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Mosu N, Yasukochi M, Nakajima S, Nakamura K, Ogata M, Iguchi K, Kanno K, Ishikawa T, Sugita K, Murakami H, Kuramochi K, Saito T, Takeda S, Watashi K, Fujino K, Kamisuki S. Isolation, structural determination, and antiviral activities of a novel alanine-conjugated polyketide from Talaromyces sp. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 2024:10.1038/s41429-024-00740-4. [PMID: 38816448 DOI: 10.1038/s41429-024-00740-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
Antiviral agents are highly sought after. In this study, a novel alkylated decalin-type polyketide, alaspelunin, was isolated from the culture broth of the fungus Talaromyces speluncarum FMR 16671, and its structure was determined using spectroscopic analyses (1D/2D NMR and MS). The compound was condensed with alanine, and its absolute configuration was determined using Marfey's method. Furthermore, the antiviral activity of alaspelunin against various viruses was evaluated, and it was found to be effective against both severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 and pseudorabies (Aujeszky's disease) virus, a pathogen affecting pigs. Our results suggest that this compound is a potential broad-spectrum antiviral agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nozomi Mosu
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, 1-17-71 Fuchinobe, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-5201, Japan
| | - Mitsuki Yasukochi
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, 1-17-71 Fuchinobe, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-5201, Japan
| | - Shogo Nakajima
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8640, Japan
- Research Center for Drug and Vaccine Development, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1, Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8640, Japan
- Choju Medical Institute, Yamanaka 19-14, Noyoricho, Toyohashi-shi, Aichi, 441-8124, Japan
| | - Kou Nakamura
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, 1-17-71 Fuchinobe, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-5201, Japan
| | - Masaya Ogata
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, 1-17-71 Fuchinobe, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-5201, Japan
| | - Keita Iguchi
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, 1-17-71 Fuchinobe, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-5201, Japan
| | - Kazuki Kanno
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, 1-17-71 Fuchinobe, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-5201, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Ishikawa
- Graduate School of Life Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Sakuragaoka 1-1-1, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, 156-8502, Japan
| | - Kazutoshi Sugita
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, 1-17-71 Fuchinobe, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-5201, Japan
| | - Hironobu Murakami
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, 1-17-71 Fuchinobe, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-5201, Japan
- Center for Human and Animal Symbiosis Science, Azabu University, 1-17-71 Fuchinobe, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-5201, Japan
| | - Kouji Kuramochi
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba, 278-8510, Japan
| | - Tatsuo Saito
- Department of Chemistry for Life Sciences and Agriculture, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Sakuragaoka 1-1-1, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, 156-8502, Japan
| | - Shiro Takeda
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, 1-17-71 Fuchinobe, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-5201, Japan
- Center for Human and Animal Symbiosis Science, Azabu University, 1-17-71 Fuchinobe, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-5201, Japan
| | - Koichi Watashi
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8640, Japan
- Research Center for Drug and Vaccine Development, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1, Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8640, Japan
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba, 278-8510, Japan
| | - Kan Fujino
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, 1-17-71 Fuchinobe, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-5201, Japan
- Center for Human and Animal Symbiosis Science, Azabu University, 1-17-71 Fuchinobe, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-5201, Japan
| | - Shinji Kamisuki
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, 1-17-71 Fuchinobe, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-5201, Japan.
- Center for Human and Animal Symbiosis Science, Azabu University, 1-17-71 Fuchinobe, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-5201, Japan.
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Liu Y, Qin Y, Yang B, Zheng H, Qiao S, Luo Z, Li R. Pseudorabies virus usurps non-muscle myosin heavy chain IIA to dampen viral DNA recognition by cGAS for antagonism of host antiviral innate immunity. J Virol 2024; 98:e0048324. [PMID: 38639486 PMCID: PMC11092326 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00483-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Alphaherpesvirus pseudorabies virus (PRV) causes severe economic losses to the global pig industry and has garnered increasing attention due to its broad host range including humans. PRV has developed a variety of strategies to antagonize host antiviral innate immunity. However, the underlying mechanisms have not been fully elucidated. In our previous work, we demonstrated that non-muscle myosin heavy chain IIA (NMHC-IIA), a multifunctional cytoskeleton protein, attenuates innate immune responses triggered by RNA viruses. In the current study, we reported a previously unrecognized role of NMHC-IIA in counteracting PRV-induced cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS)-dependent type I interferon (IFN-I) production. Mechanistically, PRV infection led to an elevation of NMHC-IIA, strengthening the interaction between poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP1) and cGAS. This interaction impeded cGAS recognition of PRV DNA and hindered downstream signaling activation. Conversely, inhibition of NMHC-IIA by Blebbistatin triggered innate immune responses and enhanced resistance to PRV proliferation both in vitro and in vivo. Taken together, our findings unveil that PRV utilizes NMHC-IIA to antagonize host antiviral immune responses via impairing DNA sensing by cGAS. This in-depth understanding of PRV immunosuppression not only provides insights for potential PRV treatment strategies but also highlights NMHC-IIA as a versatile immunosuppressive regulator usurped by both DNA and RNA viruses. Consequently, NMHC-IIA holds promise as a target for the development of broad-spectrum antiviral drugs.IMPORTANCECyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS)-stimulator of interferon genes (STING) axis plays a vital role in counteracting alphaherpesvirus infections. Alphaherpesviruses exploit various strategies for antagonizing cGAS-STING-mediated antiviral immune responses. However, limited examples of pseudorabies virus (PRV)-caused immunosuppression have been documented. Our findings reveal a novel role of non-muscle myosin heavy chain IIA (NMHC-IIA) in suppressing PRV-triggered innate immune responses to facilitate viral propagation both in vitro and in vivo. In detail, NMHC-IIA recruits poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP1) to augment its interaction with cGAS, which impairs cGAS recognition of PRV DNA. Building on our previous demonstration of NMHC-IIA's immunosuppressive role during RNA virus infections, these findings indicate that NMHC-IIA acts as a broad-spectrum suppressor of host antiviral innate immunity in response to both DNA and RNA viruses. Therefore, NMHC-IIA will be a promising target for the development of comprehensive antiviral strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingqi Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yidan Qin
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Bingbing Yang
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hongmei Zheng
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Songlin Qiao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Zhong Luo
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Rui Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
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Li XQ, Cai MP, Wang MY, Shi BW, Yang GY, Wang J, Chu BB, Ming SL. Pseudorabies virus manipulates mitochondrial tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase 2 for viral replication. Virol Sin 2024:S1995-820X(24)00039-7. [PMID: 38636706 DOI: 10.1016/j.virs.2024.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024] Open
Abstract
The pseudorabies virus (PRV) is identified as a double-helical DNA virus responsible for causing Aujeszky's disease, which results in considerable economic impacts globally. The enzyme tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase 2 (WARS2), a mitochondrial protein involved in protein synthesis, is recognized for its broad expression and vital role in the translation process. The findings of our study showed an increase in both mRNA and protein levels of WARS2 following PRV infection in both cell cultures and animal models. Suppressing WARS2 expression via RNA interference in PK-15 cells led to a reduction in PRV infection rates, whereas enhancing WARS2 expression resulted in increased infection rates. Furthermore, the activation of WARS2 in response to PRV was found to be reliant on the cGAS/STING/TBK1/IRF3 signaling pathway and the interferon-alpha receptor-1, highlighting its regulation via the type I interferon signaling pathway. Further analysis revealed that reducing WARS2 levels hindered PRV's ability to promote protein and lipid synthesis. Our research provides novel evidence that WARS2 facilitates PRV infection through its management of protein and lipid levels, presenting new avenues for developing preventative and therapeutic measures against PRV infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiu-Qing Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Biochemistry and Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhengzhou 450046, China; Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology of Henan Province, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Meng-Pan Cai
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Biochemistry and Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhengzhou 450046, China; Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology of Henan Province, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Ming-Yang Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Biochemistry and Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhengzhou 450046, China; Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology of Henan Province, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Bo-Wen Shi
- School of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Guo-Yu Yang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biochemistry and Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhengzhou 450046, China; Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology of Henan Province, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; International Joint Research Center of National Animal Immunology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Jiang Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Biochemistry and Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhengzhou 450046, China; Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology of Henan Province, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Animal Pathogens and Biosafety, Zhengzhou 450046, China.
| | - Bei-Bei Chu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Biochemistry and Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhengzhou 450046, China; Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology of Henan Province, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; Longhu Advanced Immunization Laboratory, Zhengzhou 450046, China; International Joint Research Center of National Animal Immunology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Animal Pathogens and Biosafety, Zhengzhou 450046, China.
| | - Sheng-Li Ming
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Biochemistry and Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhengzhou 450046, China; Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology of Henan Province, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China.
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Gui M, Wu C, Qi R, Zeng Y, Huang P, Cao J, Chen T, Chen K, Lin L, Han Q, He P, Fu R, Wu Q, Yuan Q, Zhang T, Xia N, Wang G, Chen Y. Swine pseudorabies virus attenuated vaccine reprograms the kidney cancer tumor microenvironment and synergizes with PD-1 blockade. J Med Virol 2024; 96:e29568. [PMID: 38549430 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.29568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Revised: 01/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
The global incidence rate of kidney cancer (KC) has been steadily increasing over the past 30 years. With the aging global population, kidney cancer has become an escalating concern that necessitates vigilant surveillance. Nowadays, surgical intervention remains the optimal therapeutic approach for kidney cancer, while the availability of efficacious treatments for advanced tumors remains limited. Oncolytic viruses, an emerging form of immunotherapy, have demonstrated encouraging anti-neoplastic properties and are progressively garnering public acceptance. However, research on oncolytic viruses in kidney cancer is relatively limited. Furthermore, given the high complexity and heterogeneity of kidney cancer, it is crucial to identify an optimal oncolytic virus agent that is better suited for its treatment. The present study investigates the oncolytic activity of the Pseudorabies virus live attenuated vaccine (PRV-LAV) against KC. The findings clearly demonstrate that PRV-LAV exhibits robust oncolytic activity targeting KC cell lines. Furthermore, the therapeutic efficacy of PRV-LAV was confirmed in both a subcutaneous tumor-bearing nude mouse model and a syngeneic mouse model of KC. Combined RNA-seq analysis and flow cytometry revealed that PRV-LAV treatment substantially enhances the infiltration of a diverse range of lymphocytes, including T cells, B cells, macrophages, and NK cells. Additionally, PRV-LAV treatment enhances T cell activation and exerts antitumor effects. Importantly, the combination of PRV-LAV with anti-PD-1 antibodies, an approved drug for KC treatment, synergistically enhances the efficacy against KC. Overall, the discovery of PRV-LAV as an effective oncolytic virus holds significant importance for improving the treatment efficacy and survival rates of KC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengxuan Gui
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Life Sciences, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, People's Republic of China
| | - Chongxin Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Life Sciences, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruoyao Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Life Sciences, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, People's Republic of China
| | - Yue Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Life Sciences, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, People's Republic of China
| | - Pengfei Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Life Sciences, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiali Cao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Fujian Key Clinical Specialty of Laboratory Medicine, Women and Children's Hospital, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen
| | - Tian Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Life Sciences, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, People's Republic of China
| | - Kaiyun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Life Sciences, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, People's Republic of China
| | - Lina Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Life Sciences, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiangyuan Han
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Life Sciences, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, People's Republic of China
| | - Peiqing He
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Life Sciences, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, People's Republic of China
| | - Rao Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Life Sciences, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, People's Republic of China
| | - Qian Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Life Sciences, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, People's Republic of China
| | - Quan Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Life Sciences, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, People's Republic of China
| | - Tianying Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Life Sciences, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, People's Republic of China
| | - Ningshao Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Life Sciences, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, People's Republic of China
| | - Guosong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Life Sciences, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, People's Republic of China
| | - Yixin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Life Sciences, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, People's Republic of China
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Guo H, Liu Q, Yang D, Zhang H, Kuang Y, Li Y, Chen H, Wang X. Brincidofovir Effectively Inhibits Proliferation of Pseudorabies Virus by Disrupting Viral Replication. Viruses 2024; 16:464. [PMID: 38543829 PMCID: PMC10975951 DOI: 10.3390/v16030464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Revised: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Pseudorabies is an acute and febrile infectious disease caused by pseudorabies virus (PRV), a member of the family Herpesviridae. Currently, PRV is predominantly endemoepidemic and has caused significant economic losses among domestic pigs. Other animals have been proven to be susceptible to PRV, with a mortality rate of 100%. In addition, 30 human cases of PRV infection have been reported in China since 2017, and all patients have shown severe neurological symptoms and eventually died or developed various neurological sequelae. In these cases, broad-spectrum anti-herpesvirus drugs and integrated treatments were mostly applied. However, the inhibitory effect of the commonly used anti-herpesvirus drugs (e.g., acyclovir, etc.) against PRV were evaluated and found to be limited in this study. It is therefore urgent and important to develop drugs that are clinically effective against PRV infection. Here, we constructed a high-throughput method for screening antiviral drugs based on fluorescence-tagged PRV strains and multi-modal microplate readers that detect fluorescence intensity to account for virus proliferation. A total of 2104 small molecule drugs approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) were studied and validated by applying this screening model, and 104 drugs providing more than 75% inhibition of fluorescence intensity were selected. Furthermore, 10 drugs that could significantly inhibit PRV proliferation in vitro were strictly identified based on their cytopathic effects, virus titer, and viral gene expression, etc. Based on the determined 50% cytotoxic concentration (CC50) and 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50), the selectivity index (SI) was calculated to be 26.3-3937.2 for these 10 drugs, indicating excellent drugability. The antiviral effects of the 10 drugs were then assessed in a mouse model. It was found that 10 mg/kg brincidofovir administered continuously for 5 days provided 100% protection in mice challenged with lethal doses of the human-origin PRV strain hSD-1/2019. Brincidofovir significantly attenuated symptoms and pathological changes in infected mice. Additionally, time-of-addition experiments confirmed that brincidofovir inhibited the proliferation of PRV mainly by interfering with the viral replication stage. Therefore, this study confirms that brincidofovir can significantly inhibit PRV both in vitro and in vivo and is expected to be an effective drug candidate for the clinical treatment of PRV infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huihui Guo
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (H.G.); (Q.L.); (D.Y.); (H.Z.); (Y.K.); (Y.L.); (H.C.)
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Qingyun Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (H.G.); (Q.L.); (D.Y.); (H.Z.); (Y.K.); (Y.L.); (H.C.)
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Dan Yang
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (H.G.); (Q.L.); (D.Y.); (H.Z.); (Y.K.); (Y.L.); (H.C.)
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (H.G.); (Q.L.); (D.Y.); (H.Z.); (Y.K.); (Y.L.); (H.C.)
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yan Kuang
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (H.G.); (Q.L.); (D.Y.); (H.Z.); (Y.K.); (Y.L.); (H.C.)
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yafei Li
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (H.G.); (Q.L.); (D.Y.); (H.Z.); (Y.K.); (Y.L.); (H.C.)
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Huanchun Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (H.G.); (Q.L.); (D.Y.); (H.Z.); (Y.K.); (Y.L.); (H.C.)
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Frontiers Science Center for Animal Breeding and Sustainable Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- International Research Center for Animal Disease, Ministry of Science and Technology of China, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Xiangru Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (H.G.); (Q.L.); (D.Y.); (H.Z.); (Y.K.); (Y.L.); (H.C.)
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Frontiers Science Center for Animal Breeding and Sustainable Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- International Research Center for Animal Disease, Ministry of Science and Technology of China, Wuhan 430070, China
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6
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Li XM, Wang SP, Wang JY, Tang T, Wan B, Zeng L, Wang J, Chu BB, Yang GY, Pan JJ. RhoA suppresses pseudorabies virus replication in vitro. Virol J 2023; 20:264. [PMID: 37968757 PMCID: PMC10652432 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-023-02229-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The porcine pseudorabies virus (PRV) is one of the most devastating pathogens and brings great economic losses to the swine industry worldwide. Viruses are intracellular parasites that have evolved numerous strategies to subvert and utilize different host processes for their life cycle. Among the different systems of the host cell, the cytoskeleton is one of the most important which not only facilitate viral invasion and spread into neighboring cells, but also help viruses to evade the host immune system. RhoA is a key regulator of cytoskeleton system that may participate in virus infection. In this study, we characterized the function of RhoA in the PRV replication by chemical drugs treatment, gene knockdown and gene over-expression strategy. Inhibition of RhoA by specific inhibitor and gene knockdown promoted PRV proliferation. On the contrary, overexpression of RhoA or activation of RhoA by chemical drug inhibited PRV infection. Besides, our data demonstrated that PRV infection induced the disruption of actin stress fiber, which was consistent with previous report. In turn, the actin specific inhibitor cytochalasin D markedly disrupted the normal fibrous structure of intracellular actin cytoskeleton and decreased the PRV replication, suggesting that actin cytoskeleton polymerization contributed to PRV replication in vitro. In summary, our data displayed that RhoA was a host restriction factor that inhibited PRV replication, which may deepen our understanding the pathogenesis of PRV and provide further insight into the prevention of PRV infection and the development of anti-viral drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Man Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biochemistry and Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic of China, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Growth and Development of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Shi-Ping Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biochemistry and Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic of China, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Growth and Development of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Jin-Yuan Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biochemistry and Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic of China, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Growth and Development of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Ting Tang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biochemistry and Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic of China, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Growth and Development of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Bo Wan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biochemistry and Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic of China, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Animal Pathogens and Biosafety, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Lei Zeng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biochemistry and Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic of China, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Growth and Development of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Jiang Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biochemistry and Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic of China, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Growth and Development of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Animal Pathogens and Biosafety, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Bei-Bei Chu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biochemistry and Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic of China, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Growth and Development of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Animal Pathogens and Biosafety, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Guo-Yu Yang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biochemistry and Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic of China, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Growth and Development of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, Zhengzhou, 450047, China
| | - Jia-Jia Pan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, China.
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biochemistry and Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic of China, Zhengzhou, 450046, China.
- Key Laboratory of Animal Growth and Development of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, 450046, China.
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Animal Pathogens and Biosafety, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, China.
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7
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Cui Y, Huang L, Li J, Wang G, Shi Y. An Attempt of a New Strategy in PRV Prevention: Co-Injection with Inactivated Enterococcus faecium and Inactivated Pseudorabies Virus Intravenously. Viruses 2023; 15:1755. [PMID: 37632097 PMCID: PMC10459850 DOI: 10.3390/v15081755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Pseudorabies virus (PRV) is one of the causative agents of common infectious diseases in swine herds. Enterococcus faecium is a probiotic belonging to the group of lactic acid bacteria and has excellent immunomodulatory effects. Vaccine immunization is an important approach to prevent animal diseases in the modern farming industry, and good immunization outcomes can substantially reduce the damage caused by pathogens to animals, improve the quality of animals' lives, and reduce economic losses. In the present study, we showed that inactivated E. faecium and inactivated PRV when co-injected intravenously significantly reduced the mortality of mice after inoculation with PRV. The inactivated E. faecium + inactivated PRV intravenous injection group induced more production of Th cells and Tc cells. Additionally, the inactivated E. faecium + inactivated PRV intravenous injection group showed higher concentrations of cytokines (IFN-γ and IL-10) and induced higher antibody production. Thus, the co-injection of inactivated E. faecium and inactivated PRV could remarkably prevent and control the lethality of PRV infection in mice, which is a critical finding for vaccination and clinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Cui
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, China; (Y.C.); (L.H.)
| | - Libo Huang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, China; (Y.C.); (L.H.)
| | - Jinlian Li
- College of Biology and Brewing Engineering, Taishan University, Tai’an 271021, China;
| | - Gang Wang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, China; (Y.C.); (L.H.)
| | - Youfei Shi
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, China; (Y.C.); (L.H.)
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8
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Engel EA, Card JP, Enquist LW. Transneuronal Circuit Analysis with Pseudorabies Viruses. Curr Protoc 2023; 3:e841. [PMID: 37486157 PMCID: PMC10664030 DOI: 10.1002/cpz1.841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
Our ability to understand the function of the nervous system is dependent upon defining the connections of its constituent neurons. Development of methods to define connections within neural networks has always been a growth industry in the neurosciences. Transneuronal spread of neurotropic viruses currently represents the best means of defining synaptic connections within neural networks. The method exploits the ability of viruses to invade neurons, replicate, and spread through the intimate synaptic connections that enable communication among neurons. Since the method was first introduced in the 1970s, it has benefited from an increased understanding of the virus life cycle, the function of viral genomes, and the ability to manipulate the viral genome in support of directional spread of virus and the expression of transgenes. In this article, we review these advances in viral tracing technology and the ways in which they may be applied for functional dissection of neural networks. © 2023 The Authors. Current Protocols published by Wiley Periodicals LLC. Basic Protocol 1: Retrograde infection of CNS circuits by peripheral injection of virus Basic Protocol 2: Transneuronal analysis by intracerebral injection Alternate Protocol 1: Transneuronal analysis with multiple recombinant strains Alternate Protocol 2: Conditional replication and spread of PRV Alternate Protocol 3: Conditional reporters of PRV infection and spread Alternate Protocol 4: Reporters of neural activity in polysynaptic circuits Support Protocol 1: Growing and titering a PRV viral stock Support Protocol 2: Immunohistochemical processing and detection Support Protocol 3: Dual-immunofluorescence localization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esteban A Engel
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey
- Current address: Spark Therapeutics, Philadelphia, PA, 19104
| | - J Patrick Card
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Lynn W Enquist
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey
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9
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Li XQ, Zeng L, Liang DG, Qi YL, Yang GY, Zhong K, Chu BB, Wang J. TMEM41B Is an Interferon-Stimulated Gene That Promotes Pseudorabies Virus Replication. J Virol 2023; 97:e0041223. [PMID: 37255475 PMCID: PMC10308899 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00412-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Pseudorabies virus (PRV) is a double-stranded DNA virus that causes Aujeszky's disease and is responsible for economic loss worldwide. Transmembrane protein 41B (TMEM41B) is a novel endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-localized regulator of autophagosome biogenesis and lipid mobilization; however, the role of TMEM41B in regulating PRV replication remains undocumented. In this study, PRV infection was found to upregulate TMEM41B mRNA and protein levels both in vitro and in vivo. For the first time, we found that TMEM41B could be induced by interferon (IFN), suggesting that TMEM41B is an IFN-stimulated gene (ISG). While TMEM41B knockdown suppressed PRV proliferation, TMEM41B overexpression promoted PRV proliferation. We next studied the specific stages of the virus life cycle and found that TMEM41B knockdown affected PRV entry. Mechanistically, we demonstrated that the knockdown of TMEM41B blocked PRV-stimulated expression of the key enzymes involved in lipid synthesis. Additionally, TMEM41B knockdown played a role in the dynamics of lipid-regulated PRV entry-dependent clathrin-coated pits (CCPs). Lipid replenishment restored the CCP dynamic and PRV entry in TMEM41B knockdown cells. Together, our results indicate that TMEM41B plays a role in PRV infection via regulating lipid homeostasis. IMPORTANCE PRV belongs to the alphaherpesvirus subfamily and can establish and maintain a lifelong latent infection in pigs. As such, an intermittent active cycle presents great challenges to the prevention and control of PRV disease and is responsible for serious economic losses to the pig breeding industry. Studies have shown that lipids play a crucial role in PRV proliferation. Thus, the manipulation of lipid metabolism may represent a new perspective for the prevention and treatment of PRV. In this study, we report that the ER transmembrane protein TMEM41B is a novel ISG involved in PRV infection by regulating lipid synthesis. Therefore, our findings indicate that targeting TMEM41B may be a promising approach for the development of PRV vaccines and therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiu-Qing Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biochemistry and Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Growth and Development of Henan Province, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
| | - Lei Zeng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biochemistry and Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Growth and Development of Henan Province, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
| | - Dong-Ge Liang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biochemistry and Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Growth and Development of Henan Province, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
| | - Yan-Li Qi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biochemistry and Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Growth and Development of Henan Province, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
| | - Guo-Yu Yang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biochemistry and Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Growth and Development of Henan Province, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
| | - Kai Zhong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biochemistry and Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Growth and Development of Henan Province, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
| | - Bei-Bei Chu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biochemistry and Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Growth and Development of Henan Province, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
- International Joint Research Center of National Animal Immunology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
| | - Jiang Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biochemistry and Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Growth and Development of Henan Province, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
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10
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Zhang HL, Zhang RH, Liu G, Li GM, Wang FX, Wen YJ, Shan H. Evaluation of immunogenicity of gene-deleted and subunit vaccines constructed against the emerging pseudorabies virus variants. Virol J 2023; 20:98. [PMID: 37221518 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-023-02051-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pseudorabies (PR) (also called Aujeszky's disease, AD) is a serious infectious disease affecting pigs and other animals worldwide. The emergence of variant strains of pseudorabies virus (PRV) since 2011 has led to PR outbreaks in China and a vaccine that antigenically more closely matches these PRV variants could represent an added value to control these infections. METHODS The objective of this study was to develop new live attenuated and subunit vaccines against PRV variant strains. Genomic alterations of vaccine strains were based on the highly virulent SD-2017 mutant strain and gene-deleted strains SD-2017ΔgE/gI and SD-2017ΔgE/gI/TK, which constructed using homologous recombination technology. PRV gB-DCpep (Dendritic cells targeting peptide) and PorB (the outer membrane pore proteins of N. meningitidis) proteins containing gp67 protein secretion signal peptide were expressed using the baculovirus system for the preparation of subunit vaccines. We used experimental animal rabbits to test immunogenicity to evaluate the effect of the newly constructed PR vaccines. RESULTS Compared with the PRV-gB subunit vaccine and SD-2017ΔgE/gI inactivated vaccines, rabbits (n = 10) that were intramuscularly vaccinated with SD-2017ΔgE/gI/TK live attenuated vaccine and PRV-gB + PorB subunit vaccine showed significantly higher anti-PRV-specific antibodies as well as neutralizing antibodies and IFN-γ levels in serum. In addition, the SD-2017ΔgE/gI/TK live attenuated vaccine and PRV-gB + PorB subunit vaccine protected (90-100%) rabbits against homologous infection by the PRV variant strain. No obvious pathological damage was observed in these vaccinated rabbits. CONCLUSIONS The SD-2017ΔgE/gI/TK live attenuated vaccine provided 100% protection against PRV variant challenge. Interestingly, the subunit vaccines with gB protein linked to DCpep and PorB protein as adjuvant may also be a promising and effective PRV variant vaccine candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Liang Zhang
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment Technology in Animal Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, 010018, P.R. China
- Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center for Development of Veterinary Pharmaceuticals, College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, P.R. China
| | - Rui-Hua Zhang
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment Technology in Animal Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, 010018, P.R. China
| | - Gang Liu
- Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center for Development of Veterinary Pharmaceuticals, College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, P.R. China
| | - Gui-Mei Li
- Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center for Development of Veterinary Pharmaceuticals, College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, P.R. China
| | - Feng-Xue Wang
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment Technology in Animal Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, 010018, P.R. China
| | - Yong-Jun Wen
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment Technology in Animal Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, 010018, P.R. China.
| | - Hu Shan
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment Technology in Animal Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, 010018, P.R. China.
- Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center for Development of Veterinary Pharmaceuticals, College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, P.R. China.
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11
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Zhang Y, Fang L, Zhou Y, Zhang Y, Liang B, Yan C, Li L. A case report of long-delayed diagnosis of pseudorabies virus encephalitis with endophthalmitis: lessons from metagenomic next generation sequencing. BMC Neurol 2023; 23:192. [PMID: 37194001 PMCID: PMC10186779 DOI: 10.1186/s12883-023-03227-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pseudorabies virus (PRV) was thought to only infect animals. Recent studies have shown that it can also infect human. CASE PRESENTATION We report a case of pseudorabies virus encephalitis and endophthalmitis, diagnosed 89 days after onset, confirmed with intraocular fluid metagenomic next generation sequencing (mNGS) after the result of two cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) mNGS tests were negative. Although treatment with intravenous acyclovir, foscarnet sodium, and methylprednisolone improved the symptoms of encephalitis, significant diagnostic delay resulted in permanent visual loss. CONCLUSIONS This case suggests that pseudorabies virus (PRV) DNA in the intraocular fluid may have a higher positivity than that in the CSF. PRV may persist in the intraocular fluid for an extended period and may thus require extended antiviral therapy. Patients with severe encephalitis and PRV should be examined with the focus on pupil reactivity and light reflex. A fundus examination should be performed in patients with a central nervous system infection, specifically, those in a comatose state, to help reduce eye disability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Qilu Hospital(Qingdao), Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 758 Hefei Road, Qingdao, 266035, Shandong, China
- Department of Neurology, Rizhao Central Hospital, 66 Wanghai Road, Rizhao, 276800, Shandong, China
| | - Lei Fang
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Central Hospital, No.127, Siliu South Road, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Yi Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Qilu Hospital(Qingdao), Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 758 Hefei Road, Qingdao, 266035, Shandong, China
- Department of Ultrasonic, Rizhao Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 35 Wanghai Road, Rizhao, 276800, Shandong, China
| | - Yongqing Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Qilu Hospital(Qingdao), Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 758 Hefei Road, Qingdao, 266035, Shandong, China
| | - Bing Liang
- Department of Neurology, Qilu Hospital(Qingdao), Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 758 Hefei Road, Qingdao, 266035, Shandong, China
| | - Chuanzhu Yan
- Department of Neurology, Qilu Hospital(Qingdao), Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 758 Hefei Road, Qingdao, 266035, Shandong, China
| | - Ling Li
- Department of Neurology, Qilu Hospital(Qingdao), Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 758 Hefei Road, Qingdao, 266035, Shandong, China.
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12
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Ye N, Feng W, Fu T, Tang D, Zeng Z, Wang B. Membrane fusion, potential threats, and natural antiviral drugs of pseudorabies virus. Vet Res 2023; 54:39. [PMID: 37131259 PMCID: PMC10152797 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-023-01171-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Pseudorabies virus (PrV) can infect several animals and causes severe economic losses in the swine industry. Recently, human encephalitis or endophthalmitis caused by PrV infection has been frequently reported in China. Thus, PrV can infect animals and is becoming a potential threat to human health. Although vaccines and drugs are the main strategies to prevent and treat PrV outbreaks, there is no specific drug, and the emergence of new PrV variants has reduced the effectiveness of classical vaccines. Therefore, it is challenging to eradicate PrV. In the present review, the membrane fusion process of PrV entering target cells, which is conducive to revealing new therapeutic and vaccine strategies for PrV, is presented and discussed. The current and potential PrV pathways of infection in humans are analyzed, and it is hypothesized that PrV may become a zoonotic agent. The efficacy of chemically synthesized drugs for treating PrV infections in animals and humans is unsatisfactory. In contrast, multiple extracts of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) have shown anti-PRV activity, exerting its effects in different phases of the PrV life-cycle and suggesting that TCM compounds may have great potential against PrV. Overall, this review provides insights into developing effective anti-PrV drugs and emphasizes that human PrV infection should receive more attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ni Ye
- College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Wei Feng
- College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Tiantian Fu
- College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Deyuan Tang
- College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Zhiyong Zeng
- College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Bin Wang
- College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China.
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13
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Wang C, Hu R, Wang T, Duan L, Hou Q, Wang J, Yang Z. A bivalent β-carboline derivative inhibits macropinocytosis-dependent entry of pseudorabies virus by targeting the kinase DYRK1A. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:104605. [PMID: 36918100 PMCID: PMC10140166 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.104605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Pseudorabies virus (PRV) has become a "new life-threatening zoonosis" since the human-originated PRV strain was first isolated in 2020. To identify novel anti-PRV agents, we screened a total of 107 β-carboline derivatives and found 20 compounds displaying antiviral activity against PRV. Among them, 14 compounds showed better antiviral activity than acyclovir. We found that compound 45 exhibited the strongest anti-PRV activity with an IC50 value of less than 40 nM. Our in vivo studies showed that treatment with 45 significantly reduced the viral loads and protected mice challenged with PRV. To clarify the mode of action of 45, we conducted a time of addition assay, an adsorption assay, and an entry assay. Our results indicated that 45 neither had a virucidal effect nor affected viral adsorption while significantly inhibiting PRV entry. Using the FITC-dextran uptake assay, we determined that 45 inhibits macropinocytosis. The actin-dependent plasma membrane protrusion, which is important for macropinocytosis, was also suppressed by 45. Further, the kinase DYRK1A was predicted to be a potential target for 45. The binding of 45 to DYRK1A was confirmed by DARTS and CETSA. Further analysis revealed that knockdown of DYRK1A by siRNA suppressed PRV macropinocytosis and the TNFα-induced formation of protrusions. These results suggested that 45 could restrain PRV macropinocytosis by targeting DYRK1A. Together, these findings reveal a unique mechanism through which β-carboline derivatives restrain PRV infection, pointing to their potential value in the development of anti-PRV agents. Our data also reveal a potential target for designing novel macropinocytosis inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chongyang Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China
| | - Ruochen Hu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China
| | - Ting Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China
| | - Liuyuan Duan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China
| | - Qili Hou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China
| | - Junru Wang
- College of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China.
| | - Zengqi Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China.
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14
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Xu G, Hou B, Xue C, Xu Q, Qu L, Hao X, Liu Y, Wang D, Li Z, Jin X. Acute Retinal Necrosis Associated with Pseudorabies Virus Infection: A Case Report and Literature Review. Ocul Immunol Inflamm 2023:1-8. [PMID: 36863003 DOI: 10.1080/09273948.2023.2181188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/11/2023] [Indexed: 03/04/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To analyze a case of acute retinal necrosis (ARN) associated with pseudorabies virus (PRV) infection and discusses the clinical characteristics of PRV-induced ARN (PRV-ARN). METHODS Case report and literature review of ocular features in PRV-ARN. RESULTS A 52-year-old female diagnosed with encephalitis presented with bilateral vision loss, mild anterior uveitis, vitreous opacity, occlusive retinal vasculitis, and retinal detachment in her left eye. The result of metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS) indicated that both cerebrospinal fluids and vitreous fluid tested positive for PRV. CONCLUSION PRV, a zoonosis, can infect both humans and mammals. Patients affected with PRV may experience severe encephalitis and oculopathy, and the infection has been associated with high mortality and disability. ARN is the most common ocular disease, which develops rapidly following encephalitis and is characterized by five figures: bilateral onset, rapid progression, severe visual impairment, poor response to systemic antiviral drugs, and an unfavorable prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangcan Xu
- Senior Department of Ophthalmology, The Third Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Baoke Hou
- Senior Department of Ophthalmology, The Third Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
- Medical School, Chinese PLA, Beijing, China
| | - Cuiping Xue
- Senior Department of Ophthalmology, The Third Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Quangang Xu
- Senior Department of Ophthalmology, The Third Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Linghui Qu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The 74th Army Group Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaolu Hao
- Senior Department of Ophthalmology, The Third Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Beijing Rehabilitation Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Dajiang Wang
- Senior Department of Ophthalmology, The Third Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
- Medical School, Chinese PLA, Beijing, China
| | - Zhaohui Li
- Senior Department of Ophthalmology, The Third Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
- Medical School, Chinese PLA, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Jin
- Senior Department of Ophthalmology, The Third Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
- Medical School, Chinese PLA, Beijing, China
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15
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Peng Z, Liu Q, Zhang Y, Wu B, Chen H, Wang X. Cytopathic and Genomic Characteristics of a Human-Originated Pseudorabies Virus. Viruses 2023; 15:170. [PMID: 36680210 PMCID: PMC9862444 DOI: 10.3390/v15010170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Pseudorabies virus (PRV) generally infects pigs and threatens the pig industry. However, recently we have isolated a PRV strain designated hSD-1/2019 from infected humans. In this study, we compared the complete genome sequence of hSD-1/2019 with those of pig-originated PRV strains. Sequence alignments revealed that the genome sequence of hSD-1/2019 was highly homologous to those of the porcine PRV strains. Phylogenetic analyses found that hSD-1/2019 was the closest related to porcine PRV endemic strains in China, particularly the variant strains circulating recently. We also showed that the glycoproteins important for the multiplication and pathogenesis of hSD-1/2019 were highly similar to those of the pig endemic strains. Diversifying selection analyses revealed that hSD-1/2019 and pig variant strains are under diversifying selection. Recombination analysis indicated that hSD-1/2019 was a recombinant of several PRV variant strains and an earlier PRV classic strain. Finally, we found that both human and pig-originated PRV strains could induce cytopathic effects in cells from humans, pigs, and mice, but only the human PRV and pig-variant PRV formed large syncytia in human cell lines. The data presented in this study contribute to our understanding of the molecular basis for the pathogenesis of human PRV from a genomic aspect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- International Research Center for Animal Disease, Ministry of Science and Technology of China, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Qingyun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- International Research Center for Animal Disease, Ministry of Science and Technology of China, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yibo Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Bin Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- International Research Center for Animal Disease, Ministry of Science and Technology of China, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Huanchun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- International Research Center for Animal Disease, Ministry of Science and Technology of China, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Xiangru Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- International Research Center for Animal Disease, Ministry of Science and Technology of China, Wuhan 430070, China
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16
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Tong C, Fu PF, Ming SL, Zeng L, Zhu HS, Wang J. Acute transcriptomic changes in murine RAW 264.7 cells following pseudorabies virus infection. Arch Virol 2022; 167:2623-2631. [PMID: 36269412 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-022-05598-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Next-generation sequencing enables the evaluation of gene expression changes resulting from virus-host interactions at the RNA level. Pseudorabies virus (PRV) causes substantial economic loss in the swine industry. Recent research has revealed that PRV can be transmitted to and infect humans as well. To identify physiopathological and pathological responses post-PRV infection, we characterized transcriptomic changes in the murine RAW 264.7 cell line over the course of 36 h. In total, 156, 153, and 190 differentially expressed genes were identified at 2 h, 12 h, and 36 h, respectively. Seven differentially expressed genes (Trim27, Ccdc117, Mrps12, Ccl4, Cerkl, Ubald1, and Hmga1-rs1) were present across all treatment groups. Our findings expand our knowledge of gene regulation and immune response following PRV infection. These differentially expressed genes can subsequently improve our understanding of PRV pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Tong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, 450000, Zhengzhou, Henan province, China.,Wuhu Overseas Student Pioneer Park, 241006, Wuhu, China
| | - Peng-Fei Fu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, 450000, Zhengzhou, Henan province, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Biochemistry and Nutrition, Henan Agricultural University, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic of China, 450046, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Growth and Development, The Education Department of Henan Province, 450046, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
| | - Sheng-Li Ming
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, 450000, Zhengzhou, Henan province, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Biochemistry and Nutrition, Henan Agricultural University, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic of China, 450046, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Growth and Development, The Education Department of Henan Province, 450046, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
| | - Lei Zeng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, 450000, Zhengzhou, Henan province, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Biochemistry and Nutrition, Henan Agricultural University, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic of China, 450046, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Growth and Development, The Education Department of Henan Province, 450046, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
| | - He-Shui Zhu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, 450000, Zhengzhou, Henan province, China. .,Key Laboratory of Animal Biochemistry and Nutrition, Henan Agricultural University, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic of China, 450046, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China. .,Key Laboratory of Animal Growth and Development, The Education Department of Henan Province, 450046, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China.
| | - Jiang Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, 450000, Zhengzhou, Henan province, China. .,Key Laboratory of Animal Biochemistry and Nutrition, Henan Agricultural University, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic of China, 450046, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China. .,Key Laboratory of Animal Growth and Development, The Education Department of Henan Province, 450046, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China.
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Li X, Chen S, Zhang L, Zheng J, Niu G, Yang L, Zhang X, Ren L. Mutation and Interaction Analysis of the Glycoprotein D and L and Thymidine Kinase of Pseudorabies Virus. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231911597. [PMID: 36232898 PMCID: PMC9570442 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 09/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudorabies (also called Aujeszky's disease) is a highly infectious viral disease caused by the pseudorabies virus (PRV, or Suid herpesvirus 1). Although the disease has been controlled by immunization with the PRV-attenuated vaccine, the emerging PRV variants can escape the immune surveillance in the vaccinated pig, resulting in recent outbreaks. Furthermore, the virus has been detected in other animals and humans, indicating cross-transmission of PRV. However, the mechanism of PRV cross-species transmission needs further study. In this study, we compared the amino acid sequences of glycoproteins (gD), gL, and thymidine kinase (TK) of PRV strains, human PRV hSD-1 2019 strain, and the attenuated strain Bartha-K61, followed by predication of their spatial conformation. In addition, the interactions between the viral gD protein and host nectin-1, nectin-2, and HS were also evaluated via molecular docking. The results showed that the amino acid sequence homology of the gD, gL, and TK proteins of hSD-1 2019 and JL-CC was 97.5%, 94.4%, and 99.1%, respectively. Moreover, there were mutations in the amino acid sequences of gD, gL, and TK proteins of hSD-1 2019 and JL-CC compared with the corresponding reference sequences of the Bartha strain. The mutations of gD, gL, and TK might not affect the spatial conformation of the protein domain but may affect the recognition of antibodies and antigen epitopes. Moreover, the gD protein of JL-CC, isolated previously, can bind to human nectin-1, nectin-2, and HS, suggesting the virus may be highly infectious and pathogenic to human beings.
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18
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Neuropilin-1 Facilitates Pseudorabies Virus Replication and Viral Glycoprotein B Promotes Its Degradation in a Furin-Dependent Manner. J Virol 2022; 96:e0131822. [PMID: 36173190 PMCID: PMC9599266 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01318-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudorabies virus (PRV), which is extremely infectious and can infect numerous mammals, has a risk of spillover into humans. Virus-host interactions determine viral entry and spreading. Here, we showed that neuropilin-1 (NRP1) significantly potentiates PRV infection. Mechanistically, NRP1 promoted PRV attachment and entry, and enhanced cell-to-cell fusion mediated by viral glycoprotein B (gB), gD, gH, and gL. Furthermore, through in vitro coimmunoprecipitation (Co-IP) and bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) assays, NRP1 was found to physically interact with gB, gD, and gH, and these interactions were C-end Rule (CendR) motif independent, in contrast to currently known viruses. Remarkably, we illustrated that the viral protein gB promotes NRP1 degradation via a lysosome-dependent pathway. We further demonstrate that gB promotes NRP1 degradation in a furin-cleavage-dependent manner. Interestingly, in this study, we generated gB furin cleavage site (FCS)-knockout PRV (Δfurin PRV) and evaluated its pathogenesis; in vivo, we found that Δfurin PRV virulence was significantly attenuated in mice. Together, our findings demonstrated that NRP1 is an important host factor for PRV and that NRP1 may be a potential target for antiviral intervention. IMPORTANCE Recent studies have shown accelerated PRV cross-species spillover and that PRV poses a potential threat to humans. PRV infection in humans always manifests as a high fever, tonic-clonic seizures, and encephalitis. Therefore, understanding the interaction between PRV and host factors may contribute to the development of new antiviral strategies against PRV. NRP1 has been demonstrated to be a receptor for several viruses that harbor CendR, including SARS-CoV-2. However, the relationships between NRP1 and PRV are poorly understood. Here, we found that NRP1 significantly potentiated PRV infection by promoting PRV attachment and enhanced cell-to-cell fusion. For the first time, we demonstrated that gB promotes NRP1 degradation via a lysosome-dependent pathway. Last, in vivo, Δfurin PRV virulence was significantly attenuated in mice. Therefore, NRP1 is an important host factor for PRV, and NRP1 may be a potential target for antiviral drug development.
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Tan L, Zhou Y, Qiu Y, Lei L, Wang C, Zhu P, Duan D, Lei H, Yang L, Wang N, Yang Y, Yao J, Wang W, Wang A. Pseudorabies in pig industry of China: Epidemiology in pigs and practitioner awareness. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:973450. [PMID: 36213396 PMCID: PMC9536195 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.973450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudorabies virus (PRV) is widely prevalent in China, which can transmit from pigs to other mammals. Moreover, a PRV variant isolated from an acute human encephalitis case was documented recently. It is imperative to investigate PRV epidemiology in pigs, the knowledge regarding pseudorabies (PR) and self-protection behaviors upon working among relevant practitioners including pig farmers, pig cutters, and pork salesman. In the present study, 18,812 pig serum samples and 1,634 tissue samples were collected from Hunan Province during the period of 2020 to 2021 for detecting the presence of PRV gE-special antibody and nucleic acids, respectively. Meanwhile, we conducted a questionnaire survey about PR among these practitioners in China. The results showed that nearly 9% (1,840/20,192) pigs from 161 collected sites (20.17%, 161/797) were seropositive for PRV-gE antibody. Though only 2.33% tissue samples were positive for PRV nucleic acids, all the representative PRV strains were variant. It was learned that most practitioners were frequently injured when working, the injured sites mainly included hand and foot. Among the three transmission routes of PRV, the aerosol transmission route was often overlooked. Moreover, the workers lacked self-protection awareness and were poor conscious about PRV and its potential threat to humans. All the results demonstrate that PRV remains widely spread in pig populations, while the potential threats of PRV in pig industry receive less attention, suggesting that targeted educational programs to these people should be performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Tan
- Lab of Animal Disease Prevention and Control and Animal Model, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Engineering in Animal Vaccines, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University (HUNAU), Changsha, China
| | - Yujun Zhou
- Hunan Sino-science Gene Technology Co., Ltd, Changsha, China
| | - Yixing Qiu
- TCM and Ethnomedicine Innovation and Development International Laboratory, Academician Atta-ur-Rahman Belt and Road Traditional Medicine Research Center, School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
| | - Lei Lei
- Lab of Animal Disease Prevention and Control and Animal Model, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Engineering in Animal Vaccines, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University (HUNAU), Changsha, China
| | - Cheng Wang
- Xiangxi Prefecture Animal Husbandry and Aquatic Products Affairs Center, Xiangxi, China
| | - Pei Zhu
- Yunnan Tropical and Subtropical Animal Virus Diseases Laboratory, Yunnan Animal Science and Veterinary Institute, Kunming, China
| | - Deyong Duan
- Lab of Animal Disease Prevention and Control and Animal Model, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Engineering in Animal Vaccines, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University (HUNAU), Changsha, China
| | - Hongyu Lei
- Lab of Animal Disease Prevention and Control and Animal Model, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Engineering in Animal Vaccines, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University (HUNAU), Changsha, China
| | - Lincheng Yang
- Lab of Animal Disease Prevention and Control and Animal Model, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Engineering in Animal Vaccines, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University (HUNAU), Changsha, China
| | - Naidong Wang
- Lab of Animal Disease Prevention and Control and Animal Model, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Engineering in Animal Vaccines, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University (HUNAU), Changsha, China
| | - Yi Yang
- Lab of Animal Disease Prevention and Control and Animal Model, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Engineering in Animal Vaccines, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University (HUNAU), Changsha, China
| | - Jun Yao
- Yunnan Tropical and Subtropical Animal Virus Diseases Laboratory, Yunnan Animal Science and Veterinary Institute, Kunming, China
- *Correspondence: Jun Yao
| | - Wei Wang
- TCM and Ethnomedicine Innovation and Development International Laboratory, Academician Atta-ur-Rahman Belt and Road Traditional Medicine Research Center, School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
- Wei Wang
| | - Aibing Wang
- Lab of Animal Disease Prevention and Control and Animal Model, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Engineering in Animal Vaccines, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University (HUNAU), Changsha, China
- PCB Biotechnology LLC, Rockville, MD, United States
- Aibing Wang
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20
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Zhang H, Zhang R, Wang F, Li G, Wen Y, Shan H. Comparative proteomic analysis of PK15 swine kidney cells infected with a pseudorabies pathogenic variant and the Bartha-K/61 vaccine strain. Microb Pathog 2022; 170:105698. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2022.105698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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21
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Wang C, Hu R, Duan L, Hou Q, Yang M, Wang T, Liu H, Xiao S, Dang R, Wang J, Wang X, Zhang S, Yang Z. The canonical Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway facilitates pseudorabies virus proliferation and enhances virus-induced autophagy. Vet Microbiol 2022; 272:109502. [PMID: 35841697 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2022.109502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Pseudorabies virus (PRV) is a swine herpesvirus with a broad host range that causes significant economic losses worldwide. The Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway is reportedly involved in multiple viruses' proliferation. In this study, we demonstrated that PRV infection significantly activated the Wnt/β-catenin signaling and promoted the nuclear translocation of β-catenin. Applying specific chemical inhibitors (FH535 and iCRT14) caused a remarkable decrease in PRV titers in various cell lines. Knockdown of β-catenin by siRNA also reduced the proliferation of PRV. On the contrary, treatment with lithium chloride (LiCl), an inhibitor of GSK3β, stimulated the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway and enhanced the PRV proliferation. Similarly, overexpression of β-catenin promoted PRV proliferation and reversed the antiviral effect of FH535. Moreover, LiCl promoted PRV-induced autophagy, whereas FH535 and iCRT14 showed converse effects. These findings suggest that PRV infection stimulates the canonical Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway, facilitating PRV proliferation and regulating virus-induced autophagy. These data also provide potential targets for developing antiviral agents against PRV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chongyang Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Ruochen Hu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Liuyuan Duan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Qili Hou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Mengqing Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Ting Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Haijin Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Sa Xiao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Ruyi Dang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Juan Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xinglong Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Shuxia Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Zengqi Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China.
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22
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Liu Q, Kuang Y, Li Y, Guo H, Zhou C, Guo S, Tan C, Wu B, Chen H, Wang X. The Epidemiology and Variation in Pseudorabies Virus: A Continuing Challenge to Pigs and Humans. Viruses 2022; 14:v14071463. [PMID: 35891443 PMCID: PMC9325097 DOI: 10.3390/v14071463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudorabies virus (PRV) can infect most mammals and is well known for causing substantial economic losses in the pig industry. In addition to pigs, PRV infection usually leads to severe itching, central nervous system dysfunction, and 100% mortality in its non-natural hosts. It should be noted that increasing human cases of PRV infection have been reported in China since 2017, and these patients have generally suffered from nervous system damage and even death. Here, we reviewed the current prevalence and variation in PRV worldwide as well as the PRV-caused infections in animals and humans, and briefly summarized the vaccines and diagnostic methods used for pseudorabies control. Most countries, including China, have control programs in place for pseudorabies in domestic pigs, and thus, the disease is on the decline; however, PRV is still globally epizootic and an important pathogen for pigs. In countries where pseudorabies in domestic pigs have already been eliminated, the risk of PRV transmission by infected wild animals should be estimated and prevented. As a member of the alphaherpesviruses, PRV showed protein-coding variation that was relatively higher than that of herpes simplex virus-1 (HSV-1) and varicella-zoster virus (VZV), and its evolution was mainly contributed to by the frequent recombination observed between different genotypes or within the clade. Recombination events have promoted the generation of new variants, such as the variant strains resulting in the outbreak of pseudorabies in pigs in China, 2011. There have been 25 cases of PRV infections in humans reported in China since 2017, and they were considered to be infected by PRV variant strains. Although PRV infections have been sporadically reported in humans, their causal association remains to be determined. This review provided the latest epidemiological information on PRV for the better understanding, prevention, and treatment of pseudorabies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingyun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (Q.L.); (Y.K.); (Y.L.); (H.G.); (C.Z.); (S.G.); (C.T.); (B.W.)
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yan Kuang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (Q.L.); (Y.K.); (Y.L.); (H.G.); (C.Z.); (S.G.); (C.T.); (B.W.)
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yafei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (Q.L.); (Y.K.); (Y.L.); (H.G.); (C.Z.); (S.G.); (C.T.); (B.W.)
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Huihui Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (Q.L.); (Y.K.); (Y.L.); (H.G.); (C.Z.); (S.G.); (C.T.); (B.W.)
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Chuyue Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (Q.L.); (Y.K.); (Y.L.); (H.G.); (C.Z.); (S.G.); (C.T.); (B.W.)
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Shibang Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (Q.L.); (Y.K.); (Y.L.); (H.G.); (C.Z.); (S.G.); (C.T.); (B.W.)
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Chen Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (Q.L.); (Y.K.); (Y.L.); (H.G.); (C.Z.); (S.G.); (C.T.); (B.W.)
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture of the People’s Republic of China, Wuhan 430070, China
- International Research Center for Animal Disease, Ministry of Science and Technology of the People’s Republic of China, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Bin Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (Q.L.); (Y.K.); (Y.L.); (H.G.); (C.Z.); (S.G.); (C.T.); (B.W.)
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture of the People’s Republic of China, Wuhan 430070, China
- International Research Center for Animal Disease, Ministry of Science and Technology of the People’s Republic of China, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Huanchun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (Q.L.); (Y.K.); (Y.L.); (H.G.); (C.Z.); (S.G.); (C.T.); (B.W.)
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture of the People’s Republic of China, Wuhan 430070, China
- International Research Center for Animal Disease, Ministry of Science and Technology of the People’s Republic of China, Wuhan 430070, China
- Correspondence: (H.C.); (X.W.)
| | - Xiangru Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (Q.L.); (Y.K.); (Y.L.); (H.G.); (C.Z.); (S.G.); (C.T.); (B.W.)
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture of the People’s Republic of China, Wuhan 430070, China
- International Research Center for Animal Disease, Ministry of Science and Technology of the People’s Republic of China, Wuhan 430070, China
- Correspondence: (H.C.); (X.W.)
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23
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Deng J, Wu Z, Liu J, Ji Q, Ju C. The Role of Latency-Associated Transcripts in the Latent Infection of Pseudorabies Virus. Viruses 2022; 14:v14071379. [PMID: 35891360 PMCID: PMC9320458 DOI: 10.3390/v14071379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudorabies virus (PRV) can cause neurological, respiratory, and reproductive diseases in pigs and establish lifelong latent infection in the peripheral nervous system (PNS). Latent infection is a typical feature of PRV, which brings great difficulties to the prevention, control, and eradication of pseudorabies. The integral mechanism of latent infection is still unclear. Latency-associated transcripts (LAT) gene is the only transcriptional region during latent infection of PRV which plays the key role in regulating viral latent infection and inhibiting apoptosis. Here, we review the characteristics of PRV latent infection and the transcriptional characteristics of the LAT gene. We also analyzed the function of non-coding RNA (ncRNA) produced by the LAT gene and its importance in latent infection. Furthermore, we provided possible strategies to solve the problem of latent infection of virulent PRV strains in the host. In short, the detailed mechanism of PRV latent infection needs to be further studied and elucidated.
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Zhang C, Cui H, Zhang W, Meng L, Chen L, Wang Z, Zhao K, Chen Z, Qiao S, Liu J, Guo Z, Dong S. Epidemiological Investigation of Porcine Pseudorabies Virus in Hebei Province, China, 2017–2018. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:930871. [PMID: 35812861 PMCID: PMC9263846 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.930871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudorabies (PR) is a serious disease affecting the pig industry in China, and it is very important to understand the epidemiology of pseudorabies virus (PRV). In the present study, 693 clinical samples were collected from Bartha-K61 vaccinated pigs with symptoms of suspected PRV infection between January 2017 and December 2018. All cases were referred for full clinical autopsy with detailed examination of histopathological examination, virus isolation and genetic evolution analysis of the PRV glycoprotein E (gE) gene. In addition, PRV gE antibodies in 3,449 serum samples were detected by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The clinical data revealed that abortion and stillbirth are the most frequent appearances in pregnant sows of those cases. Histopathological examination exhibited a variety of pathological lesions, such as lobar pneumonia, hepatitis, lymphadenitis, nephritis, and typical nonsuppurative encephalitis. A total of 248 cases tested positive for the PRV gE gene. 11 PRV variants were isolated and confirmed by gE gene sequencing and phylogenetic analysis. These strains had 97.1%-100.0% nucleotide homology with the PRV reference strains. Notably, the isolated strains were highly homologous and clustered in the same branch as HSD-1/2019, which caused human acute encephalitis. Serological tests showed that the positive rate of PRV gE antibody in the 3449 serum samples collected from the Hebei Province was 46.27%. In conclusion, PRV variant strains Are high prevalence in the Hebei Province, which not only causes huge economic losses to the breeding industry but also potentially poses a threat to public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Huan Cui
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Changchun, China
- College of Animal Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Wuchao Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Lijia Meng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Ligong Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Zhongyi Wang
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, China
| | - Kui Zhao
- College of Animal Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Zhaoliang Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Sina Qiao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Juxiang Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
- *Correspondence: Juxiang Liu
| | - Zhendong Guo
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Changchun, China
- Zhendong Guo
| | - Shishan Dong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
- Shishan Dong
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25
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Hou Y, Wang Y, Zhang Y, Yu H, Zhao Y, Yi A. Human Encephalitis Caused by Pseudorabies Virus in China: A Case Report and Systematic Review. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2022; 22:391-396. [PMID: 35736787 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2022.0002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Pseudorabies virus (PRV) is a common pathogen found in pigs. The pathogenicity of PRV in humans is under researched and there are few confirmed cases of PRV infections in humans, which has led to a lack of clinical consensus. Methods: We presented a case of viral encephalitis caused by PRV in China. We performed a systematic review of the literature to investigate the clinical features and prognosis of PRV encephalitis and included 12 patients with PRV encephalitis. Results: All the patients had a history of direct or indirect contact with living pigs or pork before the onset of the disease, accompanied by prodromal symptoms, such as fever and headache. They presented with a series of lesions involving the central nervous system (CNS) and respiratory system, such as acute encephalitis syndrome, respiratory failure, retinitis, or endophthalmitis. Conclusions: The differential diagnosis of an acute attack of CNS infection should include PRV encephalitis, which should be diagnosed by a head magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), fundus examination, and cerebrospinal fluid next-generation sequencing. Intravenous immunoglobulin, glucocorticoid, antiviral, and symptomatic support treatment should be administered as early as possible to improve the prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Hou
- Department of Neurology, Hebei University of Engineering Clinical Medical College, Handan, China
| | - YouMing Wang
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University of Engineering, Handan, China
| | - Yao Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University of Engineering, Handan, China
| | - HuiDan Yu
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University of Engineering, Handan, China
| | - Yan Zhao
- Department of Neurology, Hebei University of Engineering Clinical Medical College, Handan, China
| | - AiFen Yi
- The Fifth People's Hospital of Anyang, Anyang, China
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26
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Liu P, Hu D, Yuan L, Lian Z, Yao X, Zhu Z, Li X. Metabolomics Analysis of PK-15 Cells with Pseudorabies Virus Infection Based on UHPLC-QE-MS. Viruses 2022; 14:v14061158. [PMID: 35746630 PMCID: PMC9229976 DOI: 10.3390/v14061158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2022] [Revised: 05/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses depend on the metabolic mechanisms of the host to support viral replication. We utilize an approach based on ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography/Q Exactive HF-X Hybrid Quadrupole-Orbitrap Mass (UHPLC-QE-MS) to analyze the metabolic changes in PK-15 cells induced by the infections of the pseudorabies virus (PRV) variant strain and Bartha K61 strain. Infections with PRV markedly changed lots of metabolites, when compared to the uninfected cell group. Additionally, most of the differentially expressed metabolites belonged to glycerophospholipid metabolism, sphingolipid metabolism, purine metabolism, and pyrimidine metabolism. Lipid metabolites account for the highest proportion (around 35%). The results suggest that those alterations may be in favor of virion formation and genome amplification to promote PRV replication. Different PRV strains showed similar results. An understanding of PRV-induced metabolic reprogramming will provide valuable information for further studies on PRV pathogenesis and the development of antiviral therapy strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panrao Liu
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (P.L.); (D.H.); (L.Y.); (Z.L.); (X.Y.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Danhe Hu
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (P.L.); (D.H.); (L.Y.); (Z.L.); (X.Y.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Lili Yuan
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (P.L.); (D.H.); (L.Y.); (Z.L.); (X.Y.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Zhengmin Lian
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (P.L.); (D.H.); (L.Y.); (Z.L.); (X.Y.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Xiaohui Yao
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (P.L.); (D.H.); (L.Y.); (Z.L.); (X.Y.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Zhenbang Zhu
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (P.L.); (D.H.); (L.Y.); (Z.L.); (X.Y.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Xiangdong Li
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (P.L.); (D.H.); (L.Y.); (Z.L.); (X.Y.); (Z.Z.)
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-514-8797-9036
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27
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Hoffmann W, Lipińska AD, Bieńkowska-Szewczyk K. Functional Analysis of a Frontal miRNA Cluster Located in the Large Latency Transcript of Pseudorabies Virus. Viruses 2022; 14:v14061147. [PMID: 35746619 PMCID: PMC9227234 DOI: 10.3390/v14061147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have been identified as a class of crucial regulators of virus-host crosstalk, modulating such processes as viral replication, antiviral immune response, viral latency, and pathogenesis. Pseudorabies virus (PRV), a model for the study of alphaherpesvirus biology, codes for 11 distinct miRNAs mapped to the ~4.6 kb intron of Large Latency Transcript (LLT). Recent studies have revealed the role of clusters consisting of nine and eleven miRNA genes in the replication and virulence of PRV. The function of separate miRNA species in regulating PRV biology has not been thoroughly investigated. To analyze the regulatory potential of three PRV miRNAs located in the frontal cluster of the LLT intron, we generated a research model based on the constitutive expression of viral miRNAs in swine testis cells (ST_LLT [1–3] cell line). Using a cell culture system providing a stable production of individual miRNAs at high levels, we demonstrated that the LLT [1–3] miRNA cluster significantly downregulated IE180, EP0, and gE at the early stages of PRV infection. It was further determined that LLT [1–3] miRNAs could regulate the infection process, leading to a slight distortion in transmission and proliferation ability. Collectively, our findings indicate the potential of LLT [1–3] miRNAs to retard the host responses by reducing viral antigenic load and suppressing the expansion of progeny viruses at the early stages of infection.
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28
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Liu Z, Kong Z, Chen M, Shang Y. Design of live-attenuated animal vaccines based on pseudorabies virus platform. ANIMAL DISEASES 2022. [DOI: 10.1186/s44149-022-00044-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractPseudorabies virus (PRV) is a double-stranded DNA virus with a genome approximating 150 kb in size. PRV contains many non-essential genes that can be replaced with genes encoding heterogenous antigens without affecting viral propagation. With the ability to induce cellular, humoral and mucosal immune responses in the host, PRV is considered to be an ideal and potential live vector for generation of animal vaccines. In this review, we summarize the advances in attenuated recombinant PRVs and design of PRV-based live vaccines as well as the challenge of vaccine application.
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29
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A Review of Pseudorabies Virus Variants: Genomics, Vaccination, Transmission, and Zoonotic Potential. Viruses 2022; 14:v14051003. [PMID: 35632745 PMCID: PMC9144770 DOI: 10.3390/v14051003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudorabies virus (PRV), the causative agent of Aujeszky’s disease, has a broad host range including most mammals and avian species. In 2011, a PRV variant emerged in many Bartha K61-vaccinated pig herds in China and has attracted more and more attention due to its serious threat to domestic and wild animals, and even human beings. The PRV variant has been spreading in China for more than 10 years, and considerable research progresses about its molecular biology, pathogenesis, transmission, and host–virus interactions have been made. This review is mainly organized into four sections including outbreak and genomic evolution characteristics of PRV variants, progresses of PRV variant vaccine development, the pathogenicity and transmission of PRV variants among different species of animals, and the zoonotic potential of PRV variants. Considering PRV has caused a huge economic loss of animals and is a potential threat to public health, it is necessary to extensively explore the mechanisms involved in its replication, pathogenesis, and transmission in order to ultimately eradicate it in China.
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30
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Kong Z, Yin H, Wang F, Liu Z, Luan X, Sun L, Liu W, Shang Y. Pseudorabies virus tegument protein UL13 recruits RNF5 to inhibit STING-mediated antiviral immunity. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010544. [PMID: 35584187 PMCID: PMC9154183 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudorabies virus (PRV) has evolved various immune evasion mechanisms that target host antiviral immune responses. However, it is unclear whether and how PRV encoded proteins modulate the cGAS-STING axis for immune evasion. Here, we show that PRV tegument protein UL13 inhibits STING-mediated antiviral signaling via regulation of STING stability. Mechanistically, UL13 interacts with the CDN domain of STING and recruits the E3 ligase RING-finger protein 5 (RNF5) to promote K27-/K29-linked ubiquitination and degradation of STING. Consequently, deficiency of RNF5 enhances host antiviral immune responses triggered by PRV infection. In addition, mutant PRV lacking UL13 impaired in antagonism of STING-mediated production of type I IFNs and shows attenuated pathogenicity in mice. Our findings suggest that PRV UL13 functions as an antagonist of IFN signaling via a novel mechanism by targeting STING to persistently evade host antiviral responses. Induction of type I interferons mediated by cGAS-STING axis is critical for host against DNA virus infection whereas herpesviruses employ multiple strategies to antagonize this signaling pathway for immune evasion. Herein, our findings provide strong evidence that PRV tegument protein UL13 functions as a suppressor of STING-mediated antiviral response via recruitment of E3 ligase RNF5 to induce K27-/K29-linked ubiquitination and degradation of STING. Therefore, our study reveals a novel evasion strategy of PRV against host defense and suggests UL13 could be a promising target for development of gene-deleted vaccine for pseudorabies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengjie Kong
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong, China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong, China
| | - Hongyan Yin
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong, China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong, China
| | - Fan Wang
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong, China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong, China
| | - Zhen Liu
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong, China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong, China
| | - Xiaohan Luan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Sun
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wenjun Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yingli Shang
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong, China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong, China
- Institute of Immunology, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong, China
- * E-mail:
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31
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A Retrospective Analysis of Metagenomic Next Generation Sequencing (mNGS) of Cerebrospinal Fluid from Patients with Suspected Encephalitis or Meningitis Infections. JOURNAL OF HEALTHCARE ENGINEERING 2022; 2022:5641609. [PMID: 35494515 PMCID: PMC9050255 DOI: 10.1155/2022/5641609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
We determined the clinical value of metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS) of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) for the diagnosis of patients with suspected encephalitis or meningitis infection. Clinical data were collected and retrospectively analyzed from patients with suspected cases of encephalitis or meningitis who presented at four hospitals in Ningbo from January 1st, 2019 to December 31st, 2020. Of a total of 66 suspected cases, 41 (62.12%) were diagnosed with central nervous system infections, which included 18 cases (27.27%) of viral infection, 13 cases (19.70%) of bacterial infection, 3 cases (4.55%) of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, 5 cases (7.58%) of fungal infection, and 2 cases (3.03%) of Rickettsia infection. From these cases, mNGS identified 25 (37.88%) true-positive cases, 8 (12.12%) false-positive cases, 20 (30.30%) true-negative cases, and 13 (19.70%) false-negative cases. The sensitivity of mNGS was 65.79% with a specificity of 71.43%. The positive rate was higher compared with traditional methods (37.88% vs. 24.39%). The results indicate that mNGS technology is a more sensitive method for detecting suspected infectious encephalitis or meningitis compared with traditional pathogen detection methods.
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32
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Xu L, Wei JF, Zhao J, Xu SY, Lee FQ, Nie MC, Xu ZW, Zhou YC, Zhu L. The Immunity Protection of Central Nervous System Induced by Pseudorabies Virus DelgI/gE/TK in Mice. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:862907. [PMID: 35401481 PMCID: PMC8990752 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.862907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Based on a variant strain, we constructed a gE/gI/TK-deleted pseudorabies virus (PRV). A total of 18 female mice were randomized to a vaccination group to receive PRV XJ delgE/gI/TK, a vehicle group to receive Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium, and a mock group to confirm the protection of PRV delgE/gI/TK on the central nervous system in mice. Subsequently, the vaccination and vehicle groups were infected with PRV XJ. The mice in the vehicle group showed more severe neurological symptoms and higher viral loads than those in the vaccination group. The exudation of Evans blue and the expression of tight junction protein showed no difference in all groups. HE staining showed vacuolar neuronal degeneration in the vehicle group brain, but no tissue lesions were observed in the vaccination group. TNF-α, IL-6, and synuclein were upregulated in the brain of mice in the vehicle group, while those were inhibited among mice in the vaccination group. IFN-β, IFN-γ, ISG15, Mx1, and OAS1 showed no difference in the brain between the vaccination and vehicle groups. In addition, TNF-α and IL-6 were inhibited, and antiviral factors were increased in the intestine of the mice in the vaccination group compared to those in the vehicle group. Our study showed that PRV XJ delgE/gI/TK inhibited neurological damage and the inflammation of the intestine and brain induced by PRV and activated the innate immunity of the intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Xu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jian-Feng Wei
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jun Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Si-Yao Xu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Feng-Qin Lee
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Min-Cai Nie
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhi-Wen Xu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuan-Cheng Zhou
- Livestock and Poultry Biological Products Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Animal Science Academy, Chengdu, China.,Animal Breeding and Genetics Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Animal Science Academy, Chengdu, China
| | - Ling Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
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33
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Huaier Polysaccharide Interrupts PRV Infection via Reducing Virus Adsorption and Entry. Viruses 2022; 14:v14040745. [PMID: 35458475 PMCID: PMC9026689 DOI: 10.3390/v14040745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
A pseudorabies virus (PRV) novel virulent variant outbreak occurred in China in 2011. However, little is known about PRV prevention and treatment. Huaier polysaccharide has been used to treat some solid cancers, although its antiviral activity has not been reported. Our study confirmed that the polysaccharide can effectively inhibit infection of PRV XJ5 in PK15 cells. It acted in a dose-dependent manner when blocking virus adsorption and entry into PK15 cells. Moreover, it suppressed PRV replication in PK15 cells. In addition, the results suggest that Huaier polysaccharide plays a role in treating PRV XJ5 infection by directly inactivating PRV XJ5. In conclusion, Huaier polysaccharide might be a novel therapeutic agent for preventing and controlling PRV infection.
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34
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Wang G, Zha Z, Huang P, Sun H, Huang Y, He M, Chen T, Lin L, Chen Z, Kong Z, Que Y, Li T, Gu Y, Yu H, Zhang J, Zheng Q, Chen Y, Li S, Xia N. Structures of pseudorabies virus capsids. Nat Commun 2022; 13:1533. [PMID: 35318331 PMCID: PMC8940892 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-29250-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudorabies virus (PRV) is a major etiological agent of swine infectious diseases and is responsible for significant economic losses in the swine industry. Recent data points to human viral encephalitis caused by PRV infection, suggesting that PRV may be able to overcome the species barrier to infect humans. To date, there is no available therapeutic for PRV infection. Here, we report the near-atomic structures of the PRV A-capsid and C-capsid, and illustrate the interaction that occurs between these subunits. We show that the C-capsid portal complex is decorated with capsid-associated tegument complexes. The PRV capsid structure is highly reminiscent of other α-herpesviruses, with some additional structural features of β- and γ-herpesviruses. These results illustrate the structure of the PRV capsid and elucidate the underlying assembly mechanism at the molecular level. This knowledge may be useful for the development of oncolytic agents or specific therapeutics against this arm of the herpesvirus family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guosong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China.,National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Zhenghui Zha
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China.,National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Pengfei Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China.,National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Hui Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China.,National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Yang Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China.,National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Maozhou He
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China.,National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Tian Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China.,National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Lina Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China.,National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Zhenqin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China.,National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Zhibo Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China.,National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Yuqiong Que
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China.,National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Tingting Li
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China.,National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Ying Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China.,National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Hai Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China.,National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China.,National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Qingbing Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China. .,National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China.
| | - Yixin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China. .,National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China.
| | - Shaowei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China. .,National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China.
| | - Ningshao Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China. .,National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China. .,Research Unit of Frontier Technology of Structural Vaccinology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Xiamen, 361102, China.
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Wang Y, Li GL, Qi YL, Li LY, Wang LF, Wang CR, Niu XR, Liu TX, Wang J, Yang GY, Zeng L, Chu BB. Pseudorabies Virus Inhibits Expression of Liver X Receptors to Assist Viral Infection. Viruses 2022; 14:v14030514. [PMID: 35336921 PMCID: PMC8954865 DOI: 10.3390/v14030514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudorabies virus (PRV) is a contagious herpesvirus that causes Aujeszky’s disease and economic losses worldwide. Liver X receptors (LXRs) belong to the nuclear receptor superfamily and are critical for the control of lipid homeostasis. However, the role of LXR in PRV infection has not been fully established. In this study, we found that PRV infection downregulated the mRNA and protein levels of LXRα and LXRβ in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, we discovered that LXR activation suppressed PRV proliferation, while LXR inhibition promoted PRV proliferation. We demonstrated that LXR activation-mediated reduction of cellular cholesterol was critical for the dynamics of PRV entry-dependent clathrin-coated pits. Replenishment of cholesterol restored the dynamics of clathrin-coated pits and PRV entry under LXR activation conditions. Interestingly, T0901317, an LXR agonist, prevented PRV infection in mice. Our results support a model that PRV modulates LXR-regulated cholesterol metabolism to facilitate viral proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; (Y.W.); (G.-L.L.); (Y.-L.Q.); (L.-Y.L.); (L.-F.W.); (C.-R.W.); (X.-R.N.); (T.-X.L.); (J.W.)
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biochemistry and Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People’s Republic of China, Zhengzhou 450046, China;
- Key Laboratory of Animal Growth and Development, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Guo-Li Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; (Y.W.); (G.-L.L.); (Y.-L.Q.); (L.-Y.L.); (L.-F.W.); (C.-R.W.); (X.-R.N.); (T.-X.L.); (J.W.)
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biochemistry and Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People’s Republic of China, Zhengzhou 450046, China;
- Key Laboratory of Animal Growth and Development, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Yan-Li Qi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; (Y.W.); (G.-L.L.); (Y.-L.Q.); (L.-Y.L.); (L.-F.W.); (C.-R.W.); (X.-R.N.); (T.-X.L.); (J.W.)
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biochemistry and Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People’s Republic of China, Zhengzhou 450046, China;
- Key Laboratory of Animal Growth and Development, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Li-Yun Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; (Y.W.); (G.-L.L.); (Y.-L.Q.); (L.-Y.L.); (L.-F.W.); (C.-R.W.); (X.-R.N.); (T.-X.L.); (J.W.)
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biochemistry and Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People’s Republic of China, Zhengzhou 450046, China;
- Key Laboratory of Animal Growth and Development, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Lu-Fang Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; (Y.W.); (G.-L.L.); (Y.-L.Q.); (L.-Y.L.); (L.-F.W.); (C.-R.W.); (X.-R.N.); (T.-X.L.); (J.W.)
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biochemistry and Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People’s Republic of China, Zhengzhou 450046, China;
- Key Laboratory of Animal Growth and Development, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Cong-Rong Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; (Y.W.); (G.-L.L.); (Y.-L.Q.); (L.-Y.L.); (L.-F.W.); (C.-R.W.); (X.-R.N.); (T.-X.L.); (J.W.)
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biochemistry and Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People’s Republic of China, Zhengzhou 450046, China;
- Key Laboratory of Animal Growth and Development, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Xin-Rui Niu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; (Y.W.); (G.-L.L.); (Y.-L.Q.); (L.-Y.L.); (L.-F.W.); (C.-R.W.); (X.-R.N.); (T.-X.L.); (J.W.)
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biochemistry and Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People’s Republic of China, Zhengzhou 450046, China;
- Key Laboratory of Animal Growth and Development, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Tao-Xue Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; (Y.W.); (G.-L.L.); (Y.-L.Q.); (L.-Y.L.); (L.-F.W.); (C.-R.W.); (X.-R.N.); (T.-X.L.); (J.W.)
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biochemistry and Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People’s Republic of China, Zhengzhou 450046, China;
- Key Laboratory of Animal Growth and Development, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Jiang Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; (Y.W.); (G.-L.L.); (Y.-L.Q.); (L.-Y.L.); (L.-F.W.); (C.-R.W.); (X.-R.N.); (T.-X.L.); (J.W.)
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biochemistry and Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People’s Republic of China, Zhengzhou 450046, China;
- Key Laboratory of Animal Growth and Development, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Guo-Yu Yang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biochemistry and Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People’s Republic of China, Zhengzhou 450046, China;
- Key Laboratory of Animal Growth and Development, Zhengzhou 450046, China
- International Joint Research Center of National Animal Immunology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
- College of Animal Science & Technology, Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, Zhengzhou 450047, China
| | - Lei Zeng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; (Y.W.); (G.-L.L.); (Y.-L.Q.); (L.-Y.L.); (L.-F.W.); (C.-R.W.); (X.-R.N.); (T.-X.L.); (J.W.)
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biochemistry and Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People’s Republic of China, Zhengzhou 450046, China;
- Key Laboratory of Animal Growth and Development, Zhengzhou 450046, China
- Correspondence: (L.Z.); (B.-B.C.)
| | - Bei-Bei Chu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; (Y.W.); (G.-L.L.); (Y.-L.Q.); (L.-Y.L.); (L.-F.W.); (C.-R.W.); (X.-R.N.); (T.-X.L.); (J.W.)
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biochemistry and Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People’s Republic of China, Zhengzhou 450046, China;
- Key Laboratory of Animal Growth and Development, Zhengzhou 450046, China
- International Joint Research Center of National Animal Immunology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
- Correspondence: (L.Z.); (B.-B.C.)
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Sun Y, Zhao L, Fu ZF. Effective Cross-protection of a lyophilized live gE/gI/TK-deleted pseudorabies virus (PRV) vaccine against classical and variant PRV challenges. Vet Microbiol 2022; 267:109387. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2022.109387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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The Antiviral Effect of Panax Notoginseng Polysaccharides by Inhibiting PRV Adsorption and Replication In Vitro. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27041254. [PMID: 35209042 PMCID: PMC8880127 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27041254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine pseudorabies (PR) is an important infectious disease caused by pseudorabies virus (PRV), which poses a major threat to food safety and security. Vaccine immunization has become the main means to prevent and control the disease. However, since 2011, a new PRV variant has caused huge economic losses to the Chinese pig industry. Panax notoginseng polysaccharides have immunomodulatory activity and other functions, but the antiviral effect has not been reported. We studied the anti-PRV activity of Panax notoginseng polysaccharides in vitro. A less cytopathic effect was observed by increasing the concentration of Panax notoginseng polysaccharides. Western blot, TCID50, plaque assay, and IFA revealed that Panax notoginseng polysaccharides could significantly inhibit the infectivity of PRV XJ5 on PK15 cells. In addition, we also found that Panax notoginseng polysaccharides blocked the adsorption and replication of PRV to PK15 cells in a dose-dependent manner. These results show that Panax notoginseng polysaccharides play an antiviral effect mainly by inhibiting virus adsorption and replication in vitro. Therefore, Panax notoginseng polysaccharides may be a potential anti-PRV agent.
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38
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Yan W, Hu Z, Zhang Y, Wu X, Zhang H. Case Report: Metagenomic Next-Generation Sequencing for Diagnosis of Human Encephalitis and Endophthalmitis Caused by Pseudorabies Virus. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 8:753988. [PMID: 35096860 PMCID: PMC8795075 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.753988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The objective of our study was to report a case of encephalitis and endophthalmitis caused by pseudorabies virus (PRV), identified using metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS). CASE PRESENTATION A 54-year-old worker, from a swine slaughterhouse, developed signs of severe encephalitis, including fever, disturbance of consciousness, hypopnea, and status epilepticus, after finger injury at work. The PRV sequences were successfully identified from the blood, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and aqueous humor of the patient through mNGS, which was further verified using a Sanger sequencing. CONCLUSION Our case emphasizes the importance of mNGS in early diagnoses of infectious diseases, and gives a clue that PRV can spread across species and infect human. It is necessary to carry out a skin protection and education about disease prevention for people who have close contact with swine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiqian Yan
- Department of Neurology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhiping Hu
- Department of Neurology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yingchi Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xiaomei Wu
- Department of Neurology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Hainan Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
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Liu P, Hu D, Yuan L, Lian Z, Yao X, Zhu Z, Nowotny N, Shi Y, Li X. Meclizine Inhibits Pseudorabies Virus Replication by Interfering With Virus Entry and Release. Front Microbiol 2022; 12:795593. [PMID: 35003025 PMCID: PMC8727530 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.795593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Pseudorabies virus (PRV) is a pathogen that causes substantial economic losses to the swine industry. With the emergence and widespread of PRV variants since 2011 in China, current commercial vaccines cannot provide complete protection against PRV infection. Therefore, antiviral drugs may work as an alternative way to control and prevent PRV. In this study, the inhibitory effects and underlying molecular mechanisms of meclizine against PRV were studied. Meclizine displayed a significant inhibitory effect against PRV when it was added before, simultaneously with, or after virus infection. The inhibitory effect of meclizine occurred during viral entry and cell-to-cell spreading but not at viral attachment into PK-15 cells. Meclizine also inhibited viral particle release at the late stage of infection. The antiviral effect of meclizine was tested in mice, and the results showed that meclizine reduced the severity of clinical symptoms and the viral loads in tissues, and delayed the death, after PRV challenge. The above results indicated that meclizine had an inhibitory effect on PRV. Our findings will contribute to the development of potential therapeutic drugs against PRV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panrao Liu
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Danhe Hu
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Lili Yuan
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Zhengmin Lian
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Xiaohui Yao
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Zhenbang Zhu
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Norbert Nowotny
- Viral Zoonoses, Emerging and Vector-Borne Infections Group, Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Yi Shi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiangdong Li
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
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40
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Yue L, Yi L, Fei T, MengWu T, Man L, LiQing W, YueLi Z, JiaLiang D, Hui B, JunYing H. Human Encephalitis Complicated With Ocular Symptoms Associated With Pseudorabies Virus Infection: A Case Report. Front Neurol 2022; 13:878007. [PMID: 35614923 PMCID: PMC9125146 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.878007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudorabies virus (PRV) is an alpha herpesvirus found in many wild and domestic animals, and causes neurological diseases in humans. Several cases of PRV-induced human encephalitis accompanied with severe visual impairment have been reported. There is currently no effective treatment for severe visual impairment caused by PRV. We report a case of PRV encephalitis with severe visual impairment. The diagnosis and treatment experience of this patient is summarized to improve the awareness of clinicians. We present a 42-year-old man with PRV infection who was admitted due to intermittent fever for 5 days and unconsciousness for 1 day. He subsequently developed severe visual impairment during hospital stay. Empirical antiviral treatment with ganciclovir and sodium foscarnet was started on the day of admission and continued for > 50 days, which had significant treatment effect. Eye complications caused by PRV infection have been frequently reported in patients with PRV encephalitis. In this patient, based on the patient's condition, antiviral therapy was initiated on admission day, and according to the results of the next-generation sequencing of the cerebrospinal fluid, the duration of antiviral therapy was prolonged, which improved treatment efficacy and alleviated neurological symptoms and eye vision damage. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report that describes partial restoration of acute vision loss associated with PRV infection after aggressive treatment. Our experience suggests that although prompt treatment cannot prevent the acute vision loss associated with PRV infection, timely anti-viral and anti-inflammatory treatment can alleviate ocular complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liu Yue
- Department of Neurology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Li Yi
- Department of Neurology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
- *Correspondence: Li Yi
| | - Tong Fei
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
- Tong Fei
| | - Tian MengWu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Li Man
- Department of Neurology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Wang LiQing
- Department of Neurology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Zou YueLi
- Department of Neurology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Duan JiaLiang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Bu Hui
- Department of Neurology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - He JunYing
- Department of Neurology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
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The Valproic Acid Derivative Valpromide Inhibits Pseudorabies Virus Infection in Swine Epithelial and Mouse Neuroblastoma Cell Lines. Viruses 2021; 13:v13122522. [PMID: 34960791 PMCID: PMC8708079 DOI: 10.3390/v13122522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudorabies virus (PRV) infection of swine can produce Aujeszky’s disease, which causes neurological, respiratory, and reproductive symptoms, leading to significant economic losses in the swine industry. Although humans are not the natural hosts of PRV, cases of human encephalitis and endophthalmitis caused by PRV infection have been reported between animals and workers. Currently, a lack of specific treatments and the emergence of new PRV strains against which existing vaccines do not protect makes the search for effective antiviral drugs essential. As an alternative to traditional nucleoside analogues such as acyclovir (ACV), we studied the antiviral effect of valpromide (VPD), a compound derived from valproic acid, against PRV infection in the PK15 swine cell line and the neuroblastoma cell line Neuro-2a. First, the cytotoxicity of ACV and VPD in cells was compared, demonstrating that neither compound was cytotoxic at a specific concentration range after 24 h exposure. Furthermore, the lack of direct virucidal effect of VPD outside of an infected cell environment was demonstrated. Finally, VPD was shown to have an antiviral effect on the viral production of two strains of pseudorabies virus (wild type NIA-3 and recombinant PRV-XGF) at the concentrations ranging from 0.5 to 1.5 mM, suggesting that VPD could be a suitable alternative to nucleoside analogues as an antiherpetic drug against Aujeszky’s disease.
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42
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Ying M, Hu X, Wang M, Cheng X, Zhao B, Tao Y. Vitritis and retinal vasculitis caused by pseudorabies virus. J Int Med Res 2021; 49:3000605211058990. [PMID: 34851760 PMCID: PMC8647242 DOI: 10.1177/03000605211058990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudorabies virus (PRV) is a herpesvirus of swine. PRV is also called suid herpesvirus 1
and is a member of the Alphaherpesvirinae subfamily within the family Herpesviridae. The
number of PRV cases worldwide is small, but in susceptible individuals, infection with
this virus has a poor prognosis. Therefore, it is urgent to improve our understanding of
this disease in clinical practice to avoid misdiagnosis and to identify optimal
treatments. We report a patient with PRV infection who was admitted to hospital with viral
encephalitis and subsequently developed intraocular infection. Because to the lack of
relevant clinical experience in the treatment of this disease, we carried out experimental
treatment with good therapeutic effect. This case provides a basis for clinical diagnosis
and treatment of patients with PRV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manman Ying
- Department of Ophthalmology, 12411Henan University, Huaihe Hospital, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Xin Hu
- Department of Ophthalmology, 12411Henan University, Huaihe Hospital, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Mengli Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, 12411Henan University, Huaihe Hospital, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Xiangshu Cheng
- Department of Neurology, 12411Henan University, Huaihe Hospital, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Bo Zhao
- Department of Ophthalmology, 12411Henan University, Huaihe Hospital, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Yong Tao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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First Isolation and Molecular Characterization of Pseudorabies Virus in a Hunting Dog in Sicily (Southern Italy). Vet Sci 2021; 8:vetsci8120296. [PMID: 34941823 PMCID: PMC8706632 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci8120296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Pseudorabies virus (PrV) is the etiological agent of Aujeszky's disease, a viral infection that causes neurological lethal illness in mammals other than swine. Herein, we describe the occurrence of PrV infection in a hunting dog that had been bitten by an infected wild boar in Sicily, reporting for the first time genetic and phylogenetic data on the virus strain isolated in a dog in this Italian region. The dog was referred for severe neurological signs, respiratory distress, and intense itch around the muzzle. Death occurred within 48 h to the onset of clinical signs. On gross examination, self-induced skin lesions to the head due to intense itching and diffuse cerebral congestion were observed, whereas mild, aspecific, nonsuppurative meningitis was histologically diagnosed. Diffuse PrV positivity in neurons of the brainstem was observed by immunohistochemistry. PrV DNA was isolated and amplified from olfactory bulbs by nested PCR, targeting the viral glycoprotein G gene, and the sequence obtained matched with sequences of PrV isolates from dogs and wild boar. Isolation of PrV in the dog herein analysed denotes the spread of the virus in wild boar populations in Sicily and provides a proof of direct interspecies transmission. Thus, there is an urgent need to increase our understanding of the epidemiology of the PrV infection in wildlife to provide tools to trace possible spill over into domestic pigs or other livestock.
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44
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Zhu Y, Liu W, Zhang C. G-Quadruplexes Formation at the Upstream Region of Replication Origin (OriL) of the Pseudorabies Virus: Implications for Antiviral Targets. Viruses 2021; 13:v13112219. [PMID: 34835025 PMCID: PMC8623188 DOI: 10.3390/v13112219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2021] [Revised: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudorabies virus (PRV) is the causative agent of Aujeszky's disease, which still causes large economic losses for the swine industry. Therefore, it is urgent to find a new strategy to prevent and control PRV infection. Previous studies have proven that guanine (G)-rich DNA or RNA sequences in some other viruses' genomes have the potential to form G-quadruplex (G4), which serve as promising antivirus targets. In this study, we identified two novel G4-forming sequences, OriL-A and OriL-S, which are located at the upstream origin of replication (OriL) in the PRV genome and conserved across 32 PRV strains. Circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy and a gel electrophoresis assay showed that the two G-rich sequences can fold into parallel G4 structures in vitro. Moreover, fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) melting and a Taq polymerase stop assay indicated that the G4 ligand PhenDC3 has the capacity to bind and stabilize the G4. Notably, the treatment of PRV-infected cells with G4-stabilizer PhenDC3 significantly inhibited PRV DNA replication in host cells but did not affect PRV's attachment and entry. These results not only expand our knowledge about the G4 characteristics in the PRV genome but also suggest that G4 may serve as an innovative therapeutic target against PRV.
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Abstract
Background Suid herpesvirus type 1 (SHV1) is a type of neurotropic virus able to infect various species. However, the clinical cases of human SHV1 encephalitis are still rarely reported, and the clinical characteristics, treatment, and prognosis of human SHV1 encephalitis are still unclear. Methods In this study, we reported 2 cases of human encephalitis associated with SHV1 infection and reviewed the other 18 cases from the literatures. A total of 20 cases with human SHV1 encephalitis were summarized and re-analyzed. Results Nineteen of 20 patients had a history of swine-related occupational exposure before illness onset. All patients initially presented with influenza-like symptoms and then developed seizures, disturbed consciousness, and endophthalmitis. All patients with clinical outcome of modified Rankin Scale of 5 or 6 suffered from rapid progressive respiratory failure. The results of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) indicated aseptic or viral infection. MRI findings of SHV1 encephalitis were prone to distribute in temporal-frontal and insular cortex, which was similar to the pattern of herpes simplex virus encephalitis, while some cases with involvements of gray matter nuclei had a high rate of mortality. Metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS) revealed that all patients had unique SHV1 sequences with variable reads in the CSF. Conclusions The variant SHV1 can cause a new type of human viral encephalitis, characterized by acute, fulminating, and catastrophic central nervous system infection. Rapid progressive respiratory failure and extensive lesions of deep gray matter nuclei might be indicators to poor prognosis. No approved treatments for the encephalitis are available, but it is possible to diagnose encephalitis quickly by mNGS. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10072-021-05633-0.
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Inhibition of PARP1 Dampens Pseudorabies Virus Infection through DNA Damage-Induced Antiviral Innate Immunity. J Virol 2021; 95:e0076021. [PMID: 34037418 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00760-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Pseudorabies virus (PRV) is the causative pathogen of Aujeszky's disease in pigs. Although vaccination is currently applied to prevent the morbidity of PRV infection, new applications are urgently needed to control this infectious disease. Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP1) functions in DNA damage repair. We report here that pharmacological and genetic inhibition of PARP1 significantly influenced PRV replication. Moreover, we demonstrate that inhibition of PARP1 induced DNA damage response and antiviral innate immunity. Mechanistically, PARP1 inhibition-induced DNA damage response resulted in the release of double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) into the cytosol, where dsDNA interacted with cyclic GMP-AMP (cGAMP) synthase (cGAS). cGAS subsequently catalyzed cGAMP production to activate the STING/TBK1/IRF3 innate immune signaling pathway. Furthermore, challenge of mice with PARP1 inhibitor stimulated antiviral innate immunity and protected mice from PRV infection in vivo. Our results demonstrate that PARP1 inhibitors may be used as a new strategy to prevent Aujeszky's disease in pigs. IMPORTANCE Aujeszky's disease is a notifiable infectious disease of pigs and causes economic losses worldwide in the pig industry. The causative pathogen is PRV, which is a member of the subfamily Alphaherpesvirinae of the family Herpesviridae. PRV has a wide range of hosts, such as ruminants, carnivores, and rodents. More seriously, recent reports suggest that PRV can cause human endophthalmitis and encephalitis, which indicates that PRV may be a potential zoonotic pathogen. Although vaccination is currently the major strategy used to control the disease, new applications are also urgently needed for the pig industry and public health. We report here that inhibition of PARP1 induces DNA damage-induced antiviral innate immunity through the cGAS-STING signaling pathway. Therefore, PARP1 is a therapeutic target for PRV infection as well as alphaherpesvirus infection.
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Hu R, Wang L, Liu Q, Hua L, Huang X, Zhang Y, Fan J, Chen H, Song W, Liang W, Ding N, Li Z, Ding Z, Tang X, Peng Z, Wu B. Whole-Genome Sequence Analysis of Pseudorabies Virus Clinical Isolates from Pigs in China between 2012 and 2017 in China. Viruses 2021; 13:v13071322. [PMID: 34372529 PMCID: PMC8310123 DOI: 10.3390/v13071322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2021] [Revised: 07/03/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Pseudorabies virus (PRV) is an economically significant swine infectious agent. A PRV outbreak took place in China in 2011 with novel virulent variants. Although the association of viral genomic variability with pathogenicity is not fully confirmed, the knowledge concerning PRV genomic diversity and evolution is still limited. Here, we sequenced 54 genomes of novel PRV variants isolated in China from 2012 to 2017. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that China strains and US/Europe strains were classified into two separate genotypes. PRV strains isolated from 2012 to 2017 in China are highly related to each other and genetically close to classic China strains such as Ea, Fa, and SC. RDP analysis revealed 23 recombination events within novel PRV variants, indicating that recombination contributes significantly to the viral evolution. The selection pressure analysis indicated that most ORFs were under evolutionary constraint, and 19 amino acid residue sites in 15 ORFs were identified under positive selection. Additionally, 37 unique mutations were identified in 19 ORFs, which distinguish the novel variants from classic strains. Overall, our study suggested that novel PRV variants might evolve from classical PRV strains through point mutation and recombination mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiming Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (R.H.); (Q.L.); (L.H.); (X.H.); (Y.Z.); (J.F.); (H.C.); (W.S.); (W.L.); (X.T.)
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China; (N.D.); (Z.D.)
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Animal Health, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Leyi Wang
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine and the Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61802, USA;
| | - Qingyun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (R.H.); (Q.L.); (L.H.); (X.H.); (Y.Z.); (J.F.); (H.C.); (W.S.); (W.L.); (X.T.)
| | - Lin Hua
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (R.H.); (Q.L.); (L.H.); (X.H.); (Y.Z.); (J.F.); (H.C.); (W.S.); (W.L.); (X.T.)
| | - Xi Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (R.H.); (Q.L.); (L.H.); (X.H.); (Y.Z.); (J.F.); (H.C.); (W.S.); (W.L.); (X.T.)
| | - Yue Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (R.H.); (Q.L.); (L.H.); (X.H.); (Y.Z.); (J.F.); (H.C.); (W.S.); (W.L.); (X.T.)
| | - Jie Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (R.H.); (Q.L.); (L.H.); (X.H.); (Y.Z.); (J.F.); (H.C.); (W.S.); (W.L.); (X.T.)
| | - Hongjian Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (R.H.); (Q.L.); (L.H.); (X.H.); (Y.Z.); (J.F.); (H.C.); (W.S.); (W.L.); (X.T.)
| | - Wenbo Song
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (R.H.); (Q.L.); (L.H.); (X.H.); (Y.Z.); (J.F.); (H.C.); (W.S.); (W.L.); (X.T.)
| | - Wan Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (R.H.); (Q.L.); (L.H.); (X.H.); (Y.Z.); (J.F.); (H.C.); (W.S.); (W.L.); (X.T.)
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control Agents for Animal Bacteriosis (Ministry of Agriculture), Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Institute, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Nengshui Ding
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China; (N.D.); (Z.D.)
- State Key Laboratory for Pig Genetic Improvement and Production Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
- State Key Laboratory of Food Safety Technology for Meat Products, Xiamen 360000, China
| | - Zuohua Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China;
| | - Zhen Ding
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China; (N.D.); (Z.D.)
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Animal Health, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Xibiao Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (R.H.); (Q.L.); (L.H.); (X.H.); (Y.Z.); (J.F.); (H.C.); (W.S.); (W.L.); (X.T.)
| | - Zhong Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (R.H.); (Q.L.); (L.H.); (X.H.); (Y.Z.); (J.F.); (H.C.); (W.S.); (W.L.); (X.T.)
- Correspondence: (Z.P.); (B.W.)
| | - Bin Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (R.H.); (Q.L.); (L.H.); (X.H.); (Y.Z.); (J.F.); (H.C.); (W.S.); (W.L.); (X.T.)
- Correspondence: (Z.P.); (B.W.)
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Inhibition of histone deacetylase 1 suppresses pseudorabies virus infection through cGAS-STING antiviral innate immunity. Mol Immunol 2021; 136:55-64. [PMID: 34087624 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2021.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Pseudorabies virus (PRV) is an enveloped double-stranded DNA virus that is the etiological agent of Aujeszky's disease in pigs. Vaccination is currently available to prevent PRV infection, but there is still an urgent need for new strategies to control this infectious disease. Histone deacetylases (HDACs) are epigenetic regulators that regulate the histone tail, chromatin conformation, protein-DNA interaction and even transcription. Viral transcription and protein activities are intimately linked to regulation by histone acetyltransferases and HDACs that remodel chromatin and regulate gene expression. We reported here that genetic and pharmacological inhibition of HDAC1 significantly influenced PRV replication. Moreover, we demonstrated that inhibition of HDAC1 induced a DNA damage response and antiviral innate immunity. Mechanistically, the HDAC1 inhibition-induced DNA damage response resulted in the release of double-strand DNA into the cytosol to activate cyclic GMP-AMP synthase and the downstream STING/TBK1/IRF3 innate immune signaling pathway. Our results demonstrate that an HDAC1 inhibitor may be used as a new strategy to prevent Aujeszky's disease in pigs.
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Liu Q, Wang X, Chen H, Yan R, Li W, Wang X. Reply to Kitaura and Okamoto. Clin Infect Dis 2021; 72:e693-e694. [PMID: 32909029 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciaa1363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Qingyun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Xiaojuan Wang
- Department of Neurology, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Huanchun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Ruoqian Yan
- Henan Centre for Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Neurology, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Xiangru Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
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Yao L, Hu Q, Chen S, Zhou T, Yu X, Ma H, H. Ghonaim A, Wu H, Sun Q, Fan S, He Q. Recombinant Pseudorabies Virus with TK/gE Gene Deletion and Flt3L Co-Expression Enhances the Innate and Adaptive Immune Response via Activating Dendritic Cells. Viruses 2021; 13:v13040691. [PMID: 33923590 PMCID: PMC8072707 DOI: 10.3390/v13040691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Owing to viral evolution and recombination, emerging pseudorabies virus (PRV) strains have caused unprecedented outbreaks in swine farms even when the pigs were previously vaccinated, which might indicate that traditional vaccines were unable to provide effective protection. The development of safe and efficacious vaccines presents prospects to minimize the clinical signs and eventually eradicate the infection. In this study, we used an emerging PRV strain, HNX, as the parental strain to construct a recombinant PRV with TK/gE gene deletion and Fms-related tyrosine kinase 3 ligand (Flt3L) expression, named HNX-TK−/gE−-Flt3L. HNX-TK−/gE−-Flt3L enhanced the maturation of bone marrow derived dendritic cells (DCs) in vitro. Significantly more activated DCs were detected in HNX-TK−/gE−-Flt3L-immunized mice compared with those immunized with HNX-TK−/gE−. Subsequently, a remarkable increase of neutralizing antibodies, gB-specific IgG antibodies, and interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) was observed in mice vaccinated with HNX-TK−/gE−-Flt3L. In addition, a lower mortality and less histopathological damage were observed in HNX-TK−/gE−-Flt3L vaccinated mice with upon PRV lethal challenge infection. Taken together, our results revealed the potential of Flt3L as an ideal adjuvant that can activate DCs and enhance protective immune responses and support the further evaluation of HNX-TK−/gE−-Flt3L as a promising PRV vaccine candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lun Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (L.Y.); (Q.H.); (S.C.); (T.Z.); (X.Y.); (H.M.); (A.H.G.); (H.W.); (Q.S.); (S.F.)
- The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430000, China
| | - Qiao Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (L.Y.); (Q.H.); (S.C.); (T.Z.); (X.Y.); (H.M.); (A.H.G.); (H.W.); (Q.S.); (S.F.)
- The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430000, China
| | - Siqi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (L.Y.); (Q.H.); (S.C.); (T.Z.); (X.Y.); (H.M.); (A.H.G.); (H.W.); (Q.S.); (S.F.)
| | - Tong Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (L.Y.); (Q.H.); (S.C.); (T.Z.); (X.Y.); (H.M.); (A.H.G.); (H.W.); (Q.S.); (S.F.)
| | - Xuexiang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (L.Y.); (Q.H.); (S.C.); (T.Z.); (X.Y.); (H.M.); (A.H.G.); (H.W.); (Q.S.); (S.F.)
- The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430000, China
| | - Hailong Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (L.Y.); (Q.H.); (S.C.); (T.Z.); (X.Y.); (H.M.); (A.H.G.); (H.W.); (Q.S.); (S.F.)
- The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430000, China
| | - Ahmed. H. Ghonaim
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (L.Y.); (Q.H.); (S.C.); (T.Z.); (X.Y.); (H.M.); (A.H.G.); (H.W.); (Q.S.); (S.F.)
- The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430000, China
- Desert Research Center, Cairo 11435, Egypt
| | - Hao Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (L.Y.); (Q.H.); (S.C.); (T.Z.); (X.Y.); (H.M.); (A.H.G.); (H.W.); (Q.S.); (S.F.)
- The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430000, China
| | - Qi Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (L.Y.); (Q.H.); (S.C.); (T.Z.); (X.Y.); (H.M.); (A.H.G.); (H.W.); (Q.S.); (S.F.)
- The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430000, China
| | - Shengxian Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (L.Y.); (Q.H.); (S.C.); (T.Z.); (X.Y.); (H.M.); (A.H.G.); (H.W.); (Q.S.); (S.F.)
- The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430000, China
| | - Qigai He
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (L.Y.); (Q.H.); (S.C.); (T.Z.); (X.Y.); (H.M.); (A.H.G.); (H.W.); (Q.S.); (S.F.)
- The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430000, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-27-8728-6974; Fax: +86-27-8728-7288
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