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Sargsian S, Mondragón-Palomino O, Lejeune A, Ercelen D, Jin WB, Varghese A, Lim YAL, Guo CJ, Loke P, Cadwell K. Functional characterization of helminth-associated Clostridiales reveals covariates of Treg differentiation. MICROBIOME 2024; 12:86. [PMID: 38730492 PMCID: PMC11084060 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-024-01793-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Parasitic helminths influence the composition of the gut microbiome. However, the microbiomes of individuals living in helminth-endemic regions are understudied. The Orang Asli, an indigenous population in Malaysia with high burdens of the helminth Trichuris trichiura, display microbiotas enriched in Clostridiales, an order of spore-forming obligate anaerobes with immunogenic properties. We previously isolated novel Clostridiales that were enriched in these individuals and found that a subset promoted the Trichuris life cycle. In this study, we aimed to further characterize the functional properties of these bacteria. RESULTS Clostridiales isolates were profiled for their ability to perform 57 enzymatic reactions and produce short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and hydrogen sulfide, revealing that these bacteria were capable of a range of activities associated with metabolism and host response. Consistent with this finding, monocolonization of mice with individual isolates identified bacteria that were potent inducers of regulatory T-cell (Treg) differentiation in the colon. Comparisons between variables revealed by these studies identified enzymatic properties correlated with Treg induction and Trichuris egg hatching. CONCLUSION We identified Clostridiales species that are sufficient to induce high levels of Tregs. We also identified a set of metabolic activities linked with Treg differentiation and Trichuris egg hatching mediated by these newly isolated bacteria. Altogether, this study provides functional insights into the microbiotas of individuals residing in a helminth-endemic region. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shushan Sargsian
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Octavio Mondragón-Palomino
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Alannah Lejeune
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Defne Ercelen
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Wen-Bing Jin
- Weill Cornell Medicine, Jill Roberts Institute for Research in Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Cornell University, New York, NY, 10021, USA
| | - Alan Varghese
- Department of Cell Biology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Yvonne A L Lim
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, 50603, Malaysia
| | - Chun-Jun Guo
- Weill Cornell Medicine, Jill Roberts Institute for Research in Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Cornell University, New York, NY, 10021, USA
| | - P'ng Loke
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
| | - Ken Cadwell
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
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2
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Zeng MH, Li S, Lv QB, Wang XX, Qadeer A, Mahmoud MH. Modulation of the rat intestinal microbiota in the course of Anisakis pegreffii infection. Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1403920. [PMID: 38784661 PMCID: PMC11111928 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1403920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Anisakis are globally distributed, marine parasitic nematodes that can cause human health problems, including symptoms such as vomiting, acute diarrhea, and allergic reactions. As parasitic nematodes that primarily affect the patient's digestive tract, intestinal helminths can interact directly with the host microbiota through physical contact, chemicals, or nutrient competition. It is widely accepted that the host microbiota plays a crucial role in the regulation of immunity. Materials and methods Nematodes collected from the abdominal cavity of marine fish were identified by molecular biology and live worms were artificially infected in rats. Infection was determined by indirect ELISA based on rat serum and worm extraction. Feces were collected for 16S rDNA-based analysis of microbiota diversity. Results Molecular biology identification based on ITS sequences identified the collected nematodes as A. pegreffii. The success of the artificial infection was determined by indirect ELISA based on serum and worm extraction from artificially infected rats. Microbiota diversity analysis showed that a total of 773 ASVs were generated, and PCoA showed that the infected group was differentiated from the control group. The control group contained five characterized genera (Prevotellaceae NK3B31 group, Turicibacter, Clostridium sensu stricto 1, Candidatus Stoquefichus, Lachnospira) and the infected group contained nine characterized genera (Rodentibacter, Christensenella, Dubosiella, Streptococcus, Anaeroplasma, Lactococcus, Papillibacter, Desulfovibrio, Roseburia). Based on the Wilcoxon test, four processes were found to be significant: bacterial secretion system, bacterial invasion of epithelial cells, bacterial chemotaxis, and ABC transporters. Conclusion This study is the first to analyze the diversity of the intestinal microbiota of rats infected with A. pegreffii and to determine the damage and regulation of metabolism and immunity caused by the infection in the rat gut. The findings provide a basis for further research on host-helminth-microbe correlationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-hao Zeng
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Shan Li
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Cell Precision Therapy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Jiujiang University, Jiujiang, China
| | - Qing-bo Lv
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xiao-xu Wang
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Abdul Qadeer
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Mohamed H. Mahmoud
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Sikder S, Pierce D, Sarkar ER, McHugh C, Quinlan KGR, Giacomin P, Loukas A. Regulation of host metabolic health by parasitic helminths. Trends Parasitol 2024; 40:386-400. [PMID: 38609741 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2024.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Revised: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
Obesity is a worldwide pandemic and major risk factor for the development of metabolic syndrome (MetS) and type 2 diabetes (T2D). T2D requires lifelong medical support to limit complications and is defined by impaired glucose tolerance, insulin resistance (IR), and chronic low-level systemic inflammation initiating from adipose tissue. The current preventative strategies include a healthy diet, controlled physical activity, and medication targeting hyperglycemia, with underexplored underlying inflammation. Studies suggest a protective role for helminth infection in the prevention of T2D. The mechanisms may involve induction of modified type 2 and regulatory immune responses that suppress inflammation and promote insulin sensitivity. In this review, the roles of helminths in counteracting MetS, and prospects for harnessing these protective mechanisms for the development of novel anti-diabetes drugs are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suchandan Sikder
- Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland 4878, Australia.
| | - Doris Pierce
- Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland 4878, Australia
| | - Eti R Sarkar
- Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland 4878, Australia; College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland 4878, Australia
| | - Connor McHugh
- Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland 4878, Australia; College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland 4878, Australia
| | - Kate G R Quinlan
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, 2052, Australia
| | - Paul Giacomin
- Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland 4878, Australia; Macrobiome Therapeutics Pty Ltd, Cairns, Queensland 4878, Australia
| | - Alex Loukas
- Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland 4878, Australia; Macrobiome Therapeutics Pty Ltd, Cairns, Queensland 4878, Australia
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4
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Fernandes KA, Lim AI. Maternal-driven immune education in offspring. Immunol Rev 2024; 323:288-302. [PMID: 38445769 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
Maternal environmental exposures, particularly during gestation and lactation, significantly influence the immunological development and long-term immunity of offspring. Mammalian immune systems develop through crucial inputs from the environment, beginning in utero and continuing after birth. These critical developmental windows are essential for proper immune system development and, once closed, may not be reopened. This review focuses on the mechanisms by which maternal exposures, particularly to pathogens, diet, and microbiota, impact offspring immunity. Mechanisms driving maternal-offspring immune crosstalk include transfer of maternal antibodies, changes in the maternal microbiome and microbiota-derived metabolites, and transfer of immune cells and cytokines via the placenta and breastfeeding. We further discuss the role of transient maternal infections, which are common during pregnancy, in providing tissue-specific immune education to offspring. We propose a "maternal-driven immune education" hypothesis, which suggests that offspring can use maternal encounters that occur during a critical developmental window to develop optimal immune fitness against infection and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ai Ing Lim
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
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Song X, Liang J, Lin S, Xie Y, Ke C, Ao D, Lu J, Chen X, He Y, Liu X, Li W. Gut-lung axis and asthma: A historical review on mechanism and future perspective. Clin Transl Allergy 2024; 14:e12356. [PMID: 38687096 PMCID: PMC11060082 DOI: 10.1002/clt2.12356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 03/24/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gut microbiota are closely related to the development and regulation of the host immune system by regulating the maturation of immune cells and the resistance to pathogens, which affects the host immunity. Early use of antibiotics disrupts the homeostasis of gut microbiota and increases the risk of asthma. Gut microbiota actively interact with the host immune system via the gut-lung axis, a bidirectional communication pathway between the gut and lung. The manipulation of gut microbiota through probiotics, helminth therapy, and fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) to combat asthma has become a hot research topic. BODY: This review mainly describes the current immune pathogenesis of asthma, gut microbiota and the role of the gut-lung axis in asthma. Moreover, the potential of manipulating the gut microbiota and its metabolites as a treatment strategy for asthma has been discussed. CONCLUSION The gut-lung axis has a bidirectional effect on asthma. Gut microecology imbalance contributes to asthma through bacterial structural components and metabolites. Asthma, in turn, can also cause intestinal damage through inflammation throughout the body. The manipulation of gut microbiota through probiotics, helminth therapy, and FMT can inform the treatment strategies for asthma by regulating the maturation of immune cells and the resistance to pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiu‐Ling Song
- Department of PediatricsAffiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical UniversityZhanjiangChina
| | - Juan Liang
- Department of PediatricsAffiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical UniversityZhanjiangChina
| | - Shao‐Zhu Lin
- Department of PediatricsAffiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical UniversityZhanjiangChina
| | - Yu‐Wei Xie
- Department of PediatricsAffiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical UniversityZhanjiangChina
| | - Chuang‐Hong Ke
- Department of PediatricsAffiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical UniversityZhanjiangChina
| | - Dang Ao
- Department of PediatricsAffiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical UniversityZhanjiangChina
| | - Jun Lu
- Department of PediatricsAffiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical UniversityZhanjiangChina
| | - Xue‐Mei Chen
- Department of PediatricsAffiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical UniversityZhanjiangChina
| | - Ying‐Zhi He
- Department of PediatricsAffiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical UniversityZhanjiangChina
| | - Xiao‐Hua Liu
- Department of PediatricsAffiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical UniversityZhanjiangChina
| | - Wen Li
- Department of PediatricsAffiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical UniversityZhanjiangChina
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6
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Mules TC, Tang JS, Vacca F, Yumnam B, Schmidt A, Lavender B, Maclean K, Noble SL, Waugh C, van Ginkel R, Camberis M, Le Gros G, Inns S. Modulation of intestinal epithelial permeability by chronic small intestinal helminth infections. Immunol Cell Biol 2024; 102:396-406. [PMID: 38648862 DOI: 10.1111/imcb.12749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2023] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Increased permeability of the intestinal epithelial layer is linked to the pathogenesis and perpetuation of a wide range of intestinal and extra-intestinal diseases. Infecting humans with controlled doses of helminths, such as human hookworm (termed hookworm therapy), is proposed as a treatment for many of the same diseases. Helminths induce immunoregulatory changes in their host which could decrease epithelial permeability, which is highlighted as a potential mechanism through which helminths treat disease. Despite this, the influence of a chronic helminth infection on epithelial permeability remains unclear. This study uses the chronically infecting intestinal helminth Heligmosomoides polygyrus to reveal alterations in the expression of intestinal tight junction proteins and epithelial permeability during the infection course. In the acute infection phase (1 week postinfection), an increase in intestinal epithelial permeability is observed. Consistent with this finding, jejunal claudin-2 is upregulated and tricellulin is downregulated. By contrast, in the chronic infection phase (6 weeks postinfection), colonic claudin-1 is upregulated and epithelial permeability decreases. Importantly, this study also investigates changes in epithelial permeability in a small human cohort experimentally challenged with the human hookworm, Necator americanus. It demonstrates a trend toward small intestinal permeability increasing in the acute infection phase (8 weeks postinfection), and colonic and whole gut permeability decreasing in the chronic infection phase (24 weeks postinfection), suggesting a conserved epithelial response between humans and mice. In summary, our findings demonstrate dynamic changes in epithelial permeability during a chronic helminth infection and provide another plausible mechanism by which chronic helminth infections could be utilized to treat disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas C Mules
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington, New Zealand
- University of Otago, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Jeffry S Tang
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington, New Zealand
- High-Value Nutrition National Science Challenge, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Francesco Vacca
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Bibek Yumnam
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Alfonso Schmidt
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington, New Zealand
| | | | - Kate Maclean
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington, New Zealand
| | | | | | | | - Mali Camberis
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Graham Le Gros
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Stephen Inns
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington, New Zealand
- University of Otago, Wellington, New Zealand
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7
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Perdijk O, Azzoni R, Marsland BJ. The microbiome: an integral player in immune homeostasis and inflammation in the respiratory tract. Physiol Rev 2024; 104:835-879. [PMID: 38059886 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00020.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The last decade of microbiome research has highlighted its fundamental role in systemic immune and metabolic homeostasis. The microbiome plays a prominent role during gestation and into early life, when maternal lifestyle factors shape immune development of the newborn. Breast milk further shapes gut colonization, supporting the development of tolerance to commensal bacteria and harmless antigens while preventing outgrowth of pathogens. Environmental microbial and lifestyle factors that disrupt this process can dysregulate immune homeostasis, predisposing infants to atopic disease and childhood asthma. In health, the low-biomass lung microbiome, together with inhaled environmental microbial constituents, establishes the immunological set point that is necessary to maintain pulmonary immune defense. However, in disease perturbations to immunological and physiological processes allow the upper respiratory tract to act as a reservoir of pathogenic bacteria, which can colonize the diseased lung and cause severe inflammation. Studying these host-microbe interactions in respiratory diseases holds great promise to stratify patients for suitable treatment regimens and biomarker discovery to predict disease progression. Preclinical studies show that commensal gut microbes are in a constant flux of cell division and death, releasing microbial constituents, metabolic by-products, and vesicles that shape the immune system and can protect against respiratory diseases. The next major advances may come from testing and utilizing these microbial factors for clinical benefit and exploiting the predictive power of the microbiome by employing multiomics analysis approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olaf Perdijk
- Department of Immunology, School of Translational Science, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Rossana Azzoni
- Department of Immunology, School of Translational Science, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Benjamin J Marsland
- Department of Immunology, School of Translational Science, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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8
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Xiao H, Fang LT, Tang AZ, Chen HL, Xu ML, Wei XS, Pang GD, Li CQ. Mycobacterium vaccae alleviates allergic airway inflammation and airway hyper-responsiveness in asthmatic mice by altering intestinal microbiota. Immunology 2024; 171:595-608. [PMID: 38205925 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Host immunity can influence the composition of the gut microbiota and consequently affect disease progression. Previously, we reported that a Mycobacterium vaccae vaccine could ameliorate allergic inflammation in asthmatic mice by regulating inflammatory immune processes. Here, we investigated the anti-inflammatory effects of M. vaccae on allergic asthma via gut microbiota modulation. An ovalbumin (OVA)-induced asthmatic murine model was established and treated with M. vaccae. Gut microbiota profiles were determined in 18 BALB/c mice using 16S rDNA gene sequencing and metabolomic profiling was performed using liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Mycobacterium vaccae alleviated airway hyper-reactivity and inflammatory infiltration in mice with OVA-induced allergic asthma. The microbiota of asthmatic mice is disrupted and that this can be reversed with M. vaccae. Additionally, a total of 24 differential metabolites were screened, and the abundance of PI(14:1(9Z)/18:0), a glycerophospholipid, was found to be correlated with macrophage numbers (r = 0.52, p = 0.039). These metabolites may affect chemokine (such as macrophage chemoattractant protein-1) concentrations in the serum, and ultimately affect pulmonary macrophage recruitment. Our data demonstrated that M. vaccae might alleviate airway inflammation and hyper-responsiveness in asthmatic mice by reversing imbalances in gut microbiota. These novel mechanistic insights are expected to pave the way for novel asthma therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Xiao
- Department of Emergency, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Li-Ting Fang
- Department of Emergency, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - An-Zhou Tang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Hong-Liu Chen
- Department of Emergency, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Mei-Li Xu
- Department of Emergency, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Xiao-Shua Wei
- Department of Emergency, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Guo-Dong Pang
- Department of Emergency, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Chao-Qian Li
- Department of Emergency, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
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9
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Wilson NG, Hernandez-Leyva A, Schwartz DJ, Bacharier LB, Kau AL. The gut metagenome harbors metabolic and antibiotic resistance signatures of moderate-to-severe asthma. FEMS MICROBES 2024; 5:xtae010. [PMID: 38560624 PMCID: PMC10981462 DOI: 10.1093/femsmc/xtae010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Asthma is a common allergic airway disease that has been associated with the development of the human microbiome early in life. Both the composition and function of the infant gut microbiota have been linked to asthma risk, but functional alterations in the gut microbiota of older patients with established asthma remain an important knowledge gap. Here, we performed whole metagenomic shotgun sequencing of 95 stool samples from a cross-sectional cohort of 59 healthy and 36 subjects with moderate-to-severe asthma to characterize the metagenomes of gut microbiota in adults and children 6 years and older. Mapping of functional orthologs revealed that asthma contributes to 2.9% of the variation in metagenomic content even when accounting for other important clinical demographics. Differential abundance analysis showed an enrichment of long-chain fatty acid (LCFA) metabolism pathways, which have been previously implicated in airway smooth muscle and immune responses in asthma. We also observed increased richness of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in people with asthma. Several differentially abundant ARGs in the asthma cohort encode resistance to macrolide antibiotics, which are often prescribed to patients with asthma. Lastly, we found that ARG and virulence factor (VF) richness in the microbiome were correlated in both cohorts. ARG and VF pairs co-occurred in both cohorts suggesting that virulence and antibiotic resistance traits are coselected and maintained in the fecal microbiota of people with asthma. Overall, our results show functional alterations via LCFA biosynthetic genes and increases in antibiotic resistance genes in the gut microbiota of subjects with moderate-to-severe asthma and could have implications for asthma management and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi G Wilson
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine and Center for Women’s Infectious Disease Research, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S Euclid Ave, St. Louis, MO 63110, United States
| | - Ariel Hernandez-Leyva
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine and Center for Women’s Infectious Disease Research, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S Euclid Ave, St. Louis, MO 63110, United States
| | - Drew J Schwartz
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics and Center for Women’s Infectious Disease Research, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S Euclid Ave, St. Louis, MO 63110, United States
| | - Leonard B Bacharier
- Division of Allergy, Immunology and Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Monroe Carell Jr Children’s Hospital at Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 2200 Children's Way, Nashville, TN 37232, United States
| | - Andrew L Kau
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine and Center for Women’s Infectious Disease Research, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S Euclid Ave, St. Louis, MO 63110, United States
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10
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Losol P, Wolska M, Wypych TP, Yao L, O'Mahony L, Sokolowska M. A cross talk between microbial metabolites and host immunity: Its relevance for allergic diseases. Clin Transl Allergy 2024; 14:e12339. [PMID: 38342758 PMCID: PMC10859320 DOI: 10.1002/clt2.12339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Revised: 01/07/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/13/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Allergic diseases, including respiratory and food allergies, as well as allergic skin conditions have surged in prevalence in recent decades. In allergic diseases, the gut microbiome is dysbiotic, with reduced diversity of beneficial bacteria and increased abundance of potential pathogens. Research findings suggest that the microbiome, which is highly influenced by environmental and dietary factors, plays a central role in the development, progression, and severity of allergic diseases. The microbiome generates metabolites, which can regulate many of the host's cellular metabolic processes and host immune responses. AIMS AND METHODS Our goal is to provide a narrative and comprehensive literature review of the mechanisms through which microbial metabolites regulate host immune function and immune metabolism both in homeostasis and in the context of allergic diseases. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION We describe key microbial metabolites such as short-chain fatty acids, amino acids, bile acids and polyamines, elucidating their mechanisms of action, cellular targets and their roles in regulating metabolism within innate and adaptive immune cells. Furthermore, we characterize the role of bacterial metabolites in the pathogenesis of allergic diseases including allergic asthma, atopic dermatitis and food allergy. CONCLUSION Future research efforts should focus on investigating the physiological functions of microbiota-derived metabolites to help develop new diagnostic and therapeutic interventions for allergic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Purevsuren Losol
- Department of Internal MedicineSeoul National University Bundang HospitalSeongnamKorea
- Department of Molecular Biology and GeneticsSchool of BiomedicineMongolian National University of Medical SciencesUlaanbaatarMongolia
| | - Magdalena Wolska
- Laboratory of Host‐Microbiota InteractionsNencki Institute of Experimental BiologyPolish Academy of SciencesWarsawPoland
| | - Tomasz P. Wypych
- Laboratory of Host‐Microbiota InteractionsNencki Institute of Experimental BiologyPolish Academy of SciencesWarsawPoland
| | - Lu Yao
- APC Microbiome IrelandUniversity College CorkCorkIreland
- Department of MedicineUniversity College CorkCorkIreland
- School of MicrobiologyUniversity College CorkCorkIreland
| | - Liam O'Mahony
- APC Microbiome IrelandUniversity College CorkCorkIreland
- Department of MedicineUniversity College CorkCorkIreland
- School of MicrobiologyUniversity College CorkCorkIreland
| | - Milena Sokolowska
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF)University of ZurichDavosSwitzerland
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11
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Russo E, Bellando-Randone S, Carboni D, Fioretto BS, Romano E, Baldi S, El Aoufy K, Ramazzotti M, Rosa I, Lepri G, Di Gloria L, Pallecchi M, Bruni C, Melchiorre D, Guiducci S, Manetti M, Bartolucci GL, Matucci-Cerinic M, Amedei A. The differential crosstalk of the skin-gut microbiome axis as a new emerging actor in systemic sclerosis. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2024; 63:226-234. [PMID: 37154625 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/kead208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Revised: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 04/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We characterized the microbiota in SSc, focusing on the skin-oral-gut axis and the serum and faecal free fatty acid (FFA) profile. METHODS Twenty-five SSc patients with ACA or anti-Scl70 autoantibodies were enrolled. The microbiota of faecal, saliva and superficial epidermal samples was assessed through next-generation sequencing analysis. GC-MS was used to quantify faecal and serum FFAs. Gastrointestinal symptoms were investigated with the University of California Los Angeles Scleroderma Clinical Trial Consortium Gastrointestinal Tract Instrument (UCLA GIT-2.0) questionnaire. RESULTS The ACA+ and anti-Scl70+ groups displayed different cutaneous and faecal microbiota profiles. The classes of cutaneous Sphingobacteriia and Alphaproteobacteria, the faecal phylum Lentisphaerae, the levels of the classes Lentisphaeria and Opitutae, and the genus NA-Acidaminococcaceae were significantly higher in faecal samples from the ACA+ patients than in samples from the anti-Scl70+ patients. The cutaneous Sphingobacteria and the faecal Lentisphaerae were significantly correlated (rho = 0.42; P = 0.03). A significant increase in faecal propionic acid was observed in ACA+ patients. Moreover, all levels of faecal medium-chain FFAs and hexanoic acids were significantly higher in the ACA+ group than in the anti-Scl70+ group (P < 0.05 and P < 0.001, respectively). In the ACA+ group, the analysis of the serum FFA levels showed an increasing trend in valeric acid. CONCLUSION Different microbiota signatures and FFA profiles were found for the two groups of patients. Despite being in different body districts, the cutaneous Sphingobacteria and faecal Lentisphaerae appear interdependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edda Russo
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Silvia Bellando-Randone
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
- Division of Rheumatology, Scleroderma Unit, AOU Careggi, Florence, Italy
| | - Davide Carboni
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
- Division of Rheumatology, Scleroderma Unit, AOU Careggi, Florence, Italy
| | | | - Eloisa Romano
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Simone Baldi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Khadija El Aoufy
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Matteo Ramazzotti
- Department of Biomedical, Experimental and Clinical Science "Mario Serio", University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Irene Rosa
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Gemma Lepri
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
- Division of Rheumatology, Scleroderma Unit, AOU Careggi, Florence, Italy
| | - Leandro Di Gloria
- Department of Biomedical, Experimental and Clinical Science "Mario Serio", University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Marco Pallecchi
- Department of Neurosciences, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health, Section of Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Cosimo Bruni
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
- Division of Rheumatology, Scleroderma Unit, AOU Careggi, Florence, Italy
- Rheumatology, University Hospital of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Daniela Melchiorre
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Serena Guiducci
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Mirko Manetti
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Gian Luca Bartolucci
- Department of Neurosciences, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health, Section of Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Marco Matucci-Cerinic
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
- Division of Rheumatology, Scleroderma Unit, AOU Careggi, Florence, Italy
- Unit of Immunology, Rheumatology, Allergy and Rare Diseases, San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Amedeo Amedei
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
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Sun XM, Hao CY, Wu AQ, Luo ZN, El-Ashram S, Alouffi A, Gu Y, Liu S, Huang JJ, Zhu XP. Trichinella spiralis -induced immunomodulation signatures on gut microbiota and metabolic pathways in mice. PLoS Pathog 2024; 20:e1011893. [PMID: 38166140 PMCID: PMC10786400 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/04/2024] Open
Abstract
The hygiene hypothesis proposes that decreased exposure to infectious agents in developed countries may contribute to the development of allergic and autoimmune diseases. Trichinella spiralis, a parasitic roundworm, causes trichinellosis, also known as trichinosis, in humans. T. spiralis had many hosts, and almost any mammal could become infected. Adult worms lived in the small intestine, while the larvae lived in muscle cells of the same mammal. T. spiralis was a significant public health threat because it could cause severe illness and even death in humans who eat undercooked or raw meat containing the parasite. The complex interactions between gastrointestinal helminths, gut microbiota, and the host immune system present a challenge for researchers. Two groups of mice were infected with T. spiralis vs uninfected control, and the experiment was conducted over 60 days. The 16S rRNA gene sequences and untargeted LC/MS-based metabolomics of fecal and serum samples, respectively, from different stages of development of the Trichinella spiralis-mouse model, were examined in this study. Gut microbiota alterations and metabolic activity accompanied by parasite-induced immunomodulation were detected. The inflammation parameters of the duodenum (villus/crypt ratio, goblet cell number and size, and histological score) were involved in active inflammation and oxidative metabolite profiles. These profiles included increased biosynthesis of phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan while decreasing cholesterol metabolism and primary and secondary bile acid biosynthesis. These disrupted metabolisms adapted to infection stress during the enteral and parenteral phases and then return to homeostasis during the encapsulated phase. There was a shift from an abundance of Bacteroides in the parenteral phase to an abundance of probiotic Lactobacillus and Treg-associated-Clostridia in the encapsulated phase. Th2 immune response (IL-4/IL-5/IL-13), lamina propria Treg, and immune hyporesponsiveness metabolic pathways (decreased tropane, piperidine and pyridine alkaloid biosynthesis and biosynthesis of alkaloids derived from ornithine, lysine, and nicotinic acid) were all altered. These findings enhanced our understanding of gut microbiota and metabolic profiles of Trichinella -infected mice, which could be a driving force in parasite-shaping immune system maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi-Meng Sun
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Chun-Yue Hao
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - An-Qi Wu
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Ze-Ni Luo
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Saeed El-Ashram
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr El-Sheikh, Egypt
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, Guangdong province, China
| | - Abdulaziz Alouffi
- King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yuan Gu
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Sha Liu
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jing-Jing Huang
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xin-Ping Zhu
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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13
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Sereti I, Verburgh ML, Gifford J, Lo A, Boyd A, Verheij E, Verhoeven A, Wit FWNM, Schim van der Loeff MF, Giera M, Kootstra NA, Reiss P, Vujkovic-Cvijin I. Impaired gut microbiota-mediated short-chain fatty acid production precedes morbidity and mortality in people with HIV. Cell Rep 2023; 42:113336. [PMID: 37918403 PMCID: PMC10872975 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.113336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Antiretroviral therapy (ART) has dramatically lengthened lifespan among people with HIV (PWH), but this population experiences heightened rates of inflammation-related comorbidities. HIV-associated inflammation is linked with an altered microbiome; whether such alterations precede inflammation-related comorbidities or occur as their consequence remains unknown. We find that ART-treated PWH exhibit depletion of gut-resident bacteria that produce short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs)-crucial microbial metabolites with anti-inflammatory properties. Prior reports establish that fecal SCFA concentrations are not depleted in PWH. We find that gut-microbiota-mediated SCFA production capacity is better reflected in serum than in feces and that PWH exhibit reduced serum SCFA, which associates with inflammatory markers. Leveraging stool and serum samples collected prior to comorbidity onset, we find that HIV-specific microbiome alterations precede morbidity and mortality in ART-treated PWH. Among these microbiome alterations, reduced microbiome-mediated conversion of lactate to propionate precedes mortality in PWH. Thus, gut microbial fiber/lactate conversion to SCFAs may modulate HIV-associated comorbidity risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irini Sereti
- HIV Pathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Immunoregulation, NIAID/NIH, Rockville, MD, USA; Amsterdam Institute for Global Health and Development, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Myrthe L Verburgh
- Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Infectious Diseases, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam Institute for Global Health and Development, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jacob Gifford
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Karsh Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA; F. Widjaja Inflammatory Bowel Disease Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Alice Lo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Karsh Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA; F. Widjaja Inflammatory Bowel Disease Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Anders Boyd
- Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Infectious Diseases, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; HIV Monitoring Foundation, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Public Health Service of Amsterdam, Infectious Diseases, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Eveline Verheij
- Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Infectious Diseases, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam Institute for Global Health and Development, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Aswin Verhoeven
- Leiden University Medical Center, Center for Proteomics & Metabolomics, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Ferdinand W N M Wit
- Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Infectious Diseases, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; HIV Monitoring Foundation, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Maarten F Schim van der Loeff
- Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Infectious Diseases, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Public Health Service of Amsterdam, Infectious Diseases, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Martin Giera
- Leiden University Medical Center, Center for Proteomics & Metabolomics, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Neeltje A Kootstra
- Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Peter Reiss
- Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Infectious Diseases, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam Institute for Global Health and Development, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Department of Global Health, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Ivan Vujkovic-Cvijin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Karsh Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA; F. Widjaja Inflammatory Bowel Disease Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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14
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Wan T, Wang Y, He K, Zhu S. Microbial sensing in the intestine. Protein Cell 2023; 14:824-860. [PMID: 37191444 PMCID: PMC10636641 DOI: 10.1093/procel/pwad028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiota plays a key role in host health and disease, particularly through their interactions with the immune system. Intestinal homeostasis is dependent on the symbiotic relationships between the host and the diverse gut microbiota, which is influenced by the highly co-evolved immune-microbiota interactions. The first step of the interaction between the host and the gut microbiota is the sensing of the gut microbes by the host immune system. In this review, we describe the cells of the host immune system and the proteins that sense the components and metabolites of the gut microbes. We further highlight the essential roles of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), the G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) and the nuclear receptors expressed in the intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) and the intestine-resident immune cells. We also discuss the mechanisms by which the disruption of microbial sensing because of genetic or environmental factors causes human diseases such as the inflammatory bowel disease (IBD).
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Wan
- Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, Institute of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
| | - Yalong Wang
- Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, Institute of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
| | - Kaixin He
- Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, Institute of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
| | - Shu Zhu
- Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, Institute of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
- Department of Digestive Disease, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230001, China
- Institute of Health and Medicine, Hefei Comprehensive National Science Center, Hefei 230601, China
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15
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Huang MT, Chiu CJ, Tsai CY, Lee YR, Liu WL, Chuang HL, Huang MT. Short-chain fatty acids ameliorate allergic airway inflammation via sequential induction of PMN-MDSCs and Treg cells. THE JOURNAL OF ALLERGY AND CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY. GLOBAL 2023; 2:100163. [PMID: 37781663 PMCID: PMC10509984 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacig.2023.100163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
Background Reinforcement of the immune-regulatory pathway is a feasible strategy for prevention and therapy of allergic asthma. The short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) acetate, propionate, and butyrate are pleiotropic microbial fermentation products known to induce regulatory T (Treg) cells and exert an immune-regulatory effect. The cellular mechanism underlying SCFA immune regulation in asthma is not fully understood. Objective We investigated the role of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) and Treg cells, the immune-regulatory cells of innate and adaptive origin, respectively, in SCFA-elicited protection against allergic airway inflammation. Methods BALB/c mice were given SCFA-containing drinking water before being rendered asthmatic in response to ovalbumen. When indicated, mice were given a GR1-depleting antibody to investigate the function of MDSCs in allergic inflammation of the airways. MDSCs were sorted to examine their immunosuppressive function and interaction with T cells. Results The mice receiving SCFAs developed less severe asthma that was accompanied by expansion of PMN-MDSCs and Treg cells. Mice depleted of PMN-MDSCs exhibited aggravated asthma, and the protective effect of SCFAs was abrogated after PMN-MDSC depletion. SCFAs were able to directly induce T-cell differentiation toward Treg cells. Additionally, we found that PMN-MDSCs enhanced Treg cell expansion in a cell contact-dependent manner. Whilst membrane-bound TGF-β has been shown to induce Treg cell differentiation, we found that MDSCs upregulated surface expression of TGF-β after coculture with T-cells and that MDSC-induced Treg cell differentiation was partially inhibited by TGF-β blockage. Conclusions Although previous studies revealed Treg cells as the effector mechanism of SCFA immune regulation, we found that SCFAs ameliorate allergic airway inflammation by relaying immune regulation, with sequential induction of PMN-MDSCs and Treg cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Ting Huang
- Department of Medical Research, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chiao-Juno Chiu
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Yi Tsai
- Department of Medical Research, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yue-Ru Lee
- Department of Medical Research, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Liang Liu
- National Mosquito-Borne Diseases Control Research Center, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Hsiao-Li Chuang
- National Applied Research Laboratories, National Laboratory Animal Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Miao-Tzu Huang
- Department of Medical Research, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Pediatrics, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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16
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Mules TC, Inns S, Le Gros G. Helminths' therapeutic potential to treat intestinal barrier dysfunction. Allergy 2023; 78:2892-2905. [PMID: 37449458 DOI: 10.1111/all.15812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/02/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
The intestinal barrier is a dynamic multi-layered structure which can adapt to environmental changes within the intestinal lumen. It has the complex task of allowing nutrient absorption while limiting entry of harmful microbes and microbial antigens present in the intestinal lumen. Excessive entry of microbial antigens via microbial translocation due to 'intestinal barrier dysfunction' is hypothesised to contribute to the increasing incidence of allergic, autoimmune and metabolic diseases, a concept referred to as the 'epithelial barrier theory'. Helminths reside in the intestinal tract are in intimate contact with the mucosal surfaces and induce a range of local immunological changes which affect the layers of the intestinal barrier. Helminths are proposed to prevent, or even treat, many of the diseases implicated in the epithelial barrier theory. This review will focus on the effect of helminths on intestinal barrier function and explore whether this could explain the proposed health benefits delivered by helminths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas C Mules
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington, New Zealand
- University of Otago, Wellington, New Zealand
| | | | - Graham Le Gros
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington, New Zealand
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17
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Liu Y, Liu J, Du M, Yang H, Shi R, Shi Y, Zhang S, Zhao Y, Lan J. Short-chain fatty acid - A critical interfering factor for allergic diseases. Chem Biol Interact 2023; 385:110739. [PMID: 37805176 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2023.110739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/09/2023]
Abstract
Allergy is a growing global public health problem with a high socio-economic impact. The incidence of allergic diseases is increasing year by year, which has attracted more and more attention. In recent years, a number of epidemiological investigations and gut microbiota studies have shown that gut microbiota dysbiosis is associated with an increased prevalence of various allergic diseases, such as food allergy, asthma, allergic rhinitis, and atopic dermatitis. However, the underlying mechanisms are complex and have not been fully clarified. Metabolites are one of the main ways in which the gut microbiota functions. Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) are the main metabolites of intestinal flora fermentation and are beneficial to human health. Studies have shown that SCFAs play an important role in maintaining intestinal homeostasis and regulating immune responses by recognizing receptors and inhibiting histone deacetylases, and are key molecules involved in the occurrence and development of allergic diseases. In addition, research on the regulation of gut microbiota and the application of SCFAs in the treatment of allergic diseases is also emerging. This article reviews the clinical and experimental evidence on the correlation between SCFAs and allergic diseases and the potential mechanisms by which SCFAs regulate allergic diseases. Furthermore, SCFAs as therapeutic targets for allergic diseases are also summarized and prospected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Liu
- Department of Implantology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University & Shandong Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Jin Liu
- Department of Implantology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University & Shandong Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Mi Du
- Department of Implantology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University & Shandong Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Hu Yang
- Department of Implantology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University & Shandong Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Ruiwen Shi
- Department of Implantology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University & Shandong Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Yilin Shi
- Department of Implantology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University & Shandong Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Shengben Zhang
- Department of Implantology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University & Shandong Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Yajun Zhao
- Department of Implantology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University & Shandong Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Jinan, 250012, China; Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province for Craniofacial Precision Medicine Research, College of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710004, China.
| | - Jing Lan
- Department of Implantology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University & Shandong Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Jinan, 250012, China.
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18
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Schmid AM, Razim A, Wysmołek M, Kerekes D, Haunstetter M, Kohl P, Brazhnikov G, Geissler N, Thaler M, Krčmářová E, Šindelář M, Weinmayer T, Hrdý J, Schmidt K, Nejsum P, Whitehead B, Palmfeldt J, Schild S, Inić-Kanada A, Wiedermann U, Schabussova I. Extracellular vesicles of the probiotic bacteria E. coli O83 activate innate immunity and prevent allergy in mice. Cell Commun Signal 2023; 21:297. [PMID: 37864211 PMCID: PMC10588034 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-023-01329-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND E. coli O83 (Colinfant Newborn) is a Gram-negative (G-) probiotic bacterium used in the clinic. When administered orally, it reduces allergic sensitisation but not allergic asthma. Intranasal administration offers a non-invasive and convenient delivery method. This route bypasses the gastrointestinal tract and provides direct access to the airways, which are the target of asthma prevention. G- bacteria such as E. coli O83 release outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) to communicate with the environment. Here we investigate whether intranasally administered E. coli O83 OMVs (EcO83-OMVs) can reduce allergic airway inflammation in mice. METHODS EcO83-OMVs were isolated by ultracentrifugation and characterised their number, morphology (shape and size), composition (proteins and lipopolysaccharide; LPS), recognition by innate receptors (using transfected HEK293 cells) and immunomodulatory potential (in naïve splenocytes and bone marrow-derived dendritic cells; BMDCs). Their allergy-preventive effect was investigated in a mouse model of ovalbumin-induced allergic airway inflammation. RESULTS EcO83-OMVs are spherical nanoparticles with a size of about 110 nm. They contain LPS and protein cargo. We identified a total of 1120 proteins, 136 of which were enriched in OMVs compared to parent bacteria. Proteins from the flagellum dominated. OMVs activated the pattern recognition receptors TLR2/4/5 as well as NOD1 and NOD2. EcO83-OMVs induced the production of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines in splenocytes and BMDCs. Intranasal administration of EcO83-OMVs inhibited airway hyperresponsiveness, and decreased airway eosinophilia, Th2 cytokine production and mucus secretion. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrate for the first time that intranasally administered OMVs from probiotic G- bacteria have an anti-allergic effect. Our study highlights the advantages of OMVs as a safe platform for the prophylactic treatment of allergy. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Marlene Schmid
- Institute of Specific Prophylaxis and Tropical Medicine, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Agnieszka Razim
- Institute of Specific Prophylaxis and Tropical Medicine, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090, Vienna, Austria
- Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Magdalena Wysmołek
- Institute of Specific Prophylaxis and Tropical Medicine, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Daniela Kerekes
- Institute of Specific Prophylaxis and Tropical Medicine, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Melissa Haunstetter
- Institute of Specific Prophylaxis and Tropical Medicine, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Paul Kohl
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Karl-Franzens-University, Graz, Austria
| | - Georgii Brazhnikov
- Institute of Specific Prophylaxis and Tropical Medicine, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Nora Geissler
- Institute of Specific Prophylaxis and Tropical Medicine, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Thaler
- Institute of Specific Prophylaxis and Tropical Medicine, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Eliška Krčmářová
- Institute of Immunology and Microbiology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Šindelář
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Tamara Weinmayer
- Institute of Specific Prophylaxis and Tropical Medicine, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jiří Hrdý
- Institute of Immunology and Microbiology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Katy Schmidt
- Core Facility for Cell Imaging and Ultrastructural Research, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Peter Nejsum
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Bradley Whitehead
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Johan Palmfeldt
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Stefan Schild
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Karl-Franzens-University, Graz, Austria
- BioTechMed, Graz, Austria
- Field of Excellence Biohealth - University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Aleksandra Inić-Kanada
- Institute of Specific Prophylaxis and Tropical Medicine, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ursula Wiedermann
- Institute of Specific Prophylaxis and Tropical Medicine, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Irma Schabussova
- Institute of Specific Prophylaxis and Tropical Medicine, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090, Vienna, Austria.
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19
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Wang J, Liu X, Sun R, Mao H, Liu M, Jin X. Akkermansia muciniphila participates in the host protection against helminth-induced cardiac fibrosis via TLR2. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011683. [PMID: 37788279 PMCID: PMC10547169 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Helminth Trichinella spiralis (Ts) is one of the major pathogens of human infective myocarditis that can lead to cardiac fibrosis (CF). The gut microbiota involved in this pathology are of interest. Here, we use mice infected with Ts as a model to examine the interactions between gut microbes and host protection to CF. Infected mice show enhanced CF severity. We find that antibiotics treatment to deplete the microbiota aggravates the disease phenotype. Attempts to restore microbiota using fecal microbiota transplantation ameliorates helminth-induced CF. 16S rRNA gene sequencing and metagenomics sequencing reveal a higher abundance of Akkermansia muciniphila in gut microbiomes of Ts-infected mice. Oral supplementation with alive or pasteurized A. muciniphila improves CF via TLR2. This work represents a substantial advance toward our understanding of causative rather than correlative relationships between the gut microbiota and CF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqi Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
- State Key Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xiaolei Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Ruohang Sun
- State Key Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Hanhai Mao
- State Key Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Mingyuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
| | - Xuemin Jin
- State Key Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
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20
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Ma J, Urgard E, Runge S, Classon CH, Mathä L, Stark JM, Cheng L, Álvarez JA, von Zedtwitz S, Baleviciute A, Martinez Hoyer S, Li M, Gernand AM, Osbelt L, Bielecka AA, Lesker TR, Huang HJ, Vrtala S, Boon L, Beyaert R, Adner M, Martinez Gonzalez I, Strowig T, Du J, Nylén S, Rosshart SP, Coquet JM. Laboratory mice with a wild microbiota generate strong allergic immune responses. Sci Immunol 2023; 8:eadf7702. [PMID: 37774008 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.adf7702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023]
Abstract
Allergic disorders are caused by a combination of hereditary and environmental factors. The hygiene hypothesis postulates that early-life microbial exposures impede the development of subsequent allergic disease. Recently developed "wildling" mice are genetically identical to standard laboratory specific pathogen-free (SPF) mice but are housed under seminatural conditions and have rich microbial exposures from birth. Thus, by comparing conventional SPF mice with wildlings, we can uncouple the impact of lifelong microbial exposures from genetic factors on the allergic immune response. We found that wildlings developed larger populations of antigen-experienced T cells than conventional SPF mice, which included interleukin-10-producing CD4 T cells specific for commensal Lactobacilli strains and allergy-promoting T helper 2 (TH2) cells. In models of airway exposure to house dust mite (HDM), recombinant interleukin-33, or Alternaria alternata, wildlings developed strong allergic inflammation, characterized by eosinophil recruitment, goblet cell metaplasia, and antigen-specific immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1) and IgE responses. Wildlings developed robust de novo TH2 cell responses to incoming allergens, whereas preexisting TH2 cells could also be recruited into the allergic immune response in a cytokine-driven and TCR-independent fashion. Thus, wildling mice, which experience diverse and lifelong microbial exposures, were not protected from developing pathological allergic immune responses. Instead, wildlings mounted robust allergic responses to incoming allergens, shedding new light on the hygiene hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjie Ma
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology (MTC), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Egon Urgard
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology (MTC), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Leo Foundation Skin Immunology Research Centre, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Solveig Runge
- Department of Microbiome Research, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Cajsa H Classon
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology (MTC), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Laura Mathä
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology (MTC), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Julian M Stark
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology (MTC), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Liqin Cheng
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology (MTC), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Javiera A Álvarez
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology (MTC), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Silvia von Zedtwitz
- Department of Medicine II, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Austeja Baleviciute
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology (MTC), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sergio Martinez Hoyer
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology (MTC), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Muzhen Li
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology (MTC), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anne Marleen Gernand
- Department of Medicine II, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Lisa Osbelt
- Department of Microbial Immune Regulation, Helmholtz Center for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Agata Anna Bielecka
- Department of Microbial Immune Regulation, Helmholtz Center for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Till R Lesker
- Department of Microbial Immune Regulation, Helmholtz Center for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Huey-Jy Huang
- Division of Immunopathology, Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology, and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Susanne Vrtala
- Division of Immunopathology, Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology, and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Rudi Beyaert
- VIB Centre for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Mikael Adner
- Institute of Environmental Medicine and Centre for Allergy Research, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Itziar Martinez Gonzalez
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology (MTC), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Till Strowig
- Department of Microbial Immune Regulation, Helmholtz Center for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
- Center for Individualized Infection Medicine (CiiM), a joint venture between the Helmholtz-Centre for Infection Research (HZI) and the Hannover Medical School (MHH), Hannover, Germany
| | - Juan Du
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology (MTC), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Susanne Nylén
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology (MTC), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Stephan P Rosshart
- Department of Microbiome Research, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
- Department of Medicine II, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jonathan M Coquet
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology (MTC), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Leo Foundation Skin Immunology Research Centre, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
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21
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Robertson A, Sall J, Venzon M, Olivas JJ, Zheng X, Cammer M, Antao N, Zhou C, Devlin JC, Saes Thur R, Bethony J, Nejsum P, Shopsin B, Torres VJ, Liang FX, Cadwell K. Bacterial contact induces polar plug disintegration to mediate whipworm egg hatching. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011647. [PMID: 37738244 PMCID: PMC10550136 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The bacterial microbiota promotes the life cycle of the intestine-dwelling whipworm Trichuris by mediating hatching of parasite eggs ingested by the mammalian host. Despite the enormous disease burden associated with Trichuris colonization, the mechanisms underlying this transkingdom interaction have been obscure. Here, we used a multiscale microscopy approach to define the structural events associated with bacteria-mediated hatching of eggs for the murine model parasite Trichuris muris. Through the combination of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and serial block face SEM (SBFSEM), we visualized the outer surface morphology of the shell and generated 3D structures of the egg and larva during the hatching process. These images revealed that exposure to hatching-inducing bacteria catalyzed asymmetric degradation of the polar plugs prior to exit by the larva. Unrelated bacteria induced similar loss of electron density and dissolution of the structural integrity of the plugs. Egg hatching was most efficient when high densities of bacteria were bound to the poles. Consistent with the ability of taxonomically distant bacteria to induce hatching, additional results suggest chitinase released from larva within the eggs degrade the plugs from the inside instead of enzymes produced by bacteria in the external environment. These findings define at ultrastructure resolution the evolutionary adaptation of a parasite for the microbe-rich environment of the mammalian gut.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amicha Robertson
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Joseph Sall
- Microscopy Laboratory, Division of Advanced Research Technologies, New York University Langone Health, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Cell Biology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York New York, United States of America
| | - Mericien Venzon
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Janet J. Olivas
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Xuhui Zheng
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Michael Cammer
- Microscopy Laboratory, Division of Advanced Research Technologies, New York University Langone Health, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Cell Biology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York New York, United States of America
| | - Noelle Antao
- Department of Cell Biology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York New York, United States of America
| | - Chunyi Zhou
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
- Antimicrobial-Resistant Pathogens Program, New York University Langone Health, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Joseph C. Devlin
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Rafaela Saes Thur
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, George Washington University, Washington DC, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey Bethony
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, George Washington University, Washington DC, United States of America
| | - Peter Nejsum
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Bo Shopsin
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
- Antimicrobial-Resistant Pathogens Program, New York University Langone Health, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Victor J. Torres
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
- Antimicrobial-Resistant Pathogens Program, New York University Langone Health, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Feng-Xia Liang
- Microscopy Laboratory, Division of Advanced Research Technologies, New York University Langone Health, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Cell Biology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York New York, United States of America
| | - Ken Cadwell
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
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22
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Garcia-Bonete MJ, Rajan A, Suriano F, Layunta E. The Underrated Gut Microbiota Helminths, Bacteriophages, Fungi, and Archaea. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:1765. [PMID: 37629622 PMCID: PMC10455619 DOI: 10.3390/life13081765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 08/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The microbiota inhabits the gastrointestinal tract, providing essential capacities to the host. The microbiota is a crucial factor in intestinal health and regulates intestinal physiology. However, microbiota disturbances, named dysbiosis, can disrupt intestinal homeostasis, leading to the development of diseases. Classically, the microbiota has been referred to as bacteria, though other organisms form this complex group, including viruses, archaea, and eukaryotes such as fungi and protozoa. This review aims to clarify the role of helminths, bacteriophages, fungi, and archaea in intestinal homeostasis and diseases, their interaction with bacteria, and their use as therapeutic targets in intestinal maladies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Jose Garcia-Bonete
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University of Gothenburg, SE-405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Anandi Rajan
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University of Gothenburg, SE-405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Francesco Suriano
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University of Gothenburg, SE-405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Elena Layunta
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University of Gothenburg, SE-405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón (IIS Aragón), 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
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23
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Beyhan YE, Yıldız MR. Microbiota and parasite relationship. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2023; 106:115954. [PMID: 37267741 DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2023.115954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The diversity of microbiota is different in each person. Many health problems such as autoimmune diseases, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and depression can be caused by microbiota imbalance. Since the parasite needs a host to survive, it interacts closely with the microbiota elements. Blastocystis acts on the inflammatory state of the intestine and may cause various gastrointestinal symptoms, on the contrary, it is more important for gut health because it causes bacterial diversity and richness. Blastocystis is associated with changes in gut microbiota composition, the ultimate indicator of which is the Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio. The Bifidobacterium genus was significantly reduced in IBS patients and Blastocystis, and there is a significant decrease in Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, which has anti-inflammatory properties in Blastocystis infection without IBS. Lactobacillus species reduce the presence of Giardia, and the produced bacteriocins prevent parasite adhesion. The presence of helminths has been strongly associated with the transition from Bacteroidetes to Firmicutes and Clostridia. Contrary to Ascaris, alpha diversity in the intestinal microbiota decreases in chronic Trichuris muris infection, and growth and nutrient metabolism efficiency can be suppressed. Helminth infections indirectly affect mood and behavior in children through their effects on microbiota change. The main and focus of this review is to address the relationship of parasites with microbiota elements and to review the data about what changes they cause. Microbiota studies have gained importance recently and it is thought that it will contribute to the treatment of many diseases as well as in the fight against parasitic diseases in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunus E Beyhan
- Department of Parasitology, Van Yüzüncü Yil University Faculty of Medicine, Van, Turkey.
| | - Muhammed R Yıldız
- Department of Parasitology, Van Yüzüncü Yil University Faculty of Medicine, Van, Turkey
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24
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Zhang Y, Hardy LC, Kapita CM, Hall JA, Arbeeva L, Campbell E, Urban JF, Belkaid Y, Nagler CR, Iweala OI. Intestinal Helminth Infection Impairs Oral and Parenteral Vaccine Efficacy. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2023; 211:389-402. [PMID: 37272847 PMCID: PMC10524302 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2300084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The impact of endemic parasitic infection on vaccine efficacy is an important consideration for vaccine development and deployment. We have examined whether intestinal infection with the natural murine helminth Heligmosomoides polygyrus bakeri alters Ag-specific Ab and cellular immune responses to oral and parenteral vaccination in mice. Oral vaccination of mice with a clinically relevant, live, attenuated, recombinant Salmonella vaccine expressing chicken egg OVA (Salmonella-OVA) induced the accumulation of activated, OVA-specific T effector cells rather than OVA-specific regulatory T cells in the GALT. Intestinal helminth infection significantly reduced Th1-skewed Ab responses to oral vaccination with Salmonella-OVA. Activated, adoptively transferred, OVA-specific CD4+ T cells accumulated in draining mesenteric lymph nodes of vaccinated mice, regardless of their helminth infection status. However, helminth infection increased the frequencies of adoptively transferred OVA-specific CD4+ T cells producing IL-4 and IL-10 in the mesenteric lymph node. Ab responses to the oral Salmonella-OVA vaccine were reduced in helminth-free mice adoptively transferred with OVA-specific CD4+ T cells harvested from mice with intestinal helminth infection. Intestinal helminth infection also significantly reduced Th2-skewed Ab responses to parenteral vaccination with OVA adsorbed to alum. These findings suggest that vaccine-specific CD4+ T cells induced in the context of helminth infection retain durable immunomodulatory properties and may promote blunted Ab responses to vaccination. They also underscore the potential need to treat parasitic infection before mass vaccination campaigns in helminth-endemic areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yugen Zhang
- Department of Medicine, Thurston Arthritis Research Center, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599
- Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina Food Allergy Initiative, Division of Allergy and Immunology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599
| | - LaKeya C. Hardy
- Department of Medicine, Thurston Arthritis Research Center, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599
- Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina Food Allergy Initiative, Division of Allergy and Immunology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599
| | - Camille M. Kapita
- Department of Medicine, Thurston Arthritis Research Center, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599
| | - Jason A. Hall
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases Microbiome Program and Metaorganism Immunity Section, Laboratory of Host Immunity and Microbiome, Center for Human Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Liubov Arbeeva
- Department of Medicine, Thurston Arthritis Research Center, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599
| | - Evelyn Campbell
- Biological Sciences Division, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637
| | - Joseph F. Urban
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory and Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Diet, Genomics, and Immunology Laboratory, 10300 Baltimore Avenue BLDG 307-C BARC-East, Beltsville, MD, 20705
| | - Yasmine Belkaid
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases Microbiome Program and Metaorganism Immunity Section, Laboratory of Host Immunity and Microbiome, Center for Human Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Cathryn R. Nagler
- Biological Sciences Division, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Disease, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA 02129
| | - Onyinye I. Iweala
- Department of Medicine, Thurston Arthritis Research Center, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599
- Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina Food Allergy Initiative, Division of Allergy and Immunology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Disease, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA 02129
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25
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Matsunaga T, Sano H, Takita K, Morita M, Yamanaka S, Ichikawa T, Numakura T, Ida T, Jung M, Ogata S, Yoon S, Fujino N, Kyogoku Y, Sasaki Y, Koarai A, Tamada T, Toyama A, Nakabayashi T, Kageyama L, Kyuwa S, Inaba K, Watanabe S, Nagy P, Sawa T, Oshiumi H, Ichinose M, Yamada M, Sugiura H, Wei FY, Motohashi H, Akaike T. Supersulphides provide airway protection in viral and chronic lung diseases. Nat Commun 2023; 14:4476. [PMID: 37491435 PMCID: PMC10368687 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40182-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Supersulphides are inorganic and organic sulphides with sulphur catenation with diverse physiological functions. Their synthesis is mainly mediated by mitochondrial cysteinyl-tRNA synthetase (CARS2) that functions as a principal cysteine persulphide synthase (CPERS). Here, we identify protective functions of supersulphides in viral airway infections (influenza and COVID-19), in aged lungs and in chronic lung diseases, including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). We develop a method for breath supersulphur-omics and demonstrate that levels of exhaled supersulphides increase in people with COVID-19 infection and in a hamster model of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Lung damage and subsequent lethality that result from oxidative stress and inflammation in mouse models of COPD, IPF, and ageing were mitigated by endogenous supersulphides production by CARS2/CPERS or exogenous administration of the supersulphide donor glutathione trisulphide. We revealed a protective role of supersulphides in airways with various viral or chronic insults and demonstrated the potential of targeting supersulphides in lung disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuro Matsunaga
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Molecular Toxicology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, 980-8575, Japan
| | - Hirohito Sano
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, 980-8574, Japan
| | - Katsuya Takita
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, 980-8574, Japan
| | - Masanobu Morita
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Molecular Toxicology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, 980-8575, Japan
| | - Shun Yamanaka
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, 980-8574, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Ichikawa
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, 980-8574, Japan
| | - Tadahisa Numakura
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, 980-8574, Japan
| | - Tomoaki Ida
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Molecular Toxicology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, 980-8575, Japan
| | - Minkyung Jung
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Molecular Toxicology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, 980-8575, Japan
| | - Seiryo Ogata
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Molecular Toxicology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, 980-8575, Japan
| | - Sunghyeon Yoon
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Molecular Toxicology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, 980-8575, Japan
| | - Naoya Fujino
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, 980-8574, Japan
| | - Yorihiko Kyogoku
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, 980-8574, Japan
| | - Yusaku Sasaki
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, 980-8574, Japan
| | - Akira Koarai
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, 980-8574, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Tamada
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, 980-8574, Japan
| | - Atsuhiko Toyama
- Analytical and Measuring Instruments Division, Shimadzu Corporation, Kyoto, 604-8511, Japan
| | - Takakazu Nakabayashi
- Bio-Structural Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8578, Japan
| | - Lisa Kageyama
- Bio-Structural Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8578, Japan
| | - Shigeru Kyuwa
- Laboratory of Biomedical Science, Department of Veterinary Medical Science, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
| | - Kenji Inaba
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8577, Japan
| | - Satoshi Watanabe
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8577, Japan
| | - Péter Nagy
- Department of Molecular Immunology and Toxicology, National Institute of Oncology, Budapest, 1122, Hungary
| | - Tomohiro Sawa
- Department of Microbiology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Oshiumi
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan
| | - Masakazu Ichinose
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, 980-8574, Japan
| | - Mitsuhiro Yamada
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, 980-8574, Japan
| | - Hisatoshi Sugiura
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, 980-8574, Japan.
| | - Fan-Yan Wei
- Department of Modomics Biology and Medicine, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8575, Japan
| | - Hozumi Motohashi
- Department of Gene Expression Regulation, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8575, Japan.
| | - Takaaki Akaike
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Molecular Toxicology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, 980-8575, Japan.
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26
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Scott ME. Helminth-host-environment interactions: Looking down from the tip of the iceberg. J Helminthol 2023; 97:e59. [PMID: 37486085 DOI: 10.1017/s0022149x23000433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
In 1978, the theory behind helminth parasites having the potential to regulate the abundance of their host populations was formalized based on the understanding that those helminth macroparasites that reduce survival or fecundity of the infected host population would be among the forces limiting unregulated host population growth. Now, 45 years later, a phenomenal breadth of factors that directly or indirectly affect the host-helminth interaction has emerged. Based largely on publications from the past 5 years, this review explores the host-helminth interaction from three lenses: the perspective of the helminth, the host, and the environment. What biotic and abiotic as well as social and intrinsic host factors affect helminths? What are the negative, and positive, implications for host populations and communities? What are the larger-scale implications of the host-helminth dynamic on the environment, and what evidence do we have that human-induced environmental change will modify this dynamic? The overwhelming message is that context is everything. Our understanding of second-, third-, and fourth-level interactions is extremely limited, and we are far from drawing generalizations about the myriad of microbe-helminth-host interactions.Yet the intricate, co-evolved balance and complexity of these interactions may provide a level of resilience in the face of global environmental change. Hopefully, this albeit limited compilation of recent research will spark new interdisciplinary studies, and application of the One Health approach to all helminth systems will generate new and testable conceptual frameworks that encompass our understanding of the host-helminth-environment triad.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Scott
- Institute of Parasitology, McGill University (Macdonald Campus), 21,111 Lakeshore Road, Ste-Anne de Bellevue, QuebecH9X 3V9, Canada
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Vonaesch P, Billy V, Mann AE, Morien E, Habib A, Collard JM, Dédé M, Kapel N, Sansonetti PJ, Parfrey LW. The eukaryome of African children is influenced by geographic location, gut biogeography, and nutritional status. MICROLIFE 2023; 4:uqad033. [PMID: 37680753 PMCID: PMC10481997 DOI: 10.1093/femsml/uqad033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
Eukaryotes have historically been studied as parasites, but recent evidence suggests they may be indicators of a healthy gut ecosystem. Here, we describe the eukaryome along the gastrointestinal tract of children aged 2-5 years and test for associations with clinical factors such as anaemia, intestinal inflammation, chronic undernutrition, and age. Children were enrolled from December 2016 to May 2018 in Bangui, Central African Republic and Antananarivo, Madagascar. We analyzed a total of 1104 samples representing 212 gastric, 187 duodenal, and 705 fecal samples using a metabarcoding approach targeting the full ITS2 region for fungi, and the V4 hypervariable region of the 18S rRNA gene for the overall eukaryome. Roughly, half of all fecal samples showed microeukaryotic reads. We find high intersubject variability, only a handful of taxa that are likely residents of the gastrointestinal tract, and frequent co-occurrence of eukaryotes within an individual. We also find that the eukaryome differs between the stomach, duodenum, and feces and is strongly influenced by country of origin. Our data show trends towards higher levels of Fusarium equiseti, a mycotoxin producing fungus, and lower levels of the protist Blastocystis in stunted children compared to nonstunted controls. Overall, the eukaryome is poorly correlated with clinical variables. Our study is of one of the largest cohorts analyzing the human intestinal eukaryome to date and the first to compare the eukaryome across different compartments of the gastrointestinal tract. Our results highlight the importance of studying populations across the world to uncover common features of the eukaryome in health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascale Vonaesch
- Unité de Pathogénie Microbienne Moléculaire, Institut Pasteur, 25-28 Rue du Dr Roux, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Vincent Billy
- Departments of Botany and Zoology, and Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, 3200-6270 University Boulevard, V6T1Z4 Vancouver, Canada
| | - Allison E Mann
- Departments of Botany and Zoology, and Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, 3200-6270 University Boulevard, V6T1Z4 Vancouver, Canada
| | - Evan Morien
- Departments of Botany and Zoology, and Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, 3200-6270 University Boulevard, V6T1Z4 Vancouver, Canada
| | - Azimdine Habib
- Unité de Bactériologie Expérimentale, Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, BP1274 Ambatofotsikely Avaradoha 101 Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | - Jean-Marc Collard
- Unité de Bactériologie Expérimentale, Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, BP1274 Ambatofotsikely Avaradoha 101 Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | - Michel Dédé
- Laboratoire d’Analyse médicale, Institut Pasteur de Bangui, Avenue De Independence Bangui, 923 Central African Republic
| | - Nathalie Kapel
- Laboratoire de Coprologie Fonctionnelle, Assistance Publique- Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, 47-83 Bd de l’Hôpital, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Philippe J Sansonetti
- Unité de Pathogénie Microbienne Moléculaire, Institut Pasteur, 25-28 Rue du Dr Roux, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Laura Wegener Parfrey
- Departments of Botany and Zoology, and Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, 3200-6270 University Boulevard, V6T1Z4 Vancouver, Canada
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28
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Wang Y, Guo A, Zou Y, Mu W, Zhang S, Shi Z, Liu Z, Cai X, Zhu XQ, Wang S. Interaction between tissue-dwelling helminth and the gut microbiota drives mucosal immunoregulation. NPJ Biofilms Microbiomes 2023; 9:43. [PMID: 37355675 DOI: 10.1038/s41522-023-00410-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Tissue-dwelling helminths affect billions of people around the world. They are potent manipulators of the host immune system, prominently by promoting regulatory T cells (Tregs) and are generally associated with a modified host gut microbiome. However, the role of the gut microbiota in the immunomodulatory processes for these non-intestinal parasites is still unclear. In the present study, we used an extra-intestinal cestode helminth model-larval Echinococcus multilocularis to explore the tripartite partnership (host-helminth-bacteria) in the context of regulating colonic Tregs in Balb/c mice. We showed that larval E. multilocularis infection in the peritoneal cavity attenuated colitis in Balb/c mice and induced a significant expansion of colonic Foxp3+ Treg populations. Fecal microbiota depletion and transplantation experiments showed that the gut microbiota contributed to increasing Tregs after the helminth infection. Shotgun metagenomic and metabolic analyses revealed that the gut microbiome structure after infection was significantly shifted with a remarkable increase of Lactobacillus reuteri and that the microbial metabolic capability was reprogrammed to produce more Treg cell regulator-short-chain fatty acids in feces. Furthermore, we also prove that the L. reuteri strain elevated in infected mice was sufficient to promote the colonic Treg frequency and its growth was potentially associated with T cell-dependent immunity in larval E. multilocularis infection. Collectively, these findings indicate that the extraintestinal helminth drives expansions of host colonic Tregs through the gut microbes. This study suggests that the gut microbiome serves as a critical component of anti-inflammation effects even for a therapy based on an extraintestinal helminth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yugui Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi Province, 030801, China
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, China
| | - Aijiang Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, China
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Gansu, 730046, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, China
| | - Yang Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, China
| | - Wenjie Mu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, China
| | - Shengying Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, China
| | - Zhiqi Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, China
| | - Zhongli Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, China
| | - Xuepeng Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, China
| | - Xing-Quan Zhu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi Province, 030801, China.
| | - Shuai Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, China.
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Gansu, 730046, China.
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, China.
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29
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Kaur H, Kaur G, Ali SA. IL-33's role in the gut immune system: A comprehensive review of its crosstalk and regulation. Life Sci 2023; 327:121868. [PMID: 37330043 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2023.121868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
The intestinal tract is the largest immune organ in the human body, comprising a complex network of immune cells and epithelial cells that perform a variety of functions such as nutrient absorption, digestion, and waste excretion. Maintenance of homeostasis and effective responses to injury in the colonic epithelium are crucial for maintaining homeostasis between these two cell types. The onset and perpetuation of gut inflammation, characterizing inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), are triggered by constitutive dysregulation of cytokine production. IL-33 is a newly characterized cytokine that has emerged as a critical modulator of inflammatory disorders. IL-33 is constitutively expressed in the nuclei of different cell types such as endothelial, epithelial, and fibroblast-like cells. Upon tissue damage or pathogen encounter, IL-33 is released as an alarmin and signals through a heterodimer receptor that consists of serum Stimulation-2 (ST2) and IL-1 receptor accessory protein (IL-1RAcP). IL-33 has the ability to induce Th2 cytokine production and enhance both Th1 and Th2, as well as Th17 immune responses. Exogenous administration of IL-33 in mice caused pathological changes in most mucosal tissues such as the lung and the gastrointestinal (GI) tract associated with increased production of type 2 cytokines and chemokines. In vivo and in vitro, primary studies have exhibited that IL-33 can activate Th2 cells, mast cells, or basophils to produce type 2 cytokines such as IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13. Moreover, several novel cell populations, collectively referred to as "type 2 innate lymphoid cells," were identified as being IL-33 responsive and are thought to be important for initiating type 2 immunity. Nevertheless, the underlying mechanisms by which IL-33 promotes type 2 immunity in the GI tract remain to be fully understood. Recently, it has been discovered that IL-33 plays important roles in regulatory immune responses. Highly suppressive ST2 + FoxP3+ Tregs subsets regulated by IL-33 were identified in several tissues, including lymphoid organs, gut, lung, and adipose tissues. This review aims to comprehensively summarize the current knowledge on IL-33's role in the gut immune system, its crosstalk, and regulation. The article will provide insights into the potential applications of IL-33-based therapies in the treatment of gut inflammatory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harpreet Kaur
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Gurjeet Kaur
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia; Mark Wainwright Analytical Centre, Bioanalytical Mass Spectrometry Facility, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Syed Azmal Ali
- Division Proteomics of Stem Cells and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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30
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Sargsian S, Lejeune A, Ercelen D, Jin WB, Varghese A, Loke P, Lim YAL, Guo CJ, Cadwell K. Functional characterization of helminth-associated Clostridiales reveals covariates of Treg differentiation. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.06.05.543751. [PMID: 37333296 PMCID: PMC10274677 DOI: 10.1101/2023.06.05.543751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
Parasitic helminths influence the composition of the gut microbiome. However, the microbiomes of individuals living in helminth-endemic regions are understudied. The Orang Asli, an indigenous population in Malaysia with high burdens of the helminth Trichuris trichiura, displayed microbiotas enriched in Clostridiales, an order of spore-forming obligate anaerobes previously shown to have immunogenic properties. We previously isolated novel Clostridiales that were enriched in these individuals and found that a subset promoted the Trichuris life cycle. Here, we further characterized the functional properties of these bacteria. Enzymatic and metabolomic profiling revealed a range of activities associated with metabolism and host response. Consistent with this finding, monocolonization of mice with individual isolates identified bacteria that were potent inducers of regulatory T cell (Treg) differentiation in the colon. Comparisons between variables revealed by these studies identified enzymatic properties correlated with Treg induction and Trichuris egg hatching. These results provide functional insights into the microbiotas of an understudied population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shushan Sargsian
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Alannah Lejeune
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Defne Ercelen
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Wen-Bing Jin
- Jill Roberts Institute for Research in Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Alan Varghese
- Department of Cell Biology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - P’ng Loke
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Yvonne A. L. Lim
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Chun-Jun Guo
- Jill Roberts Institute for Research in Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Ken Cadwell
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104
- Lead Contact
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31
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Chakraborty P, Aravindhan V, Mukherjee S. Helminth-derived biomacromolecules as therapeutic agents for treating inflammatory and infectious diseases: What lessons do we get from recent findings? Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 241:124649. [PMID: 37119907 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.124649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/01/2023]
Abstract
Despite the tremendous progress in healthcare sectors, a number of life-threatening infectious, inflammatory, and autoimmune diseases are continuously challenging mankind throughout the globe. In this context, recent successes in utilizing helminth parasite-derived bioactive macromolecules viz. glycoproteins, enzymes, polysaccharides, lipids/lipoproteins, nucleic acids/nucleotides, and small organic molecules for treating various disorders primarily resulted from inflammation. Among the several parasites that infect humans, helminths (cestodes, nematodes, and trematodes) are known as efficient immune manipulators owing to their explicit ability to modulate and modify the innate and adaptive immune responses of humans. These molecules selectively bind to immune receptors on innate and adaptive immune cells and trigger multiple signaling pathways to elicit anti-inflammatory cytokines, expansion of alternatively activated macrophages, T-helper 2, and immunoregulatory T regulatory cell types to induce an anti-inflammatory milieu. Reduction of pro-inflammatory responses and repair of tissue damage by these anti-inflammatory mediators have been exploited for treating a number of autoimmune, allergic, and metabolic diseases. Herein, the potential and promises of different helminths/helminth-derived products as therapeutic agents in ameliorating immunopathology of different human diseases and their mechanistic insights of function at cell and molecular level alongside the molecular signaling cross-talks have been reviewed by incorporating up-to-date findings achieved in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pritha Chakraborty
- Integrative Biochemistry & Immunology Laboratory, Department of Animal Science, Kazi Nazrul University, Asansol 713340, India
| | | | - Suprabhat Mukherjee
- Integrative Biochemistry & Immunology Laboratory, Department of Animal Science, Kazi Nazrul University, Asansol 713340, India.
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32
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Abstract
Just as mammals have coevolved with the intestinal bacterial communities that are part of the microbiota, intestinal helminths represent an important selective force on their mammalian host. The complex interaction between helminths, microbes, and their mammalian host is likely an important determinant of mutual fitness. The host immune system in particular is a critical interface with both helminths and the microbiota, and this crosstalk often determines the balance between tolerance and resistance against these widespread parasites. Hence, there are many examples of how both helminths and the microbiota can influence tissue homeostasis and homeostatic immunity. Understanding these processes at a cellular and molecular level is an exciting area of research that we seek to highlight in this review and that will potentially guide future treatment approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- P'ng Loke
- Type 2 Immunity Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Nicola L Harris
- Department of Immunology and Pathology, Central Clinical School, Monash University, The Alfred Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
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33
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Myhill LJ, Williams AR. Diet-microbiota crosstalk and immunity to helminth infection. Parasite Immunol 2023; 45:e12965. [PMID: 36571323 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Helminths are large multicellular parasites responsible for widespread chronic disease in humans and animals. Intestinal helminths live in close proximity with the host gut microbiota and mucosal immune network, resulting in reciprocal interactions that closely influence the course of infections. Diet composition may strongly regulate gut microbiota composition and intestinal immune function and therefore may play a key role in modulating anti-helminth immune responses. Characterizing the multitude of interactions that exist between different dietary components (e.g., dietary fibres), immune cells, and the microbiota, may shed new light on regulation of helminth-specific immunity. This review focuses on the current knowledge of how metabolism of dietary components shapes immune response during helminth infection, and how this information may be potentially harnessed to design new therapeutics to manage parasitic infections and associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura J Myhill
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Andrew R Williams
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
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Piazzesi A, Putignani L. Impact of helminth-microbiome interactions on childhood health and development-A clinical perspective. Parasite Immunol 2023; 45:e12949. [PMID: 36063358 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Humans have co-existed with parasites for virtually the entirety of our existence as a species. Today, nearly one third of the human population is infected with at least one helminthic species, most of which reside in the intestinal tract, where they have co-evolved alongside the human gut microbiota (GM). Appreciation for the interconnected relationship between helminths and GM has increased in recent years. Here, we review the evidence of how helminths and GM can influence various aspects of childhood development and the onset of paediatric diseases. We discuss the emerging evidence of how many of the changes that parasitic worms inflict on their host is enacted through gut microbes. In this light, we argue that helminth-induced microbiota modifications are of great importance in both facing the global challenge of overcoming parasitic infections, and in replicating helminthic protective effects against inflammatory diseases. We propose that deepening our knowledge of helminth-microbiota interactions will uncover novel, safer and more effective therapeutic strategies in combatting an array of childhood disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonia Piazzesi
- Multimodal Laboratory Medicine Research Area, Unit of Human Microbiome, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Lorenza Putignani
- Department of Diagnostic and Laboratory Medicine, Unit of Microbiology and Diagnostic Immunology, Unit of Microbiomics and Multimodal Laboratory Medicine Research Area, Unit of Human Microbiome, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
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35
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Rooney J, Cantacessi C, Sotillo J, Cortés A. Gastrointestinal worms and bacteria: From association to intervention. Parasite Immunol 2023; 45:e12955. [PMID: 36300732 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A plethora of studies, both experimental and epidemiological, have indicated the occurrence of associations between infections by gastrointestinal (GI) helminths and the composition and function of the host gut microbiota. Given the worldwide risk and spread of anthelmintic resistance, particularly for GI parasites of livestock, a better understanding of the mechanisms underpinning the relationships between GI helminths and the gut microbiome, and between the latter and host health, may assist the development of novel microbiome-targeting and other bacteria-based strategies for parasite control. In this article, we review current and prospective methods to manipulate the host gut microbiome, and/or to exploit the immune stimulatory and modulatory properties of gut bacteria (and their products) to counteract the negative impact of GI worm infections; we also discuss the potential applications of these intervention strategies in programmes aimed to aid the fight against helminth diseases of humans and livestock.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Rooney
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Cinzia Cantacessi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Javier Sotillo
- Parasitology Reference and Research Laboratory, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alba Cortés
- Departament de Farmàcia i Tecnologia Farmacèutica i Parasitologia, Universitat de València, València, Spain
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36
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Robertson A, Sall J, Venzon M, Olivas JJ, Zheng X, Cammer M, Antao N, Thur RS, Bethony J, Nejsum P, Torres VJ, Liang FX, Cadwell K. Bacterial contact induces polar plug disintegration to mediate whipworm egg hatching. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.03.13.532458. [PMID: 36993552 PMCID: PMC10054943 DOI: 10.1101/2023.03.13.532458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
The bacterial microbiota promotes the life cycle of the intestine-dwelling whipworm Trichuris by mediating hatching of parasite eggs ingested by the mammalian host. Despite the enormous disease burden associated with Trichuris colonization, the mechanisms underlying this transkingdom interaction have been obscure. Here, we used a multiscale microscopy approach to define the structural events associated with bacteria-mediated hatching of eggs for the murine model parasite Trichuris muris . Through the combination of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and serial block face SEM (SBFSEM), we visualized the outer surface morphology of the shell and generated 3D structures of the egg and larva during the hatching process. These images revealed that exposure to hatching-inducing bacteria catalyzed asymmetric degradation of the polar plugs prior to exit by the larva. Although unrelated bacteria induced similar loss of electron density and dissolution of the structural integrity of the plugs, egg hatching was most efficient in the presence of bacteria that bound poles with high density such as Staphylococcus aureus . Consistent with the ability of taxonomically distant bacteria to induce hatching, additional results suggest chitinase released from larva within the eggs degrade the plugs from the inside instead of enzymes produced by bacteria in the external environment. These findings define at ultrastructure resolution the evolutionary adaptation of a parasite for the microbe-rich environment of the mammalian gut.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amicha Robertson
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Joseph Sall
- Microscopy Laboratory, Division of Advanced Research Technologies, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY 10016, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Mericien Venzon
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Janet J. Olivas
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Xuhui Zheng
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Michael Cammer
- Microscopy Laboratory, Division of Advanced Research Technologies, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY 10016, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Noelle Antao
- Department of Cell Biology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Rafaela Saes Thur
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA
| | - Jeffrey Bethony
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA
| | - Peter Nejsum
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Victor J. Torres
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
- Antimicrobial-Resistant Pathogens Program, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Feng-Xia Liang
- Microscopy Laboratory, Division of Advanced Research Technologies, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY 10016, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Ken Cadwell
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104
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Hodge SH, Krauss MZ, Kaymak I, King JI, Howden AJ, Panic G, Grencis RK, Swann JR, Sinclair LV, Hepworth MR. Amino acid availability acts as a metabolic rheostat to determine the magnitude of ILC2 responses. J Exp Med 2023; 220:e20221073. [PMID: 36571761 PMCID: PMC9794837 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20221073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2) are functionally poised, tissue-resident lymphocytes that respond rapidly to damage and infection at mucosal barrier sites. ILC2 reside within complex microenvironments where they are subject to cues from both the diet and invading pathogens-including helminths. Emerging evidence suggests ILC2 are acutely sensitive not only to canonical activating signals but also perturbations in nutrient availability. In the context of helminth infection, we identify amino acid availability as a nutritional cue in regulating ILC2 responses. ILC2 are found to be uniquely preprimed to import amino acids via the large neutral amino acid transporters Slc7a5 and Slc7a8. Cell-intrinsic deletion of these transporters individually impaired ILC2 expansion, while concurrent loss of both transporters markedly impaired the proliferative and cytokine-producing capacity of ILC2. Mechanistically, amino acid uptake determined the magnitude of ILC2 responses in part via tuning of mTOR. These findings implicate essential amino acids as a metabolic requisite for optimal ILC2 responses within mucosal barrier tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne H. Hodge
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Maria Z. Krauss
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Irem Kaymak
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - James I. King
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Andrew J.M. Howden
- Cell Signalling and Immunology Division, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Gordana Panic
- Division of Integrative Systems Medicine and Digestive Diseases, Imperial College London, South Kensington, UK
- School of Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Richard K. Grencis
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Jonathan R. Swann
- Division of Integrative Systems Medicine and Digestive Diseases, Imperial College London, South Kensington, UK
- School of Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Linda V. Sinclair
- Cell Signalling and Immunology Division, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Matthew R. Hepworth
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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Tong M, Yang X, Liu H, Ge H, Huang G, Kang X, Yang H, Liu Q, Ren P, Kuang X, Yan H, Shen X, Qiao Y, Kang Y, Li L, Yang Y, Fan W. The Trichinella spiralis-derived antigens alleviate HFD-induced obesity and inflammation in mice. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 117:109924. [PMID: 36848791 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.109924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/01/2023]
Abstract
Obesity, an increasingly prevalent disease worldwide, is accompanied by chronic inflammation and intestinal dysbiosis. Helminth infections have been increasingly proved to exhibit a protective role in several inflammation-associated diseases. Considering the side effects of live parasite therapy, efforts have been made to develop helminth-derived antigens as promising candidates with fewer adverse effects. This study aimed to evaluate the effect and mechanisms of TsAg (T. spiralis-derived antigens) on obesity and the associated inflammation in high-fat diet (HFD)-fed mice. C57BL/6J mice were fed a normal diet or HFD with or without TsAg treatment. The results reported that TsAg treatment alleviated body weight gain and chronic inflammation induced by HFD. In the adipose tissue, TsAg treatment prevented macrophage infiltration, reduced the expression of Th1-type (IFN-γ) and Th17-type (IL-17A) cytokines while upregulating the production of Th2-type (IL-4) cytokines. Furthermore, TsAg treatment enhanced brown adipose tissue activation and energy and lipid metabolism and reduced intestinal dysbiosis, intestinal barrier permeability and LPS/TLR4 axis inflammation. Finally, the protective role of TsAg against obesity was transmissible via the fecal microbiota transplantation approach. For the first time, our findings showed that TsAg alleviated HFD-induced obesity and inflammation via modulation of the gut microbiota and balancing the immune disorders, suggesting that TsAg might be a safer promising therapeutic strategy for obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingwei Tong
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanxi Medical University, Jinzhong 030619, China; Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology (Shanxi Medical University), Ministry of Education, and Shanxi Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology, Taiyuan 030001, China
| | - Xiaodan Yang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanxi Medical University, Jinzhong 030619, China
| | - Haixia Liu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanxi Medical University, Jinzhong 030619, China
| | - Huihui Ge
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanxi Medical University, Jinzhong 030619, China
| | - Guangrong Huang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanxi Medical University, Jinzhong 030619, China
| | - Xing Kang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanxi Medical University, Jinzhong 030619, China
| | - Hao Yang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanxi Medical University, Jinzhong 030619, China
| | - Qingqing Liu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanxi Medical University, Jinzhong 030619, China
| | - Peng Ren
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanxi Medical University, Jinzhong 030619, China
| | - Xiaoyu Kuang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanxi Medical University, Jinzhong 030619, China
| | - Huan Yan
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanxi Medical University, Jinzhong 030619, China
| | - Xiaorong Shen
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanxi Medical University, Jinzhong 030619, China
| | - Yuyu Qiao
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanxi Medical University, Jinzhong 030619, China
| | - Yongbo Kang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanxi Medical University, Jinzhong 030619, China; Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology (Shanxi Medical University), Ministry of Education, and Shanxi Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology, Taiyuan 030001, China
| | - Lin Li
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanxi Medical University, Jinzhong 030619, China; Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology (Shanxi Medical University), Ministry of Education, and Shanxi Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology, Taiyuan 030001, China
| | - Yong Yang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanxi Medical University, Jinzhong 030619, China; Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology (Shanxi Medical University), Ministry of Education, and Shanxi Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology, Taiyuan 030001, China.
| | - Weiping Fan
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanxi Medical University, Jinzhong 030619, China; Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology (Shanxi Medical University), Ministry of Education, and Shanxi Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology, Taiyuan 030001, China.
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Boisseau M, Dhorne-Pollet S, Bars-Cortina D, Courtot É, Serreau D, Annonay G, Lluch J, Gesbert A, Reigner F, Sallé G, Mach N. Species interactions, stability, and resilience of the gut microbiota - Helminth assemblage in horses. iScience 2023; 26:106044. [PMID: 36818309 PMCID: PMC9929684 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.106044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The nature and strength of interactions entertained among helminths and their host gut microbiota remain largely unexplored. Using 40 naturally infected Welsh ponies, we tracked the gut microbiota-cyathostomin temporal dynamics and stability before and following anthelmintic treatment and the associated host blood transcriptomic response. High shedders harbored 14 species of cyathostomins, dominated by Cylicocyclus nassatus. They exhibited a highly diverse and temporal dynamic gut microbiota, with butyrate-producing Clostridia likely driving the ecosystem steadiness and host tolerance toward cyathostomins infection. However, anthelmintic administration sharply bent the microbial community. It disrupted the ecosystem stability and the time-dependent network of interactions, affecting longer term microbial resilience. These observations highlight how anthelmintic treatments alter the triangular relationship of parasite, host, and gut microbiota and open new perspectives for adding nutritional intervention to current parasite management strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel Boisseau
- , Université de Tours, INRAE, UMR1282 Infectiologie et Santé Publique, 37380 Nouzilly, France,IHAP, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, 31076 Toulouse, France
| | - Sophie Dhorne-Pollet
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, GABI, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - David Bars-Cortina
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, GABI, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Élise Courtot
- , Université de Tours, INRAE, UMR1282 Infectiologie et Santé Publique, 37380 Nouzilly, France
| | - Delphine Serreau
- , Université de Tours, INRAE, UMR1282 Infectiologie et Santé Publique, 37380 Nouzilly, France
| | - Gwenolah Annonay
- INRAE, US UMR 1426, Genomic platform, 31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Jérôme Lluch
- INRAE, US UMR 1426, Genomic platform, 31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Amandine Gesbert
- INRAE, UE Physiologie Animale de l’Orfrasière, 37380 Nouzilly, France
| | - Fabrice Reigner
- INRAE, UE Physiologie Animale de l’Orfrasière, 37380 Nouzilly, France
| | - Guillaume Sallé
- , Université de Tours, INRAE, UMR1282 Infectiologie et Santé Publique, 37380 Nouzilly, France,Corresponding author
| | - Núria Mach
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, GABI, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France,IHAP, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, 31076 Toulouse, France,Corresponding author
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40
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Bacillus amyloliquifaciens-Supplemented Camel Milk Suppresses Neuroinflammation of Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis in a Mouse Model by Regulating Inflammatory Markers. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15030550. [PMID: 36771257 PMCID: PMC9921734 DOI: 10.3390/nu15030550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS), a distinct autoimmune neuroinflammatory disorder, affects millions of people worldwide, including Saudi Arabia. Changes in the gut microbiome are linked to the development of neuroinflammation via mechanisms that are not fully understood. Prebiotics and probiotics in camel milk that has been fermented have a variety of health benefits. In this study, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens-supplemented camel milk (BASY) was used to assess its preventive effect on MS symptoms in a myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG)-immunized C57BL6J mice model. To this end, MOG-induced experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) was established and the level of disease index, pathological scores, and anti-inflammatory markers of BASY-treated mice using macroscopic and microscopic examinations, qPCR and immunoblot were investigated. The results demonstrate that BASY significantly reduced the EAE disease index, increased total microbial load (2.5 fold), and improved the levels of the short-chain fatty acids propionic, butyric and caproic acids in the diseased mice group. Additionally, myeloperoxidase (MPO) proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, IL-17, TNF-α) and anti-inflammatory cytokines (TGF-β) were regulated by BASY treatment. Significant suppression of MPO and VCAM levels were noticed in the BASY-treated group (from 168 to 111 µM and from 34 to 27 pg/mL, respectively), in comparison to the EAE group. BASY treatment significantly reduced the expression of inflammatory cytokines, inflammatory progression related transcripts, and inflammatory progression protein markers. In conclusion, BASY significantly reduced the symptoms of EAE mice and may be used to develop a probiotic-based diet to promote host gut health. The cumulative findings of this study confirm the significant neuroprotection of BASY in the MOG-induced mice model. They could also suggest a novel approach to the treatment of MS-associated disorders.
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41
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Wilson NG, Hernandez-Leyva A, Schwartz DJ, Bacharier LB, Kau AL. The gut metagenome harbors metabolic and antibiotic resistance signatures of moderate-to-severe asthma. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.01.03.522677. [PMID: 36711684 PMCID: PMC9882014 DOI: 10.1101/2023.01.03.522677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Asthma is a common allergic airway disease that develops in association with the human microbiome early in life. Both the composition and function of the infant gut microbiota have been linked to asthma risk, but functional alterations in the gut microbiota of older patients with established asthma remain an important knowledge gap. Here, we performed whole metagenomic shotgun sequencing of 95 stool samples from 59 healthy and 36 subjects with moderate-to-severe asthma to characterize the metagenomes of gut microbiota in children and adults 6 years and older. Mapping of functional orthologs revealed that asthma contributes to 2.9% of the variation in metagenomic content even when accounting for other important clinical demographics. Differential abundance analysis showed an enrichment of long-chain fatty acid (LCFA) metabolism pathways which have been previously implicated in airway smooth muscle and immune responses in asthma. We also observed increased richness of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in people with asthma. One differentially abundant ARG was a macrolide resistance marker, ermF, which significantly co-occurred with the Bacteroides fragilis toxin, suggesting a possible relationship between enterotoxigenic B. fragilis, antibiotic resistance, and asthma. Lastly, we found multiple virulence factor (VF) and ARG pairs that co-occurred in both cohorts suggesting that virulence and antibiotic resistance traits are co-selected and maintained in the fecal microbiota of people with asthma. Overall, our results show functional alterations via LCFA biosynthetic genes and increases in antibiotic resistance genes in the gut microbiota of subjects with moderate-to-severe asthma and could have implications for asthma management and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi G. Wilson
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine and Center for Women’s Infectious Disease Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Ariel Hernandez-Leyva
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine and Center for Women’s Infectious Disease Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Drew J. Schwartz
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics and Center for Women’s Infectious Disease Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Leonard B. Bacharier
- Division of Allergy, Immunology and Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Monroe Carell Jr Children’s Hospital at Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Andrew L. Kau
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine and Center for Women’s Infectious Disease Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
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42
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Zsichla L, Müller V. Risk Factors of Severe COVID-19: A Review of Host, Viral and Environmental Factors. Viruses 2023; 15:175. [PMID: 36680215 PMCID: PMC9863423 DOI: 10.3390/v15010175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The clinical course and outcome of COVID-19 are highly variable, ranging from asymptomatic infections to severe disease and death. Understanding the risk factors of severe COVID-19 is relevant both in the clinical setting and at the epidemiological level. Here, we provide an overview of host, viral and environmental factors that have been shown or (in some cases) hypothesized to be associated with severe clinical outcomes. The factors considered in detail include the age and frailty, genetic polymorphisms, biological sex (and pregnancy), co- and superinfections, non-communicable comorbidities, immunological history, microbiota, and lifestyle of the patient; viral genetic variation and infecting dose; socioeconomic factors; and air pollution. For each category, we compile (sometimes conflicting) evidence for the association of the factor with COVID-19 outcomes (including the strength of the effect) and outline possible action mechanisms. We also discuss the complex interactions between the various risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Levente Zsichla
- Institute of Biology, Eötvös Loránd University, 1117 Budapest, Hungary
- National Laboratory for Health Security, Eötvös Loránd University, 1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Viktor Müller
- Institute of Biology, Eötvös Loránd University, 1117 Budapest, Hungary
- National Laboratory for Health Security, Eötvös Loránd University, 1117 Budapest, Hungary
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43
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Kim SL, Choi JH, Yi MH, Lee S, Kim M, Oh S, Lee IY, Jeon BY, Yong TS, Kim JY. Metabarcoding of bacteria and parasites in the gut of Apodemus agrarius. Parasit Vectors 2022; 15:486. [PMID: 36564849 PMCID: PMC9789561 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-022-05608-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The striped field mouse Apodemus agrarius is a wild rodent commonly found in fields in Korea. It is a known carrier of various pathogens. Amplicon-based next-generation sequencing (NGS) targeting the 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene is the most common technique used to analyze the bacterial microbiome. Although many bacterial microbiome analyses have been attempted using feces of wild animals, only a few studies have used NGS to screen for parasites. This study aimed to rapidly detect bacterial, fungal and parasitic pathogens in the guts of A. agrarius using NGS-based metabarcoding analysis. METHODS We conducted 18S/16S rDNA-targeted high-throughput sequencing on cecal samples collected from A. agrarius (n = 48) trapped in May and October 2017. Taxa of protozoa, fungi, helminths and bacteria in the cecal content were then identified. RESULTS Among the protozoa identified, the most prevalent was Tritrichomonas sp., found in all of the cecal samples, followed by Monocercomonas sp. (95.8% prevalence; in 46/48 samples) and Giardia sp. (75% prevalence; in 36/48 samples). For helminths, Heligmosomoides sp. was the most common, found in 85.4% (41/48) of samples, followed by Hymenolepis sp. (10.4%; 5/48) and Syphacia sp. (25%; 12/48). The 16S rRNA gene analysis showed that the microbial composition of the cecal samples changed by season (P = 0.005), with the linear discriminant analysis effect size showing that in the spring Escherichia coli and Lactobacillus murinus were more abundant and Helicobacter rodentium was less abundant. Helicobacter japonicus was more abundant and Prevotella_uc was less abundant in males. The microbial composition changed based on the Heligmosomoides sp. infection status (P = 0.019); specifically, Lactobacillus gasseri and Lactobacillus intestinalis were more abundant in the Heligmosomoides sp.-positive group than in the Heligmosomoides sp.-negative group. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrated that bacterial abundance changed based on the season and specific parasitic infection status of the trapped mice. These results highlight the advantages of NGS technology in monitoring zoonotic disease reservoirs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo Lim Kim
- grid.15444.300000 0004 0470 5454Department of Environmental Medical Biology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, and Arthropods of Medical Importance Resource Bank, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03722 Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Ho Choi
- grid.15444.300000 0004 0470 5454Department of Environmental Medical Biology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, and Arthropods of Medical Importance Resource Bank, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03722 Republic of Korea
| | - Myung-hee Yi
- grid.15444.300000 0004 0470 5454Department of Environmental Medical Biology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, and Arthropods of Medical Importance Resource Bank, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03722 Republic of Korea
| | - Seogwon Lee
- grid.15444.300000 0004 0470 5454Department of Environmental Medical Biology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, and Arthropods of Medical Importance Resource Bank, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03722 Republic of Korea
| | - Myungjun Kim
- grid.15444.300000 0004 0470 5454Department of Environmental Medical Biology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, and Arthropods of Medical Importance Resource Bank, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03722 Republic of Korea
| | - Singeun Oh
- grid.15444.300000 0004 0470 5454Department of Environmental Medical Biology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, and Arthropods of Medical Importance Resource Bank, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03722 Republic of Korea
| | - In-Yong Lee
- grid.15444.300000 0004 0470 5454Department of Environmental Medical Biology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, and Arthropods of Medical Importance Resource Bank, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03722 Republic of Korea
| | - Bo-Young Jeon
- grid.15444.300000 0004 0470 5454Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, College of Health Science, Yonsei University, Wonju, 26493 Republic of Korea
| | - Tai-Soon Yong
- grid.15444.300000 0004 0470 5454Department of Environmental Medical Biology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, and Arthropods of Medical Importance Resource Bank, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03722 Republic of Korea
| | - Ju Yeong Kim
- grid.15444.300000 0004 0470 5454Department of Environmental Medical Biology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, and Arthropods of Medical Importance Resource Bank, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03722 Republic of Korea
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44
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Fulham M, Power M, Gray R. Gut microbiota of endangered Australian sea lion pups is unchanged by topical ivermectin treatment for endemic hookworm infection. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1048013. [PMID: 36601397 PMCID: PMC9806137 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1048013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiota is essential for the development and maintenance of the hosts' immune system. Disturbances to the gut microbiota in early life stages can result in long-lasting impacts on host health. This study aimed to determine if topical ivermectin treatment for endemic hookworm (Uncinaria sanguinis) infection in endangered Australian sea lion (Neophoca cinerea) pups resulted in gut microbial changes. The gut microbiota was characterised for untreated (control) (n = 23) and treated (n = 23) Australian sea lion pups sampled during the 2019 and 2020/21 breeding seasons at Seal Bay, Kangaroo Island. Samples were collected pre- and post-treatment on up to four occasions over a four-to-five-month period. The gut microbiota of untreated (control) and treated pups in both seasons was dominated by five bacterial phyla, Fusobacteria, Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria and Bacteroidetes. A significant difference in alpha diversity between treatment groups was seen in pups sampled during the 2020/21 breeding season (p = 0.008), with higher richness and diversity in treated pups. Modelling the impact of individual pup identification (ID), capture, pup weight (kg), standard length (cm), age and sex on beta diversity revealed that pup ID accounted for most of the variation (35% in 2019 and 42% in 2020/21), with pup ID, capture, and age being the only significant contributors to microbial variation (p < 0.05). There were no statistically significant differences in the composition of the microbiota between treatment groups in both the 2019 and 2020/21 breeding seasons, indicating that topical ivermectin treatment did not alter the composition of the gut microbiota. To our knowledge, this is the first study to characterise the gut microbiota of free-ranging Australian pinniped pups, compare the composition across multiple time points, and to consider the impact of parasitic treatment on overall diversity and microbial composition of the gut microbiota. Importantly, the lack of compositional changes in the gut microbiota with treatment support the utility of topical ivermectin as a safe and minimally invasive management strategy to enhance pup survival in this endangered species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariel Fulham
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Michelle Power
- School of Natural Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW, Australia
| | - Rachael Gray
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia,*Correspondence: Rachael Gray,
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Midha A, Jarquín-Díaz VH, Ebner F, Löber U, Hayani R, Kundik A, Cardilli A, Heitlinger E, Forslund SK, Hartmann S. Guts within guts: the microbiome of the intestinal helminth parasite Ascaris suum is derived but distinct from its host. MICROBIOME 2022; 10:229. [PMID: 36527132 PMCID: PMC9756626 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-022-01399-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intestinal helminths are extremely prevalent among humans and animals. In particular, intestinal roundworms affect more than 1 billion people around the globe and are a major issue in animal husbandry. These pathogens live in intimate contact with the host gut microbiota and harbor bacteria within their own intestines. Knowledge of the bacterial host microbiome at the site of infection is limited, and data on the parasite microbiome is, to the best of our knowledge, non-existent. RESULTS The intestinal microbiome of the natural parasite and zoonotic macropathogen, Ascaris suum was analyzed in contrast to the diversity and composition of the infected host gut. 16S sequencing of the parasite intestine and host intestinal compartments showed that the parasite gut has a significantly less diverse microbiome than its host, and the host gut exhibits a reduced microbiome diversity at the site of parasite infection in the jejunum. While the host's microbiome composition at the site of infection significantly determines the microbiome composition of its parasite, microbial signatures differentiate the nematodes from their hosts as the Ascaris intestine supports the growth of microbes that are otherwise under-represented in the host gut. CONCLUSION Our data clearly indicate that a nematode infection reduces the microbiome diversity of the host gut, and that the nematode gut represents a selective bacterial niche harboring bacteria that are derived but distinct from the host gut. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankur Midha
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Center for Infection Medicine, Institute of Immunology, Freie Universität Berlin, Robert-von-Ostertag-Straße 7, 14163 Berlin, Germany
| | - Víctor Hugo Jarquín-Díaz
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, a cooperation between the Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association and the Charité — Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Charité — Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Lindenberger Weg 80, 13125 Berlin, Germany
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Berlin, Germany
- Department of Molecular Parasitology, Institute for Biology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Philippstraße 13, 10115 Berlin, Germany
- Research Group Ecology and Evolution of Molecular Parasite-Host Interactions, Leibniz-Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research (IZW), Alfred-Kowalke-Straße 17, 10315 Berlin, Germany
| | - Friederike Ebner
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Center for Infection Medicine, Institute of Immunology, Freie Universität Berlin, Robert-von-Ostertag-Straße 7, 14163 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ulrike Löber
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, a cooperation between the Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association and the Charité — Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Charité — Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Lindenberger Weg 80, 13125 Berlin, Germany
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Berlin, Germany
| | - Rima Hayani
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Center for Infection Medicine, Institute of Immunology, Freie Universität Berlin, Robert-von-Ostertag-Straße 7, 14163 Berlin, Germany
| | - Arkadi Kundik
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Center for Infection Medicine, Institute of Immunology, Freie Universität Berlin, Robert-von-Ostertag-Straße 7, 14163 Berlin, Germany
| | - Alessio Cardilli
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, a cooperation between the Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association and the Charité — Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Charité — Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Lindenberger Weg 80, 13125 Berlin, Germany
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Berlin, Germany
| | - Emanuel Heitlinger
- Department of Molecular Parasitology, Institute for Biology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Philippstraße 13, 10115 Berlin, Germany
- Research Group Ecology and Evolution of Molecular Parasite-Host Interactions, Leibniz-Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research (IZW), Alfred-Kowalke-Straße 17, 10315 Berlin, Germany
| | - Sofia Kirke Forslund
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, a cooperation between the Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association and the Charité — Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Charité — Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Lindenberger Weg 80, 13125 Berlin, Germany
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Berlin, Germany
- Structural and Computational Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Meyerhofstraße 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Susanne Hartmann
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Center for Infection Medicine, Institute of Immunology, Freie Universität Berlin, Robert-von-Ostertag-Straße 7, 14163 Berlin, Germany
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Sargsian S, Chen Z, Lee SC, Robertson A, Thur RS, Sproch J, Devlin JC, Tee MZ, Er YX, Copin R, Heguy A, Pironti A, Torres VJ, Ruggles KV, Lim YA, Bethony J, Loke P, Cadwell K. Clostridia isolated from helminth-colonized humans promote the life cycle of Trichuris species. Cell Rep 2022; 41:111725. [PMID: 36450245 PMCID: PMC9790084 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Soil-transmitted intestinal worms known as helminths colonize over 1.5 billion people worldwide. Although helminth colonization has been associated with altered composition of the gut microbiota, such as increases in Clostridia, individual species have not been isolated and characterized. Here, we isolate and sequence the genome of 13 Clostridia from the Orang Asli, an indigenous population in Malaysia with a high prevalence of helminth infections. Metagenomic analysis of 650 fecal samples from urban and rural Malaysians confirm the prevalence of species corresponding to these isolates and reveal a specific association between Peptostreptococcaceae family members and helminth colonization. Remarkably, Peptostreptococcaceae isolated from the Orang Asli display superior capacity to promote the life cycle of whipworm species, including hatching of eggs from Trichuris muris and Trichuris trichiura. These findings support a model in which helminths select for gut colonization of microbes that support their life cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shushan Sargsian
- Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine at the Skirball Institute, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA,Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Ze Chen
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Soo Ching Lee
- Type 2 Immunity Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Amicha Robertson
- Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine at the Skirball Institute, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA,Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Rafaela Saes Thur
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA
| | - Julia Sproch
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Joseph C. Devlin
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Mian Zi Tee
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Yi Xian Er
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Richard Copin
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Adriana Heguy
- Genome Technology Center, Office of Science and Research, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY 10016, USA,Department of Pathology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Alejandro Pironti
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA,Antimicrobial-Resistant Pathogens Program, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA,Microbial Computational Genomic Core Lab, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Victor J. Torres
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA,Antimicrobial-Resistant Pathogens Program, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Kelly V. Ruggles
- Institute for System Genetics, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY 10016, USA,Division of Precision Medicine, Department of Medicine, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Yvonne A.L. Lim
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Jeffrey Bethony
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA
| | - P’ng Loke
- Type 2 Immunity Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA,Correspondence: (P.L.), (K.C.)
| | - Ken Cadwell
- Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine at the Skirball Institute, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA,Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA,Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY 10016, USA,Lead contact,Correspondence: (P.L.), (K.C.)
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Springer A, Wagner L, Koehler S, Klinger S, Breves G, Brüggemann DA, Strube C. Modulation of the porcine intestinal microbiota in the course of Ascaris suum infection. Parasit Vectors 2022; 15:433. [PMID: 36397169 PMCID: PMC9673396 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-022-05535-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The porcine roundworm Ascaris suum impairs feed conversion and weight gain, but its effects on intestinal microbiota remain largely unexplored. Methods Modulation of the intestinal microbiota was assessed in pigs that were infected once with 10,000 A. suum eggs and pigs that received a trickle infection (1000 eggs/day over 10 days), compared with a non-infected control group. Six pigs each were sacrificed per group at days 21, 35 and 49 post-infection (p.i.). Faecal samples taken weekly until slaughter and ingesta samples from different intestinal compartments were subjected to next-generation sequencing of the bacterial 16S rRNA gene. Results The results revealed marked differences between the single- and the trickle-infected group. Single infection caused a remarkable but transient decrease in microbial diversity in the caecum, which was not observed in the trickle-infected group. However, an increase in short-chain fatty acid-producing genera in the caecum on day 21 p.i., which shifted to a decrease on day 35 p.i., was common to both groups, possibly related to changes in excretory–secretory products following the parasite’s final moult. Faecal microbial interaction networks were more similar between the single-infected and control group than the trickle-infected group. In addition, a lower degree of similarity over time indicated that A. suum trickle infection prevented microbiota stabilization. Conclusions These different patterns may have important implications regarding the comparability of experimental infections with natural scenarios characterized by continuous exposure, and should be confirmed by further studies. Graphical Abstract ![]()
Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13071-022-05535-w.
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Changes in resident microbiota associated with mice susceptibility or resistance to the intestinal trematode Echinostoma caproni. Parasitology 2022; 149:1781-1793. [PMID: 36176223 PMCID: PMC10090781 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182022001366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Echinostoma caproni (Trematoda: Echinostomatidae) is an intestinal trematode with no tissue phases in the definitive host that has been extensively used as an experimental model to study the factors that determine resistance against intestinal helminths. In E. caproni infections in mice, interleukin-25 (IL-25) plays a critical role and it is required for the resistance to infection. However, little is known on the factors that determine its production. Primary E. caproni infection in mice is characterized by the development of chronic infections and elevated worm recovery, in relation to a local Th1 response with elevated production of interferon-γ. However, partial resistance against secondary E. caproni infections in ICR (Institute of Cancer Research) mice is developed after the chemotherapeutic cure of a primary infection and the innately produced IL-25 after pharmacological treatment. In this paper, we analyse the potential role of intestinal microbiota in the production of IL-25, and the subsequent resistance to infection. For this purpose, we analysed the production of IL-25 under conditions of experimental dysbiosis and also the changes in the resident microbiota in primary infections, pharmacological curation and secondary infections. The results obtained showed that resident microbiota play a major role in the production of IL-25 and the appearance of members of the phylum Verrucomicrobia as a consequence of the curation of the primary infection could be related to the partial resistance to secondary infection.
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Doolin ML, Weinstein SB, Dearing MD. PINWORMS ARE ASSOCIATED WITH TAXONOMIC BUT NOT FUNCTIONAL DIFFERENCES IN THE GUT MICROBIOME OF WHITE-THROATED WOODRATS (NEOTOMA ALBIGULA). J Parasitol 2022; 108:408-418. [PMID: 36066907 DOI: 10.1645/22-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Vertebrates rely on their gut microbiome for digestion, and changes to gut microbial communities can impact host health. Past work, primarily in model organisms, has revealed that endoparasites disrupt the gut microbiome. Here, using wild-caught white-throated woodrats (Neotoma albigula), we tested whether naturally acquired parasite infections are associated with different microbiome structure and function. We surveyed wild N. albigula in eastern Utah for gastrointestinal parasites in the spring and fall of 2019, using traditional fecal float methods and testing a PCR-based approach to detect infection. We tested whether the host gut microbiome structure and function differed based on infection with the most prevalent parasite, the pinworm Lamotheoxyuris ackerti. In spring, infected and uninfected animals had significantly different microbiomes, but these differences were not detected in the fall. However, for both sampling periods, infection was associated with differences in particular microbial taxa determined by differential abundance analysis. As N. albigula rely on their microbiomes to digest both fiber and the plant defensive compound oxalate, we compared microbiome function by measuring dry matter digestibility and oxalate intake in infected and uninfected animals. Although we expected infected animals to have reduced fiber degradation and oxalate intake, we found no difference in microbiome function using these assays. This work suggests that parasite effects on the microbiome may be difficult to detect in complex natural systems, and more studies in wild organisms are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret L Doolin
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Utah, 257 South 1400 East, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112
| | - Sara B Weinstein
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Utah, 257 South 1400 East, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112
| | - M Denise Dearing
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Utah, 257 South 1400 East, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112
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50
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Spivak I, Fluhr L, Elinav E. Local and systemic effects of microbiome‐derived metabolites. EMBO Rep 2022; 23:e55664. [PMID: 36031866 PMCID: PMC9535759 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202255664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Commensal microbes form distinct ecosystems within their mammalian hosts, collectively termed microbiomes. These indigenous microbial communities broadly expand the genomic and functional repertoire of their host and contribute to the formation of a “meta‐organism.” Importantly, microbiomes exert numerous biochemical reactions synthesizing or modifying multiple bioactive small molecules termed metabolites, which impact their host's physiology in a variety of contexts. Identifying and understanding molecular mechanisms of metabolite–host interactions, and how their disrupted signaling can contribute to diseases, may enable their therapeutic application, a modality termed “postbiotic” therapy. In this review, we highlight key examples of effects of bioactive microbe‐associated metabolites on local, systemic, and immune environments, and discuss how these may impact mammalian physiology and associated disorders. We outline the challenges and perspectives in understanding the potential activity and function of this plethora of microbially associated small molecules as well as possibilities to harness them toward the promotion of personalized precision therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Spivak
- Systems Immunology Department Weizmann Institute of Science Rehovot Israel
- Medical Clinic III University Hospital Aachen Aachen Germany
| | - Leviel Fluhr
- Systems Immunology Department Weizmann Institute of Science Rehovot Israel
| | - Eran Elinav
- Systems Immunology Department Weizmann Institute of Science Rehovot Israel
- Microbiome & Cancer Division, DKFZ Heidelberg Germany
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