell mussels and the prevalence of V. parahaemolyticus tdh and trh strains. Pacific (235) and dredge (21) oyster samples and mussel samples (55) were obtained from commercial shellfish-growing areas between December 2009 and June 2012. Total V. parahaemolyticus numbers and the presence of pathogenic genes tdh and trh were determined using the FDA most-probable-number (MPN) method and confirmed using PCR analysis. In samples from the North Island of NZ, V. parahaemolyticus was detected in 81% of Pacific oysters and 34% of mussel samples, while the numbers of V. parahaemolyticus tdh and trh strains were low, with just 3/215 Pacific oyster samples carrying the tdh gene. V. parahaemolyticus organisms carrying tdh and trh were not detected in South Island samples, and V. parahaemolyticus was detected in just 1/21 dredge oyster and 2/16 mussel samples. Numbers of V. parahaemolyticus organisms increased when seawater temperatures were high, the season when most commercial shellfish-growing areas are not harvested. The numbers of V. parahaemolyticus organisms in samples exceeded 1,000 MPN/g only when the seawater temperatures exceeded 19°C, so this environmental parameter could be used as a trigger warning of potential hazard. There is some evidence that the total V. parahaemolyticus numbers increased compared with those reported from a previous 1981 to 1984 study, but the analytical methods differed significantly.
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26
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Wang W, Li M, Li Y. Intervention strategies for reducing Vibrio parahaemolyticus in seafood: a review. J Food Sci 2014; 80:R10-9. [PMID: 25472618 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.12727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Accepted: 10/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Vibrio parahaeomolyticus, a natural inhabitant in estuarine marine water, has been frequently isolated from seafood. It has been recognized as the leading causative agent for seafoodborne illness all over the world. Numerous physical, chemical, and biological intervention methods for reducing V. parahaeomolyticus in seafood products have been investigated and practiced. Each intervention method has distinct advantages and disadvantages depending on the processing needs and consumer preference. This review provides a comprehensive overview of various intervention strategies for reducing V. parahaeomolyticus in seafood with an emphasis on the efficiency of bacterial inactivation treatments and the changes in sensory qualities of seafood. In the meantime, reported researches on alternative technologies which have shown effectiveness to inactivate V. parahaemolyticus in seawater and other food products, but not directly in seafood are also included. The successful applications of appropriate intervention strategies could effectively reduce or eliminate the contamination of V. parahaeomolyticus in seafood, and consequently contribute to the improvement of seafood safety and the reduction of public health risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Wang
- Inst. of Quality and Standard for Agro-Products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310021, China; College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang Univ, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China
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27
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HARA-KUDO Y, KUMAGAI S. Impact of seafood regulations for Vibrio parahaemolyticus infection and verification by analyses of seafood contamination and infection. Epidemiol Infect 2014; 142:2237-47. [PMID: 25078437 PMCID: PMC9151258 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268814001897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2014] [Revised: 06/13/2014] [Accepted: 07/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Consumption of seafood contaminated with Vibrio parahaemolyticus causes foodborne infections, which are on the rise owing to increased consumption of raw seafood in Asia, Europe, North America, and other regions. V. parahaemolyticus infections have been common in Japan since the 1960s. Following an epidemic in 1997, the Japanese Ministry of Health, Labour, and Welfare instituted regulations for seafood in 1999, which appear to be reducing V. parahaemolyticus infections. In this review, we describe the scientific findings for these regulations. Analyses of the V. parahaemolyticus serotypes and isolate characteristics in samples from infected patients and contaminated seafood are discussed. In addition, based on the results of a survey, we show that new food safety regulations have led to improvements in food hygiene at many seafood retail shops, food service facilities, and restaurants. This example from Japan could be of immense help to control foodborne infections in other countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y. HARA-KUDO
- Division of Microbiology, National Institute of Health Sciences, Kamiyoga, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - S. KUMAGAI
- Food Safety Commission, Akasaka, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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28
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Moore JG, Ruple A, Ballenger-Bass K, Bell S, Pennington PL, Scott GI. Snapshot of Vibrio parahaemolyticus densities in open and closed shellfish beds in Coastal South Carolina and Mississippi. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2014; 186:7949-7960. [PMID: 25106119 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-014-3979-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2013] [Accepted: 07/24/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Vibrio parahaemolyticus is a Gram negative, halophilic bacterium that is ubiquitous in warm, tropical waters throughout the world. It is a major cause of seafood-associated gastroenteritis and is generally associated with consumption of raw or undercooked seafood, especially oysters. This study presents a snapshot of total V. parahaemolyticus densities in surface waters and shellstock American oysters (Crassostrea virginica) from open and closed shellfish harvesting areas, as well as "more rural areas" on two different US coasts, the Atlantic and the Gulf. Sampling was conducted from 2001 to 2003 at five sites near Charleston/Georgetown, SC and at four locations in the Gulfport/Pascagoula, MS area. V. parahaemolyticus numbers were determined by a direct plating method using an alkaline-phosphatase-labeled DNA probe targeting the species-specific thermolabile hemolysin gene (tlh) that was used for identification of bacterial isolates. The greatest difference between the two coasts was salinity; mean salinity in SC surface waters was 32.9 ppt, whereas the mean salinity in MS waters was 19.2 ppt, indicating more freshwater input into MS shellfish harvesting areas during the study period. The mean V. parahaemolyticus numbers in oysters were almost identical between the two states (567.4 vs. 560.1 CFU/g). Bacterial numbers in the majority of surface water samples from both states were at or below the limit of detection (LOD = <10 CFU/mL). The bacterial concentrations determined during this study predict a low public health risk from consumption of oysters in shellfish growing areas on either the Gulf or the Atlantic US coast.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Gooch Moore
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), National Ocean Service (NOS), National Center for Coastal Ocean Science (NCCOS), Center for Coastal Environmental Health and Biomolecular Research (CCEHBR) Lab, Charleston, SC, USA,
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29
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Kim JY, Lee JL. Multipurpose assessment for the quantification of Vibrio spp. and total bacteria in fish and seawater using multiplex real-time polymerase chain reaction. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2014; 94:2807-2817. [PMID: 24752974 PMCID: PMC4368387 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.6699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2014] [Revised: 04/08/2014] [Accepted: 04/14/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study describes the first multiplex real-time polymerase chain reaction assay developed, as a multipurpose assessment, for the simultaneous quantification of total bacteria and three Vibrio spp. (V. parahaemolyticus, V. vulnificus and V. anguillarum) in fish and seawater. The consumption of raw finfish as sushi or sashimi has been increasing the chance of Vibrio outbreaks in consumers. Freshness and quality of fishery products also depend on the total bacterial populations present. RESULTS The detection sensitivity of the specific targets for the multiplex assay was 1 CFU mL⁻¹ in pure culture and seawater, and 10 CFU g⁻¹ in fish. While total bacterial counts by the multiplex assay were similar to those obtained by cultural methods, the levels of Vibrio detected by the multiplex assay were generally higher than by cultural methods of the same populations. Among the natural samples without Vibrio spp. inoculation, eight out of 10 seawater and three out of 20 fish samples were determined to contain Vibrio spp. CONCLUSION Our data demonstrate that this multiplex assay could be useful for the rapid detection and quantification of Vibrio spp. and total bacteria as a multipurpose tool for surveillance of fish and water quality as well as diagnostic method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Yeun Kim
- Department of Human Ecology, Food Science, College of Agriculture and Related Sciences, Delaware State UniversityDover, DE 19901, USA
| | - Jung-Lim Lee
- Department of Human Ecology, Food Science, College of Agriculture and Related Sciences, Delaware State UniversityDover, DE 19901, USA
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30
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Suffredini E, Mioni R, Mazzette R, Bordin P, Serratore P, Fois F, Piano A, Cozzi L, Croci L. Detection and quantification of Vibrio parahaemolyticus in shellfish from Italian production areas. Int J Food Microbiol 2014; 184:14-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2014.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2013] [Revised: 04/09/2014] [Accepted: 04/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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31
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Flores-Primo A, Pardío-Sedas V, Lizárraga-Partida L, López-Hernández K, Uscanga-Serrano R, Flores-Hernández R. Seasonal abundance of total and pathogenic Vibrio parahaemolyticus isolated from American oysters harvested in the Mandinga Lagoon System, Veracruz, Mexico: implications for food safety. J Food Prot 2014; 77:1069-77. [PMID: 24988011 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-13-482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The abundance of total and pathogenic Vibrio parahaemolyticus (Vp) strains in American oysters (Crassostrea virginica) harvested in two different harvest sites from the Mandinga lagoon System was evaluated monthly for 1 year (January through December 2012). Frequencies of species-specific genes and pathogenic genes exhibited a seasonal distribution. The annual occurrence of Vp with the species-specific tlh gene (tlh(+)) was significantly higher during the winter windy season (32.50%) and spring dry season (15.0%), with the highest densities observed during spring dry season at 283.50 most probable number (MPN)/g (lagoon bank A, near human settlements), indicating the highest risk of infection during warmer months. Pathogenic Vp tlh(+)/tdh(+) frequency was significantly higher during the winter windy and the spring dry seasons at 22.50 and 10.00%, respectively, with highest densities of 16.22 and 41.05 MPN/g (bank A), respectively. The tlh/trh and tdh/trh gene combinations were also found in Vp isolates during the spring dry season at 1.25 and 1.3%, respectively, with densities of 1.79 and 0.4 MPN/g (bank A), respectively. The orf8 genes were detected during the winter windy season (1.25%) with highest densities of 5.96 MPN/g (bank A) and 3.21 MPN/g (bank B, near mangrove islands and a heron nesting area). Densities of Vp tdh(+) were correlated (R(2) = 0.245, P < 0.015) with those of Vp orf8(+). The seasonal dynamics of Vp harboring pathogenic genes varied with seasonal changes, with very high proportions of Vp tdh(+) and Vp orf8(+) isolates in the winter windy season at 46.2 and 17.0%, respectively, which suggests that environmental factors may differentially affect the abundance of pathogenic subpopulations. Although all densities of total Vp (Vp tlh(+)) were lower than 10(4) MPN/g, thus complying with Mexican regulations, the presence of pathogenic strains is a public health concern. Our results suggest that total Vp densities may not be appropriate for assessing oyster contamination and predicting the risk of infection. Evaluation of the presence of pathogenic strains would be a better approach to protecting public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Argel Flores-Primo
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Veracruzana, Avenida Miguel Ángel de Quevedo s/n esquina Yáñez, Colonia Unidad Veracruzana, Veracruz, Veracruz, México 91710
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Granata LA, Bourne DW, Flick GJ, Peirson M, Riley T, Croonenberghs RE, Kensler J. Effect of cooling rates and temperatures on quality and safety of quahog clams (Mercenaria mercenaria). J Food Prot 2014; 77:843-8. [PMID: 24780343 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-13-413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The model ordinance in the National Shellfish Sanitation Program's Guide for the Control of Molluscan Shellfish was initially established for oysters; however, the clam industry also follows the protocol. Rapid cooling during periods when the growing waters exceed 80 °F (26.7 °C) results in cold shock, which causes unacceptable mortalities in clams. The clam industry was looking for a procedure to lower the clams to the standard temperature while minimizing shell shock mortalities during the warm summer months. Three tempering treatments were examined, and total aerobic plate counts (APCs) and most-probable-number (MPN) counts of Vibrio, V. parahaemolyticus, and fecal coliforms were enumerated. In treatment 1 (control), clams were harvested, held for 5 h at 90 °F (32.2 °C), and then moved to 45 °F (7.2 °C) for storage. In treatment 2, clams were harvested and held for 5 h at 90 °F (32.2 °C), followed by 12 h at 65 °F (18.3 °C) and 12 h at 55 °F (12.8 °C), and then were moved to 45 °F (7.2 °C) for long-term storage. In treatment 3, clams were harvested and held for 5 h at 90 °F (32.2 °C), followed by 24 h at 55 °F (12.8 °C) before being moved to 45 °F (7.2 °C) for long-term storage. Three replicate trials were performed with triplicate analyses during late June through early to mid-August. The current National Shellfish Sanitation Program standard is treatment 1; it contained statistically (P ≤ 0.05) higher total APCs than treatments 2 and 3 throughout the 21-day storage period. APCs ranged from 2.3 × 10(4) immediately after harvest to 2.7 × 10(6), 1.6 × 10(5), and 4.8 × 10(5) for treatments 1, 2, and 3, respectively, after 14 days of storage. A statistical analysis showed that treatments 2 and 3 had significantly lower total MPN per gram Vibrio than treatment 1 on day 7 but were equal to treatment 1 on days 1 and 14. MPN per gram for V. parahaemolyticus was statistically lower in treatments 2 and 3 than in treatment 1 on storage days 1 and 7. However, on day 14, treatment 3 was significantly lower than treatments 1 and 2. There was no statistical difference for fecal coliforms. The greatest mortality occurred in treatment 1 (87.4%), followed by treatment 2 (83.3%) and treatment 3 (66.0%). The outcome of this research clearly shows that treatments 2 and 3 can cool clams to a temperature of 45 °F (7.2 °C) without compromising quality or safety and can reduce the number of dead clams introduced into the marketplace.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Ankenman Granata
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 360 Duck Pond Drive, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, USA.
| | - Dianne Wall Bourne
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 360 Duck Pond Drive, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, USA
| | - George J Flick
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 360 Duck Pond Drive, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, USA
| | - Michael Peirson
- Cherrystone Aqua Farms, P. O. Box 222, 15026 Harbor Lane, Eastville, Virginia 23347, USA
| | - Tara Riley
- Cherrystone Aqua Farms, P. O. Box 222, 15026 Harbor Lane, Eastville, Virginia 23347, USA
| | - Robert E Croonenberghs
- Division of Shellfish Sanitation, Virginia Department of Health, 109 Governor Street, Room 614, Richmond, Virginia 23219, USA
| | - Jennifer Kensler
- LISA (Laboratory for Interdisciplinary Statistical Analysis), Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 405 Hutcheson Hall, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, USA; Scientific Test and Analysis Techniques Test and Evaluation Center of Excellence (STAT T&E COE), Air Force Institute of Technology, 2950 Hobson Way, Building 646, Room 201, Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio 45433, USA
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SLAYTON RB, NEWTON AE, DEPAOLA A, JONES JL, MAHON BE. Clam-associated vibriosis, USA, 1988-2010. Epidemiol Infect 2014; 142:1083-8. [PMID: 23920418 PMCID: PMC4615999 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268813001830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2013] [Revised: 06/19/2013] [Accepted: 07/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Infections with Vibrio spp. have frequently been associated with consumption of bivalve molluscs, especially oysters, but illness associated with clams has also been well documented. We describe the 2312 domestically acquired foodborne Vibrio infections reported to the Cholera and Other Vibrio Illness Surveillance system from 1988 to 2010. Clams were associated with at least 4% (93 persons, 'only clams') and possibly as many as 24% (556 persons, 'any clams') of foodborne cases. Of those who consumed 'only clams', 77% of infections were caused by V. parahaemolyticus. Clam-associated illnesses were generally similar to those associated with other seafood consumption. Clams associated with these illnesses were most frequently harvested from the Atlantic coastal states and eaten raw. Our study describes the contribution of clams to the overall burden of foodborne vibriosis and indicates that a comprehensive programme to prevent foodborne vibriosis need to address the risks associated with clams.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. B. SLAYTON
- Epidemic Intelligence Service Officer, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Enteric Diseases Epidemiology Branch, Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - A. E. NEWTON
- Enteric Diseases Epidemiology Branch, Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - A. DEPAOLA
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Division of Seafood Science and Technology, Gulf Coast Seafood Laboratory, Dauphin Island, AL, USA
| | - J. L. JONES
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Division of Seafood Science and Technology, Gulf Coast Seafood Laboratory, Dauphin Island, AL, USA
| | - B. E. MAHON
- Enteric Diseases Epidemiology Branch, Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Givens C, Bowers J, DePaola A, Hollibaugh J, Jones J. Occurrence and distribution of Vibrio vulnificus
and Vibrio parahaemolyticus
- potential roles for fish, oyster, sediment and water. Lett Appl Microbiol 2014; 58:503-10. [DOI: 10.1111/lam.12226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2013] [Revised: 01/24/2014] [Accepted: 01/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C.E. Givens
- Department of Marine Science; University of Georgia; Athens GA USA
| | - J.C. Bowers
- Division of Public Health Informatics and Analytics; FDA Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition; College Park MD USA
| | - A. DePaola
- FDA Division of Seafood Science and Technology; Gulf Coast Seafood Laboratory; Dauphin Island AL USA
| | - J.T. Hollibaugh
- Department of Marine Science; University of Georgia; Athens GA USA
| | - J.L. Jones
- FDA Division of Seafood Science and Technology; Gulf Coast Seafood Laboratory; Dauphin Island AL USA
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Lutz C, Erken M, Noorian P, Sun S, McDougald D. Environmental reservoirs and mechanisms of persistence of Vibrio cholerae. Front Microbiol 2013; 4:375. [PMID: 24379807 PMCID: PMC3863721 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2013.00375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2013] [Accepted: 11/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
It is now well accepted that Vibrio cholerae, the causative agent of the water-borne disease cholera, is acquired from environmental sources where it persists between outbreaks of the disease. Recent advances in molecular technology have demonstrated that this bacterium can be detected in areas where it has not previously been isolated, indicating a much broader, global distribution of this bacterium outside of endemic regions. The environmental persistence of V. cholerae in the aquatic environment can be attributed to multiple intra- and interspecific strategies such as responsive gene regulation and biofilm formation on biotic and abiotic surfaces, as well as interactions with a multitude of other organisms. This review will discuss some of the mechanisms that enable the persistence of this bacterium in the environment. In particular, we will discuss how V. cholerae can survive stressors such as starvation, temperature, and salinity fluctuations as well as how the organism persists under constant predation by heterotrophic protists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Lutz
- Centre for Marine Bio-Innovation, School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Science, University of New South Wales Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Martina Erken
- Centre for Marine Bio-Innovation, School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Science, University of New South Wales Sydney, NSW, Australia ; Advanced Environmental Biotechnology Centre, Nanyang Environment and Water Research Institute, School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University Singapore, Singapore
| | - Parisa Noorian
- Centre for Marine Bio-Innovation, School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Science, University of New South Wales Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Shuyang Sun
- The Singapore Centre on Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, Nanyang Technological University Singapore, Singapore
| | - Diane McDougald
- Centre for Marine Bio-Innovation, School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Science, University of New South Wales Sydney, NSW, Australia ; Advanced Environmental Biotechnology Centre, Nanyang Environment and Water Research Institute, School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University Singapore, Singapore
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Jones JL, Lüdeke CH, Bowers JC, DePaola A. Comparison of plating media for recovery of total and virulent genotypes of Vibrio vulnificus in U.S. market oysters. Int J Food Microbiol 2013; 167:322-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2013.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2013] [Revised: 09/23/2013] [Accepted: 09/25/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Cantet F, Hervio-Heath D, Caro A, Le Mennec C, Monteil C, Quéméré C, Jolivet-Gougeon A, Colwell RR, Monfort P. Quantification of Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Vibrio vulnificus and Vibrio cholerae in French Mediterranean coastal lagoons. Res Microbiol 2013; 164:867-74. [PMID: 23770313 DOI: 10.1016/j.resmic.2013.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2013] [Accepted: 05/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Vibrio vulnificus and Vibrio cholerae are human pathogens. Little is known about these Vibrio spp. in the coastal lagoons of France. The purpose of this study was to investigate their incidence in water, shellfish and sediment of three French Mediterranean coastal lagoons using the most probable number-polymerase chain reaction (MPN-PCR). In summer, the total number of V. parahaemolyticus in water, sediment, mussels and clams collected from the three lagoons varied from 1 to >1.1 × 10³ MPN/l, 0.09 to 1.1 × 10³ MPN/ml, 9 to 210 MPN/g and 1.5 to 2.1 MPN/g, respectively. In winter, all samples except mussels contained V. parahaemolyticus, but at very low concentrations. Pathogenic (tdh- or trh2-positive) V. parahaemolyticus were present in water, sediment and shellfish samples collected from these lagoons. The number of V. vulnificus in water, sediment and shellfish samples ranged from 1 to 1.1 × 10³ MPN/l, 0.07 to 110 MPN/ml and 0.04 to 15 MPN/g, respectively, during summer. V. vulnificus was not detected during winter. V. cholerae was rarely detected in water and sediment during summer. In summary, results of this study highlight the finding that the three human pathogenic Vibrio spp. are present in the lagoons and constitute a potential public health hazard.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franck Cantet
- "Ecologie des Systèmes Marins Côtiers", UMR 5119 CNRS, IRD, Ifremer, Université Montpellier 2 & 1, Case 093, 34095 Montpellier Cedex 05, France
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Froelich B, Oliver JD. The interactions of Vibrio vulnificus and the oyster Crassostrea virginica. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2013; 65:807-816. [PMID: 23280497 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-012-0162-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2012] [Accepted: 12/11/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The human bacterial pathogen, Vibrio vulnificus, is found in brackish waters and is concentrated by filter-feeding molluscan shellfish, especially oysters, which inhabit those waters. Ingestion of raw or undercooked oysters containing virulent strains of V. vulnificus can result in rapid septicemia and death in 50 % of victims. This review summarizes the current knowledge of the environmental interactions between these two organisms, including the effects of salinity and temperature on colonization, uptake, and depuration rates of various phenotypes and genotypes of the bacterium, and host-microbe immunological interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brett Froelich
- The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Institute of Marine Sciences, 3431 Arendell Street, Morehead City, NC 28557, USA.
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Liu TT, Yang TS. Antimicrobial impact of the components of essential oil of Litsea cubeba from Taiwan and antimicrobial activity of the oil in food systems. Int J Food Microbiol 2012; 156:68-75. [PMID: 22459760 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2012.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2011] [Revised: 03/01/2012] [Accepted: 03/03/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Using natural additives to preserve foods has become popular due to consumer demands for nature and safety. Antimicrobial activity is one of the most important properties in many plant essential oils (EOs). The antimicrobial activity of the essential oil of Litsea cubeba (LC-EO) from Taiwan and the antimicrobial impact of individual volatile components in the oil on pathogens or spoilage microorganisms: Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Listeria monocytogenes, Lactobacillus plantarum, and Hansenula anomala in vitro, and the antimicrobial activity of the LC-EO against these organisms in food systems were studied. The "antimicrobial impact" (AI) is a new term that combines the effects of minimal microbicidal concentration (MMC) and quantity of an antimicrobial substance. The AI can quantitatively reflect the relative importance of individual components of the EO on the entire antimicrobial activity of the EO. The MMCs of the LC-EO against V. parahaemolyticus, L. monocytogenes, L. plantarum, and H. anomala were determined as 750, 750, 1500, and 375 μg/g, respectively in vitro. The MMCs of the LC-EO were 3000, 6000, and 12,000 μg/g for L. monocytogenes in tofu stored at 4 °C, 25 °C, and 37 °C, respectively. The temperature affected the bacterial growth which consequently influenced the MMCs of the LC-EO. The MMCs of the LC-EO were 3000, 6000, and 375 μg/g for Vibrio spp. in oysters, L. plantarum in orange-milk beverage, and H. anomala in soy sauce, respectively. Except for soy sauce, the food systems exhibited marked matrix effects on diminishing the antimicrobial activity of the LC-EO. Averagely, citral accounted for ca 70% of the total AI value for all the tested organisms, and the rest of the AI value of the LC-EO was determined by all the tested compounds (ca 4%) and the unidentified compounds (ca 26%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Tai-Ti Liu
- Department of Food Science, Yuanpei University, No. 306 Yuanpei Street, Hsinchu 30015, Taiwan
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